Electro-Dynomometer Type Instrument

It would behave a torque in one direction during one half of the cycle
and an equal effect in opposite direction during the other half of the
cycle. If the frequency were very low, the pointer would swing back and
forth around the zero point.

However, for an ordinary meter, the inertia is so great that on power

frequencies the pointer does not go very far in either direction but
merely stays (vibrates slightly) around zero.

If, however, we were to reverse the direction of the field flux each
time the current through the movable coil reverses, the torque would
be produced in the same direction for both halves of the cycle.

The field can be made to reverse simultaneously with the current in

the movable coil if the field coil is connected in series with the movable
coil.
Torque Equation
Operation with DC

Operation with AC

The instantaneous deflecting torque is

The average deflection torque over a complete cycle

For Sinusoidal Currents. If currents i1 and i2 are sinusoidal and are displaced by a phase angle .

where I1 and l2 are rms values of current flowing in the coils

At static condition Td=Tc

 Electrodynamometer Ammeters. Electrodynamometer Voltmeters

In this case the fixed and moving coils are connected in series The electrodynamometer instrument is used as a
and, therefore, carry the same current i.e. I1 =I2=I and  =0. voltmeter by connecting the fixed and moving coils in
series with a high non-inductive resistance.

V=voltage across the instrument,

Z=impedance of the instrument circuit.
 Problem : A 10 A electrodynamic ammeter is controlled by a spring having a constant of 0· 1x10-6
N-m/degree. The full scale deflection is 1100. Determine the inductance of the instrument when
measuring a current of 10 A. Initial inductance is 2 µH and the change is linear.

K= 0· 1x10-6 N-m/degree, I=10 A, = 1100

Final inductance=initial inductance + change in inductance=2.0 +0.00192 x 110 =2.21 µH

 Electrodynamometer type Wattmeter

The instantaneous torque of an electrodynamometer instrument is

given by

where i1 and i2 are instantaneous values of currents in two.

coils. Let V and I be the r. m.s. values of voltage and
current being measured.
Instantaneous value of voltage across the pressure coil circuit

If the pressure coil circuit has a very high resistance, it can be treated as purely resistive. Therefore, current
i in the pressure coil is in phase with the voltage and its instantaneous value is

Ip=r.m.s value of current in P.C. Rp=Pressure coil resistance

If the current in the current coil lags the voltage in phase by an angle . Instantaneous value of current through
current coil is
I=r.m.s value of current in C.C.
At static condition
 Problem : A wattmeter has a current coil of 0.1  resistance and a pressure coil of
6500  resistance. Calculate the percentage errors, due to resistance only with each of the methods
of connection, when reading the input to an apparatus which takes :
(a) 12 A at 250 V With unity power factor, and (b) 12 A at 250 V and 0.4 power factor.

Solution: (a) Power= VI cos , P=250x12 x I =3000 W.

For connection of Fig. (a), the error is caused by power loss in

the current coil.
Power loss in current coil=I2Rc=(12)2X0.1= 14.4 W.

For connection of Fig. (b), error is caused by power loss in pressure coil