Science Reviewer
Pointers:
- Replication of DNA
- Fossil Evidence of Evolution
- Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
- Biological Evidence of Evolution
- Populations
- Changing Populations
- Communities
- Solids, Liquids and Gases
- The Behavior of Gases
Determining a Fossil’s Age
Fossil Evidence of Evolution
 FOSSIL RECORD – made up of all the
fossils ever discovered on Earth
How Fossils form:
 MINERALIZATION – can preserve the
internal structures of an organism. Ex:
mostly are bone or shell but wood can
also be a mineralized fossil.
 CARBONIZATION – a fossil forms when
a dead organism is compressed over
time and pressure drives off the
organism’s liquids and gases. Only the
carbon outline or film of the organism
remains. Ex: Fish, insects and plant
leaves
Types of Fossils
 MOLDS AND CASTS – shell or bone
might make an impression in mud or
sand, when the sediment hardens so
does the impression.
Molds – impression of an organism in
a rock
Cast – fossil copy of an organism in a
rock
 TRACE FOSSILS – preserved evidence
of the activity of an organism. Tracks
can fossilize if they are filled with
sediment that hardens.
 ORIGINAL MATERIAL - If original
tissues of organisms are buried in the
absence of oxygen for long periods of
time, they can fossilize.
1. RELATIVE – AGE DATING - Scientists
determine the relative order in
which rock layers were deposited. In
an undisturbed rock formation, they
know that the bottom layers are
oldest and the top layers are
youngest.
2. ABSOLUTE AGE DATING - Absolute-
age dating is more precise than
relative age-dating. Scientists take
advantage of radioactive decay to
learn a rock’s absolute age or its age
in years. To measure the age of
sedimentary rock layers, scientists
calculate the age of igneous layers
above and below them.
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE Is a chart that
divides Earth’s history into different
time units. The longest time units in the
geological time scale are eons.
Phanerozoic eon – Earth’s most recent
eon.
• CHARLES DARWIN - Was an English
naturalist who, in the mid-1800s,
developed a theory of how evolution
works.
• Darwin served as a naturalist on the
HMS Beagle, a survey ship of the
 British Navy. During his voyage acts. Example:Hunting at night
around the world, Darwin observed and moving in herds.
and collected many plants and  FUNCTIONAL - This involves
animals. internal body systems that affect
biochemistry. Example: A drop in
• In relation with this, there is a book
body temperature during
called “Charles Darwin; Voyage of
hibernation.
the Beagle”
• Galagapos Island is located 1,000 km
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
off thr South American coast in the
Pacific Ocean.  CAMOFLAUGE - Is an adaption that
enables a species to blend in with its
VARIATION - is a slight difference in an
environment.
inherited trait of individual members of
 MIMICRY - The resemblance of one
a species. Variations naturally arises in
species to another species.
populations and happens in
reproduction, variations are caused by
random mutations or changes in genes.
SELECTIVE BREEDING is breeding of
NATURAL SELECTION - is by process organisms for desired characteristics.
which populations of organisms with
variation that helps them survive in
their environments live longer, compete COMPARATIVE ANATOMY – study of
better, and reproduce more than those similarities and differences among
that do not have the variations. Natural structures and species
selection explains how populations
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES – are body
change as their environmental change.
parts of organisms that are similar in
ADAPTATION is an inherited trait that structure position, different in function
increases an organism’s chance of
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES – same function,
surviving and reproducing in its
different structure and position
environment. It provides evidence of
how closely Earth’s species match their VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES –
environments.
TYPES OF ADAPTATION

 STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION - This

involves color, shape and other
physical characteristics
.Example: The shape of a
tortoise’s neck.
 BEHAVIORAL - This involves the
way an organism behaves or
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY - is the study of
the process by which animals and plants
grow and develop. Developmental biology
also encompasses the biology of
regeneration, asexual reproduction,
metamorphosis, and the growth and
differentiation of stem cells in the adult
organism.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - is the study of gene
structure and function.
 The molecular clock is figurative
term for a technique that uses the
mutation rate of biomolecules to
deduce the time in prehistory when
two or more life forms diverged. The
biomolecular data used for such
calculations are usually nucleotide
sequences for DNA or amino acid
sequences for proteins.
 The molecular clock was first tested
in 1962 on the hemoglobin protein
variants of various animals, and is
commonly used in molecular
evolution to estimate times of
speciation or radiation. It is
sometimes called a gene clock or an
evolutionary clock.
A community is a group or association of
populations of two or more different
species occupying the same
geographical area at the same time, also
known as a biocoenosis.
A habitat is a place within an ecosystem
where an organism lives, it provides
resources an organism needs such as
food and shelter. It also has the right
temperature, water and other
conditions important for the survival of
an organism.
PRODUCERS - Are organisms that get
energy from the environment, such as
sunlight, and make their own food. One
example is plants, most are producers
that get their energy from sunlight. They
use the process called photosynthesis
and make sugar molecules that they use
for food.
CONSUMERS - organisms that get
energy by eating other organisms
DETRITIVORES - Organisms that get their
energy by eating dead organisms or parts of
dead organisms
DECOMPOSERS - organisms that break
down dead or decaying organisms
A food chain is a way of showing how
energy moves through a community.
RELATIONSHIPS IN COMMUNITIES
 PREDATORY – PREY - This is a
positive–negative (+ −) interaction in
that the predator species benefits
while the prey species is harmed.
 COOPERATIVE - An interaction
where organisms work together in
cooperative relationships for their
survival. One example is squirrel
monkeys who live in groups and
cooperate as they hunt for food and
watch for danger
 SYMBIOSIS - A close, long-term
relationship between two species
that usually involves an exchange of
food or energy
 -> MUTUALISM - A symbiotic
relationship in which both partners
benefit. Boxer crabs and sea
anemones share a mutualistic
relationship, the crabs carry sea
anemones in their claws while the
sea anemones have stinging cells
 that help the crabs fight off
predators.
 -> COMMENSALISM - - A symbiotic
relationship that benefits one
species but does not harm the other.
Ex. Plants called epiphytes grow on
the trunks and other objects. The
roots of an epiphyte anchor it to the
object. Epiphytes benefit from
attaching tree trunks by getting
more live space and sunlight. The
trees are neither helped nor harmed
by the plants.
 -> PARASITISM - A symbiotic
relationship that benefits ONE
species and harms the other.
Species that benefit the other are
called parasites. - Ex. Lice, fleas,
heartworms, tapeworms (feed on
host organism, human or a dog) -
The host is usually not killed, but
weakened.- Parasites benefit by
getting food.
MATTER - Anything that takes up space and
has mass. Can describe the state, color,
texture, odor. Can describe using
measurements such as mass, volume and
density.
Mass - amount of matter in an object (units
are often grams or kilograms)
Volume - amount of space that a sample of
matter occupies (units are usually liters or
cubic meters)
Density - mass per unit volume of a
substance (g/ml or g/cm^3)
Particle Motion - Particles such as atoms,
ions or molecules moving in different ways
make up all matter.
Particle Forces - If the motion of particles
slows, the particles move closer together.
As the motion of particle increases, particles
move farther apart. Eventually the distance
between them is so great that there are
little or no attractive forces between the
particles.
SOLIDS --is matter that has a definite shape
and a definite volume
- -particles are tightly packed
- -strong attractive forces
- -particles vibrate in place
- -All solids are not the same.
Crystalline Solid - the arrangement of
particles is in a specific, repeating order
-example: Diamond
Amorphous Solid -the particles are
arranged randomly. -example: Charcoal
LIQUIDS - is matter with a definite volume
but no definite shape
- particles are free to move past other
particles
- attractive forces are weaker than
those in solids
Viscosity
- is a measurement of liquid’s
resistance to flow.
- example: honey has high viscosity
while water has low viscosity.
- is due to particle shape and the
strength of attraction between
particles.
Surface Tension
- the uneven forces acting on the
particles on the surface of a liquid.
 - example: ability of spiders to walk
on water

GAS -is matter that has no definite shape

and no definite volume
- particles are are far apart and move
freely
- Slight or weak attractive forces
Ideal gas as one in which intermolecular
forces are negligible and gas molecules
occupy a negligible volume
Real gases behave almost as ideal gases at
ordinary temperatures and pressures
Forces Between Particles - As a type of
matter goes from the solid, state to the
liquid state, the distance between
•the particles increases and the attractive
forces between the particles decrease.
When the same matter goes from the liquid
state to the gas state, the particles are even
farther apart and the attractive forces
between the particles are weak or absent.