ITT

Grinnell Industrial Piping, Inc.

PIPING DESIGN
and
ENGINEERING
Sixth Edition
(Revised 1981)

ITT
rfl Grinnell Industrial Piping, Inc.

PIPING DESIGN
cnd
ENGINEERING

SIXTH EDITION
(Revised 1981)

ITT
PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
CoPYRIGHT 1963, 1971, 19?8, 1976, 1981
ITT GRINNELL CORPORATION
ll5fl]I crionell Industrial piping, Inc.

AII tiEhtsresetved includinEthose undet the

I ntetnat ionat and Pan-Ametican CopyriEht
Convent;ons. This book, ot parts thercoL
may not be reprcduced in any Iorm without
permisston ot ITT Grinne Coeoration.

PRINTED IN TIIE U.S.A., 1981

sP 3000
 FOREWORD
The plan of this book has been to compile in a single publication engineering data
and technical information for the use of engineers engaged in the design and
application of pressure piping systems hitherto available only by consulting a number
of sources. To this we have added considerable material never previously published.
We have endeavored to cover, as broadly as possible, all ofthe more importantphases
of piping design and engineering.
We gratefully acknowledge our indebtedness to all members ofthe engineering staff
of ITT Grinnell Industrial Piping Inc. and theITT Grinnell PipeHanger Division who
had a Dart in the production of this material.

fII Cti"rr"tt Industrial Piping, Inc.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Code Requirement s yiii

E)CAi\SION AND STRESSES

Introduction, 1

Nomenclature and Symbols. . 2

Pipe Wall Thickness 2
Stresses. . 3
Cold Springing
Modulus of Torsional Rigidity .
Thermal Expansion 7
Srress Intensification Factor . 8
Flexibility Factor . . 8
Expalsion Facior, c . 11
Properties of Pipe-Curvature Factors
Tablesof Common Shapes .. r'7
90o Tum . 20
Hooked Z Shape 20
2l
U Shape with Equal Tangents . 22
U Shape with Tangenls Lr / 12= 2
U Shape with Tang ents Lj I $= 3 24
U Shape with Tangetts Li I L;= 4 25
U Shape with Single Tangent 26
U Shape - Unequal Legs. . . . 27
UShape -Equallegs . . . . . 28
UShape-Modihed.. ... . . 28
Two Plane U. 29
Two Plane U - With Tangents 30
Thee Dimensional 90o Turns .
Expansion Bends. 34
Double Offset Expansion Bend 38
Circle Bend 39
Exparsion U Bend. 40
Expansion U Bend Tangents = 2 feet
- 41
Expansion U Bend - Tangents =R
Exparsion U Bend Tangents = 2R .
42
-
Expansion U Bend Targents = 4R
- 44
Double Offset U Bend ..... 45
Lines Inertias
Center of GmYity 46
Centroid . 46
Product of Inertia 47
Moment of Inertia . 49
Functions of O ........ )l
. Functions ofR 51
Single Plane System 52
Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs ... . 54
Multiple Plane System ..... f,t)
Multiple Plane System Containing Circular Arcs . . 62

VEI,OCITY AND PRESSURE DROP

Equivalent kngth of Fittings .......68
Flow ofwaier in Standard Wall Pipe . -.....,,., 70
Reynolds Number - Friction Factor. . .. . ,.. ... 72
Kinematic Viscosity ......72
Flow ofwater in TypeZ Copper Tube ...,...,. 73
Flow of Steam in Standard Wall Pipe. .,,...,,.. 74
Flow of Steam Conversion Factors ......, ., . .. 76
Flow of Iow Pressure Gas in Standard Wall Pipe . . . . .. .. , ,. 77
Flow of High Pressure Gas in Standard WallPipe. . . . . , . . . . . 79
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
HEAT TRANSFER 80

PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS. . . . . . . 81
Seamless Carbon Steel Grade B, A.S.Tlvt. A53 and A 106 82
Seamless Carbon Steel Grade C, A.S.T.M. A106 85
Seamless Clxomium,Silicon-Molybdenum Steel A.S.T.M. A335 Grade p1 I
1/a% Chromjtm - th% Molybdenum 88
Seamless Chromium-Molydenum Steel A.S.T.M. A335 Grad,e p2Z
2/e% Ctvomium -
1% Molybdenum
Seamless Stainless Steel A.S.TM. A312 and 4376 Grades 304 & 304H
91
94
Seamless Stainless Steel A.S.T.M. 4312 and A376 Grades 316 &316H
98
A.S.T.M. Chemical Requirements . t02
Selection of Materials
Piping and Tubing Materials. . .
103
Fitting and Flange Matedals . . to4
Bolting Materials .
105
Gasket Materials 106
Corrosion Chemical Resistance of Piping Materials.
107
Pr-esure-Temperalure Ratings for Steel pipe Flalges and Flanged Fittrngs
113
Alloy-Stee1 Bolt Stud Dimensions.
122
Numbers for Ring-Joint Gaskets and Grooves . .
124
Sugg€sted Specifications for Power Plant piping Materials
128
PIPE FABRICATION
Procedures .
129
Pipe Bending Tolerances. . . . .
130
Method of Dimensioning Welded Assemblies. . . . . 133
FabricatingTolerances. . . . . 134
Butt Welding End Preparation
Manual Shielded Metal-Arc and Automatic Submerged Arc Welding . . . 135
Manual Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc Root Pass Welcling.
136
Butt Welding Ends to ANSI 816.25 and p.F.I. ES-1 137
Typical Details of Bnnch Connections 139
Brarch and Flange Comections t40
Commercial Split Type Backing Ring
1,41
ITT Grinaell Consumable Backing Rings
Standard Pipe Bends
Calculations of Pipe Bends
kngth of Arcs for Radius
NUCLEAR PIPING t46
PIPE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
The Design of Pipe Hangen . . . . .
149
The Determination of llanger Locations . . . . . . 1s0
Hanger Spans
150
Thermal Movement Calculations.
153
Hangerload Calculations. . . . 1s6
Center of Gravity of Bends and Elbows 158
Selection of the Proper llanger. 162
Rigid Hangers .
164
Rollers . .
168
Typical Pipe Support Specifications 170

vl
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PIPE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS (continued)
.
Weights of Piping Materials . ......172
Materials
Thermal Expansion of Piping ......., 198
.
Insulation Weight Factors . . .,.... L99
.
Deflection of Empty Pipe . . -.....2OO
Pipe
Bending Stress in Empty .,....201
Pipe.
Bending Stress in Water Filled .....,,....202
.. . . .
Minimum Distance to First RigidHanger. ........ . 203
Beam Dimensions ....,.204
Force Applied at Hanger... ......,205
GENERAI TABLES
Thermal Expansion of Pipe Materials . 206
Propefiies of Saturated Stea.n . 206
Tamna'arrr"o h- ar^ l^' 207
BTU Content and Theoretica! Air Requlements for Combustion of Various Fuels. 207
Heat I-os from Horizontal Bare Steel Pipes . . . . . 201
Wirc and Sheet Metal Guages . 208
Drill Sizes 209
Americal National Wood Sqews 209
Tap Drills for ANSI Pipe Threads 209
Tap Dril1 Sizes for Unified and American Screw Threads. 210
Safe Loads for Chains and Ropes 211
Areas and Circumferences of Circles for Diameters in Units and Fractions 216
Table for Gauging Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks
Weight per Foot of Solid Steel Rounds
- Flat Ends 219
220
Equalization of Pipe Discharge Rates. 222
Equalization of Copper Tubing Discharge Rates . . 222
Safe I-oads on Steel Pipe Columns 223
American Standard Taper Tfueads 224
Anerican Standard Straight Tfueads . 225
General Thread Information . 22s
Bdtish Standard Taper Tlueads 226
Normal Engagement for Tight Joints. 226
TrigonometdcFormulas. . . . . 227
Natural Functions of Angles . 228
Ilardness Comparison. . . . . . 230
Properties of Common Materials.
Weights in Lbs / Ft.3 of Air at Various Presswes and Temperatues. . . 232
Specific Gravity of Gases Related to Free Ar . . . . . . 232
Temperatueconyenions ., . 233
hessureConversions . . ..,. 234
hoperties ofwater at Satuntion Pressure . . ... 235
Decimal Equivalents. . . .. . . 236
Metric ConversionTable. . . . 237
Conversion Factors 238
hoperties of Pipe 244
Index 250

Bibliography, ...,..... Z5S

vu
 CODE REQUIREMENTS

Codes fo! various piping services have been developed by nationally rccognized bodies. The sound engineering
psctices incorporated in these Codes indicate the minimum safety requirements for the selection of materials,
dimensions, design, ercction, ard testing of piping systems. By means of inte4retation and revision thes€ Codes
continua.lly reflect the knowledge gained through the research and expeiience of the entirc industly.
Generaly, piping Codes form the basis for state or municipal safety laws, Compliance with a Code which has
attained this status is mandatory for a.l1 systems induded withir its judsdiction. Although some of today's
piping installations are not witiin the scope of.Lny maldatory Code, it is advisable to comply with the applic-
able Code in the intelests of safety and as a basis for contract negotiaXions. Crntracts with valious ageocies of
the Federal Government are regulated by FedeEl specifications or lules which have no direct connection with
the Codes enumerated below,
Use$ of this book are cautioned that the piping Codes are now changing morc often than in previous years.
Although the fotmulas and other data in this book are in accordance with the Code rles in effect at the time
of this pubtcation, it must be recognized that Cod€ fldes may change, and piping engineering and design work
pelfolmed in accoralance with infolmation contained herein does not provide complete assurance that all Code
rcqufuements have been met, The reader is urged to faniliadze himself with the Code Editioo and Adderda
which contain mandatory requirements applicable to his work,
The A.S,M.E. Boiler and hessure Vess€l Code is mandatory in many cities and states in the United States and
Canada. Local application of this Code into law is oot uniform, making it necessary to investigate the city or
state laws which have jurisdiction o1€r the installatiod in question. Compliance witi this Code is required in al
locations to qualify fot insuance apprcval,
Section I: "Powe! Boilers" concems all piping connections to pover boilers or superheaters including the
first stop valve on single boilels, ot including the second stop valve fo! qoss con]lected multiple boiler in-
I
stallations. Section refe$ to ANSI 831.1 which conlains rules for design and constuction of "boile!
extemal piping". "Boiler extemal piping" is under the julisdiction of Section I and requfues inspection and
code stamping in accordance with Section I even though the flrles fo! its design and construction are con-
tained in ANSI 831.1.
Section II: "Matedal Specifications" gives detailed specilications of the materiat which are acceptable under
this Code.
Section III "Nuclear Components " co'Icems all nuclear piping. ft is the responsibility of the designer to
determine whether or not a particular piping $ystem is "nuclear" piping, since Section III makes this
determination the rcsponsibility of the designer. ln geneol, piping whose failurc could result ir the release of
radiation which would endanger the public or plant persormel is considered "nuclear" piping,
Section VIII: "Unlired Prcssure Vessels" concems piping, or|ly to the extent of the flanged or threaded con-
nections to the vess€l; exc€pt that the ertire section vill apply in those special cases where unlired pressure
vessels are made from pipe and fittings.
Section IX: "Welding and Brazirg Qualifications" establishes the minimum requilements for Crde welding.
Section Xl: "Rules for Inseivice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components" contains rulos for the
examination and repair of components throughout the life of the plant,
A.S.M.E. also sponsors and publishes the following American National Standards on piping, Variou$ U.S. and
Canadiao legislatures have adopted some of these standards as legal requircment$ for that piping. The minimum
s€fety requirements of these standards have been accepted by the irdustry as a staidaid for all piping outside the
jurisdictiol of othei C,odes. The piping systems covered by these standaJds are lirted belorv:
1: Power Piping 831.1
2i Fuel cas Piping B31.2
3: Petroleum Refinery Piping B31.3
4: Liquid Petroleum Transpodation Piping Syslems 831.4
5: Refr(geration Piping B31.5
6: Cas Tmnsmfusion and Distribution Piping Systems 831,8
 I'f'T' (IIiIN\I.]I,I, IIPIN(i DUSl(iN A\D
EXPANSION AND STRESSES
INTRODUCTION
Iu order to determine the effects of expausic,rr .rrrd
stresses $'ithin a piping system, it is necessary to kno$':
1. Which Code applies to the system.
2. The design pressure and temper?ture conditions.
3. The material specification.
4. 'l'he pipe size and nall thickness of each of the
pipirg components.
5. The layout of the system inclu iing dimensions
and the thermal movements, if any, of the ter-
minal points.
6. Limitations of end reactions on termilal points
as established by equipment manufacturers.
Having determined the basis of the problem, the
applicable Code l'ill establish minimum safety require-
ments for the material at the design conditions of
pressure and tcmperature. Some Codes s'pecify ther-
mal expansion Iactors and moduli of elasticity for
commonly used piping materials as ryell as forrnulae to
determine stress intensification factors and flexibility
factors for piping components. Beyond this, the
Codes impose no restrictions rvith regard to analysis
methods or procedures. Hox'ever, Codes do state that
in calculating the flexibility of a piping system betu'een
anchor points, the system shall be treated as a tvhole,
and that the significance of all parts of the line in-
cLrding restraints such as solid hangers or guides shall
be recognized. In addition, Codes require that calcu-
lations shall take into account stress intensification
factors which apply to components other than sections
of straight pipe.
The ANSI 831.1 Code for Pressure Piping states
that formal calculations or model tests shall be required
'where reasonable doubt exists a,s to the adequate
flexibility of a system. In the absence of better
information, the need for a formal stress analysis for a
two-anchor system of uniform size is indicated when
the following approximate criterion is not satisfied:
DV
< o.o3
-j*
\tr - u)'
lvhere D = nominel pipe size, in inches
I : resultant of movements to be absorbed
by pipe line, in inches
U: anchor distance (length of straight line
joining anchors), in feet
Z : developed length of line axis, in feet
Use of the simplified methods, formulae and tables
shown on the following pages rvill facilitate the solution
of piping stress problems.
DN(IINI'I'IIINC
Page 2 illustrates the application of Code formulae
for pipe wall thickness.
Page 7 gives thermal expansion factors for various
piping materials.
Page 3 to 5 define types of stress, the stress range
concept and methods of combining stresses.
Page 5 discusses cold springing and the ANSI 831.1
Code allowance for cold springing.
Page 6 shows values for the modulus of elasticity
and torsional rigidity of various piping materials.
Page 11 gives the product of modulus of elasticity
and the increment in length designated as Expansion
Factor C.
The dimensional properties of pipe, stress inten-
sification factors, and flexibility factors, for elborvs
and bends are tabulated on pages 8 to 16 for all of
the common pipe sizes. Formulae for derivation of
dimensional propcrtics are given orr pagc 7 and for-
mulae for stress intensification factors and flexibility
factors for elbol-s and bends as rvell as other piping
components &re given on page 8.
In order to simplify the calculation of stresses and
anchor forces. trbles hare ["en pieprred lor various
configurations commonly encountered in piping work.
The first group, "Tables of Common Shapes" and
examples demonstrating their application, is found on
pages 17 to 32.
The second group of tables, on "Expansion Bends"
and examples of their use, is shol-n on pages 34 to 45.
\lihen the configuration of a piping systern is such
that the forementioned tables and short-cut methods
lill not apply, it is necessary to solve the problem
using the basic equations of analvtical methods. 'I'his
involles use of line inertias of the various piping
components for rvhich values may be computed using
the tables and formulae given on pages46 to 81. Basic
equations and representative examples illustrating
their application are shown on pages 52 io 6? for the
follorving cases:
Single Plane System
Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs
Multiple Plane System
Multiple Plane System Containing Circular Arcs
The piping engineer lho has a working knorvledge
of the information outlined in this section can deter-
mine the anchor forces, moments and expansion stresses
in rnost of the cases he encounters. For the analvsis
of speciat cases such as branch ,,onnections, variable
or couugated sections, hinged anchors, moving anchors,
etc., reference should be made to the bibliography.
 ]TT GIII\NI'I,I, P]PI\G DF]SI(iN A\D ]IN(iINI.]I'ITI \(;

NOMENCLATIIRE AND SYMBOLS DETERMINATION OF PIPE WAI,L THICKNESS

The nomenclature used in this section rvill be in The pipe rvall thickness is determined from the
accordance Nith the tabulation shorr-n belorv: applicable formula of the pertirent C'ode as illustrated
A1 Inside Area of Pipc Cross Sectior in the following cxample:
.4,y N{etal Area of Pipc Cross Section Giuen:
C Allorvarrce for 'fhreading, \lechanical Strength, Code Section 1, ANSI 831.1
ard/or corrosion (inches), Cold Spring Factor
Pressure, (P) 1,200 psi
c Expansion Factor (A function of the Product of Z Temperature 680" F
and A) Nlaterial A.S.T.\I. 4-106 Grade B
Center of Gravity Nominal Pipe Size l0 in.
D Outside Diameter of Pipe
d Inside Diameter of Pipe lind.' \{inimum Theoretical Wall Thickness (t-)
Nlinimum Nominal \Vall Thickness (t)
A Total Thermal Expansion
D" Nominal Pipe Size Datq,:
E Modulus of Elasticiiy at temperature (oF.)
F Force (in direction indicated by sub-ccript) ,PD
'^ = zs+ w-r L from 831.1 Code
1, Stress Intensifrcation Factor
Ip Moment of Inertia of Pipe Cross Section C : 0.000 in. (for l0 in. pipe) from B31.1 Code
I, Moment of Inertia of a system about the X axis
U:O.4 from B31.1 Code
Iza Product of Inertia of a system in the Xf plane,
etc. D : 10.75 in. from page 14
Factors as indicated (constant for specific
conditions) S ot 610. F : 15,000 psil
I from B31.1 Code
L Length (feet) :
Sat 7oo" F 14,350 psiJ
I Length (inches)
M Moment Wall Thickness Tolerance : 12]/6 from A.S.T.M. A-106
P Pressure (gauge) (psi)
Solution:
psi Pounds per Square Inch
a Expansion Bend Factor ssr680'F: 14,350 + ?(15,000 - 14,350) : 14,610 psi
R N{ean Radius of a Bend, Reactions (Forces and
Moments) By substitution:
r I{ean Radius of Pipe Wall
I * :
Allorvable Stress
Unit x t,,L o ooo 0 427 in'
s
q
Stress
Section Modulus of Pipe Cross Section
"ffi*H,.
which is the theoretical minimum for rvall thickness
t Pipe Wall Thickness without allorving for rvall thickness tolerance.
tm Minimurn Pipe Wall Thickness Thickness adiusted for wall thickness tolerance:
T Torque, or Temperature in "F
0.+27 0.427
xl - -- lt ihl\ rn.
r,t Indicates Horizontal Direction (East-West)
1007a - r2+% 1.00 - 0.125 0.875

x) The nexi greater commercial rvall thickness is found

rl from page 14 to be 0.500 inch rvhich corresponds to
at Indicates Vertical Direction (Zenith-Nadir) Sch. ttO.
-l
a) In other s'ords 0.500 inch nominal pipe wall thickness
ol Indicates Horizontal Direction at 90' to is the thinnest commercial rvall rvhich, r'hen reduced by
the full tolerance of I2+7a, satisfies the Code formula
=l (North South)
for l-.
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

STRESSES sp is negligible and is not considered in these

computations,
An element of pipe wall is subjected to four stresses sa is the sum of two component parts:
as shown in the diagram. The following gives the
1, Torsional stress resulting from thermal expansion,
intensity of these stresses and the manner in which
(This condition occurs only in multiple plane
they may be combined.
systems. )
NorE: In order to avoid additional sircsses the suDDortg T
should be designed lo carry the weighus involved, to permil '*4'' : MODULO DE LA SECCION
unrestrained lhermal movement, and prelent load sbifting due 25^
--
to ch&nge iD position.
2. Direct shear stress is negligible and is not, con-
sidered in these computations.
RELAJACION DEL The ANSI Code lor Pressure Piping 831.1 recog-
MATERIAL
nizes the concept of a stress-range with regard to stress
due to thermal expansion. Stresses due to thermal ex-
pansion tend to diminish rvith time as a result of local
yieldiug or creep. This reduction of stress rvill appear
as stress of opposite sign in the cold condition. This
phenomenon is knorvn as self-springing ol the line and
is similar in efrect to cold-springing. Thus, although
the hot stress tends to diminish with time, the sum of
the hot and cold stresses for any one cycle lyill remain
practically constant. This sum is called the stress-
sr : Longitudinal Stress range and the Code lor Pressure Piping defines this
sc : Circumferential or Hoop Stress allowable expansion stress r&nge in terms of hot, and
sn : Radial Stress cold tabular S values as:
sr : Shear or Torsional Stress
s,4:/(1.255"+0.25Si)

sr, is the zun of three component parts:

Sl : allowable expansion stress range
So : allo$'able stress (tabular S value) for cold
1. Bending stress due to thermal expansion. condition
I'nr ctrqioh+ nina. 8l : allorvable stress (tabular S value) for hot
M condition
sB: .f: stress-range reduction factor for cyclic
- con-
dition
For curved pipe: Total No. of Full Temp.
M CycJes OveiExpected Life f
88:.c ?

7,000 and less 1.0

2. Bending stress due to weight of the pipe. (When 14,000 and less 0.9
the piping system is properly supported this 22,000 and less 0.8
stress becomes negligible and is not considered 45,000 and less 0.7
in these computations. ) 100,000 and less 0.6
250,000 and over 0.5
3. Longitudinal stress due to internal pressure.
A, The stress due to thernal expansion which must not
Sp:P:' exceed the allowable expansion stress range is called
AM
expansion stress and is defined by the Piping Code as:
Both significant stresses act in the same direction, sa : l(ssfln 1s.y-
therefore:
8Z:Sa+Sp The Piping Code further states that the sum of the
longitudinal stresses due to pressure, \\'eight and other
ss is primarily due to internal pressure
sustained external loadings shall not exceed s/,. This
includes the longitudinal stress due to internal pressure,
sc:P- '2t s1,, defined above..
 I1'T GIiINNI,]I,I, PIPIN(I DDSIGN AND ENGINI]EITIN(i

\\'irik: thc A\SI B31.1 Corlc lor Pressure Pilrirrg the use of the A'1, factor, must not exceed 21,98g
coruirdel',s strcsscs rltrc to thcrntal crpllsiorr scllarately psr,
from primary stresses due to pressure, l,eight, etc., Il. In the Tablcs of Expansion Bcnds on pages 34
some other Codes require computation of combined to 45, the Allolable Bending Stress of 21,98E
stress and give formulae for determination of allol'able psi rvould be used directly to cnter the tables xs
combiued stress values. shorvn in the examples oll pagcs 52 to 6?.
trVhen the torsional stress is negligible (as in single C. \\rhcn the anchor forccs and bcuding moments arc
plane systems) only the longitudinal stress is significant determined by the use of a force diagram, us
and the combined stress, or resultant fibcr stress, is shorvn on pages 56 to 6?, examinc the systenr
determined by thc formula: for the maximum berrding moment, .L1, in both the
s:sz:sa+sp straight and cun'ecl pipe. Apply these l,ahres for
l1 in the appropriate formulrr:
When the torsional stress is signilicant (as in most
M or
multiple plane systems) the combined stress, or re-
sultant fiber stress, is derived from the follorving
ss: S-_ $l}: I.I
( x
formula:
Tbe greatest value ol .sa must not excccd the Allorvable
s : *[", + sc + /4Gl + (sz - scF] Stress Range of 21,988 psi.
Example : \Yhere the torsional stress is significant (as in some
multiple plane systems), the Expansion Stress, sa, is:
Giuett:
: r{s6f a a15.;
ss
(lode Section I, .{NSI l}31.1
llaterial A.S.T.M. Specification 4-106 Grade l.J
For the proper valucs of s, and s" it is necessary to
l)ressure 1200 psi inspect the system to find:
'l'emperature 750'F I. The maximum value of s3 and the accompanying
l'ipc Size 8 inch Sch. 80 value of s1 at the same point.
lladius of lJerd i)D" : 5 X 8 in. : 40 in. IL The maximum value of s7 and the accompanyirrg
Dala: value of s6 at the same point.
,4/ : +C./ ln(nes- Solve the formula for Case I and then for Case II. The
-1u : 12.76 inches!]
higher of the trvo values for s is the f'Iaximum Rcsultant
from page Stress of the system, $hich must not exceerl the Allorv-
s- : 24.52 inchessi 13
able Stress Ilange
^S1.
d:1.0 ) Example :
*n. n : 15.000 nsi l
^J"'
Sat ?50. F : 12,950 psi )
I from B3l.l Code Giuen:

Code Section l, ANSI 831.1

I,'iruT:
\Iaterial A.S.T.M. Specification A-106 Grade I:|
The Longitudinal Pressure Stress and the Maximum Pressure (P) 1200 psi
Allowable Stress Range Temperature 750'F
A, 4it.7 PipeSize 8 inch Sch. 80
sp = P= = 1200 -::- :4298psi
4M LZ.IO Radius of Bend 5D,, : 5 X 8 in. : 40 inches

Note that this figure does not exceed the s at 750' F Data:
value as required by the Piping Code : d 7.625 inches
Sa = /(1.25S.s 6sq" { p 75q..25S,1 p) I: 0.500 inches
: 1(1.25 X 15,000 + .25 X 12,950) : 21,988 psi Ar : 45.7 inches2
this value represents the maximum expansion stress from page 13
Aa:72-76inches2
lhich the Code requirements rvill allorv rvithin the S- : 24.52 inchess
system and rnay be applied to the stress calculation in
auy one of the three methods shorvn belotv: i:t.0
A. In the Tables of Common Shapes on pages 1? Ser 6bo. : 15,000 psi
from 1131.1 Code
to 32, the maximum bending stress, found by S,1 75s. : 12,950
 EXPANSION AI{D STRESSES

Find: 'fhe Allol'able Strcss Ilangc, Sa, and the COLD SPRINGING
Exprlsiou Stress, sr, of the ijystcm. A piping system may be Cold Sprung, or Prestressed,
to reduce anchor forces and moments caused bv thermal
SoLtrtion:
expansion. This is ar"complished by shortining lhe
51 : /( t.25^S n * .25 S zio" r') overrll length of pipe by any desired amounl, not in
"16,-a. "t excess of the calculated expansion. The amount of
:1(1.25 X 15,000 + .25 X t2,950) : 21,988 psi
Cold Spring, C.S., is usually expressed as a percentage
Fiud valucs for ss arrd s1 in either of the trlo methods or fraction of the iotal expansion A,
This procedure is recognized by the ANSI Code for
shoNn l)tto\1':
Pressure Piping B31.1 which states:
A. In the trbles of Commorr Shapes on page-< 1? to "The beneGcial effeot of judjcious cold springinq
32, by substitutilg the A'6 and /,1 flctor':r i:r ilie in assisting tlre syslem to rttain its most fivorible
position sooner is recognized. Inasmuch as the life
appropriutc formulas: of a system under cyclic conditions depends on the
*sa : 14,800 psi stress range rather than the stress level at anv one
time. no crediI for cold spring is allorved rr ith regird to
*sr = 5780 psi stresses. In calculatins end thrusts and moments
acting on equipment, the actual reactions at any one
""
: vG,l +lGt timc lather than thejr range are significant. Credit
: Vfr+,sool- + {ib78oP: 18,780 psi
for cold springing is accordingly allorved in the calcu-
laiions of thrusts and moments, provided an effective
method of obtaining the designed cold spring is specifred
which is less than the allorvable stress range of &no useo,
21,9E8 psi.
"In a piping system with no cold spring or an equal
B. When the anchor forces, bencling moments, and percentage of cold springing in all directions, the
torques &r'e detcrmincd by the use of a force dia- reactions (forces and moments) of Rr and B" in the
gr&nt, as showt ou pages 56 to 67, examine the hot and cold conditions, respectively, shall be obtain-
sJ'stcm to iinrl the conditions lor Clse I and ed as follows from the reaction I derived from the
Oase II, as iudicrted aboyc: flexibility calculations based on the modulus of elas-
ticity at room temperature, -8", using equations (9)
Casc I and (10)
F
*Nlasimum 11 : 378,-100 inclr porrr<ls 1r, _ (1 _ 3c)#E (e)
*I'ut,,u,.tu: 7ti,800 iuch pounds R": CR, or
: lI 3;3.100
X 1.0 - 15.132 psi
n.:[rL -f^r,l']a
Jc L,,J
", ,i_, 2l.ST
lhichever is grcutcr., lrrtl lith the lur.thcr condition
7 70,800 tlrat
sa:2.L: z xzl.n: 1565Psi ,s, E"
Da
.'X -
Ith
islossthan I

"u - "{i;. rjzl-+ t, l5u5), - 15,i1G psi

rvhere
Crse II g : cold spring factor varying from zero for no
*\Iaximum ? cold spring to 1.00 for 100% cold spring
: 219,600 inch pounds Sr' : computed expansion stress, psi
*,11.,.,"*. : /i" : modulus of elasticitv irr the cold condition. osi
r 138,000 ilch pounds ti, : modulus of elasiicity in the hot condition, isi
9.600 /? :
nnsinrum reaction for full exprnsion ranee
sr : 2 r
4.178 psi Lrrscd on Z" rvhich assumes thi most spveie
2 X rL-o2: condition (100/6 cold spring, rvhether such
138.000
is used or not), Ib, and in-lb.
to : X 1o : 5628 Psi R.,Rtr: maximum reactions estimated to occur in
-zl.sz the cold and hot conditions, rcspectively,
:
s, r-isozst r1+r;sl 10,b77 psil :
15746 segun el calculo lb, and in-lb.
If a piping system is designed rvith different percent-
ages ot co|l spring jn various direclions, Formulas 1g.1
The N{aximum Expansion Stress ss is 18,721 psi, rvhich and 110) rre not applicable. In [his crse, the pjpine
is less ',han the r\llo\\'rble Combined Stress Range, system shall be analyzed by a compre.hcn.ir-. mirhodl
,! of 21,988 psi. 'l'he crlculatcd hot reactioni
"hall be based on thooreti-
cal cold springs in all directions not greater than ! of
* Assumed values for purpose of illustration. the cold springs as specified or measuied.
 ITT GRINNELL- PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEER]NG
(oo oo 00 c.l r\
;; oi c.,i i
?9 q\ <lP oco (oo
.5 L') ON -OO 'd.;
FI .f d) oO c.i O@ co@ €Cl
N6
&
I ro 6t r).:i f)o H c.l
dN ;d ;d
cl ..i
6r
d ;;
a :r, o @ci r-o N c.t :o oo
Fa ;d
cr c;di
N ;; Xt &t
c\
R
t>, ^
El +1 ni oo @ct ca(o co <o o
*ci
d
iA =1i- .:tr (o .ir f-
r.- .f) o H
Y 4,' ;d .!; d r-d 't: Or
6.' cr* -
c.r R- Rg Rg
x 5r5
t{ iia =
<! 5
$t- oco oo o'o oN
;.i lOO F-.. O @c) !O Ci NO N
H ?> N N- c\
i o. l q1 .'l q 99 +rH i- 0o F+r
t-o coo ooi !?o
Cr- \o
Cl; N-
H 5iF c\r
Z n'6a 1g qcl
q;
qq @qo coo cr ro 6
Fo a: !?o
c.r: di d...;
N i ,;
U) >'=
r- f- ro$ !: i{ :n{ r.- ct (oo N
hd
cr- o-
N- o- \d
cr- q9J
oii cd-
/.\ r! .o a.i
- "j
t Fl l' qn qg gg +, !o cr+ lo00 nr
< oo t-o o): t'-:c; CJ o; ,..i
)' 3g cri 6l: 6t: 6ia
o 9E
I aa
E bt (5
E^.ii
3;Q
8R @ia
:.$9
P-
E P Tq
@-a
;
2 >a B
€ 3
1?E
9; E; 'e
.' d,.i
E€ R
c
;3 g6 ;3 =
'e
:'s
E4 *E ;p nI E
*3
F:
E--
b?
6A
eF
6
a^
5E i() i
OO fjE6B
z
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES
ocr
ot
caN o cir
co .i
:o @o @o co: ola oo
-o
aa r.? 1q ,:l on r:a 99
co- No
1q 1? ':n q-
;; *; ^^ Fco o c.i
3
a?
I
9,: ?a 9P n? 99 ?1 \9 9?< €!9 -9lr
,.; od J.; dF
clfJ
ots- o@
F s.! a
c.]9 e1 c -r 6?Q cQ€ q.D
.!'! Qca +{t oo
.b&
E 9q P1 aq co..> @v) ;; .i; -o
F dc od *;
z .l 6l cro .r@ cl+.i Oq! 6.r.a
99 91 ,:o ?q cl 11 ?i-
?a 9r
?- lcl-n Oro
co
n.!
r\o
1n
.o.)
i:5
a @-+
z
qlo 1e ie -a Ae Qa oci
X oci No 66
'{o
F.l
ac!
4.6'. -: .r@ qt- cQ cr .D -r
@9 q9 *a -- -- *-
E ar
o:
19 ?! ?i ?t 9a
rN
t9
m.6 c)cr
-aE
E 1o 9p cr ::. ::5 q){ Ecr !.)o '.lc)
F<
of) Nf) -; 665
@o ;o .- ;c F- ts- r- c\ Ai ;c; o- ;- F- ;j
!o
FA
<{ ia sa rta nFa <q <Q <q <q nq -{a aa n.a
E>
-i.-o
Z:
ttl
>h .- I
C:: 9? .g
€: a v"
x-
+1 *S = .7EF
=^ ; El
-a
.{ v.i i, - ?
E;
r,; 9i
.!d
i
.: E,-. z
tu = "
2 R E Io .:p f
;i
sE E- - isi;! R .- :! = 4 iA
Er €
-E€ E{ -i ri EZ F :
.iho E- <s ie 6G E
.ab <? 6E fie E
a} R E E df F Fg
E-
 ITT (iItI\NI,]I,I, PIPINTI DI'SIGN AND I]N(;I N I'IiItING
3 -t 5;' s!
EE
La
9 --i : ry E; u(J
,:; .:; ;, =;-" : od !r
aa- s
q ;r;
' : ' : E a-
E! -a: qF
4
!a
F
c
:: r;
-' I -ii;
'a ti
:: := !
L
i i "
-
+
.-r
=)
aP
_il
=-7
:-
__
T-_
nl
U I ?' oZ . -11 ; ,
l:
: o
;;
h-
n: - ! d il! c!
_i: -
a ( ; i:
:: c. * !:: o:
9.c | : -. -] a-:< a"
@ I 4 a,: ;
.:': :; ! i 6?
L ; _ E E
a=7 \!'i
i ir: !vl
i "- r .= : o" ta
t
-:
;- - I ,; r;; ;"
o o'= -;
t: 9 -:;
U rr l., Nl _ _:.p > -: i;
Ll-
(lrlrqrraLj prro | .loltol ! lrsuel!l sssrlS lJ rolroj rroj
z | .totaDJ
[ ,3: ::i : --:lF-l'
.'
1a \; :- ---: - P - t
F 2
! a " -: + .*,r: 1z+ "-;, =
LJ ;. {: - :; -:::; ;:9
=
z
LU

t tru'E
f,r + ' a !. :;
! 2." =; -r
,; =.1 i.
i at 1-

---::-:-.:+,
T:.:"*!;e
- - - a !::r;
: j j :::;

t
! ! ri
'=
zF
LU

[fr :. ?: " 2
'-.-'a
: !I:,:
9
t6ZE-4,-'
i ;1 'y: -=^v,,i=-d
-i,1

jbd'-,o(J:
*.!g:"-".-
:':;1E91;
ti;;.;LzlE
_-
/
-
V a,!;o
F ; ": .:=-tr;-: -4i..1-"
99=g:: -.
,l ;': l:9:--
::= !!3 9; "i:,:t :
o l- ,i- -1Ld <n +a{F-i B
z --l ^ ,*1" iE ." " !.:-;- -
t- ;.os .9
F
F 3l: lF-
J ;
a
.2 .. l-"
.< t^ dl:" alx .il'* d l'*
a i\f
F
st- ^l
jL* ilu
:
ic. i
i:U
::1
or' 3 j.n
- l
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

STRESS INTENSI FICATION FACTORS

Table D-2

Component Sketch Stess Intensifi cation Factor

MEAN RADIUS
r > 3/16 and 6/r < 0.1
l= 1.0
t< 3116 or sh > 0.1
Buttwelds
i = 1.8 foi as welded
i = 1.0 for flush welds
6 = allowable mismatch

lF.l .*

See ANSI 831.1

Ii\ Fillet Welds Figrres 12?.4.4 (a), (b) and (c) i = 1.3 for filet rvelds as defined
in Note 1.

30d Taper Transition per

ANSI B31.1 i = 1.9 max, or
Figure 12?.4,2 and i = 1.30 + 0-0036 D k + 0.225 | t
ANSI 816.25

i = 2.0 max or
Concentric Reducer per
ANSI 816.9
t = 0.5 + 0.01 a tD> t, t"
(see Note 2)
 ITT GRINNELL PIPING D]'SIGN AND ENGIN]'ITIIIN(i
-

Table D-2 (Cont.)

Component Stress Intensifi calion |actor

u (t;j
'=" C)
Branch Connections See Figlre D
ANSI 831.1
1, Appendi]( D
ce
(see Noies 3 and 4)

Notes for Table D'21

-Note 1:
-'St;ess
intensification facror of 1.3 may be used for socket weld fittin8 if toe of weld blends snroothlv lviih no undercLrr wrln
pipe wall as shown in the concave, unequal leg fill€t weld of ANSI 831.1 Figure 127.4.4.
Note 2:
The equation applies only if the following conditions are met:
(a) Cone ansle, a, does not exceed 600, and the reducer is concentric'
(b) The larser of ,r /11 andt2/r, doesnotexceed l0o.
rc) th< watl rhickne\s b not les( lhan I, Lhroughourrhebodlofrher.ducer.er,cptinandimmedi,lell udiacPnr Io llr. c)'
lindrical p.rrion on Ihe smdll end..vliere Ihe rhickne's rhall nol be rc's thJn 1?
Note 3 |
The equation applies onlv if the following conditions are mel:
(a) The reinforcement area raquirements ot ANSI 831.1, paragraph 104 3 are met
(b) The axis of the branch pipe is normal to the surface of rhe run pipe lvall'
- For branch connecrions in a prpe,lhe arc distance
(c) measured berween the centers of adixceni branches along the sufface of
th" ;;; ;;" is not tess ran tirree t-i-* ttt" *. of iheir inside radii in the longitudinal direcrion or is not less than lwo
iir""- it i .t their radii r long lhe .ircumfe' ence of Ihe run pipe
"'rrn
(d)Theinsidecornerradius,/r(seeFisDl)isbetweenl0pe'cent3ndsopercentof4'
(e) The outer radius, r, , Gee Fig. D-l)isnot less than thelarserof ?),12,(Tb+ v)12 [for Fig D-l(c)i or?'fl2'
(f) The outer radius, /3, (see Fig. D-1) is not tess than the larse' of
(r) o.oo2 0do
(2) 2 (Sh 9)3-times the offset for the confisurations sho$t in Fiss D-l (a) and D-l (b)
(b) Rnl4- < so and /'r?/R'?l < 0.s

The following nomenclature applies to Figure D-r:

ri = inside radius of branch pipe, 'n.
/;= mean radius of branch PiPe, in.
?i, = nominal thickness of branch pipe' in
Rn- mean rcd'us or run PiPe. in
71. = nominal thickness of run pipe, in.
do ourside diameler of branch. jn
Tb, 0, \, 12, h, rp
^nd
I a.e defined in Figure D-l
/r = rldoirnum r;quned thickness ofrun pipe, calculated asa plain cvlinder

Note 5i
Factors shown apply to b endinS; flexib ilitv factor for iorsion equals O 9'

10
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

EXPANSION FACTOR, c
Temp. Carbon Carbon C-lIoly Cr.-\Ioiy Austenitic Cr. Stainless
1.
.F c
Steel Steel
c> .3o7a
<t Lorv
Cr.-\Iolv
(cr S 3%)
.
( 57", < Cr.
<s%)
Stainless
Steels
12
Steels
Cr., 17Cr.
25
20
Cr'
Ni
Wrought
Iron
=.30,,; & 27 Cr.
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 40 40 35 47 44
1i0 98 r06 106 113 90 t25 120

t00 160 171 171 149 232 204 195

t;0 224 244 244 2t2 323 204 287
300 291 315 271 114 261 368 352
350 365 391 391 335 500 326 434

100 436 467 396 603 389 541

510 547 699 629 5S8
i00 584 626 626 794 520 716 681
664 711 711 603 893 590 809 768

600 796 796 672 989 659 901

827 886 886 714 1089 730 995 946
;00 909 97,1 971 815 1189 799 1088 1035
996 1008 1068 891 1292 474 1186 1125
;i5 1038 1113 1113 s29 134,1 909 1235 1171

s00 1159 967 1395 946 t2a4 1216

1208 1005 1448 983
s50 1256 1043 1500 1022 1384
r303 1081 1i,52 1061 1435

:r00 1351 t12l 1097 11184

!?; 1398 1161 1659 1134
!'50 1445 1200 1713 117 4
!;; 1192 1240 1766 1212 1634

i L)00 1538 1278 1820 1250 1681

1l;0 1639 1928 1328 1781
I lr)0 1737 1435 2036 1404 1879
1511 2114 1480 1980

Expansion Factor c : Expansion in inches per 100 ft. X fc

1728 X 100

PROPERTIES OF PIPE

: . Streight and Curved Pipe Inside Area , ra-

-4
D, : Nominal Pipe Size
D : Outside Diameter
Iletal Area a^:d(D-t)
Moment of Inertia Ip : 0.0491(D4 - d4)
I : Wall Thickness
: 0.0625A^(D, + d2)
d : Inside Diameter
:D-2t Section Modulus S- :
=L)

I1
 ITT GRINNEI,L - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINUI'ITING

PROPERTIES OF PIPE
l'ipe d :l:r Ip s,, Fa ::tors /i and i
Size
Sch.l Nall \Ioment Section Short Long Radius of Curvaiurc
Insitlc Inside NIetal Nomincl I'ipe l)ianeters
Out- No. \\'rll I)iem.
Thnrk- ol llodulus lirdius ttrtliLrs
Inertia Inchcs3
Inc]ros'
Diom.
Inches
Inches Inches' ''"::1 3 4 5 0

k 4.33 2 31) 1 .l.t 1.08 r .00 1 .00

40 std. 1.049 0.133 0.86.1 0.,19.1 0.0874 0.133 i 1 .71 1.31 1 .00 100 100 1 .00

k 1 .98 100 1.00 1 .00 1 .00

EO XS 0.957 0.179 0.719 0.639 0.1056 0.161 i 1.02 1.00 1.00 1 .00 100
1"
1 .315', 1.21 1 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00
160 0.815 0.250 0 .522 0.836 0 .1252 0.190 i 1.00 1 .00 100 100 1.00

k 100 1.00 1.00 I .00 1 .00

xxs 0.599 0.358 o .282 1.076 0.1405 0.214 i 100 1.00 1 .00 1.00 1.00

h 5..15 3.63 182 1.30 1.09 100

40 srd. 1.380 0.140 1.490 0.699 0.1948 0.235 i 2.00 | .5'2 100 1.00 1.0r) 100
k 2 +t) 1 .21 1 .00 1.00 100
80 xs 1 .278 0.101 1 . 283 0.881 0.2418 0.291 t l IE 1.00 100 1.00 1.00
1i"
1.6ti0' 1.i5 1.00 1.00 1.00 100
160 1.160 0.250 1.057 1.107 0.2839 o.342 i 1.00 100 1 .00 1.00 1.00

1 .00 1 .00 1.00 1 .00 1 .00

XXS 0.896 0.382 0.63r i.534 0. 3,111 0. 411 1' 1 .00 1 .00 100 1 .00 1.00

5.8,1 389 1.95 146 117 1 .00

1.610 0.145 2.036 0.799 0.3099 0.326 2.09 1 .60 1.01 1.00 100 1 .00

.412
h 397 2.63 1.00 r .00 1.00
1 . 500 0.200 |.767 1.068 0.3912 o
i |.62 1 .00 1.00 I .00 1.00
r+'
1.900' k 1.7r 1.00 I .00 100 1 .00
1.338 0.281 1.406 1 .429 0.4826 0.508 i 1.00 1.00 I .00 1.00 1 .00

k 1.03 100 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.100 0.400 0.950 1.885 0.5678 0.598 i 1 .00 1 .00 .00
=\.- 1.00 1.00 1

0.ri657 0.5iil 6 .61 4.,10 1.67 | .32 1.10

2 067 3.356 1.075 2.2t- 1.73 1.00 100 r .00

10154 4..10 2 ...)1 1.10

II 1.00 1.00
1.939 0.218 2.953 | .477 0.8679 0.731 |.73 1.32 1.00 1.00 1.00
2',
2.3r-5"
;l 168s10313
l
2.240 2.190 1.1626 0.979
k 1 ti6
1.00
ffi 1.00
1.00 I
1.00
1.00
1.00
1
1
.00
.00

_ 1.503 0 '136 L.774 2.656 1.312 1.104

1.1e
1 .00 1.00
100
1.00
1
1
.00
.00

4.i-88 1.704 1.530 1.064 I

5.80
2.08
3.87
1 .59
1.93
1.00
r+s
1
]rrc
00 1.00
1oo
1.00

k 4 0,1 2.60 1.01 r.oo lt.oo

1.0c 1.00 1 1.00
rl-
4.234 2.254 1.925 1.339 i 1.6: | .25 .00
2+',
2.875',
""1,,".. li 183
1

1.00 I 0o 1.00 r.00

2.915 2.353 1.637 I 1.00 1.00 1 00 1.00 1.00
Ioo
I r.oo
',', |., ",
2 .464 4.028 2.872 1.988
h
i
1.08
1.00
1.00
1.00 r ooIroo
r.oo
l1o9
k 6.86 1.14
3.068 7.3C3 2.228 3.017 7.721 i 2.33 1.78 1 .00

-l_ k 4.69 3.13 1.00

2.900 6.605 3.016 3.879 2.226 i 1.81 1 .38 1il1 1.00

3.500" ]t 1.97 1.00

2.626 5.416 4.205 5.033 2. E76 101 i33l 1.00

,10 sid.
2.3C0
H 9.89
5.466

268
5.993

4.788
3

239
.425
k
i
7 .42
128
1.00
.1 95
1.00
1.00

1186
I 100 1118
I 1.00
1

1
.00
I .00
.24
.00
4.000'
3.513
"a*
N
I 2.45 1.E7 1.18 1

t2
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

PROPERTIES OF PIPE
Pipe
.lize
Insidc trletel -'-""i"'' Section lladius of Curvature
{Jut- ^iillii'' 1;1x'9"''I#l- Arec - Yl., llloJuhLs Nominrl I'ipe Diameters
rn( n€s Inches' Inchr:"' i"f i "l Inrlresl
Dirm. Jnches

31"
.: 000" \s 3.3ti4 0 3t8 889 ;'l "* k 7.90
4.026 0.237 12.73 7 .23 3.2r i 2 .5t)

h 5.30
382ii10337 11.50 s6J 4.27 .i 1.96
k
3 C2{i 0.437 10.33 11.65 5.18

k
3.438 0.531 9.28 13.27 5.90

tt
3.152 10.674 7.80 15.29 6.79
'.
k 8.99 1.50
5.047 0.258 15 .17 5 .45 I 2.79 t.1l 1.00

k 5.92 1.48 1 .00

4.E13 0.375 20.08 7 .43 i 2 .11 1.61 1 01 1.00 1 .00

5" k 1 .06 1 .00

5 5L3',
4.563 0.500 25 .71 9.25 n 1 .00 1 .00

k I .00 1 .00
4.313 0.625 30.03 10.80 1 .00 1 .00

4.063 0.750 33 64 12.10

k 100 1 .00
.i 1.00 r .00

k 2 .17
6.065 0.280 8.50 i 1.18 1.00

k | .52 1.02
0.432 12.23 r .00 1 .00

6',
5.501 0.562 14.98
k 1.12 t.00
a 625', 1. {J0 1 .00

k 1.00 1 .00
5.189 0.718 17.81 I 1.00 1 .00

xxs 4.897 k 1.00 I .00

0.864 20.03 i 1 .00 1 .00

8.125 0.250 6.58 13.39

.. | .. 481 3.61 2.88 2.40
.. | 184 1.52 1 .31 1.16

8.071 0 .277 51.2 .26 63.4 14.69 .. | 482 3.24 2 .59 2.16
7
.. | .. 171 l 41 1.22 t .08

7.981 0.322 50.0 8.40 .5 16.81

1r.0'l 17.35 368 2.76 2.21 1.84
72
3.19 2.44 1.54 1.27 1 .09 1 .00

7.813 0.406 47 .9 10.48 88.8 20.58

2 .15 |.72 1.43
1.07 r .00 1 .00

8" 7.625 0.500 t2.76 6.81 4.54 | 2.27 1.70 r.36 1.l3
8 625',
105.7 24.52 2.31 1.77 | 1 rl 1.00 r .00 1 .00
1.40 1 .12
7 .439 0 593 43 .5 14.96 \2r.4 2a.u 1 .00 1 .00

7.189 0.718 40.6 r7.84 1;0.6 1.12 1.00

32.61 r .00 1.00

0.812 38.5 r9.93 r .00 1 .00

7.001 153.8 1.00 1 .00

6.875 0.875 21.30 162.0 1 .00 1.00

1 .00 1 .00

13
 ITT GRINN]II,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINIIE]],ING
-
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
Pipe d t AI AI I. s," !- ectors ,t and ?
Size
and
Out-
Sch. Nominal
U'all
Inside lTa]1
Thick- Inside fletrl lloment Section Short Radius of Curvature
Diam. \IodrLlLrs Radius IladiLrs Nominal I'ipe Diameters
side Inches Inchest Inches, Inertia
Diam. Inches lnchesa 3 1 5 6
8" 226 1.13 .00 1.00 .00
160 6.813 0.906 21.97 165.9 38.48 1 1
a.625' i 1.11 1 .00 1.00 1.00 t .00

20 10.250 0.250 82.5 E.26 113.7 21 .16

A 6.04 4.53 3.63 3.02
2 .11 1.77 1.52

30 10.136 0.307 80.7 10.07 25 .57

k 4. E7 3 ti5 2.92 2 .43
i 1. E5 153 1.32 1 17

40 std. 10.020 0.365 78.9 1l .91 160.8 29.90 k t2 22 8 15 4.07 3.06 2.41 2.01
i 3.12 2 61 1 . 6,1 1.36 1.17 1.04

60 XS 9.750 0.500 16.10 212.0 39.43 k 8.68 2.811 2.17 |.74 t.'15
L 2.72 2.08 1 .31 1.08 1 .00 1 .00

t0' 80 9.564 0.593 71.8 18.92 241.9 k 2.39 1.79 1.43 1.20
10.75', i 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.00

100 .314 0.718 68.1 22.63 286.2 k 1 .93 1.16 1.00

9 53.25 I .00 1.00
1' I .00 1.00

120 9.064 0.843 26.21 321.3 60.34 k 1 .60 1.20 1 .00 1 .00
N 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00 r .00

140 8.750 1.000 60.1 30.63 367.8 k 1 .31 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00
68.43 1.00 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00

160 8.500 1 .125 34.01 399.4 71.31 k 2.26 1.13 1 .00 1.00 1.00
1. 11 1.00 1.00 1.00 100
20 12.250 0.250 117.9 9.84 191.9 30.1 k 7 .16 4.30 3.58
i 2.39 1.98 1.70

30 12.090 0.330 114.8 12.88 248.5 39.0 k 4.00 3.20 266

i 1.97 1.62 1 .40 1.24

sid. 12.000 0.375 113. 1 14.58 2t'9.3 43.8 k 1,1.08 L33 4.66 3.50 2.80 2.31
,i 3.74 2.86 1.79 1.48 1 .28 l.14
40 11.938 0.406 111 .9 t5.74 300.3 47 .1
k 4.28 3.21 2 .51- 2.14
.i 1.70 1.40 |.21 1.07

xs 11.750 0.500 108.4 19 .24 k 10 .31 6.88 3 .41 2.54 2.06 1.72
1, 3.05 2.33 r .47 7.2r 1 .04 1 .00

12', 60 11.626 0.562 106.2 21.52 400.5 62.8 k 3.03 2.27 1 .82 1.51
12.75' i 1. 11 1 .00 r .00

80 11.376 0.687 k 2 .43 19t 1.46 1 .21

101.6 26.04
1.16 1.00 1.00 1.00

100 11.064 0.843 k 1.93 1.45 1.16 1.00

96.1 561.8 88.1 i 1 .00 1.00 r .00 1.00

120 10.750 lt 1 .58 1.19 1 .00 1.00

1.000 90.8 36.91 64t .7 100.7
1 .00 1 .00 r .00 1.00

140 10.500 1 .125 86.6 41.08 700.7 109.9 1 .38 1.03 1.00 1.00
i 1 .00 1.00 1 .00 1.00

160 10.126 r.312 80.5 47 .14 781.3 122.6 k 2.28 1. 1.1 1 .00 1.00 1.00
1' 1.12 1 .00 1.00 1.00 1 .00

13.500 k 4.46 3.71

10 0.250 143.1 10.80 255.4 L 2 .15 2 .03 1.55

20 13.376 0.312 140.5 1.3 .42 314.3 44.9 + 5.90 4 .42 3.54 2 .95
14', 2.10 |.74 1.50 1.33
14.00'
30 srd. 13.250 0 375 137.9 16.05 372.8 53.3
k 14 59 L72 4.86 2 .92 2 .13
3.85 2.91 1.85 1.53 1.32 1 .17

40 13.126 .137 18.62 429 .1 6t .2

k 4.13 3. 10 2 .48 207
0
i 1 .66 1.1E 1 .05

L+
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

PROPERTIES OF PIPE
d Ar Au Ic s- l'a( itors A and i
Size
Nominal Inside \Vall \loment Short Long Radius of Curvaiure
and Sch. Inside N{etal Sectior Nominal Pipe Diameters
Out- Wall Thick- of )Iodulus Rxdius Radius
Diam. Area Inertia
Inches Inches'? Inches'? I Inchess 3 4 5 6
Diam. Inches Inchesr
h t0.71 7 .16 3.58 2 .69 2.15 1.79
XS 13.000 0.500 132.7 2t .21 483.8 69. r 1, 3.14 2.40 1.51 r.25 1.07 1.00
h 2.98 2.23 t.79 1.49
60 12. E1-1 0.593 129.0 24.9E 562.4 80.3 1 .33 1.10 1 .00 1 .00

k 2.30 1.72 1.38 L. r5

80 12.500 0.750 3L.22 98.2 l 12 1 .00 1.00 1 .00

k L79 1.34 1.07 1..00

t1" 100 L2 .126 0.937 38.47 a24.5 117.8 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 .00
11.00'
k 1.50 1.12 1 .00 1.00
120 11 .81'1 1 . 093 109.6 41.32 929.8 132.8 1, 1.00 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00

\o27.5 146.E
k |.24 1 .00 1.00 l 00
140 11.500 1.250 103.9 50.07 1.00 1 .00 1.00 1.00

1116.I
k l lt 1.00 1.00 1.00
160 11. 188 1.406 98.3 L 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

L 17.06 8.53 6.40 5.12 4.26

10 15.500 0.250 18E.7 12.37 384.0 48.0 1, 4.27 2.69 2.22 1.91 1.69

k 6.78 5.08 4.07 3.39

20 15.376 0.312 15.38 473.O 59.2 2.31 1.91 1.64 1 .45

tt 16.82 11. 19 5.60 4.20 3.36 2.80

30 std. 15.250 0.375 182.6 18.41 562.r 70.3 4.23 3.23 2.03 1.68 1 .45 1.28

k 12.39 8.26 4.13 3.10 2.48 2.06

40 xs 15.000 0.500 176.7 24.35 731.9 91.5 t 3.45 2 .64 1.37 1.18 1.05

k 3.08 2.31 1.85 1.54

60 14.688 0.656 169.4 31.62 932.6 116.6 i |.37 1.13 1 .00 1 .00
16'
16.00" k 2.34 1.76 | .4r 1.17
80 14.314 0.843 160.9 40.14 1156.6 144.6 1, l.t4 1.00 1 .00 1 .00

k 1.87 1.40 | .12 1.00

100 13.938 1.031 r52.6 48.48 1365.0 170.6 I 1.00 1.00 1 .00 1 .00

k 1.54 1.16 1.00 1 .00

120 13.564 |.2ta 144.5 194.5 1, 1 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00

k r.27 1.00 1.00 1 .00

140 13. 126 1.437 1760.3 220 .O
'L 1 .00 1.00 1 .00 1 .00

k 1.12 1.00 1.00 1.00

160 12.814 1.593 129.0 72.10 1894.0 236.7 1, 1 .00 1 .00 1.00 1 .00

h 19.25 9. 63 7 .22 4.81

10 17.500 0.250 24J.5 13.94 549.0 61.0 |' 4.63 2.52 2.41 2.08 1.84

k 7 .66 4.60 3.83

20 17.376 0.312 237.1 17.34 678.0 i 2.50 2.O7 1.78 1.58

k 18.99 12.65 4.75 3.80 3.16

std. 17 .250 0.375 20.76 806.6 89. 6 L 4.59 3.50 2.2L 1 .82 r.57 1 .39

k 5.39 4.00 a.24 2.70

30 17 . 126 o.447 230 .4 24.1r 930.5 103.4 1' .: 1.98 1 .62 1.41 1.23
18" h 14.04 9.36 4. 68 3.51 2.81 2.34
18.00' XS 17.000 0.500 227 .O 27 .49 1053.0 117.0 2.86 1 .80 1 .49 1.28 1.14
k 4.13 3.10 2.44 2.07
40 16.876 0.562 223.7 30.79 t172.0 130.2 1' 1.66 1.37 1.18 1.05

k 3.03 2.27 1.82 t.52

60 16.500 0.750 213.8 40.64 1515.0 168.3 1.35 1.11 1.00 1.00
2.47 1.78 't .42 1.19
h
80 16.126 0.937 204.2 50.23 1833.9 203.8 L 1.00 1 .00 1.00

la
 ITT GRINN]'LL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
d Ar A:r I. s- I actors t and i
and Sch. Nominal Wall f{oment Radius of Cuntrture
Out- No. Wall Inside Thick- Inside NIetal Section Short Long
Di&m. of Nominal Pipe Diameters
side ness Inertia \{odtlus Radius Radius
Diam. Inches Inches Inches, Inches' IIrchesl Inches3 Elbow
I B-- +-l-.f 6
100 15.688 1.156 193.3 61. 18 2180.2 242 .2 r 1. E8 1.41 I 12 1 .00
1.00 1 .00 1.00 r .00

120 15.250 182.6 71.81 2498.8 k 1.00 1 .00

18' 277.6 i 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
18.00"
140 14.876 1.562 173.8 80.66 2749.8 305.5 k 1.32 1 .00 r00 1.00
i 1.00 1 .00 r.00 1.00

160 14.438 1.7El 163.7 90.74 3020.6 k 1.13 1 .00 1.00 r .00
1 .00 1.00 1 .00 1 .00
10 19.500 0.250 298.6 k 21.46 r0.73 8.05 6.41
i 4.9E 3.13 2 .59 2.23 1.97
20 std. 19.250 0.375 291.0 23.12 1114 111 .4 k 21. 18 14. t3 7.06 5.30 1.21 3.53
t 4.93 3.77 2.37 1.96 1. 69 1.49

30 XS 19.000 0.500 283.5 30.6 h 15.68 10.46 5.23 3.92 3. 14 2.61

4.04 3.08 1.9{ 1.60 1.38 r.22
40 18.814 0.593 278.0 36.2 1704 170.4 k 4.37 3.24 2.62 2.18
1.72 1 .42 1.22 I.OE

60 13.376 0.812 265 .2 48.9 2257 225.7 k 3.12 2.31 1.87

20'
I 1.3E 1. l4 1 .00 1.00
20.00" k
80 17.938 1.031 252.7 61.4 2772 277.2 2.10 r .80 1.44 1.20
i 1.16 1 .00 1.00 1.00

100 \7 .438 1.281 23E.8 h 1. E8 1.41 1.13 1.00

331.6
1.00 1.00 1.00 I .00

120 17.000 1.500 227 .0 87 .2 t | .57

1 .00
1.18
1 .00
1.00
1 .00
1
r.00
.00

140 16.500 1.750 213.8 100.3 4217 121.7 k 1 .31 1 .00 1.00 1.00
i 1.00 1 .00 1.00 1.00

160 16.064 1.968 202.7 111 .5 45E6 458.6 k 1.14 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 r.00 1.00 1.00
10 23.500 0.250 133.7 1316 109.6 k 25.86 12.93 9.70 7.76 6 .17
5.64 2.93 2 .53 2.21
20 std. 23.250 0.375 424.6 27.83 1943 161.9 lc 25.58 17.06 8.53 6.40 5 .12 4.26
5. 60 4.27 2 .69 2.22 1.91 1. tig

XS 23.000 0.500 415.0 36.9 2550 212 .5

k 18. 99 12.65 6.33 3.80 3.16
I 4.58 3.50 2.21 1.82 1.39

30 22.876 0 .562 411.0 4L.4 2840 237 .O

k 5. 60 4.20 3.36 2.80
i 2.03 1.68 1 .45 1.29

40 22.626 0.687 k 4.53 3.40 2.72 2.27

4t)2 .1 50.3 285 .2
i 1.76 1.46 I.25 r.11
24.OO" 60 22.064 0.968 382.4 70.0 4654 3E7.8 k 3. l4 2.35 1.88
1.38 1. t4 1.00 1 .00

80 21.564 1.218 365 .2 87 .2 472.a k 2.44 1 .83 1.46 r.22

t \ .17 1 .00 r .00 1.00

100 20.938 1.531 344.3 108.1 k 1.89 1 .42 1.13 1 .00

6853
i 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 .00

120 20.376 1.812 326.I 126.3 7827 h 1.56 1 .17 r .00 1.00
652.2
1 .00 r .00 1 .00 1 .00

1,1{) r9. E76 2.062 310.3 142 .1 8627 718.9 k L34 1 .00 1.00 r .00
1 .00 1 .00 1.00 1 .00

160 19.314 2.343 293.0 159.4 k 1 .00 1 .00 1.00

9458 788.2 t r .00 1 .00 r .00 1.00

lo
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

TABLES OF COMMON SHAPES Example 2 :

'fhc fourteen tables of common shapes on pages 20

r 33 may be used to determine thermal expansion
-'r'csscs aud anchor forces l'ith a minimum of calcula-
'ioir, as indicated by the follol'ing examples. Yalues
::ry be ilrterpolated bets'een the tabulated factors Ff
..
ithout sacrilicing accuracy.
G?laen: A 10 inch Sch. 40 piping system, in accordance
Example 1: 'with the sketch, made from A.S.T.M. A 106 Grade A
steel pipe.
The maximum operating temperature is 600'. F.
The bending stress, s6, must not exceed 18,000
-____.__a

psi (for method of determining see page 3).

Data:
D: 10.75 inches I
I Page 13
Ip : 160.8 inchesa l
c.s 6ee" : 743 page 11

lind: The height, li, rvhich will satisfy the maximum

Gfuez: An 8 inch Sch. 40 piping system, in accordance stress requirement, and the anchor force, r/", for this
n'ith the sketch, made from A.S.T.N{. A 106 Grade A condition.
steel pipe.
The maximum operating temperature is 700" F. Solution: Reler to page 28.
The bending stless, sa, must not exceed 17,900 _ tD
L-tjo
psi (for method of determining see page 3). "r:r. "oi
Dete: seL 18,000 X 60
,nu:,D:..l.gytn
: - tto'z
D 8.625 inchesl
page 13
1p :
I
72.5 inches* J
For a /ca of L35.2, L/h: 3.72 then
60
c.t 7oo" : 909 page ll ' -"" : 16.lfeet
h:
3.72
Irind: The marimum bending stress sB, the anchor For L/h of 3.72, k" : 193.9
lorces 1, and r/!, and the resultant anchor force F.
-
F, , rlc - ,^-^._
: k,- 7,t3X1Ane
- 3448 pounds
taOLUtlOn: L; 103.9 X
L _95 _ , * -*r.
The results derived from the use of these tables will
h g8- ""' be accurate rvhen all of the turns of a piping systern are
mitprc rid.l Gtfihoc
then by interpolation from table on page 20: ^r
When all of the turns are welding elbows or bends the
k" : 93'.7 l.! : r9.9 anchor forces derived from the tables rvill be accurate
, cD lbr for practical purposes. The actual forces rvill be some-
sB : rbT: --- .X 909 X 8.625
qji what smaller than the values obtained from the tables.
The stresses in the elborvs or bends, however, may
: 12,460 psi (r'hich is less than 17,900 allorvable) exceed the values computed from the tables if the stress
intensification factor i for these curved sections is
r, , cIp- e3.7
- - Lfi x '""
^^-..909Y;2.: " : 681 pounds greater than 1. (See pages 12 to 16.) If the pro-
\;r" portion of straight pipe to curved pipe is large, a
- , cf p
- k"f .^^..909X;2..'
t9.9 x ::" ^,;-'9
close approximation of the stresses in the curved
F, - - t-r5 pounds sections may be obtained in the follorving manner:
Determine the Iocation of the centroid in a scale
F : \,1.68'rP+ OEP : 6ee pounds diagram. Pass the resultant anchor force through the

|,7
 I1"I GRINNI.ILI,. PIPING DESIGN AND I,]NGI\I'IJITIN(i

centroid. 'I'his force mr.rltiplicd by its distancc from the of pipe arranged in various config[rations. The com-
curvcd section gives the bending moment, i1{. The parative values for bending stress and anchor force
stress then is (M/S- )i. are derived flom the k values in the vadous tables
and are expressed as a percentage of the lowest value.
Example 3 :

(]O\IP-\Ii,.\TI\TU

lle,qultrnt

. _](erar *J-U
,t\w
16.1 /\/
(Jiuen:'lhe same piping systcm as in Example l,
except that the turn at poirrt b is a long radius l clding
elborv.
113
(t\
Data: 400 r-J-C---4
S- : 10.81 inches3
i:2.44 i
)
page 13 372
,--rl----
Find: 'lhe appro\imate bending stress, s6, in the 3(i0
rvelding elborv at point 1.,. \."\
,Solalioz: Assuming all oi the -sections to be straight )__J-----r
pipe, determinc the location of the cerrtroid:

i g
349
,_i----1
eb 95 X 47.5 : 4513 qb 95 X 38 : 3610
Dc 38X 0:
133 4513
0 bc 38XI9:722
133 1332
506
,---J-i
IJi13
::::33.9feet
I;JJ
ii" = -:::1
133
: 32.0 feet
612
I--t
Mat point b = 699 X 12 5 X 12 Bending stresses due to thermal expansion are not
significantly aflected by increasing thc pipe wall thick-
= 104,850 inch pounds ness, r&th€rJ increasing pipe wall thickness has a more
or less undesirable efrect in that the reacting forces and
: 104.850 moments are increased in a direct ratio. This fact is
sB ar b X Z.++
poiDr
ffi illustrated by studying the equation for the maximum
bending stress, sn : htcD/L,lnthe Tables of Common
: 15,220 Psi (aPProximatelY) Shapes. The equation is independent of the pipe rvall
thickness. Likel'ise studying the equation for re-
The tables are also helpful in comparing the relative acting force rvill shorv that the pipe wali thickness
merits of several tentative piping layouts. This func- afrects -1o, which ciirectly affects the reacting force.
tion is illustrated in the scale sketches beloiv, rvherein The aforementioned is true not only in the Tables of
two points are connected r'vith the same total footage Comrnon Shapes but in any stress calculation,

18
 EXPANS]ON AND STRESSES

-\ commonly ercountered piping expansion problem intervals to prer.ent lateral movement of the pipe.
:. thc long stlaight run of pipe lith a Li shtpe of eqLtal The follol irg cxample illustrates the application of the
ength legs prolidcd to absorb tlie expartsion. 'l'he Trbles of Common Shapes to this type of problem.
-.rlaight pipilg nrns are rtsuelly gttided lt regular

Example 4

RESTRAINED BY GUIDES

RESTRAIIIED AY GUIOES

Gi'L,en: A l0 piping system in accordauce

(t inch Sch. k, : 12.0 frb : 18.0 ftom page 22
lith thc sketch, made from A.S.T.II. A 53 Grade B
seamless steel pipe. srr
, D (L,\
: I(bc
i\i )
lfhe maximum opcrating temperature is 350" F. A.t,2i /120\
'l'he maximum bending stress, sa, must rot exceed - 18 x 30i X n, X ( )- 9008p"i
22,500 psi (for mcthod of determining see page 3). ",
If 6 inch S40 90" long radius welding elbows are
D{tta: used, the stress irrtensification factor, i, must be
D: 6.625 inches I considered.
. i page 18
i: Elborv
Ii, : 28. 14 irrches"] 2.27 lor 6 inch 90' LR\Y from page 13

c"135e" : 365 Page 1l 2.27 X 9068 : 20,584 psi

(l'hich is less than 22,500
Fr.nd; The maximum bending stress, sB, and the
allol'ablc stress range)
lt.trchor force F,.

u":
Solution:
r. ,s
^""'i(!)
L24 ,R IJ 1'A
e12 h - 12-' - 12 x 30; x 1", , x
\.21]
;:i - ro;o pould.

l9
 ITT GITINNELL PIPING DI]SIGN AND ]'NGINEIIIIIN(I

90'TIJRN IIOOKED Z SIIAPE

f,,
Rcacting Fotce F": k,' c =ilb
t,-
Reacting Force r" : tt,' c' jL I^
L- tir'c'
Reacting Force 11 !: rzto
Rez.cting Force f o: f"'c'Ilttt
Nlsintutrr Llcrrrling Slles. ,"-lr'" f
p'i

llaximum )3enc1ing Stress ,r : lo.' c'

I
pri lp lll lDtIIL'S L in fcet l) in inches

Ip ln lncnes- -L in feet l) in inches

L 0.6 1.18 l.3l

2.2 9.4
i 0.8

1.0 12 .O 12.0 3ii 1.0 4.3 1ts.1

L.2 t7.2 12.5 46 r.2 7.8 1.7 17.3
1..1 11.2 tr.2 22 .O
1.4 23.0 7.7 2n.7
1.6 32.0 l+.4 il 1. ri 15.2
19.7 9.2 31..1
r.a 42.0 15.4 85 1.8

2.D 54.0 16.6 102 2.O 21.3 10.9 36..1

2.2 30.0 13.0 .11 5
2.2 68.3 120
37.0 15. r 46.6
8.1..1 19.2 1{0 2.1
2.t) 103 20.6 liil 2.l) .15.0 17.2 5t.i
22.0 2.8 5'1.0 19.3 58.0
2.8 125 1E1

209 3.0 64.8 21.6 64. E

3.0 150 23 .5
76.0 2+.O i2.o
3.2 r75 25.O 231 3.2
88.0 2{i.5 79.5
3.{ 207 26 .5 259
3.6 100.0 29.0 87.0
3.6 237 28.0 287
05.0
3r8 3.8 113.5 31.6
3.8 2t-I 29 .5

4.0 3r.5 3.19 -1.0 ]2a.7 103

33.0 381 1.2 l-l-1 3t-.4 112
.11+ t(i0 .10.4 121
4. !t 406 34.6 43.4 130
3ii.2 450 4. ti 178
4.b 46. 139
4.E 510 37.8 487 4.8 198 -1

5.0 219 49 .1
5.0 39.5 528
52 .5
11.2 569 2J1
630
700 43.0 010 5.+ 203
41.7 052 5. ii 2t0 58.7
5. ti ti1 .8
ltr.2 i;96 310
855

18.2 6.0 334 65.0 195

6.0 938 205
6.2 1020 .19.8 790 6.2 360 6E..1
6..1 388 71.8 215
6.+ 1ll0 E{0 .l ll; 226
(t.6 t2t2 53..1 802 0.6
9.t:t 6.8 .l{0 78.9 236
6.E 1313
7.O .179 82.0 216
7.0 1420 56.8 997 257
7.2 15I7 1050 7.2 508
(i0.2 1101 5.10 89. r 268
7.+ 92.7 2ia
7.0 01 I r160 7.6 579
gri.3 289
7.8 1{lt7 03.6 1219 7.8 015
8.0 100.0 300
8.0 2059 65.4 1284

20
 EXPANSION AND STNESSES

Z SIIAPE

Fx+

Reacting Force K'.c.--Lo

Reacting Force t1 _ k,,.c.:--lb

I{arimum Bending Stress s6

-D
: fb'c';psr

I /, ln lncnes_ , ln IeeI D in inches

1 1.5 2 3 4

L L
7
1l kb k, 1. k6
n
0.6 9.251 43..0 83.8 38 91 32 85 73 6.0 22 66 0.6
0,8 12.8 39.0 69 .0 11 .8 76 r0.5 29 71 23 62 20 5ti 0.8
|

1.0 17 .2 1 37 .9 61.9 15 .9 69 14.4 29 66 12.6 22 11 .8 19 50 1.0

1.2 37.8 57.8 2t.0 35 69 29 66 16.0 23 t4 20 51 1.2
1.4 28.3 l 37 .7 60.6 27 36 69 22 30 20 19 21 52 L .,t
1.6 35.4 42.1 66.3 71 30 32 69 27 25 57 21 55 1.6
1.8 43 .0 43.2 72.O 4I 39 38
,71
26 ti0 30 22 r.6
2.O 52.a 45.7 79.3 50 4I n1 46 42 27 67 40 63 2.0
2.2 63.0 48.0 86.5 60 43 88 38 83 51 29 48 25 68 2.2
2.4 76.0 5l.0 93.8 7l 46 96 68 40 90 61 31 80 71 2.1
2.6 89.0 101.2 83 49 r02 43 97 7L 33 E6 69 29 80 2.6
2.4 102 58.2 109.0 96 110 91 46 105 a2 35 92 80 30 2.8
3.0 116 62.2 116. 1 110 118 104 49 92 99 90 32 93 3.0
132 66.0 124 .5 124 59 126 118 51 121 106 39 107 104 99
149 70 .0 133.0 140 63 134 133 128 121. 41 114 118 36 105 3.4
3.6 r68 74.O 141.0 168 66 143 149 135 136 44 120 t32 38 1r1 3.6
3.8 188 78.0 149.0 t77 70 165 60 142 46 727 147 40 117 3.8
4.0 2to 82.0 157.8 197 159 181 63 150 166 49 133 163 124 4.0
235 86.4 166.0 219 168 201 66 157 185 5l 140 182 +4 130 4t
4.4 260 90.6 174 .5 24L 81 t77 221 69 16,1 204 147 201 46 737
4.6 285 94.8 r$.0 264 186 241 72 154 220 48 1.r3 4.6
4.8 310 99.0 192.0 287 88 194 263 75 r82 243 D6 161 239 50 150 4.8
5.0 336 103.2 201.4 314 92 203 288 18 190 261 61 168 260 52 5.0
364 107.6 210.0 341 96 212 313 81 198 286 63 175 241 163
393 111 .8 219.5 370 100 221 339 206 310 66 182 304 56 169
425 tt6 .2 228.0 399 104 230 88 2t1 68 189 329 176
b.n 457 120.5 237 .5 430 108 239 392 92 223 360 71 197 355 61 182

6.0 491 124.a 215 .5 46t 172 214 422 95 232 386 205 381 63 190 6.0
6.2 526 129 .4 251 .5 493 116 254 450 98 240 414 76 212 408 196 6.2
562 133.8 263.5 526 120 267 474 102 28 443 79 219 436 67 203 6.1
6.6 598 138.2 273.0 561 r24 276 506 105 256 472 a1 227 69 210 6.6
6.8 633 142.6 282.O 598 128 285 108 265 502 84 234 495 217 6.8
7.0 670 145.0 287 .0 636 132 291 t11 271 86 212 526 7.0
7.2 7i5 152.0 300.0 674 136 303 601 115 242 89 218 230 7.2
758 156.5 309 .0 7t4 140 312 639 118 290 599 92 256 588 78 237
803 161.0 319.0 756 143 321 680 122 299 633 94 263 620 81 241
7.8 850 328.0 798 148 330 724 125 308 668 97 270 ti55 83 250 78
8.0 898 170.0 337.0 8,10 152 340 770 129 703 99 279 694 257 8.0
 ITT GRINN]'LL _ PIPINC DESIGN AND ENGINEDRING

II SIIAPE WITII EQUAL TANGENTS

f-
Reacting Force F*:kr'c'fi
Maximum Bending Stress ,u : ku . .
" l,
Ip in inchesa .L in feet D in inches

L L
2 5 6 7 I 10
a

L L
E I" kt lrb lrh L. Ict kb kt k. lco
n
1.0 2.40]' 7.2ol 2'46l 4.2 2.521 8.821 2.581 9.291 2.641 2.671 e.e2l 10.1 2.73 10.3 10.4 1.0
1.2 3.701 4.481 10.9 4.651 12.0 | 4.781 12.8 |
4 Rll 13.3 5.0 | 13.9 |
5.2 | 14.0 5.29 14-4 5 1{.9 1.2
r.4 5.3r1 6.461 13.6 6.791 15.2 6.981 16.3 7.1 I 17.o 17.9 18.1 7.45 18.6 7 I9.4 t.4
1.6 7.221 '?:391
13_53 8.461 16.3 8-931 18.4
|
| 9.201 19.8
I
e.5 | 20.8 3:t I 22.O
|
r6i I 22.3 r0.41 22.9 23.9 1.tt
12.3 26.1 I 1ti
| I
1.8 -'*l 15.751 10.481 19.0 11.081 21.6 |
Lr,42l 23.4
tl |
li.e I
|
_-l I 26.7 t2.97 13.1t 24.5 1.8
I I I I I
2.O 12.001 1s.ool 72.5 | 21.8 13.241 24.8 |
73.871 27.r I
14L I 28.8 14.e I ao.z I
15-3 | 31.2 15.53 32.3 t5.71 43.2 2.O
14.851 20.251 15.8 | 24.5 166 | 28.5 |
16.9 | 31.0 I L7.5 t 33.4 I 18.0 | rs.o I
36.2 20.0 38.0 21.0 38.6
2.4 18.001 22.501 10.6 | 2a.o 20.4 | 32.2 |
20.8 | 35.3 I 21.3 I
38.0 | 22.5 | ?f 3 | 23.8 | 41.7 25.2 26.3 41.1
2.6 2r.521 24.831 23.4 | 31.1 I 35.9
I 25.5 I 3s.7 | 26.2 |
42.7 | 27 .5 | +s.s 29.0
I |
47.3 30.7 49.5 31.7 2.6
'LL 3e.7 30.6 50.7 34.7 56.9 2.a
2.8 25.A21 27.r01 27.3 | 34.2 28.9 | 44.0 31.7 47.5 53.0 36.3

3.0
I
29.451 29..151 31.2
I
37.4 33.6
I
I
I
|
I
48.7 | 35.8 | 48.7
tt I

37.7
|
I |*o
| 3e.3
I
so.z
I
.n"
|

I 59.0 41.9 61.5 43.0 63.6 3.0

| | | | I
33.s 31.8 35.6 se.o | 43.7 | 45.7 61.7 65.1 50.0 67.8 50.8 70.6 3.2
3.2 l I I 40.6 I
41".2 53.3 | | 58_0 | | ii:e I
3.4 34.7 34.1 I 40.0 | 43.8 44.5 | 51.6 | 46.e | 58.0 |
40.5 | 63.3 | 52.2 | oD.o I 71.3 58.3 7 4.2 59.2 77.7 3.4
43.7 36.5 | 40.1 |
47.0 50.3 I 55.6 I 53.0 I 62.8 I
9?-11 68.7 | 5e.5 I 933 | 63.2 | 77.7 66.7 80.7 68.0 84.9
3.8 49.1 38.8 52.3 50.2 57.0 59.8 | 60.2 | 67.6 oo.o 74.1 79.4 7r.5 44.2 87.3 92.2 3.8

4.0 54.9 41.1

I
58.5
|
I
|
I tl |

64.0 | 64.0 6e.1 | 72.5 I

I
I
I I*u
79.7 | 77.5
I
85-8 80.9
|
I
91.0 84.2 94.4 86.6 99.5 4.0
| | | |
60.8 43.4 | 64.7 | 57.0 7r.1 | 68.2 78.r | 77.5 |
82.0
| 45.2 187.0 92.2 90.4 97.8 95.0 .02.0 97.0 r07.0 4.2
4.4 67.3 45.e I 71.0 | 60.4 78.9 | 72.4 | 87.2 I 82.5 | 91.0 104.7 106.2 90.8 196.5 98.6 100.5 109.6 108.0 t14.7 4.4
74.9 4e, I 7e.1 | 63.8 87-O I 76.6 I 96.3 | 105.0 112.0
87.5 t 101.7 117.8 96.3 ]7.2 120.0 122.8 4.6
4.8 81.0 50.6 87.2 67.3 e5.s so.8 I 105.4 e2.5 Lr2.4 101.9 lllS:3 111.4 124.2 118.7 129.8 125.0 133.3 131.0 4.8
|
I
|
I
I
I I | I I
I

5.0 88.2 52.9 | s5.3 70.8 104.6 85.2 114.7 9?.S 107.5 1r30.0 117.8 1136.7 125.9 hsz.s t33.0 117.9 139.4
l | | I
95.9 55.3 | 1(.l4 L l 74.3 114.0 I 89.5 r25.0 1103.0 | 134.0 1r 12.0 124.5 1149.4 133.2 141.0 163-0 r47.9 5.2
5.4 103.8 57.7 | 113.5 77.a 93.9 136.3 1108.3 | 146.0 120.0 131.3 1162.4 140.{i 172.6 t49.0 5.4
tt2.1 60.1 | t22.6 81.3 134.0 | 98.3 147.6 1113.5 | 159.0 l12ti.2 S 1138.1 lr77.o llii 148.1 1187.0 157.1 194.5 165.2
120.7 62.4 132.0 84.8 144.6 l].02.7 159.0 1118.8 | 172.0 tI44.9 t192.6 165.2 211.0 173.9 5.!
1132.5 1155.6 1202.7
| I I l1$.0 I
6.0 129.6 88.4 155.8 t107.0 171.3 1124.1 t85.2 1138.8 1197.8 1151.8 lron.o lror.r
64.8 I 141.6 1219.2 182.6 6.C
6.2 138.8 91.9 167.2 lru.s 184.0 t129.5 199.0 1145.1 1213.0 1158.8 l22s.o 1171.0
152.4 1236.0 t81.8 191.4 6.'
6.4 148.4 33:3 | 163.3 s5.4 1179.1 1116.0 193.0 1134.9 213.0 1151.4 1228.5 1r65.8 124r.8 [78 I 1253.0
j2z 1.o
rs0.2 200.2 6.4
6.6 158.2 71.9 I 174.2 98.S 11r1.0 1120.5 212.2 1t40.3 224.O l1i7 .7 1245.0 lr72.s l2ss.5 hse.o r98-7 209.1 6.t
6.8 168.4 I 74.3 | r45.2 1102.4 1204.0 1125.0 226.4 |it45.7 244.2 1164.0 t279.O e07.2 6.t
1180.0 lre4.b 12e2.0
tl I I I I I 1262.5 I I I I
.I
7.0 178.9 | 76.7 I 196.3 t106.0 .|217.0 1129.4 24OJ lr5I.7 261.8 1170.3 l24o.7 1187.1 l2es.z 1202.5 1314 216.0
1189.8 179.1 209.1 1109.5 1230.5 1133.9 256.0 1156.6 279.a 1176.7 l29s.s lls4.3 t319 1210.5 1336 .6 7.t
7.4 1200.9 I 81.5 22t.9 1113.0 1244.2 1138.4 27r.5 1162.I 1297.8 t183-1 1319.0 1201.6 lres 1218.5 t358 4
7.6 t212.4 | 83.8 234.7 lrlo,c .|239.2 1142.9 1287.5 1167.6 1316 U8e.5 1339.0 1208.9 1359 1226.5 lo6-r 242.3
7.a 1224.2 86'2 247.6 F20.0 t27 4.5 1147.4 1304.3 1173.1 t334 l1e5.e 1381 1284.6 1404
7.t
I | I I I tl
12r6.2 I I I 135e.0 I I
260.0 8.(
8.0 1236.2 |
88.6 260.7 1123.5 1289.8 1152.0 1322 1778.6 lBs2 t202.4 I379 lzzs.s l405 1242.7 1427
268.9 5 8.t
8.2 1248.7 I et.o
27 5.0 lr27.0 1305 t156-6 1340 1184.1 1372 l2os.e l4oo 1231.0 1250.9 1451
277.4 4 8.!
8.4 1261.5 193.4 280.3 1130.5 1320 1161.2 1358 1189.7 lse2 1422 1238.5 1455 1250.2 1476
8.6 127 4.6 | 95.8 1304 113{.0 1330 11e5.8 1377 1195.3 1413 l22t.9 1246.0 l{80 l2$7.5 1502 246.7 8.(
8.8 s8.2 Dza.+ 295.7 8.t
l3e5 l2oo.e 1434 12$.b 1275.8 1529
1287.9
I I |'$ 1137.5 1351
I I
1170.4 tl I I lito I I I
t.-^
9.0 t302 hzs.o 1416 1206.6 1456 lzgs.o l4e5 I261.0 1530 1284.1 305 9.t
1100.5 1332 t111 9 1367 ll292.4 t589
9.2 l3r6 1102.9 1437 1212.4 124r.6 1520 1268.6 314 9.i
1348 J384
9.4 1105.4 1365 1148.0 1402 1184.2 1458 1218.2 l163 1218.2 545 p74.2 5R4 1301 1618 323 9.,
9.6 1345 1107.? 1381 1r 51.5 l4r, 1188.8 1180 1221.0 527 12s4.8 1283.8 t611 H99 1648 332 9.1
9.8 1360 1110.1 1397 1r 55.0 l413 1193.4 1502 1229.8 126 r.4 lg;3 1291.4 l$e 1680 342 9.1
10.0 l|375 351
1172.6 1414 1158.7 1466 1198.1 1525 1236.r lD/a 1268.2 laz+ l2ee.0 1666 1326 171r

22
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

u srrAPE wlTrr TANGENTS ?2 = 2

T-
Reacting Force In: k"'c'-fi
f-
Reacting tr'olce Fn : hv' c' :"2

l\{axirnum Bending Stress * = ko' ,'2L

13 in inchcsa Z in feet D in inches

L L
10
--' 2 6 8

L L
kt kt
t 116 kt k!, ha
n
1.0 0.5 4.7 1.1 9.9 2.4 r.4 10.7 :.9 10.9 3.0 L.6 11.4 1.0
4.4 o.7 7r.7 1.6 12 .5 1.8 14.6 2.0 15.5 2.1 16.2 t.2
1.4 6.4 1.0 14.6 E.0 2.1 2.2 1rJ.8 8.2 20.L 8.2 2.6 21.O
8.4 t7 .5 10.E 2.t3 t7 .7 10.2 2.7 23.O 10.9 2.9 24.8 11.0 3.0 25.8 1.6
1.5 20.+ 13.ti 20.4 12.9 27 .2 L3.6 29.5 14.0 30. ti 1-d
10.4
2.0 12 .4 1.7 23.3 3.6 23.3 3.6 31.5 16.5 3.8 4.0 2.0
2.2 16.0 2.0 26.6 20.3 3.9 28.3 20.6 4.0 36.6 20.0 4.2 30.0 21.5 41.8 2.2
:. -r 19.7 29.0 24.1 33.'1 25.6 4.5 2+.0 41.O 4.9 48.2
':. ri 23 .4 2.7 33.2 28.0 4.0 30.0 4.9 46.8 28.0 49.1 2.6
27 .1 3.0 32.0 4.9 43.0 51.9 33.0 5.6 39.5 6.0 61.0 2.8

3.0 30.9 40.1 36.1 18.7 40.7 57 .O 40.8 6.0 59.6 46 .5 6.5 67.0 3.0
3.2 36.3 43.7 .11.0 5.7 53.2 48.0 6.3 62.8 47.0 68.0 5.1.0 6.9 74.O
3. -1 41,7 4.0 47.3 .17.0 6.2 57.7 56.0 6.8 61).0 7.0 75.0 {i2.0 81.0 3.4
3.6 46.1 +.+ 50.9 53.0 6.6 02.0 64.0 7,1.0 65.0 83.0 71 .0 7.8 88.0 3.6
3.8 4.8 60.0 '7 1 07.0 72.O 7.8 80.0 76.0 91.0 81.0 8.3 95.0

-1.0 58.0 5.2 58-0 69.0 71.0 80.0 4.2 86.0 87.0 8.4 100 92.0 8.8 103 4.0
1.2 65.0 62.0 77.O 8.0 76.0 90.0 92.0 9t.0 8.9 107 105 9.3 11r
72.t) 5.9 65.0 86.0 8.4 80.0 100 9.1 gs.0 109 9.4 115 118 9.8 120 4.1
1.6 79.0 6.3 60.0 95.0 8.8 85.0 111 9.5 105 120 9,E 122 732 10.3 128
1.6 86.0 6.7 72.0 104 9.0 80.0 122 9.9 111 133 10.3 130 10.8 4.8

50 94.0 7.O 76.0 113 9.6 94.0 132 10.4 717 10.8 138 159 11.3 146 5.0
52 103 7.5 80.0 12+ 10.0 99.0 10.9 r22 153 11.3 1-1ti 3.i2 1L.7
5. r t12 7.9 84.0 10.5 10{ 11.3 128 1?3 u.7 188 12.l 163 5.4
;. ti 12L 8.3 88.0 146 10.9 108 t72 11.8 134 189 12.2 lL2 206 12.$ 171 5.6
131 92.0 \57 r1.4 113 185 12.3 140 206 12.b 171 13.0 180

i.0 1.10 9.2 96.0 168 11.8 118 199 146 221 13.1 179 212 13.5 188 6.0
a2 150 9.5 9$.0 1lJ0 12.3 r23 2t6 13.2 153 211 13.6 186 261 1,1.0 198 6.2
161 9.9 103 193 12.7 127 232 13.6 100 258 1.r.l 193 283 14.5 208 6. -1
eti 171 10.3 107 206 13.1 r32 248 14.1 166 1.1.5 20L 306 15.0 2ta 6. [i
182 10.7 110 220 13.6 137 261 14.5 292 15.0 208 329 224 6.8

;0 192 11. 1 114 23+ 1'1.0 280 14.9 180 310 15.5 215 16.0 na 7.0
:2 201 r1.5 117 2+lJ 14.4 299 1E6 329 15.9 222 16.4 217
;.{ 216 11.0 121 2t4 1.{.8 752 319 15.8 1.)2 348 16.3 229 30e 16.8 256 7.1
7.6
;.6 228 \2.3 125 271) 15.2 157 338 16.2 1118 16.7 236 125 17.2 265
;.S 210 128 295 15.6 \62 16.6 201 3E6 17.I 450 17 .7 274 7.8

!.0 252 13.1 132 312 16.1 167 377 77.1 211 408 17 .5 251 18.2 283 8.0
!.2 2{i6 136 330 16.6 1t'2 3r8 2L7 430 17 .g 259 502 18.6 293 8.2
!.1 280 13.9 140 :J48 17.0 176 120 1E.0 22+ 453 18 .4 20a 530 19.0 303 8.4
:d 2)i, 1.1 3 1{3 181 412 18.4 23L 476 lll. $ 2 r-7 5til 19.5 313 8. ii
309 1t.7 747 384 18.0 186 18.9 237 503 19.3 286 592 20 .0 324 8.8

r0
,2
323 75.2 402 18.4 191 487 19.4 244 531 19.8
20.2
295 624 20.6
21.0
335
345
9.0
339 15.{; 421 r8.8 19i; 5L2 19.7 251 560 304
'+ 355 16.0 160 4'10 .2
11) 201 20.1 257 5E8 20.7 3t2 ii89 2l .4 354 9.4
,ti 371 16.4 4ri0 19.6 205 562 20 .5 2t\4 618 21.1. 320 1-22 21.8 36.1 9.6
,E 387 16.8 169 4E0 20.0 210 587 20.9 2 t-0 616 21.|i 329 754 22.2 9.8
: ,.0 403 775 500 20 .4 215 613 21.4 277 675 22.O 337 22.7 384 10.0
 ]TT (;ITINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENCINUI'RING

U SHAPE WITH TANGENTS L]

Reactirrg Force F,: b' c 'J

1,'
T^
Reacting Force
'"v . IJ'
,t

nlaxinum Bending Stress -D

3p:kt.c.j
12 in inchesa Z in feet D in inches

t5
1.0 0.7 | 9.3 10 2.0 | 11.4 L
t.1 | r2.7 15.6 11.8 3.3 2.2
1.5 I 16.1
15
20
2.6
z. l| 20
rj 15.6
3.3 | 20
5.8 2.8 16.6 | 6.0
1.6 1.8 | t,J.E 8.4 21 .4 | 9.0 3.6
1.8 2.2 | 23
3.9 | 25 11 4.2 2tr lu 4,3
30 4.9 3r l14 5.0
2.0 26 15 17 18
16 30 18 38 2t 19 5.8
20 34 2l 30 22 6.3 40 22 6.6
2.6 24
4l 26 4+ 26 7.1 4tt 2E
39 26 4+ 31
2.8 49 31 52 8.2
43 31 47 39 8.6 9.0
3.0 47 38 50
39 5L 1+
60 9.3 66 52 9.8
3.4 55 5L 66 10.0 72
55 5L 59 59
00 10.5
3.6 50 5U 59 tt4 68
72
7a
10.7
11.5
79 ?0 tl.1
3.8 56 64 67 69
86 80 11 .8
E3 12.2 93 90 12 ,4
4.0 62 6E i3
1.2 09 73 82
a7 89 12.8 100 | 101 13.1 109 | 4.0
76 92
90 95 13.6 108 | 1t5 13.8 117 I 4.2
E4 a2 102
107 101 115 lt2J 1.1.5 125 | 4_4
+.E 92 87 1r1
118 108 15.I 122 113 15.3 13{ 4.6
130 It5 t5.E 130 | 137 16.0 r42 | 4.8
5.0 71.2 ) 92 120 13.2 16.5 1i2
5.2 11.8| 96 131 139 16.7 752
5.+ 12.4 100 1+.5
17.2 tE8 17 .4 161 5.2
5.6 13.0 I 105 154 15.2
17. 0 205 18.1 170 5.4
5.E 13.6 | 18.1 | 141 18.7 222 I8.8
109 166 15.E r8.8 148 | 22O I9.4 211 19.6
178
147
5.6
5.8
6.0 14.2 | 774 179
6.2 14.9 216 1q.7 | 155 214 20.1 178
119 t9l 17 .1 231 20.3 161 262 20.7
262 20.3 196 6.0
15.7 | 121 201 17.8 219 2E0 21.4
185 283 21.O 205 6.2
d.6 Id.4 | 129 219 18.5 2r.c | 7,4 193 21.8 215 6.4
6.8 17.1 I 134 234
300 22.1 207 330 22.6 221 6.6
19.1 285 321 22.9 209 353 23.4 233 6.8
208 17.8 139 250 10.8 | 147 304 23.6
220 18.5 | 14+ 26tt 219 376 24.2 243 7.O
323 21.2
232 19.1 | 149 282 314
403 21.9 253 7.2
2f6 19.8 ti5 2i)9
21.a
25.5
235 430 25.6 263
260 20.4 | 1i3 212 457 26.2 7.6
387 26.1 485 26.9 283 7.4
8.0 276 21.1 r63 335 172 410
8.2 2tn 2r .8 1u8 177 432
26.7 260 513 27.6 294 8.0
s.1 305 22.5 i 1;3 1t2
208 28.3 303 4.2
s.6 32L 23 .2 | r78 3!2 28.2 277 573 2S.0 313 8.4
187 430 29.0
8.E 338 23.9 I rE3 41t 286 605 29.7 323 8.6
192 506 29.7 294 037 30.4 8.8
s.0 188 197 532
9.2 372 192 30.5 303 31.1 9.0
203 560 31..2 412
9. -1 389 r97 209 588
31.7 353
9.6 406 202 32.0 321 32 ,4 363 9.4
9.8 423
2t4 619 32.7 330 33.0
207 2r9 649 9.6
10.0 440 212 33.4 339 383 9.8
224 680 31.2 348 34.3 395
 EXPANSTON AND STRESSES

u STIAPE l{rTH TANGENTS

,;:4

Rerr, ting Force F,: k, ' c.#

Reaciing Force Fu : 1,"'
Ifi
"
.Naximttrn Bendine Stress
"o - Ao
" ?
Ip in inches* 1, ir feet D in inchcs

!-l z 4 6 8 10
L

L; t', l;u kr k! L
kb 1t6 k'l kt
n
1.0 2.6 0.8 9.7 2.9 1.8 10.8 2.3 11 .8 3.4 2.4 12.2 2.5 12 .5 1.0
12 t 45 1.3 11.0 5.0 2.5 15 5.2 3.1 l{i -1 6 17.1 6.2 t.2
lrl b.7 1.8 15.0 7.7 3.3 1U 3.9 20.9 I 4.0 4.2 22.a
1d | 89 2.3 19.0 4.0 23 1I 4.7 12 4.8 72 5.0 28.0 1.6
i.E | 11.: 23.0 13.3 1.1 30 16 33.2 1.8
rol13.5 3.2 24.5 16.3 5.4 31 18 6.2 19 20 6.7 38.6 2.0
l.r | 17.5 3.8 33.0 20 6.3 22 7.O 40 7.1 24 7.6 15.2 2.2
il|21.5 4.5 25 7.2 .10 27 ?.9 46 29 8.3 49 30 8.4 52
I ,r I 25.5 5.1 42 .O 30 8.0 33 8.8 5L 36 9.1 56 37 9.3 2.6
r. s 29.7 5.8 46.5 36 8.9 50 40 9.6 57 10.0 62 10 .2 65 2.4
:t 0 3.1.2 51 43 s.8 48 10.5 63 52 10.I
. 68 11.0 72 3.0
) 2 40.4 7.1 56 .19 10.6 59 56 11.4 69 ti0 1l.E 75 ii3 11.S 80 3.2
J+ 17 7.8 61 56 ii4 ti5 12.3 70 12.7 82 72 12.8 88 3.4
i. ii 52 8.5 66 ti-1 12.3 69 71 13.1 8L 80 13.6 89 82 g6 3.6
.i.3 59 9.2 7L 72 L3.2 83 14.0 90 96 9+ 104 3.8
=.0 66 10.0 76 81 1.1. 1 79 93 15.0 93 102 104 108 t5.7 L12 4.0
=.2 72
r.1 80 ll.ti
10.8 E1 90 15.0 84 104 15.8 $9 113 16.4 111 123 121 4.2
86 100 89 1I6 Iii.7 106 126 17.2 t18 138 17 .4 130 4.4
=d 88
rs 97 13.2
12.1 91
96
111
t22
16.8
L7 .7 99
128 17.6
18.5
1t2 110 18.1 126 153 18.3 138 4.6
11E 18.9 133 168 19 .2 r17 ,1. 8

;0 107 14.0 102 133 10.1 19.4 125 170 1S.8 142 183 20.1
i2 rt7 14.8 107 19.4 109 168 20.3 132 185 20.7 150 200 21.0 164 5.2
11 t27 112 20.3 t1{ 183 21.2 139 201 2r.6 158 218 2l .9 173
i.6 137 10.4 117 171 21 .1 ll$ 200 22.2 1-16 219 22.1 I60 236 22.a 1E2
r.3 148 17 .2 123 185 22.0 125 23.1, 238 23.3 191 o.6
.,0 159 18.0 129 199 131 21.0 160 25a 21.2 182 278 21.5 200
.. 2 6.0
170 18.9 215 23.a 130 21.9 107 277 25 .1. 191 299 209 6.2
r. 1 181 19.7 110 230 1+1 26'J 25.9 1t'4 206 26.0 199 321 26 .1 219 6.4
r. d 19-1 20.6 116 215 1+0 238 26.8 181 316 26.9 208 3.16 2t-.3 229 6.6
'r _\ 208 152 260 26.1 151 309 27.8 188 340 27 .9 216 2a.2 239 0.8
..0 222 22.1 158 276 27.4 330 2a.7 105 367 28.8 399 29.2 249 7.0
.2 236 23.2 103 2U3 28.3 161 29..1 202 389 2U.6 233 427 30.0 259
.1250 24.2 169 311 29.2 106 3t'2 30.2 208 412 30..1 211 30.9 269
7.2
7.4
;. d 201 25 .I 330 30. I I71 393 31.0 215 31.2 2+9 .{83 279 7.6
..! 279 26.0 181 350 31.0 177 ,115 31.8 4ti3 32.O 257 511 32.6 289
:0 296 27 .O 187 370 32.0 184 228 490 32.a 265 33.4 299
:2 313 27 .9 r92 31)0 32.E r89 '160 33..1 235 519 ,iJ
5.10
570 34.3
8.0
:+ 330
idi3.17
28.8 r98 .110 l9+ 4E4 3-1.3 2|t 31.6 2E3 603 35.2
309
319
8.2
8.4
29.7 201 430 34.6 199 510 24E 578
:.s 364 30.6 2r0 .151 204 s36 36.0 255 608 36.4
2\)2
331
637 36.0
36.9
330
341
8.6
8.8
r.0 I 382 31.4 2l() 173 36.3 209 562 37.0 262 6.r0 37.4 310 710 37.8 352 9.0
:.2 | +00 32.3 222 496 3t'.2 590 37.8 268 $ t-2 38.1 318 38.6 362 s.2
-..+ | +19 33.2 519 38.1 2r9 38.7 275 701 38.9 326 741 39.5 372 9.4
61138 31.1 231 5f2 3{).0 221 39.6 282 39.7 33.1 a2r 40.3
.. s '157 35.0 210 5ti6 .10.0 229 680 404 2E8 768 -10.5 312 858 {t.2
382
392
9.6
9.8
0 1 .176 30.0 216 590 .11.0 235 710 41.3 296 800 41 .3 896 42.0 .103 10.0
 ITT GITINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

II SIIAPE WITI{ SINGLE TANGENT

Reacting Force F": k,'"'T

I.
Reacting Force .r'.,: I;,,-('=;
L'
D
Fx+ Marimun lSending Stress sB:kb c';
li

I-p in inchesa ,L in fcet D in inches

1.41 2.7 1-0

1.0 0.75 18.3 3.$ t.2
2.24 tr 'l
3.15 5.1
1.4 1.79 30 6.3 1.6
2.3r 4.0 1.8
1.8 2.83 4.9
38 42 8.8 40 2.0
2.0 49 10.5 48 2.2
4.2 20 7.1 4+
12.1 2.4
5.0 8.4 13.8 62 2.1'
30 9.8 63
2.6 5.9 70 69 2.8
2.4 6.8 11.0 66

17 17.2 77 3.0
3.0 39 19.0
45 8.8 52 14.I 82 62 18
21.0 93
9.9 60 15.8 90 7l 20 s6
23 .0 101 3.6
?0 99 81 22 105
3.6 59 11.0 1r4 2+.6 110 3.8
12.0 80 19 109 94 2+
3.8 69
2l 108 26 26.5 116 4.0
4.0 79 108 s1 4.2
4.2 89 15.0 118 102 23 t2l 2a 134 2S r27
tr4 25 30 t44 31 136
4.4 100 128
150 154 33 4.6
4.6 11r 18.0 138 128 27
167 164 154
4.8 t2& 19.9 148 29
IUJ 198
5.0 139 2t.a 159 31 173
203 39 218 39
5.2 152 169 4l 5.+
197 22r 234
165 24.4 t79 36
259 5.6
38 20s 240 43
5.8
1?9
193 27 .O
18S
199 q 260 45 280 46 5.8

28.5 209 244 43 233 zffi 47 224 302 48 2rl 6.0

6.0 209
216 305 50 236 32+ 51 220 6.2
6.2 225 30.2 220 263 45
229 6.4
283 48 259 330 249 317
6.4 242 31.9 262 37t 238 6.6
33.6 305 50 272
6.6 26L
285 380 397 6.8
6.8 281 35.4 253 329
29s 406 286 425 58 7.O
7.0 302 266 453 ti1 267
277 58 313 435 299
322 39 .2 311 .l8l 63 277 7.4
41. r 289 403 60 464
7.4 342
341 493 70 324 5r0 287
364 43.0 301 430 63 7.4
523 68
7.4 3a7 45.0 460 66

370 70 308 8.0

8.0 46.8 426 4S1 69 4.2
383 78 359 318
a.2 439 4S.0 340 520 329 8.4
3s6 80 371
8.4 468
409 83 383 341 8.6
8.6 497 370 580 77
80 350 8.8
384 610 79 85 395
8.8 526
a2 435 726 88 409 75C a2 L0
9.0 58 398 6.10
421 788 a5
4r2 679 85 451 76s 91
9.2 60
468 805 94 434 426 87 9.4
9.4 617 63 426 718 88 9.6
485 845 97 447 864 89
9.6 649 440 92 9.8
502 885 100 461 902 92
9.8 681 67 797 95
925 103 476 940 94
10.0 70 470 837 9S

26
 EXPANSION .\N D STR ESSES

II SIIAPE UNEQUAL LEGS

Reacting Force t,: tr".c-E

f-
Reacting Force Ia: lcy.C'Lz

Maximurn Bending Stress s3:t,.".l

,x
tr
Ir in inchesa Z in feet D in inches

h
4/3 2 4

L L
i k" Ict lco h, kt h
0.2 0.07 0.6 0.29 1.8 7 0.53 11 0.69 4.6 o.2
0.4 0.60 0.7 3.0 0.75 2.O 8 1.4 4.8 0.4
1.15 0.8 5.8 1.9 2.2 1l 3.8 5.0 18 0.6
0.8 2.4 0.9 9.5 3.6 4.8 +.4 20 o.o 23 0.8
1.0 6.2 3_0 8 4.9 26 6.0 29 1.0
t.2 6 2l 8 3.6 29 10 34 7.0 38
L.1 I 1.6 28 11 39 4A 18 8.0 49
1.6 13 1.9 36 18 4.8 50 22 26 9.0 62 1.6
1.8 19 45 5.4 62 .8.1 10.0 76 1.8
2.0 27 58 37 6.0 41 9.0 88 11.0 92 2.O
2.2 2.6 68 48 6.6 90 10.0 104 60 12.0 110
4A 2.9 80 60 106 7l 11.0 121 13.0 129 2.4
s3 8.0 123 a7 140 94 14.5 150 2.6
2.8 3.5 108 9l 9-0 142 105 13.5 162 114 t7l 2.4
3.0 81 3.8 124 110 10.0 162 128 185 17 193 3.0
99 4.I t42 130 10.5 183 151 209 160 19 2t9 3.2
3..+ 118 4.4 160 152 20tr 178 t7 189 20 246 3.4
3.6 138 4.8 180 178 12 230 208 19 259 220 273 3.6
3.8 160 5.2 20r 206 13 240 20 288 254 23 301 3.8
{.0 184 222 239 74 280 2l 318 292 24 331 4.0
210 6.1 244 273 307 318 23 349 26 362 4.2
239 266 310 16 335 361 380 378 2a 396 4.4
27I 6.9 288 351 17 365 .rr0 25 4I4 424 29 432 4.6
4.8 303 311 398 18 306 461 26 450 481 30 469 4.8
336 334 445 19 428 512 2a 480 537 506 5.0

27
 ITT GRINNEI,I, PIPING DI.]SIGN AND ENGINEERIN(;

I' SEAPE-EQUAL LEGS

L &b

o.2 0.0377 0.617

0.3 0. 1165 1.308
0.4 0.256
0.5 0.469 3.370
0.6 0.765 4.580
0.7 1.191 6.430
0.8 1.68 8. 1I0
0.9 2.34 10.39

1.0 3.00 12.00

L.2 4.88 F*+
1.4 22.26
10.55 28.56
1.8 14.48

2.0 19.2 43.20

2.2 24.6 52.32
2.4 31.4 60.72
2.6 39 .2 70.56
2.8 48.0 8t.24 T^
Reacting Force h,'c';- to
3.0 92.64 L-
a.2 69.1 104.5
4.4 82.2 118.2
95.6 130.8 ,D
: /cb'c';Psr
3.8 111.0 138.4 Xlaximum Bending Stress ss
4.0 !24.L 160.0
4.2 147 .O 176. r
4.4 166.6 192.0 lp ln rncnes- "L in feet D in inches
4.6 189.0 208.8
4.8 213.0
5.0 239.0 246.O
5.2 266.0 264.O

I' SIIAPE-MODIFIED

T.
Reacting Torce 'r- k"'r'fr
f-
Reacting Force ho.".-fi

,D
: nt'
Maximum Bending Stress s3 "' 7,

l]) ln lncnes .L in feet D in inches

L Direc-
4/3 tron
ol Fyn
h, k, kh k! hb h Force
kt
i lt.2 3.30 2.24 12.6
1 2.62 0.51 10..15 2.63 o.75 10.50 242 1.4r
16.5 4.37 2.79 17.6 I
14.1 3.38 1.01 14.45 3.6S 1.85
a.42 0.69
4\2 0.86 13.3 4.5 o .42 14.5
r.o 4.17 1-26 13.8 4.12 1.15 13.5
2.60 5.30 2.44 16.r 2.r+ 17.3
J
2 5.46 2.66 5.50 2t.3 4.50 22.O
4.70 7. 10 4.70 .5
21" 7.08 4.65
3 7 .20 .87 28.2 s.+ 2a.2
9.30 7.60 28.7 9.33 7.75 28.2 9.40 7
6

28
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

T'WO PLANE II

u-^

f.
Reacting Force F' : h.. c. :"zlb

D
Sendlng Stless ss : /f6. ct Psl

.D
'Iolslonetblress st :,cr'c'
ZPsl
Jp )n lncnes_ -L in feet D in inches
'Where no value for &; is listed the torsional stress is
negligible.
tr'or method of combining stress see pages 4 and 5.
NorE: f,ette!6 indicete locetion of maximum combined stress,

L L
0.25 0.50 I 2 3
t
L , L
E ka ko At i./ L lu h, kh kt tr kb kt
i
c c
1 0.040 0.55 0.195 ). .42 0.70 3.43 0.75 1.54 7.09 0.75 2.05 9.12 0.65 2 26 9.8 o .52 1
c c
2 0.050 0.62 0.27 7.24 3.31 1.73 4.40 11.2 3.0 18.9 11 .0 24.8 3.4
B B B
0.055 0.67 0.31 1.90 6.36 11 .3 4.9 12.9 6.8 19.5 33.4 7.8
B B B
I 0. o58 0.72 0.3{ 2. t4 1.72 7 .70 10.5 16.6 22.2 36.7 12.0
B 3 B B
0.060 0.76 0.36 1.86 6.34 4.71 15.6 20.0 22.O 12.2 34.5 16.0
B B B B B B
6 0.061 0.78 0.37 2 .40 1.99 6.95 t7.6 24.4 40.0 44.6
B B B B B B
7 0.063 0.80 0.38 2.08 7 .40 10.2 19.3 24.5 32.0 44.7 44.9 7
B B B B ! I
8 0.0635 0.81 0.39 2.63 2 .16 7.80 10.9 21.0 26 .5 49.0 51 .4 8
B B B B a B
0.064 0.825 0.396 2.69 2.22 8.10 tr .4 28.0 37.6 56.0 I
n B B B B !
10 0.0647 0.84 0.40 2.i1 2.28 8.40 11 .8 23.4 29 .5 40.6 59.3 10

2S
 ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-

TWO PLANE U_WITS TANGENTS

T^
Reacting Force F, : k". c .'fipsi
D
Bdnding Stress sz: h.
"."7
Torsional Stress s, : tri.c.? psi
lf ln lncnes_ Z in feet D in inches
lVhere lo value for i;1 is listed the torsioral strcss is
negligible.
For method ol combining stress see pages 4 and 5.
Norx: Lctters i4dicaie location of maximum combined stress.

k"lkb
D DI
1 10.20 1.63 0.51 J 1.26 6.6 2.O
D
2 t0.28 2.O1 I
o ."+e e. zz 15.0 1.07 9.3 16.0
D
3 t0.32 2.r5 0.30 | 5.70 13.3 22.O 2.76 21.O
D
4 | 0.34 2.27 7.00 19.6 26.4 4.86 31.4
D
5 t0.35 2.32 7.86 24.4 29.6 7 .20 51.0
D
6 0.36 2.36 8.50 28.5 31.6 9.58 66.7 40.0
D D D
7 | O .37 2.38 8.96 31.6 9.38 81.8
D D D
8 | 0.38 2.10 9.30 40.0 9.20 43.2
D D D
I I 0.38 2.42 43.1 9.00 108 48.1
D D D DI
10 I 0.3C 2.43 9.80 38.0 15.9 8.70 119 14.1 | 10

0.67 3.20
D

D
4.35
D
s.z lo.is I z.o 6.3
c
z.rsl z".ol | ,
1.35 5.80 4.30 9.96 ^t
11.0 I |
I
9.3 15.0 10.5 117.7
D D
1.70 7.00 6.23 13.8 rols lo.ss I zr.z 24.O
D D DIDI
1.88 7 .44 7 .44 16.9 21.5 l7 .40I 36 .2 30.0
D D D IDI
2.01 8.94 18.8 3t 4 17.75152.6 31.0
D D DIDI
2.09 8.00 37 0 17.70 16S-5 .10.5
D D D IDI
2.t5 8.13 10.3 2t.l 41.6 17.70185.7 49 .4 03.6 | 6.75 1145
D D D IDI
2.17 8. 14 10.7 2r.7 45.0 I 7.14 1100 r55 1 60.2 34.5
D D D
2.23 8.30 11.0 22.2 +slo lohlrre 64.0 r8d 171.0136.8
D D DIDI D
2.26 8.36 r1.3 22.6 50.6 16.45 1127 7t.5 6 182.8138.8

30
 EXPA\SION AI{D STRESSES

TWO PLANE U WITH TANGENTS

Force tt" : r,".

Iieacting
" 2v.
Bending Stress
.D
ss: /ib.c.Zpsr

Turii,,ral SnFss s, . Ar.c t) nsi

l_
lp ln lnclles_ ,/- in feet D in iuches
Where no value for /cr is listed the torsional stress is
negligible.
For method of combining stress see pages 4 and 5.
No'rlr: Lotiers indicate location of maximum combined stress.

I'/a : ti

'I 0.25 I 2 3 4

L L
L. kt ka hl kt kb ka
E
n
D D c c c c
I 1.00 3.3{ 1.16 1.50 1.7 1.90 2.2 2. ."1 8. 2.38 I
2 2.79
D
8.58 1.50 5.86
D
4.10
D
8.65 14.3
c
10.7
c
19.5 11. ;l c
12 35 26.0
c
2
D D D D D
3 4.06 12.0 1.39 11.15 1n. o 5 .12 19.3 16.4 10.7 26.1 st.z 2!. 30.8 43.0

+ 4.81 1.1.0 25 .O 32.6

D
27 .O
D
13.7 47.4
c
45.0 :l c
60.0
c
60.0
c
D D D D D
5 5.41 15.6 19.9 33.0 4t3.7 38. 1 15.7 73.9 68. 94.4
D D D D c c
0 5. ii5 Iri.0 23.9 35.0 5.18 60.9 49.3 17.0 104 68.0 r25 r38 e;0 6
D D D c c
7 5.89 16.4 25.4 38.3 4.87 74.0 59.5 18.0 137 77 .O 174 100 189 113 7
D D D D D D D c
8 6.06 27 .3 40.8 4.59 86.0 68.6 18.3 72.0 .50 220 r 1,1 214 13i 8
D D D D D D D I
c c
I 6.22 17.0 28.6 42 .5 4.29
D
96.6 18.25 209
D
8ti.5
D D
.75
1274
128
c c
312 1148
t. c
D D
l0 0.31 r7 .2 29.8 4.02 r06 84.0 18.15 211 100.5 ',.25
1330 137.5 8.9 382 hoi.: 7.1 10

L/a-8
i 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 4
i
L
L l^ kl kb
i
I t.22 4.2 1.69
cl
5.201
D
1.8 6.3
c

c
c
8.3
c
l,^ c
8.8
c
1

D D D
24.5 2
2 4. 10 10.0 9.36 5.60 9.9
c
1 1.9
c l,;; 2A
c

l*'
D D D D
3 lJ.6 2.79 15.1 19.0 7.84 23.2 28.4 29.6 40.5 17 34.3
D D D D c c c
8.75 20.0
D
2.62 23.4
31.6
29.0
38.6
9.2
9.7
D
40.9
.8
39.0
30.6
D
23.0 88.8
57.0
zt. o
l:;r 07

86
ris.9
108
10.2 23.0 61
D D D D c Iror c
11.0 25.0 38.7 46.8 10. 1 8-1.0 2ri.3 r28 E9.0 5 107 161 6
]ue c

li
D D D D c
7 11.8 26.0 .15.0 5.1.0 10. I 107 67 .2 28.9 t71 10'1 r29 225
D D D 1206 c
8 r2.3 27 .O 50.0 59.6 9.8 130 82. 1 31.2 225 119 1-19 299 6
D D D D c l270 c
I 12.7 27.8 54.0 64.0 9.4 r52 95.5 3r.9 279 133 108 390 I
D D D D D c 1312
l0 r3.0 28.,{ 57.3 9.05 t09.5 33.6 335 145 i{06 475 li:; 10
 ITT G1TINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-

THREE DIMENSIONA' 90" TIJRNS

r.. > Ls Reacting Torce ln = lr" ' 'Ifin

"
tn
L": Reacting Force f ": lr"'"'Ifi"tU
L2
Reacting Moment Jlf", :
n n,"'
" 'Ifitt.n.
Bending Stress * : fr' .'f n",lFor Method of
Reacting x{oment .df- = t,"','Ifitt-n'
combining stresses
Torsional Stress ,r : nr' ,'flVS|, see page 4 and 5
: ka, , ']rr-ri.
Reacting Moment tr[u,
Reacting Force f,: X"'c'IrJrn ll) lD lncnes- Z in feet D in inches

30.21 0.95 3.2 4.9 0.31 1.37 41.40 2.09 10.0 t.4l 6.9 0.60 o.74
22.40 1.36 4.0 0.45 t.a2 30.54 3.03 6.92 t.a2 1.95 5.0 1.01 1 .07

19.62 1.66 3.78 4.4 2.5 2.13 22.14 3.33 4.7a L.29 2.00 1.10 1.11 7t

19.20 1.68 2.80 2.80 4.8 2.0 2.53 18. 12 3.70 0.98 2.00 2.8 1.14 I
26.7 I. 1I 1.20 1.40 6.4 0.9 0.37 4.10 13.50 o .42 1.27 0.45 2.06 1.0 0.66 1.30 2

34.5 1.65 0. s4 0.94 0.8 0.58 5.66 0.45 0.85 0.29 2.38 0.70 0.66 1.66
43.4 1.98 0.74 0.74 0.64 0.65 21.0 0.39 0.65 o.2l 0.56 0.68 2.01 4

2.t7 0.62 0.62 0.72 8.6 25.3 0 .42 o .52 0.17 3.10 0.45 0.63 2.38 5

61.0 2.31 0.53 0.53 t2.6 0.48 0.77 10.2 29 .4 0.51 o .4+ 0. 14 3.43 0.39 0.68 2.76 6

70.0 2.43 o.47 o.47 0.43 0.81 11.6 33.5 0.51 0.39 o.t2 3.79 0.35 o.72 3.13 7

79.2 2.70 0.42 o.42 15.7 0.39 0.91 13.2 37 .6 0.63 0.35 0. 11 4.16 0.32 3.50 8

88.2 2.76 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.93 14.6 41.4 0.53 0.31 4.50 0.28 0.76 3.84 I
2.41 0.35 035 4.20

3.3 1.78 9.5 1. 10 0.59 5.0 0.84 !2.O 0.49

40.3 4.9 6.7 1.64 0.84 6.8 10.5 0.85 1.13 8.4 2.3 0. ?0

24.7 5.0 o.77 4.7 1.68 0.96 6.7 0.52 t.r2 o.72
22.3 4.86 0.54 3.6 L .62 0.74 6.0 4.80 0.37 1.10 3.9 2.0 0.61 1

9.3 0.15 o.22 1.1 1.00 0.71 3.6 1.48 0.13 0.80 0.51 2

10.4 o.24 0.13 0.60 0 -74 0.70 0. 10 0.76 0.09 0.65 0.6 0.88 o.42
t2.o 0.11 0. o.44 0.69 0.82 0.09 o.47 0.64 0.4 0.66 0.45 4

13.7 o.21 0. 0.34 0.58 0.95 0.16 0.35 0.67 0.3 0.58 0.50
o.22 0. 0.30 0.57 1.06 o.L2 0.27 0.70 o.24 0.51 0.54
0.20 0. o.25 1.18 0.10 0.23 o.74 0.20 0.50 0.59

19.5 0.21 0. o.22 0.56 7.25 0. 15 0.20 0.80 0.18 0.48 0.65 8

21.6 0.21 0. 0.21 0.59 t.42 0. 10 0.18 0.01 0.83 0. 17 0.49 0.69 s

23.6 o.2l 0. 0.19 0.61 0. 10 0.16 0.88 0.15 o.75 10

NorE: Letters iDdicete loc.tiion of maximurn combined streBs.

 EXP.\.\SION AN D S'I'IITISSES

THREE DIMENSIONAL 90' TURNS

0.25 88.2 0.ori 18.f 1.13 0.71 1+.7 2.2 o.12 102.3 8.19 0.9ii 0.tr2 r7.0 2. 7 I 0.3E
0. ;0 a iz rz.u 0.67 0. c5 0.9 2,IJ 0. 61 69.0 10.77 13.7 0.5E 0.82 I I.4 3.6 1 0.53
0.75 30.3 8..lri 7.8 o .42 0. 12 l c.i 0.60 14. t- 10.30 8.75 0.35 0.79 7.4 3.4 0.52
.1 0.90 (}.1 1
28.14 s.'1g ;.s 0.28 4.7 2.7 0.56 31 .5 6.10 0.23 0.67 5.2 3. 1 0.47
2 8.01 4.t5 r.6 0.09 0.57 I 1.4 1.5 0..10 9.0 4.9 1 .70 0.07 0 .47 1.6 0.33
6. 21 0.00G1 0.77 0.06 0.47 1 0.7 1.0 0.31 5.3-1 0 0.80 0.04 0.36 0.70 1.1 i0.25
,4 6.24 0 05; 0.47 0.037 0.43 0. { 0.7G 0.30 5.50 0.03 0..16 0.026 0.32 0.41 0.80 I 0.23
'5 6. iig o."r-,;;l o. aa 0.026 0.42 I 0.20 0.63 0.31 6.06 0.03 0.32 0.010 0.30 0.29 0.67 0.22
6 7 .11 0.057t 0.25 0.021 0.43 0.22 0.5.+ 0.33 6.24 0.24 0.015 0.30 0.21 0.5i 1 0.21
7 7.98 0.069 0.21 0.017 0.45 0.19 0.50 0.35 6.50 0.04 0. 18 0 .011 0.2i 0.16
8 E.60 0.075 0. 17 0.015 0.47 | 0.15 0.45 0.37 6.80 0.04 0.16 0.0105 0.31 0.14 0.4i 1 0.21
ig 9.50 0.0501 0.15 0.012 0.48 0. r{ 0.45 0.41 7.02 0.14 o .32 0 .12 0.4+ 10.26
10 10 08 0.070 0 14 0.010 0.52 0.13 0.45 0.44 0.12 0.33 0. 11 0.12 I O -27

025 r17.0 9.87 23 .4 0.85 10.5 3.3 0.3.1 132.0 11 .46 0.75 3.8 0.26
0.50 81.0 13.35 1ti.0 0.53 0.76 13.6 0.49 E8:8 r7.2 0.46 14.8 5.1 0.43
50.6 12.06 9.8 0.30 0.72 8.4 4.0 0.49 56.0 11 10 r0.7 0.27 9.3 o .12
I 35.1 11.07 0.20 0.60 5.8 0.41 38.0 12.12 7.3 0.17 6.4 4.2 0.38
2 9.78 1.8 0.05 0.37 1.6 1.9 0.27 u:4 2.0 0.046 1.8 2.2 0.26
3 4.95 0.85 0.03 0.30 0.75 1.3 0.22 4.92 4.29 0.91 0.023 0.82 1.4 0.19
T
T
4.90 0.49 0.010 0.26 0. '13 0.9 0.19 4.10 0.50 0.013 0.45 1.0 0.16
5 1.70 0.32 0.014 o.23 0.29 0.71 0.17 3.90 0.011 0.29 0.78 0.14
6 4.75 0.23 0. 011 o.22 0.21 0.59 0.16 3.95 0.235 0. 21 0.63
4.80 0.18 0.0092 0.22 0.16 0.51 0.167 4.10 0.16 0.55
8 5.00 0.15 0.0083 0.23 0.13 o .47 0.176 4.20 o .12 o .47
s 5.20 z 0.13 0.0065 o.23 0. 11 0 .42 0.183 4.45
z 0.0051 0.10 0.43
+
10 0. 11 0.0055 o.23 0.10 o.32 0.186 4.62 0.0{,) 0.39

-:L __1L
,l 25 1+7.0 0.69 0.255 161.0 0.62 0,41
,l 50 96.6 0.40 0.38 106.0 19.4 0. 37 0.55
61.8 o.24 0.39 67 .2 17 .7 o.21 o.52
1 41.5 0.15 0.35 45.6 15.3 0.09 0.49
2 I I.4 0.0.1 0.23 12 .6 8.25 0.034 0.28
3 5.1 0.019 0.15 5.46 0.016 0.20
+ 3.9 0.012 0.116 3.8
t 0.012 0.16
3.6 0. 102 0.007 0. 1.+

6 3.2 0.007 0.102 0.13

7 0. 110 3. 12 0.12
8 3.6 0.104 3.26 .!P 0. 11

3.8 0 0041 0. 106 0. 11

t0 4.0 0.108 3.4

\orE: I,r.ltterc indi@te location of maxinrunr combined stress.
 ITT GRINNT]LL PIPING DI.]SICN AND ENGINEERIN(;

EXPANSION BENDS Therr

The tables for steel expansion bends on pages 34 : -l'abular F, .\ttttll Itt Ho' t iotr
Acturl F, X ;.
'l abular I)eflectiort
to 45 permit the sclection of bends designed to absorb
,

expansion betrveen tl'o fixed points. The tabulated

defleclions and anchor forces produce a maximum bend-
Unrestrained Bends
ing stress of 10,000 psi rvith a nodulus of elasticity, E,
of 29 X 106 psi rvhen the tl'o ierminals of the bend are
Select a bend so that
restrained from rotation, as shorvn in Figure 1.
Unrestrained straight runs of pipe on one or both
Tabular Deflection X Q
terminals, as sho$'n in Figure 2, rvill increase the fleri-
bility of the system thus reducing anchor force ard t0'Y
bending stress. Since flexibility and thermal expansion : Thermal Expansion X ;-., ,,
,,\llo$- iitress
are both functions of the overall length, the derivation
of the maximum overall length for a given allo*'able Then
stress involves cut and try calculation. The use of the
Q factors, l'hich are tabulated for each "straight run" \""t*l Dcflpct ion
bend type, rvill result in a close approximation of this Acrual f, : Trbular f, x -t rorrlrr
,
f)efrcction X Q
maximum length \\ithout further calculation provided
the bend is approximately midrvay betu'een the anchors' (Alihough this value is not exact it is sufficiettly accu-
The follol'ing ratios rvill permit adjustment of the rate for archor design. )
tabular values for any given set of conditions: For sizes or radii not tabulated, equivalent values
for tleflection and anchor force may be derived from
Restrained Bends equations listed belorv bend details. Exact solution
for unrestrained bends is obtained rvith the help of the
Select a bend u'hich has a "properties of expansion bends" tlhich are also listed
belorv each bend detail. Values for Q have been
Tabular Deflection verified for all tabulated bends Their use rvith other
bends should be checked by the exact sohtion for un-
= Thermal Expan"io' X' -. ].]& restrained bends.
Allorv. Stress

<- Fx

Fx+
-Fx
 E\PANSION AND STRESSES

Example 1 (Selectron ot a single restrained bend) II. The anchor forces.

Giaen: A fully guided 6 inch schedrrle 40 carbon steel Solulion:

pipe line operating a\ 425" F is to be installed bets een - 4.60X
tn'o fixed points 85 feet apart. Assume that the bend-
Erprnsion
' -100 - 3.Clinnhes

ing stress must not exceed 22,500 psi (for method of

determining see page 3). Trbuler l)eHer"rior, Z 3 sl X 19 999
22,i00
Deta: : 1.7'1 inches

Thermal Expansior at 600o F : 4.60 inches/100 ft. Refer to the tables to lind bends rvhich will accommo-
date a deflection of 1.7.tr ilches. In this crse three
(see page 7)
bends are shol.n rvhich fulfill this requirement. Final
Find: I. A. suitable bend lhich rlill absorb the ex- choice will depend upon space llmitations, economy of
plnsion in the restrained line l-ithout excceding the materials and labor, and the intelsity of the anchor
illorvable bendirrg stress. forces.

I Found I Tabular Tabular II l)eveloped

Type Itad. Actu&l Actual Height, \I'idth,
Deflec., Deficc-, F., Lgth. bet|reen
of page in lnches lb Anchors, feet
Bend D" lb
nnrLlte \ 36 8 2.18 3 .91 r037 16-lE* 13.7 11 .3 111 ..1
|mseL I

Lrp. U 1
40 8 11t31 2338 12.0 r 0.0 102.1
1':Rl I
I
Iirp. U I
1' : 2nl 4l 6 2.03
J lr79 2012 12.0 12.0 r03.8

* Actual F. n.i.n E,
F\n, '^:::^'
- Trb. F. X i' l" , Er

I, : 1037 x ffi x fii = ro+s (F, for anv other choice of benr] is obtained similarlv)

Erample 2 (Selection of a single unrestrained bend) Solution:

Expansion : 4.00 X .^^ - 3.CI inche.

Giuen:'lhe same conditions as in Example 1 except TUU

:iat the pipe line is unguided (i.e., the line is unre- 'l'abunr Defleclion X {/ > 3.9t X
::rained). - I+g
22,300
: 1.7.1 inches
flnd: I. A suitable bend rvhich r-ill absorb the Refer to the tables to find bends rvhose values for
::ipansion in the unrestrained line l'ithout exceeding deflection times the appropriate Q value rvill accom-
:Le allorvable bending stress. modate a deflection of 1.74 inches. As in Example 1
there are several such bends from r,rhich to choose, five
II, The approxima.te anchor forces. of rvhich are listed below.

I Found
I I Tabular Actual Tabular II Height, width Developed
Typo Rad. Tabular Approx,
;i a Deflec. Deflec., in Lgth. beiween
Bend
on
page in
D,
Deflec.,
lnches XO mches t, lb
ID
feet feet Anchors, feet

)ruble \ 36 1.33 1.38 1.84 3.Sl 1626 3070* 7.r

::se! I
dl') 101.5
. .:p. U\ 39 10 Ito 2.01 1180 2030 t2 20 100.4
: tp. u \ 40 8 |.75 | .29 2.24 1181 1825 T2 l6 102.1
-ip. u (
:2nl 41 1 .30 2.11
J 1388 2215 10 10 100.7

_r\crual ft:- Tab. F. x-,

- E\pansion - ,8,
- a^ ^^ x-,Er
lab. Ded.
F,=ffixfri\;ff--3070
- 1626 .. 3.91 .. 25.7 (I" for any other choice of bend is obtained similarly)
 ENGINEEIIING
ITT GRINNT]LL - PIPING DESIGN AND

restrained bends) Solution:

Exampie 3 (Selection of multiple
80 carbon steel ExPansion : 4.11 X 4100 : 9'66 inches
Giuen: A fully guided 3 inch schedule
at 550" F is to be installed betrveen
oiJ" li""
i."i" i."a "p".tiittg
Joints 2i5 f"eL apart As5ume thar the bend- Tabular Deflection X No' of Bends
i; ; ;i';*
usr, no,.
m
-'l::*,,:i ;::.i::, l';':"lH;;|. - "- x
> e.66 ''
1,1.991
: +.zs
The headroom clearance IImlts lnl 22,500
height to aPProximatelY 5 feet' +.29
Datt: Number of Bends > Trbrlrt-t;""ti*
Th"einial Expansion F = n.tt t".n/tootjj;
ou*" ,l
ai 5n0"
deflection of
Refer to the tables to find the tabular
(All bends of a
Find: I "Ihe mimmum nurnber of suitable line
bends
r U"ttJ t" suit the space limitation lhe same
.rrrriir?rir' urrs.J ,1" expansion in the
restrained eilen hcight Iill short' approxirnalely
-n"'^i.1"i""
values
d"p"tjs upon economy of labor and
*ilnoot the allorvable bending stress' .".",rr"i
"*"."di"g here for illustration'
forces' *at"tial..) Two bends are shoivn
IL The anchor spacing and anchor

Developed Length
I II Act. Deflec. Tabular II widih
I I I 't anular
Anchor Ea. Bend
Actual llach Total
TvDe Rad. Height Deflec., Spacing, inches 1b feet Ilend
of
;i in tn
feet
inches
Bends feet
tb
Bend D"
1488 4.3 33.4 334.0
23 .5 0.966 721
Douhle\ 5.1 o .47 10
6 309.0
Offset .f 742 1592 6 30.9
.5 0.966
Exp. U\ 6 5 0.45 10 23

bends) Tabular Deflection X Q X No of Bends

Example (Selection of multiple unrestrained
4 10.000
in Example 3 exeepf > 9.66 X n.to'n
Ctuen: Thesame couditjons as f=2,b':
that the bends are unguided e'' the line is unre-
(i
r -! D^-r- 4 29
Bends '.
-
strained). Number of Z Gbuhr Deflection X Q
Find,: The minimum number of
l. suitable bends
which will absorb the expansron
in the unrestrained Refer to the tables [o find the tabular
deflection and
bending slress' limitation (Al-
O fr"t"t .f a bend
ii""'t"itf,""t, exceeding rhe allo\\ahle to suit the. sprce
""ir."i'n"-"*lrt"r tiacing and approximate anchor ,'r.^,,,1, hon.ls o[ the same heighl, wlll shorv approxi-
the Q frctors vary
forces' .""iv ,f-r" same tabular d9fl5crjon factor rvill
lonrid"ruUtv. The bend with the Iargest Q
Solutian:
oaE *"";ttum anchor spacing ) The two bends
ExPansion = 4'f1 X ""9
: 966 in"hes "i'*J,n"
irorn A"u*pf" 3 are used here tor illusl'ration'
100

Developed Length
I II Actual Tabular II widrh
'Iabula,r
I I I Tabular
Deflec , No. Anchor Deflec. Approx. 1n
feet
Each Toial
Tvpe Rad. Hqieht Deflec., a of Spacing, Eeno,
-btla,, lb
lb Bend
;f 1n tq inches XQ
Bends feei inches
Bend D" feet
1514 4.3 43.4 303.8
7 33 .57 1.38
Double\ o.47 1.40 0.66
6 36.8 294.4
Offset , 8 29.38 t.21
Exp. Ul 0.45 1.31 0.59
6 5
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

Example 5 (Exact solution for unrcstrailed bcnds) Locate gravity aris X-X.

Giten: A- (i" schedule 120 A.S.T II A 106 Grade Ilend 31.1 X569:178
B Doublc Offset Expalsion l3cnd, bcnt orl a-10 inch Straights 55.5ij X 0: 0
radius is to be installed il a lirte 6'-r fcct krrig operatirrg 80.96 178
at 625' F. -{ssume that the beridirrg stress shall not
ercecd 22,500 Psi. r7R

Finrl: The alchor force 1. and determine I'hether 6t). vo

or rot the system is overstresscd
floment of Ilertia 1" (about X-X axis)
Data:
Bend about X'--X' aris
l? : 3.33 feet
12.52x (3.33)3X 1.00 : 462
/c : 1.00
Transfer to X--X axis
t: 1.00
31.4 X (3.64)': : 416
S- : 1'1.98 inches3 (from Page 13)
X-X
Straights about axis
1r : 49.61 inchesa (from page 13) 55.56 X (2.05)'? : 234
:785 Tolrl .I, - t l12 fr'
c (from Page 11)

LcIp 05 X 785 X 49.01

: 2276 pounds
\Iomeut of Inertia of the bend about its o$'n gravrty I" 11,72
t\ls
I,:12.52Brk (from Page 38) I,Iaximum Bendilg Stress sg

Solulion: Greatest Bending Nloment : 2276x9.33)/.12

\Iodilicd Lergth ol Bend : 9.425-Ek 254,821 inch pounds

: 9.425 X 3.33 X 1.00 1,t 254,821 ,.' :

1.00 17,011 psi
: 31.11 r.1.98

Fx.- =-Fx
 ITT GRINNI,]I,I, PIPINIi DESITIN ,\ND UN(IINEERIN(I

DOUBLE OFFSET EXPANSION BEND

No. 10 Bend
Genqol:
I,cn7th : g.+25R
l{odificd l,errgth : 9.1251?h

_ I LcI p
^,IiI
17281" I.
/, (aboLrt glavity tris -Y-X) 12.52n3k :
i'or Slrcss o/ 10,000 psi, E oJ 29 X l0':

| ,(llrccrlon : 0.;2En:/i
lncllcs
,

D.
- : 9161p pourds
1'].
.t-
,? in feel l) irr irr,.ho. 1a in itrchesa
/, distance bett'een anchors in feet
c erpln:riou frcior -.see page 11
A" total thcrmrl c\p&Dsiou in inches
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

lllrlirrs oi lJenrl /?

6D, 8r" 10r,,

Deflec- AncLor l)eflec- -A.nchor Deflec-
Iiorce, tior, ror.e, I rlon, Force, tion, I'orle,
!D lD. ro rn. lb ln.
2', 40 0.r5.1 I 0.28 329 0.33 273 0.54 205 0.85 16.1
EO 0.218 0.21 429 0 .31 359 0.55 268 0.85 215

40 0.203 I 0.32 498 0.39 416 0.70 312 1.10 24t)

80 0 276 0.28 627 0.39 523 0.71 392 I .09 3r4
4{J 0 2t (i 0.44 053 0.83 420 1 .30 336
80 0.300 0.32 868 o17 724 0.83 542 1.30 431

40 0.22r)J 0.57 800 0.69 667 0.99 501 1 .5,1 401

80 0.3 18 0.3e 1051 0.56 0.99 ti57 525

40 0.2371 0. ?l 94I 0.85 784 1.15 588 1 .80 471

80 0 337 0.48 125r 0.65 1012 1.15 78r 1 8tl 625

40 0.258 I 102 1277 1.23 1064 1.63 798 2.27 638

80 0 3i5 0G7 r7 41 0.82 1.151 ].45 1088 2.27 870

40 0.280] 1.33 162{i 1.63 1382 1037

80 0.132 0.84 2386 1.01 1988 ?13 1491

40
I
0 322 | 1.90 2259 2.44 2051
8',
80 0.500 r.27 3586 1 .52 2990
]
10, 40 0.365 2.45 2992
60 0.500 2.05 4619

0.375
I
12' std. | 3. 12 3364
XS 0.500 2.42 5323

14' srd. 0.375

II 3.91 3379
XS 0.500 3.56 5,r00 Temper- 0 Factor

0.375
| 2',-8', 10' 20'
0.500I
16" std. ,r.69 3549 Pipe I'ipe
xs 4.25
300 1.50 1.4ti
18', Std. 0.375 5.5r 37r6 400 1.46 1.41
xs 0.500 5.00 500 1 .42
1.38
1.37
600
20' std. 0.375 6.34 3855 700 1.34 |.29
xs 0 500 5.75 6181 800 1.31 1.25

38
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

CIRCLE BEND
No. 11 Bend

GcneraL:

Leugih : 0.2838

Nlodified Lerrgth : 6.283Rk

p LcI p
L.EI
x-
-
17281" I"
.{. 1ul'out grrrilY 3\is X-X) - 3.14R3fr

lor Slress oJ 10,000 Psi, E of 29 X 106:

0.312n:l .
Defleclior r - lnchcq E in feet D in inches 1r itr inches4
-/); I disiance betl een anchorsir feet
It)lr/-l P c expalsiolt factor see Page 11
/l- : Dorrnds A, total thermal erpansion in inches
RDi
- For Stress of 10,000 Psi, E of 29 X 106

Pipe
Size
D"

2" '10 0.154 0. 12

80 0. 218 0.09
,t0 0. 11 532
2+', 0.203 66S
30 0.276 0.12
718
.10 0 216 0.19
926
SO 0 300 0. 1{
0.21 1,368 356
40 o.226 1122
80 0 318 0.17 1,795

,{0 0 .237 0.30 1,60ii

80 0.337 0.21 2,137

5', 40 0 258 0.44 2,1E1

EO 0.375 0.29 2,971

40 0.280 0.57 2,782

80 0.432 0.36 4,072

40 o 322 0.81 3,851

80 0.500 0.55 6,132

10" 40 0.365 1.05 5,113

60 0.500 0. illl 7,89+

12" std. 0.375 1.31 5,719

XS 0.500 L .2l 9,081

14', std. 0.375 1.68

XS 0.500 1.53

16', std. 0.375 2.Or

XS 0.500 2"-20" Pipe
inclusive
18" 0.375 2.36
0.500 2.14
20" 0.375 2.72
0.500 2.47

39
 ITT GITINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND UNGINEEITING

EXPANSION U BEND
No. 9 Bend.

GeneraL:

Length:0.283fi
Modificd Length : 6.2838&

lt _ L^EI
- '-_" LtI :,"
I r'281, I,
,1r \rbour gravlty rxis X-X) -- 3.l4R3k
For
'Shsss
o/ 10,000 psi, E of 29 \, 106:

.
[JeHenllon -
0.312.R:t.
rcllcs fcct D in inches 1r in inchesa
D-
II E irr
,I, distance betrveen archors in feet
r00;1p c expansion factor see p&ge11
Fr : Pounds
Brr' A, total thelmal erpausiol in inches

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

6D,, al)"

z', -10 0.15{ 0.12 0 t+ 167 023

80 0 .213 0.09 0.13 610 0.23

l0 0.203 0. 14 017 710 030

80 0 276 0 .12 1,071 0.17 8!3 0.30

0 .210 0.19 1,150 o.23 s58 0.36

'10
80 0.300 0.14 1,483 0.26 1236 0.36

40 0.226 0.24 1,3ti8 0.29 1110 o .42

80 0 318 0.17 1,795 0.2.{ 1495 0 .42

4', 40 0.237 0.30 1,606 0.37 1339 0.49

80 0.337 0.2r 2,137 0.28 1780 0.49

s', 40 0.258 0.4.1 2,131 0.53 1817 0.70

80 0.375 0.29 0.35 2177 0 .62

13
r ls J
40 0.280 2,782 2360 0.93 1. 1415
0.432 0.36 1,072 3394 0.75 2037
80

8" 40 o.322 0.81 3,85,t 3501 L .42

80 0.500 6,132 5109 1 .03

10" 40 0.365 105 5,113 1793

60 0.500 0.88 7,E94

12" std. 0.375 1.31 5,719 5337

XS 0.500 1.21 9,0E4 7877

14', srd. 0.375 1.68

XS 0.500 I,230

16" std. 0.375 2.01 6,0ij1

XS 0.500 1.82 9,691

18" std. 0.375 2.36 6,346

XS 0.500 2.tl 10, r63

20' std. 0.375 2.72 6,5E13

XS 0 500 2.47 10,563

40
 EXPANSION AND STRE-CSES

EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS : 2 FT
No. 9 Bend
GenerqL:
Lerrgth :0.2838 + 4ft
trIodilied Lclgth : 6.2t3nir + 4fi
- L"EIp LcI p
ri28I, I,
1" (about grar"ity axis ,Y-X)
: 3.11n3/i * S/i'!i * 6.28nft + 1.33
For Stress o/ 10,000 psz, !- o/ 29 X 106:
.
uen.crron
(0.3t2n" + u.;gin- + 0.02.r n)ft
(/i l b;
!t132
-1- -8 in feet D in inches Ia in inchesa
' (R + I)Di 1n.1r". .L distance betlreen anchors in feet
10671P c expansion factol-see page 11
-
1.,: ,-^ pounds
^
\tt i | )ut A. total thermal expansion in inches

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

Iladius of Bend -B

Pipe
ll'all 5I 6D" 8D" 10D"
Sch. Thick-
Size
D" Deflec- Deffec- Deflec- Deflec- Anchor
tion, i orce, tion, Force, tion,
ln. ID ln. 1b tn, ID "iffo
40 0. 154 0.41 255 0.43 233 0.56 200 0.76
EO 0. 213 0.32 332 0.30 305 0.56 261 0.76 228
40 0.203 0.39 0.43 394 0. 63 333 0.87 288
80 O.2t'6 0.34 0. 43 495 0. 63 418 0.87 362

40 0.216 0 .47 639 0 .51 0.67 17E 0.94 411

80 0.300 0.35 824 712 0.67 618 0.94 529
40 0 .226 812 0. 60 726 599 1.05 509
80 0. 313 0.38 0.48 951 0.71 7E6 1.05 668
40 0.237 0. 03 1004 0.69 E93 0.81 731 1. l6 619
EO 0.337 0.43 1335 o.52 1r86 0.81 971 1. l6 821

5', 40 0.258 0.80 147 4 0. E9 1293 1 .05 10,18 1.36 879

EO 0.375 0.53 2009 {J.59 1770 0.94 1430 1.36 1199

40 0.280 0.96 1984 1 .09 1771 |.32 1416 1180

80 0 .432 0.61 2915 0.68 2547 1.07 2038 16S8

8', 40 o.322 1 .22 2961 1 .50 2799 1.85

80 0.500 0. E2 4713 0. s2 4085 1 31 3227

10" 40 0.365 r .47 41i8 1 .89 3990

60 0.500 1.22 6364 I .40 5481

12" std. 0.375 |.77 4797 2.30 456E

XS 0.500 l.6l 75rig 1.92

t4' srd. 0 375 2.11 4921

xs 0.500 r.95 7876

16' std. 0.375 2.45 5264 Temper- Q Factor

40 0.500 2.26 E122 2',-a' 10"-20"
Pipe Pipe
18' std. 2.86
xs 0.500 2 .60 E962 300 r .42
400 1.37 1.29
20' Srd. 0 375 3.21 5388 500 1.33 |.24
XS 0 500 2.94 9,r31 600 r.29 1.19

4L
 ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS : R
No' 9 Bend

Gmeral:
Length : 8.283R

Modified Length : 6.283Rk + 2R

- A'EIp LcIP
17281, I"
.r, (about gravity axis x-x)
_ (8.?lbk + 0.167)ng

For Stress of 10,000 Psi, E of 29 X 106:

: rc.577k + 0.ol I )R'z .

Incnes R in feet D in inches Ip in inchesa
Deflection ---
Z distance between anchors in feet
1ltllp c expansion factor-see Page 11
F. = - Pounds A- total thermal expansion in inches

For Stress of 10,000 Psi, E of 29 X 106

I well
Scb. I Thick-
Deflec-| Anchor
No. I ness
tion, I Force,
in. I lb

0.154 o.23 3r2 | 0.44 234 0. 69

2' 40
80 0.218 0.17 487 407 | 0.44 305 0.69

0.203 0.26 473 | 0.57 354 0.89 283

40
80 0.276 0.22 713 59b I 0.57 447 0.89

0.216 0.36 766 638 | 0.67 474 1 .05 383

40
80 0.300 0.26 988 824 | 0.67 618 1 .05 494

o.226 0.46 911 760 I 0.80 570 456

40
80 0.318 0.32 1196 9s5 | 0.80 748 t.25 598

o.237 .57 1071 I 0.69 893 I 0.93 669 | .45

40
80 0.337
o
0.38 1424 | 0.52 1186 | 0.S3 8m 1.45

0.82 1453 I 0.99 1211 | 1.31 909 1.84 726

40
80
0.258
0.375 0.54 1982 I 0.66 1651 I r.u 1238 1.84 s90

0.280 1.07 185r I 1.31 1573 I 1.75 1181 944

40
80 0.4:J2 0.67 2714 | 0.82 2264 | L.42 1697 2.22 1358

o.a22 2571 2335 | 2.66 1751

40
80 0.500 1 .03 ,!085 3409 | 1.94
4{) 0.365 3406
10"
60 0.500 52ffi

L2' std. 0.375 2.45 3836

0.500 2.26 6053

14' srd. 0.375 3.12 3841

xs 0.500 2.84 6153

4035
16' std.
XS
0.375
0.500 6458 2',-8' | 10'-20'

18" srd. 0.375 4.38 t.32

xs 0.500 3.98 1.28
t.25
20' std. 0.375 L.22
xs 0.500 4.59

42
 EXPANS]ON AND STRESSES

EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS : 2R
No. 9 Bend
General:
Lerigth:10.2E38
\{odilicd Lerrgth : 0.28344 + +R
-- A,EIp LcI p
i28l , I,
1" (about. gravity axis X-X)
= (17 .42h + 1.333)R3
For Srress o/ 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106:

uenecl
.rorL (0.8u;f | 0.0tic2)R'.
lnches
D; -
8331P
-
l?z : Pounds
F.1)
B in feet L distance betq'een anchors in feet
D in inches c expansion factor see page 11
1p in iuchesa A, total thermal expansion in inches

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

Radius of Bend rB
Pipe \Yall
Sch. Thick- )" 6D" aD" 10 D"
D,, No. Deflec- Anchor Deflec- Deflec- Deflec-
l, in. Anchor
Force, tion, Force, Force, t1On, Force,
in. lb Ib ln. tb rn.
.10 0151 0.35 280 0..:13 233 0.70 r7a 1.09 140
t0 0.218 0.27 0.39 305 0.70 229 1.09 183
.10 0 203 0..r0 425 0.51 0.90 266 1.41 212
EO 0.276 0.35 0.51 41ti 0.90 1.41 268
40 0 216 0.68 479 1.06 359 1.66 287
80 0.300 0 .12 712 0. 60 613 1.06 463 1.66 370
3l', 40 o.226 o .72 68.1 0.87 570 1.27 428 1.98 342
80 0.318 0.50 896 0.71 |.27 1.98 448
o.237 0. E8 803 | .o7 669 1.47 501 2.30 401
80 0.337 0.61 1067 0.83 889 r .17 667 2.30 534
5', 40 o.258 1.27 1090 908 2.07 682 2.9L
EO 0 375 0. 85 1!t85 1.05 1238 1.86 928 2.91 743
6', 40 0.2E0 1.65 1388 2 .04 1179 885
80 0 .132 1.06 2037 1.29 1697 2.25 1272
8', 40 0.322 2.34 1928 3.08
EO 0.500 1.60 3062 r .93 2553
10, 40 0.365 3.00 2553
60 0.500 2.51 3943
0 Factor
Temper-
ature, 2',t0'
Pipe Inclusive
5 & 6D" 8 & 10D,,
300 1 .40 1. 48
400 1.36 1. 45
500 1.33 1.42
600 1.30 I .40
 ITT GIIINNELI, PIPING DI']SICiN AND ITNGINIi]'III\(I

EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS : 4R
No. I Bend

GenErctl:

Length:14.283R
Modified Length : 6.283R& + 8n
L,EI p LcI p
17281, I,
1, (about gravity axis X-X) : (44'27ic + 10'66)R3

For Slress o/ 10,000 Psi, E of 29 X 106:

(1.4651 + 0.3$)R'9 .
Deflection:: --. rncnes

DJUI P
f- : Dounos
RDi '

R in feet
-
D in inches
I p ln lncnes-
-L distance betrveen anchorsin feet
c expansion factor-see Page l1
A, total thermal expansion in inches

For Stiess of 10,000 Psi, E of 29 X 106

Wall
I'ipe -thich-
Size Deflec- Deflec- -{nchor Deuec-
D" t, in. tlon, tion, j Fqf."' tion,
tn. in. Ib
1.30 113 2. 13
40 0.15,1 0.67 187 0.83
2',
0.53 2+1 0.77 1.36 li'2 2 .13
80 0. 218
0.99 1.76 178 2.71
o.77 283
2i' 40 0.203
0.69 0.99 |.7b 223 2.74
80 0.276
1.30 2.08 239 3.25
40 0 216 105 384
2.08 309 3.25
80 0.300 0.t1 495 1 .t7
.226 1.34 456 1.66 380 247
40 0
498 2.47
0 .318 0.97 599 1 .39
80
2.03 446 335
40 0.237 1.05 536
162 593 145
80 0.337 i.18
233 727 2 .87 606
40 0.258 820
80 0.375 162 992 2.04

40 0.230 301 927 3.76

6" 2 .5r
80 0. '132 2.O2 1359

8 & 10r"

44
 EXPANSIO\ A\D STRESSES

DOUBLE OFFSET U BEND

No. 8 Bend

General:
Length = 6.283R
Modified Length : 6.2838ft
J.EI p LcI p
'"- 17281,- 1,
1" (about gru'ity axis X-X) : 3 61R3tr
For Slrcss o/ 10,000 psi, E ol 29 X 106:
. : 0.2ri0nrA. ,
Incnes
-Detlectron -
- : r20gI P Pounos
li. .Rt
.B in feet L distance betu'een anchors in Ieet
D in inches c exPansion factor see Page 11
1r, in inchesa A, total thermal expansion in inches
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

Radius of Bend A
lVall
Pipe Sch. Thick-
Size No. Anchor Defiec- Deflec-
D"
ness Deflec- Deflec-
tion, Force, tion, Force, Force, tion, Force,
rn, lb ln. tb in. lb tb
40 0.154 0.10 407 0 .12 339 0.19 255 0.30 201
EO 0.218 0.08 0. 1l 442 0.19 332 0.30 266

2i' 40 0.203 0. 11 617 0.14 0.25 386 0.39 308

80 o.276 0.10 776 0.14 648 o.25 486 0.39 389

3" ,10 0.216 0. 16 834 0.19 694 0.29 521 0.46 117
80 0.300 0 .12 1075 0.17 897 0 .29 672 0.46 538

31" 40 0 .226 0.20 992 0.25 427 0.35 621 496

80 0.318 0.14 1301 0.20 1084 0.35 El4 ti51

40 0 .237 0.26 0.31 971 0.41 728 0.64

80 0.337 o.r7 1.55U 0.23 129\ 0.41 968 0.64

D" 40 0.258 0.36 1582 0.44 1318 0.58 s89 0.81 791
80 0.375 o.24 2157 0.29 1796 o.52 1317 0.81 1078

6', 4{) 0.280 0 .47 2015 0.58 1712 0.78 1284

80 o.432 0.30 2S58 0.36 2463 0. 63 1847

8', 40 0.322 0.68 2755 0.89 2511

80 0.500 0.46 4416 3702

t0' 40 0.365 0.87 3705

60 0.500 0.73
12' std. 0.375 1.11 417 4
xs 0.500 1 .00 6592

14', std. 0.375 1.39 4181

XS 0.500 | .27 6692

16', std. 0.375 r .67 4392

XS 0.500 1.52 7030

1s', srd. 0.375 1.97 4596

XS 0.500 1.79

20' srd. 0.375 2.27

XS 0.500 2.06 7660

45
 ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

LINE INERTIAS
C'NTROID
When determining the location of the centroid of a
systern and the value of the inertias it is necessary to The centroid of a system is located by the algebraic
consider each uniJony segment individually. The summation of the individual products-segment value
value of each segment is a function of its length, shape, times the normal disiance tt om axis to c'g.
and location applied at its center of gravity. For Norr: Alecbraic summ:Ltion ltcans trormal distance may be
plus or minui rnd r[ust bc ooDsidered in adding rcsults,
convenience appiy all dimensions in feet and decirnals.

Straight Line in Plane of Projection

CENTER OF GRAVITY OF LINE SEGMENTS (O.9.)
(Eq. r)
Straight Line
I
rL>l
tl
L-l--t\"n c,9.-

90" Bend

Straight Line Perpendicular to Plane of Projection

:1.3L.x' (IIq. II)

Any Benil

Norp: The factor 1.3 s,ccouDts for the torsional displacement

of ihe merDi)el.

A_ 2l? si\ + (02 - 0t)

90" Bend in Plane of Projection
(oz - or)

B:/sin+(or+dl) - 7"!l2 ", : l.57kRr, (Eq. III)

C:Acos+(02+oL) Y'

D:R-C
Nore: \fhere dr errd d"rppnnr irrdepcndenr of sine or e'rsine
th.y crc crl)fcss"d in rrJi-rrs. l' = 0.01;-15 rcdrxrrq. a,/-c s

Angre Sine Cosine

0 to 90' +
90 to 180' :
180 to 270" J
270 to 3ti0" T' Note: Ior values of I see pages 12 to 16.

46
 EXP.\\SIO\ AND STRESSES

Any Bend in Plane of Projection Straight line tr Plane of Projection Parallel to Either
Axis
: l;(02 - Ar)|lx' (Eq. Iv)

(moy be
+or-)

x- -T
I,u : Lr.rJ (lilq. vI)
NorE: 0r &nd ,! s.r'e eripressed in radians.
1' : 0.017.15 radians.
Straight Line in Plane of Projection Inclined to Axes
Y

90' Bend Perpendicular to Plane of Projection

: 1.15 r' : 1,81.8rl (Eq. v) (moy oe

=2 t or-,

. -" sin20
tzu:t" - vII)
24 +txU (Eq.

NoTE: Sin 20 rnay be + or -. Measure angle d from the

+X a,xis tow&rd the +ts a,xis Io! the proper sign. For values
sin 29
or" see pagc or.
-I-

Straight Line Perpendicular to Plane of Projection

f:r:l [ra
Y

PRODUCT OF INERTIA
-/---- /
Lro\oted c9-
-Tl,,nou o",
The product of inertia of an element is its length |t .i,r-)I
multiplied by its distances from trvo axes. The product
of inertia of an entire branch is the sum of all of these
products. Since distances r and y may have f or
signs the result will be positive or negatir.e.
-
x
--- L-+
The following formulas give product of inertia for I

various line segments: I"o : L.3Lrg (Eq. YIII)

 ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND I]NGINI'],]RIN(I
-

90'Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes through c.g. 90'Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes not through

Case 1: Where both * axes intersect arc

+Y
(moy be
I + 0r -l
c.Q>* ]\
-".-+*X

or where both + axes intersect

radial lines.
I,u : +k(0.r37}") + t* *a
' (Eq.
: +fr(0.137B3) + 1.57k&ry
+X-
See Eq. IX ,4 or Eq. IX B abov€ for proper sign.

+Y
I

I"v: -h(0.137R8)
(Eq. IX ,a)

90o Bend Perpendicular to Platre of Projection

Case 2: Where one * axis intersects arc and
one * axis intersects radial line.

--J-

f (moy le
*X'.'-
^l I
|
+at-)

I,u : +k(0J37R3) @q. Ixa)

-z (Eq. xI)
Nors: Values of 0.137-P4 are tabulated on page 51.
: l.8lRry

48
 E\PANSION AND STRESSES

MOMXNT OF INERTIA
Any Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes through
Center of Curvature

The momcnt of inertia of an elemert is its lelgth

multiplied by the square of its distance from an axis.
'Ihe momerit of inertia ol the entire branch is the sum
of all these products. The moment of inertia has a
positive sigu orly.
Thc follon'ing formulas give moment of inertia for
various line segments:
--x
t," : rt+ (si'z g, - sin'dr)* (Eq. xII)
Straight Line in Plane of Projection
(may be * or -)
Y
I

Any Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes not I

throush Center of Curyature c.s--l1----:--J
I
I
-f
I" : La" (parallel to axis) (Eq. XIY,a )

I3
I" :;+ Zr2 (perpendicular to axis) (Eq. XIVB)

T,U : rlor, - ,,r)ry

-.R2(cos d2 - cos d')r Straight Line in Plane of Projection Inclineil to Axes

- or;]-
+ -R'(sin 0e sin dy)y + f; t.i"'a - sir'rt

(Eq. XIII) I

Angle I
0 to
90 to 130"
180 to 270"
90'
I
270 io 360"
r,: r,"'ff + ru" (Eq. xv,4 )

* \orE: Nleasure dr and d, from the *X axis tolard the *Y ru: r,"ff + r," (Eq. XYB)
sris for proper signs. \Ihere ,r end tr appcar independent of
sire and' coiine tLev are erpressed in radius. 1" : 0.01715
radians. Norr: For values of slnz a/12 and. cos' d/12 lee page 51.

49
 ITT GITINNDLI, PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEUITING
-

Straight Line Perpendicular to Plane of Projection Any Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes through
Y
Center of Curvature

'---

':':-1--L - -a

- - -x
I, : l.\Ly'zI l
(Eq. XVI)
Iu - l.}Lr2l r": -
(sin 2d2 sin 2d1
)l R"
r,l@, - e,)
t 2
(Eq. XIxa)
90' Bend in Plane of Projection
(sin 2d'
z,:r[to,-o,t+ - sin 2d' )-l RB

-_,-)
t
(Eq. XIXB)

Any Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes not

through Center of Curyature

L= Length of Arc
' (ge - sr)R

1- = lc(0.119n3)' * k!^t)
2"u2 (Eq. xVILa )
: ft(0.149R3) * r.57kRu2

1, : ft (0.149R3) I r.57kRr2 (Eq. XVIIB)

NorE: For valucs ol 0.I 19R3 sea pagc 5L

90o Bend Perpendicular to Plane of Projection

NorE: For values of B and C see page 46.

. , | ," (sin 2d2 - sin 2dr )l /i3

'L''',
1.:Kl\Vt-Vt)-
2 ) 2
.-rolol.d
- L(8" - 9?)l (Eq. XX.4)
f lsin 2d2 - sin 2dr)-l Rg
IIt=kl(or-erl+ff I2
- L(Cz - z')l (Eq. XX-B)

NorE: ln the above tno bends measure angles from l,be +X

axis roqard the +y ayis for proper sign llhen the lerms
t,: t.t|n-t2 a'z (Eq. XVIIL{) ,r rnd d, appear independenl of sine or,osino lhey xre c\pr$seo
in radians. 1' : 0.01715 radiens.

: l.8lBy2 (parallel to axis) Angle Sine

Ic : 1.15(0.149R8) * 1.8lfir'z (perpendicular to axis) 0 to 180" +
(Eq. XVIIIB) 180 to 360"

AU
 EXPANSION AND

FUNCTIONS OF O

0
nld
Sirrr L

-n
Cosr d
+# | n'aiun"

0.08333 0 0
0 0

+0.02083 0.26 15"

15" 0.00558 0.07775

0.06250 +0.03608 0.52

30 0.02083

0.01107 +0.04167 0.79

45 0.0.1107

+0.03608 1.05 60
60 0.06250 0.02083

0.07775 0.00558 +0.02083

0 0 7.37 90
90 0.08333

0.00558 1.83
105 0.07775 -0.02083

0.02033 2.09 r20

120 0.06250 -0.03008

0.04 167 2.36

135 0.0.t1ti7 -0.0+167
2.62
150 0.02083 0.06250 -0 03ri08

02083 2.88
165 0.0055E 0.07775 - 0 .

0 0 08333 0 3. 1.1 180

180

FUNCTIONS OF R

(1,,) Table of 0.137,li3 (.4,) Table of 0.149.R3

Pipe
Size
10

'i 2
2
1.2 .:l::
1 1.6 2.3
r
i.o 2.0 1.

3l 1.7 3.3 1.r | 2.6

1.8 3.6 3*
2.5 5.0 :. 1.1 1.8 | 4.0
2.8
5.0 10 1.3 2.3 I 7.8
5.5 11 5

6 4.7 1' ,1.0 I 14

9.5 19 6
8 2l 41 5.5 23 132 44 8
10 4I 79 11 I9 30 4+163 86 10

30 70 t9 51 76 I 108 r49 t2
l4 47 1t1 217 30 51 81 r21 | 172 236
l6 70 165 324 76 121 180 257 16

4ti1 63 108 t72 18

18 99
633 86 149 236 20
20
1094 149 257 .108 24
21 236

Places left blank are less tban uDity.

DI
 ITT GRIN}JI'I,I, PIPI\(I I)IISI(iN INI) It-\:(I]NT]I']iI\CI

SINGLE PLANE SYSTEM

Gir:ut: A 10 inch pipirrg s1'stem in accordalce l'ith tr.: the distarcc in X directiou flom points a to e

the sketch -shol n abole. : .40 + 12 : 52fect

llaximum Operaiing Prcssure P 400 pst Ly : lhe distarrcc il )- dircction lrom poilts o to e

XlaximumOperatirtgTemperatnre 7n0'F 2-1 - 11 : 10 feet

Pipirrg Spccification A.S.T.II. A 100 Gradc A 20,112 X i2 + 9019 x 10
Data:
F x 990 x 212
El33 X 20,-112 - (90.19)'z
d : 0.500 inchesl porrnds
,,,..r i)u
: scncqule page 2 and 14 3OEE
J
E-r33 y l0 - guJe x i2^, 9o6x"r,
Ip:212 inche;a I El33 > 20,112 (ri0+9)z' ""'
page 14
S- : 39 43 irrches'.1-f lDUl poLlricts

c,r r;0" : 996 Page 11

Pass these reactiorr forces tbrough the centroid. The
product of these force-s ald thcir
respectile dislances
Sa 5 17,675 psi page 3
from any point giles the berrdirrg moment at tlut
Iind: Reaction forccs 1r, and Fs at poillt e. poir:rt. Assumc count erclocks isc rotation as + aDd
(At point q reactiorr forces ale equal :rnd opposite.) clock$-ise rotatior-i rs -.
Reaction moments at points o ard €. Soli-e for reaction moments at poiDts a and e as
Amount and location of flaximum l3cndilg Stress, s3. follorvs:
Solulion.' Assume point o fired ald point, e tempo- r11"r,: -(3088 X 0.90) + (1561 X 18.22)
rarily released. The thermal explnsiou rvould thett : +25,+77 fr lb
mo1'e point e in the directions and by the amounts l" r'tf.t": x (1501 X
arrd A, io a nerv locatiorr e/.
+(3088 9.0.1) - 33.78)
: - 21,815 1r lb
Establish axes *X' and * I' at point e opposite to
the direction of A, arrd Ao respectii'ely. Determirtc the I, the resultant of F, arrd Ir, l'hen passed through
Iocation of the centroid using axes X' and I' as the centroid, giles the position of the rteutral axis.
coordinates.
'l'he maximum bclding mometit occuls l,t that poillt
Lay axes *X and f )' through the centroid parallel rvhich is furthest from the neutraL axis. Irr this case
to and in the same direction as *X/ ald + I'l. Calcu- it is point d.
latc the lirre inertias about axcs X and f. rlf,rd: +(30E8 X 9.04) + (156i X 0.22)
Sollc for Ir. anr) 1r, by substituting the line inertias : +37,625 fr lb
in the lollorvilg equations; : 37,62-o X 12 : 451,500 inch Pounds
I,L, -f I,uLn , M 451,500
^
tt: r r r-t-cLP sP--
-" s- - - 11,'151 PSi
-
39.43
T T -Lf, r u"r
T
The maximum bending stress s6 is 11,'151 psi lvhich
|u: -f
n
t{u -r- rra 2 ctP is less than the allorvable stress range of 17,675 psi.
 EXI \\SI( )N AND STRESSES

12 22-

To find c.g.
of each seg-
ment see page
46.

ab = 14'
bc : 72'
cd : 24'
d,e : 40'

Centroid (calculated with origin at point e)

Flq. No. Lcngtlr /,, i.'t. r' Lt' a L,L'

t-I +52 + 72E +17 +238

+ 552
Frl I
t2
2l
4ll
+fti
+40
+20
+ 0(i0
+ 300
+21
0
+28E
+288

>f=gO :fr'.= +:OrO zLat =

-+811
: =
39!,ruo
: +aa ;s rr i : fr : +e.o{ft

\rI 1rx13.22X7.1)0 :+
= 2030
b( VI
\rI
12 X 12 22 X 11.1)0
24X6.22X2.116 :++ 2t94
qt2
.1e \iI {0( - 13 781 X (-9.01) -+ 4983
I'a : * 9649

\I\ra : 1116
-+14X7.e6', :
XI\TA 12 X 14.96, 2686

IIVA +21 x 2. e61 : 1362

crl
i; :
xIv,4 l0 x L04, 3269

rr : $is3
1,,

-\IT,T x 18.22j
1-t 4ri4E

XIVB U .,- '-r, t ,,,

'- ,t"
-- 1936
bc
t2
ul. XIVA 21 X 6.22'
XIVB < 13.78' 12929
;+10
I!: 20112

Ior equation ieference numbers see pages 46 to 50.

 ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

SINGLE PLANE SYSTEM CONTAINING CIRCULAR ARCS

Giuen: A. 10 inch piping system in accordance with Pass these reaction forces through the centroid. The
the sketch shorvn above. product o{ these forces and their respective distances
from any point gives the bending moment at that
Maximum Operating Pressure 400 psi
point. Assume counterclockwise rotation as + and
Maximum Operating Temperature 750" F
Piping Specification A.S.T.M. A 106 Grade A
clockwise rotation as -,
Solve for reaction moments at points a and i, as
Data: follows:
I : 0.500 inchesl M*" : - (2795X 0.40) + (1467 X 17.37)
page 2 and t4
: schedule 60 I : +24,364 ft lb
Ip--l: 212 inchesa l M"rh: + (2795 X 9.60) - (1467 X 34'63)
S- = 39.+3 inches'' :
-23,970 ft lb
: 1.74 I page 74
/c5""6
F; the resultant of F" and 1r, rvhen passed through
.ru""a : 1.00
I
) the centroid gives the position of the neutral axis.
c51 75q' : 996 page II The maximum bending moment occurs at that point
which is furthest from the neutral axis. A scale draw-
8e : 17,675 psi page 3
ing will show that this point is located betrveen / and g
Find: Reaction forces F" and Fu at point [. (At at a normal distance of 9.4 feet from the neutral axis.
point a reaction forces are equal and opposite.) The bending moment and bending stress in this curved
Reaction moments at points o and h. section of pipe are determined as follows:
Amountand location of Maximum Bending Stress, s3. M : \'@W+ O467P X e.4 : 2e,672rtlb
Solution: Determine the location of the centroid and : 29,672 X 12 : 356,064 inch Pounds
calculate the line inertias in the same manner as out-
lined on page 50 except that the flexibility factor k t,: M 356,06{ X 1.00: e030Psi
*i: ffi
must be included for all curved segments of the system.
Solve for F, and Fo using the equa,tions shown on The maximum bending moment in straight pipe
page 50: occurs a,t point g.
L,:40+12:52feet X 9.60) + (1467 X 1.21)
M^ro -- + (2795
Lt, : 24 - 14 : 10 feet : +28,607 fr tb
2r,369 x 52 + 10,457 X l9 : 28,60? X 12 : 3r{3,284 inch pounds
r,- _ x 996 x 212
9415X21,369-(1O,457F M
sp=-:- 343,607
. :8714psi
: Z/95 pounds s^ 39.43

_ 9415 X l0 + 10,457 Xjz x 996 X 212 The maximum bending stress is 9030 psi, occurring
',,.n - g4l5 x 2t,369 - (lo,4or.1- in member /9 and is less than the allowable stress
: 1467 pounds range of 22,500 psi.

o4t
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

To {ind c.g. of
each segmcnt sec
page 46.
: 9.84 ft
al,
: 3.68 ft
cd
/-aENreotD e/ : 15.08 ft
l \r/ rr. zzgs!
tir : 35.84 ft'
_r
:L oc-,. {)1
, Ll(lcllus
ojll"".t" : 4.16 ft
tll )

Centroid (calculated with origin at poht ft)

ab I 9 81 +52 + 511 + 11.92 + 1,t7

III 1.57 X 1.71 X 4.10 : 11.37 +50.19 + 574.1
cd I 3. 68 +.16 + 169.2 +21.O +88{
dc III 7.57 x 1.71 X '1.16 = 11.37 +11.51 + 172 +22.49 +255.7
I 15.6E +10 0 + 627 +12.0 +18s
III 1.57 >,.1.71 X 4.16 = 11.37 +38.,t9 + 437.6 + 1.51 + 17 .2
.I(/
gh I 35. E4 +11-.92 + 613 0 0

>L : 99.15 :
:Lr' +3133 I >I'a' = +952.0
3133 I: t
Cl lir +3.1.63 fi = HT: +e 6ort

vI 9.84X17.37X5.32 :+ 909
+ 1.57 X 1.74 X 4.16 X 15.86 X 12.89
X 4.103) : + 2307
\.I -1.74(0.137
3.68 X 11.37 X 1-1.10 :+ 603
\B +1.74(0.137 X 4.101 + 1.57 X.1.74 X 4.16 X 6.88 X 12.89
: + 1025
\.I 15.68X537X2.40 :+202
.\B +1.7{(0.137 X 1.16' + 1.57 X 1.74 X 4.16 X 3.86(-8.09) :- 33E
gh \-I 35.81(-16.71)( 9.60) : + 57J9
1,, = +10.157

!u __:: + 9. Ell5.32)'
1.74(0.149 X 4.16t + r.57 X r.74 X 4.16(12.Eg)'?
3. 68(14.40y
1.74(0.149 X 4.16D + 1.57 X1.71X 4.16(12.SSF
T + 1s.68(2. {0)'
1.74(0.i49 X 4.163) + 1.57 X1.74 X 4.16(8.09X
35.81(9. 60)2

II\''1 !.81(17.37)1
y't.71X
2969
\\'II R 1.74(0.149 X 4.163) + 1.57 4.16(15.86)'z 2479
XI\: B __::_::: + B. C8(11.37)? 180
X|II B 1.74(0.149 X 4.161 + 1.57 X1.74 X 4.16(6.E8)'
\I\-.4 15.68(5.37)' 452
.tu IVII A 1.74(0.149 X 4.163) + 1.57 )<1.71 x 4.16(3.86)' 183

XIY B
ff *35 8+tt6 71)'

For equation reference numbeN see pages 46 to 50.

DD
 ITT GRINNE'I,I, - PIPING DESIGN AND F]NGIN]iEN]\(i

MULTIPLE PLANE SYSTEM

l*"*
\-
<i{ rAY

't
o:,J,/
4"'\+
It

Giuen: .L 10 inch piping system in accordance rvith Determine the location of the centroid and calculate
the sketch shot'n above. the line inertias for each projection.
Calculation of the line inertias results in two moments
Maximum Operating Temperature 750' F of inertia for each axis rvhich are added.
Maximum Operating Pressure, P 350 psi
A Total I, : 2013 + 3531 : 5544 feets
Piping Specification A.S.T M. A 106 Grade
To\al I, : 2617 + 3077 : 5724leeLz
Data: Total 1, : 2889 + 1998 : 4887 feeta
t: 0.365 inchesl
from page 2 and 14 Products of inertia from the calculations are:
: schedule 40 j
: f 1461 feet3
1,,
d: 10.02 inches 1"": *2360lee's
1r, : 160.8 inchesa In" : * 529 leet3
S- : 29.9 inches" fntroduce these values into the lollorving equations
.4r : 78.9 inchesz and solve for [., Fn, artd F".
-4,lr : 11.91 inchesz 1,'"-*** +F,1. - - F"1.": L"cIP
FoI"o
cat zso. : 996 from page 11 -F"I.a + FrI, - F"Iu":: LvcIc
Sr : 17,675 Psi from page 3 -F"1." - FoI,. * F"I" L"cIr
L, : distance in X direction from 0 to e
Find: ReacLiort forces F'", Fu, and F ", at point e' (At : 14 feet
point @ reaction forces are equal and opposite )
Reaction Moments M,o, M.", and M, at points o Zs : distance in Y direction from o to e
and e. : 20 - 8: 12 feet
Amountand location of Maximum Combined Stress, s'
tr, : distance in Z direction from a to e
Solution; Assume point n fixed and point e tempo- : 18 feet
rarily released. 'fhe thermal expansion rvould then
move point e in the direction and by the amounts A", L,cIp:14 X 996 X 160'8 :2'2+2,195lblta
A,,, and a, to a ne\- location e'. LucIr: 12 X 996 X 1608: 1'92l,882lbJtB
EsLoblish ax"s -1- X', I Y', and -vZ' at poinl e i.cl p : 18 X 996 X 160.8 - 2,882,8221b lr3
opposite to the direction of A,, Ar' and A, respectively' :2'242'195
Project the piping system into the three planes forrned
(l ) +F,5544 - Fa1'467 - F"2360 : f ,921,882
(2) 146i + Fa 5724 - F" r)29
by ih""u at"". The three planes are denoted as the -tr'" : 2,882,822
XY, XZ, and YZ Planes.
(3) -F"236O - Fa 529 + I'' 4887
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

PROIECTION IN XY PLANE

To lind c.g. of each segment

see page 46.

ab : 201
bc
cd : 18',
de

l*
;
i

Centroid (calculated with origin at e)

Eq. No. Lerrsth L. l,.t Lr' ) u' La'
-t- |
T'
I

I 20 +280 +2 +40
I
II 1.3X18:23.4
t1 +7
0
+98 0-8I -8 - tr2
II 8 0 o I -187.2
-4 -32
:,L = 6L4 zlt' : i37a I >ty' : -Zgt Y

tor t
:: ffi: +r.zs, ,:-ffi;:-445'

ab VI 20x3.22X6.45 : +1062
bc VI 14X1.22X(-3.55)
cd VIII 1.3 X 18X (-5.78) X (-3.55) :+481
d.e VI 8X(-5.78)X0.45 :- 2l
1," : +1461

ab XIV B ; +20 < 6.45' 1,198

XIV ,4 14 x 3.551
cd XVI r.3 x 18 X 3.55' 295
d.e XIV A ;+8X(0.15): 44

,013
I,
ab XIV ,,I 20 >< a.222 1350
bc XIV B i+14xr22, 250
cd xvr 1.3X18X5.78' 780
iLe xIv "1 8 X 5.78' 267
2647

For equatioD reference numLers sce prges 46 to 50.

 ITT GRINNELL-PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

PROJECTION IN XZ PLANE

To find c.g. of each segment see Page

46.
ab : 20'
bc : 14'
cd: 18'
de:8'

I
Centroid (calculated \rith origin at e)
Lx'
1.3 X 20 :26 +18
14 +18
18 +9
1.3X 8:10.4 0

2L - 68-4

462

:+964
1.3 X 20 X 7.25 X 5.r1
14X0.25X5.11
:+ 18
18X(-6.75)X(-3.89) -+473
:+905
1.3 X 8 X (-6.75) X (-12.89)

678
xvr 1.3X20X5.1l'z 365
xrv ,{ 14 X 5.11'
XIV B ; + 18 '1 3.8s' 1730
xvI 1.3 X 8 X 12.89',
3531

r.3x.20x.7.25',
= 230
$+r+x {o.zrP
- a20
18 X
6.753
1.3X8X6.76'
1, = 2389

For equation reference nrmhers see pages

/6 to 50'

58
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

PRO TECTION IN TZ PLANE

To find c.g. of each segment

see page 46.
ab : 2Ol
bc : L4'
cd : l8l
,^l
ae- 6

Centroid (calculated with origin at e)

Ilq No. Length ,, Ft LA' Lz'
abI 20 )-, +40 | +ts
I
"tl L.3,/ tl : 18.2 -
+a27 .6
1

bc II -8 -145.6 +18
18
|

-8 -r14 + I +162
+ 8l 1

-4 -32 | 0 0

I
>L : 612 |
zLu' = -281n t
zZ"' : +US S

n: 41i
' 61 2 =
_.':n z =ffi = +tt.za

I!"
abl vl 20x6.38X4.76 : +607
6c IIII 13X 14X (-3.62)X-1.76 = -3r4
crl, \'l 18X( 3.62)X(-1.24) = +i76
:,40
de \I 8 X 0.38 X (-13.24)
I"' : +5n
I!
ab XIV ,{ 20 x 4.76? : 453
bc x\rI r .3x 14 X 4.76!
cd \I\: B : 810
r;+18x4.24' : 1402
de XIV / 8 X 13.24'
I" = ffi7
I,
ab XIV B ?9-"ov^
12'--'--'
rc, 1480

bc XVI 1.3 X 14X 3.62' 238

cil XIV ,4 18 X 3.62' 236

XIV B (0.38)' 44
dc
;+8X
1998

For equation reference numbem see pages 46 to 50

59
 ITT GRINNI'I,L __ PIPI\G D]'S]G\ A\D ]iN(]I\I.]]'III\(I

SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Line Constant Line
(l) +5544 1161 -2360 -2,212,195 (1)
(4) 1 +0.26.1 +0.426 +.10-t (4)

(2) - 1,921,8E2 (.2)

(5)
- 1,161 +5721
_3E5 (5)
+1-161 - 622 -591,939
(6) 0 +5339 (6)
-2,513,821 (7)
(7) -1 +0.216 +17L
(3) +4887 (3)
(8)
-23dJ -529 -2,882,822 (8)
+23/io - 622 - 1005 -955,175 (s)
(e) +rr51 -248 - 5.12,985

(10) 0 0 +3631 (10)

-4,380,982
(11) -l +r200 ( 11)

(114) +1206 0 (11,4)

(118) +1206 1206 (11/J)

(7a) +0.216 x 1206 +171 0 (7

(7 B) +260 +.171 731 (7 R) ^)
(44) +0.264 x +0..126 x 1206 +404 (.44)
(.18)
(4r) +514 + 404 11 11

It rvill be noted that coemcients located symmetri-
cally opposite in reference to a diagonal drarvn frorn
the upper left to the lorver right are equal. Equations
of this shape can be solved rnost conveniently by the
folloli'ing procedure:
Insert the coefficients and constants for equations
(1), (2), and (3) in ihe lines marked (1), (2), and (3).
The constant takes the opposite sign because each line
reads as the left side of an equation, and ":0" is
omitted from the table.
Fill lines in the order indicated by the numbers at the
left side of the table as follorvs:
Line (4): Divide figures in line (1) by the negatiYe
coefficient of ,l7, in line (1) (i.e., by -55aa).
Line (5): Multiply figures in line (1) by the coefficient
of F, in line (a) (i.e., by +0.264).
Line (6): The algebraic sum of lines (2) and (5), f',
coefficient becomes 0.
Line (7): Divide figures in line (6) by the negative
coefficient of .F, in line (6) (i.e., by -5339).
Line (8): Multiply ligures in line (1) by the coefficient
of F" in line (a) (i.e., by +0.426).
Line (9): X{ultiply figures in line (6) by the coefficient
of F, in line (7) (i.e., by +0.216).
Line (10): The algebraic surn of lines (3), (8) and
(9), F, and /, coefficients become 0.
Line (11): Divide figures in Iine (10) by the negative
coefficient of F, in line (10) (i.e., by -3634).
Line (11,4): Line (11) restated as an equation.
Line (114); The solution of equation on line (I1,4)
deriving a value of 1206 pounds for l7,.
Line (7,4): Line (7) restated as an equation substitut-
ing the value for -F, found on line (118).
Line (7-B): The solution of equation on line (7,4)
deriving a value of 731 pounds for lrr.
Line (4,{); Line (4) restated as an equation substitut-
ing the values for F" and F, found on lines (118)
and (7B) respectively.
Line (48): The solution of equation on line (4,4)
deriving a value of 1111 pounds for F".
I{aving determined values for the reaction lorces
F", Fo and F,, return to the plane projection dia-
grams and apply the respective reactions at the
centroid of each plane. The forces at the ccntroid
multiplied by their distance from point e give the
reaction moments at point e. The forces at' the
centroid multiplied by the distance from any other
point give the bending moments at that point.
These moments are listed in the follorving table rvith
positive sign for counterclockl.ise rotation.
Each point of the system is subjected to a torque
produced by the moment in the plane perpendicular to
the line segment. A corner point (such as b) must be
considered first as part of one line segmeut ob and
secondly as part of the other line segmcnt bc. The
moment causing torque can be readily identified as the
one rvhose subscript does not contain the letter desig-
nating the direction of the line segment. For example:
the torque at point b is M., then b is considered as a
part of segrnent ab (ab being parallel to the f axis), and
My, n'hen b is considered as a part of segment bc
(bc being parallel to theX axis).
Once the torque moment has been determined, the
resultant bending moment is found by the vectorial
sum (square root of the sum of the squares) of the other
two moments at the point in question.

60
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

MOMENTS IN FOOT POUNDS

+1206X16.39-731 X 4.76
: +16,275

M : \/O6,n' + (t?"2('i, : 2o,s8o

731 X 8.22
,1206 X 3.62 731 X 4.76
-1111 X 3.55
: -
-9953

As pori, of al
ru : /(7Eltt + O'J53)' = 12,675

X3 +?31 X 5.78 +r 111 X 5. tl + 1206 x 6.75

-1111 : 55+2S1 : + 13,318

As prrt of cd
As plrlt of 6c
(231X : 13,321
,v - {13/91s)-'+ 't' :7846 ,M: V(13--13,.3r-sI
+ (7s15x = 15,8s0 r:28r

-1111 X 12.89 + 1206 X 6.75 -1206X3.62+731

: +5313 ''13.21
Srmc as c
: -6180

-l\s part of de
As part ol cd
,u = r.{ursoPdsst.:Y : stso ,1 : y'Gal3)t+ (281)' :5320

Same as d +1206X438+731 X 13.24

+111r > 4 45+731 X 5.78 : = +14,96t
= +S169 -Gr80

M : \/O4S6D'+Gl6f : 17,547 ? : 6180

From inspection of the Moment Tabulation: s, -- \Gl I litt : v(8l?9r + 4(6157

: 8271 psi
Case I: The maximum resultant bending momedt is
20,380 ft lb occurring at point a I'ith an accompanying II (at Point c)
Case
torque of 3066 ft lb.
Case II: The maximum torque is 7845 ft lb in line bc M : 13,821ft Ib
and the larger accompanying M is 13,821 ft lb occurrtng : 13,821 X 12 : 165,852 inch Pounds
al pojnt r.
Having computed the maximum bending moment ?: 7845 ft lb
and the maximum torque, the maximum expansion : :
7845 X 12 94,140 inch Pounds
stress is determined in the manner outlined on page 3:
M 105,852
bb4/ pst
Case I (at Point a)
s- 29.9
M : 20,380 ft lb ,Zl -: qt 1tro
: 20,380 X 12 : 244,560 inch Pounds
"' 25- 2x-29.9 : l.)/4 DSI

T- 3066 fi Ib
- 3066 X 12 : 36,792 inch Pounds s" : r4rrtT (rrt : \/ 15547P + 405?4)'
4
: 6352 psi
M 24+,560
_ : psr
'" s- 29.9
6t/y
The maximum combined stress s is 8271 psi' occur-
T 36,792
8r:2s^:2xrg-s
ring at point o, and is less than the allowable stress
- 615 psi
range S of 17,675 PSi'

OI
 ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

ARCS
MI'LTIPLE PLANE SYSTEM CONTAINING CIRCI]LAR

Bend R:5D. :4 10'

L.R.EII E: r.5D,: r'25'

{N,

*'

in with Reaction
-- moments M.r, M," and Mu" at points
Gium: L 10 inch piping system accordance
o u-rra lr. to""t and location of Maximum Combined
the sketch shown above.
Stress, s.
Maximum Operating Pressure P 350 psi
Soluiion: Project the piping system into
the.three
Uu*ito"- Operatin! Temperature 750' F planes, determine the location of the centrold and
Piping Speciication ASTM A 106GradeA as out-
ialculate the line inertias in the same manner
k'
Data: il""J-"t otg" 56, except that the flexibility factor'
plane
I= 0.365 inchesl
page 2 and 14 -r.i i" *"'ira"a for all curved segments in the
- schedule 40 J of projection.
d : 10.02 inches Total I" : + 3283 :
1993 5276 lI3

Ip : 160.8 inches{ Tora| Io :2802 + 3841 : 6643 ft3

S- : 29.9 inches3 Total I :3091 + 1978 : 5069ft3

"
-4r : 78.9 inches'?
I's : 1334 ft3
1"" : 4lt3
4u : 11.91 inches'z page 14 177
Ir": 706lt3
hu."a : 2'44
L"cI p :14 X 996 X 160'8 : 2,24:2'795lb !t3
i*"a : 1.17 : 1,921'882 lb ft3
L,ucI p : l2,X 996 X 160'8
ka5.* : 8.15
i""t : tS Xs96 X 100 8 : 2,8b2,8221b lt3
iau"* = 2'61 "
: 996 page 11 (1) F,5278 - Fv 1400 - F"r779 = 2'242'195
(2) -F"1400 + tr'r 6643 - F" 706 : I'921'882
c61 75e'
page 3
Allow. Se = 17,675 Psi
(3) -F"r779 - Fu ?06 + I" 5069 :2'882'822
Find; Reaction forces f., Fu and F" at
point h (ar
See pag€ 66 for basic equations.
point o reaction forces equal and opposite)'

62
 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

PROIECTION IN XT PLANE

To find c.g. of each segment see page 46.

Lengths:
ab : 15.84'
cd': 8 59'
el : 12 59'
gh - 3.841

Radii:
bc-R:4.!61
de-R:1.25'
ls-R:4.t8'

Centroiil (calculated with origin at point h)

ab I 15 84 +14 +222.O +4.08 + 64.6

lII 1.57 12 41X 4 16 - 15 94 rr, 4q -6.49 -103.5
bc
I 8.5S + 5.55 + 47.7 -8
cd
de 1.81 X1.25 :226 + 0.45 + 1.0 -8 - 18. r
II 1.3 X 12.59 = 16 35 0 0 -86.49 -130.8
el
ls 1.81 X4.16 :7.51 0 0 - 1.92 - 48.9
gh I 3.84 0 0 -
>z -70.x XZc' : 469.8
+46q I
r=ffi:+6.b6rr t:ffi:-44srt
- -312.8

:+989
15.84,<732X853
bc +i.q+ro.rr7' +.iot) tt 57 / 2.44 x4.16\5.81(-2 04)
= + 34.4
cil 8.5S( - 1 13)(-3.55) =+ 500
d.e l.8l r.2s(-6.23)(-3 55) : + 388.0
eI r 3 x^12.s9(-6.68)(-3 55) : + 102.5
Is 1.81 x 4.16( - 6.68)( -2.04) : - 64.9
9h 3. 84( - 6.68X2 .53)

1484
ab XIV B 9#*15.84(8.53)' 92 .5
bc xvlr .{ 2.[4e.149 x 4.163) + r.57 x2.44 x 4.16(? 04F
108.3
cd xlv ,{ 8.59(3.55X 28 .5
dc XVIII ,4 1.81 X 1.25(3.55)', 206.3
el xvI
Tg XVIII A i(3 ?'6]iat'f,ili'J'r + 1.8r x 4 16(2.04x
29.3
9h XIV B -8J)' 4 3.6a12.53y"

ab 15.8{{7 32)r
bc i-.+i[d.us z 4 l0') t- t.5? > 2 14 v 4 16(5 81v
tal'
cd #+s ss(t
de 1.15(0.r19 X 1.25i) + 1.81 X1.25(6.23X
el 1.3 X 12.59(6.68)'
Is 1.8l X 4. 16(6.68X
gh 3.81(6.68)'

Ior equa,tioo reference aumbers see pages 46 to 50.

 ITT GITINNI'LL PIPING DESIGN AND I'\ (iI\I'I.]Ii I\( I

PROJECTION IN XZ PLANE

To find c.g. of each segment see page 46.

Lengths:
ob:15.84'
cd: 8.59'
ef: 72.59'
sh: 3.E11
ij,;sror----,
Radii:
bc-R:4.161
de-R:1.251
fs-R:4.16'

Centroid (calculated with origin at point ft)

Eq. No. Length L, Ft Ls' Lz,

ab II 1.3 x 15.84 = 20.60 +r4 +288 +18 '-*

bc 1.8r x 4.16 +12.49 +94 I +18 + 135.8
cd I 8.59 + 5.55 + 47.7 +r8 + 15'1.8
d.e III 1.57X8.15X1.25=16.00 + 0.45 + 47.2 +17.55 + 280. E
el I 12 .59 0 0 +10.46 + 131.8
ls X4.16
1.81 = 7.54 0 0 + 1.51 + lr.4
sh II 1.3X3.84 = 4.99 0 0 0 0

2L : 77 .85 : +137 .O >Zz' : *10E5.6

'La'
- 437 0 : +o.or rr
r:zli ,: # = +13.e4rr

ab VIII 1.3 X 15.84 X 8.3S X 4.06 + 701

bc XI 1.81 X 4.16 X 6.88 X 4.06 + 210
cd. VI 8.59(-.06)4.06
ile X,B 8.r5i0.137 x 1253) + 1.57 X 8.15 X 1.25(-5.16)(3.61) -+ 296
246
el VI 12.59(-5.61)( -3.49) 12.43)
1.81 x 4.l6( -5.61)( - + 525
gh VIII 1.3 x 3.81( -5.61X - 13. S1) + 390

ab XVI 1.3 X 15.84(4.06)' 340

bc XVIII ,4 1.8l X 4.16(4.06)' 124
cd. xlv ,4 8.59(4.06r 142
d.e XVII ,4 8.15(0.149 X 1.25) + 1.57 X 8.15 X 1.25(3.61)! 211

el XIV B ff + 12.5s(3.4eX
Js XVIII B 1.15(0.149 X 4.16' + 1.81 X 4.16(12.43X 1176
gh XVI 1.3 x 3.84(13.94)' 970
3283
I,
ab xvI 1.3 X 15.81(8.39I 1450
b. XVIII B 1.15(0.r49 X 4.169 + 1.81 X 4.16(6.88)! 369

cd. XIV B r:r]::_+859(06)'

de XVII B 8.r5(0.149 X 1.259 + 1.57 X 8.15 X 1.25(5.16X 425
el XIV,{ 12.59(5.6r)' 396
ls XVIII ,{ 1.81 x 4. r6(5.61X 237
gh XVI 1.3 x 3.84(5.61)1
30r1

For equaiion reference Dumbers see psgea 46 to 50.

 E\PANSION

PROJECTION IN TZ PLANE

To find c.g. of crch scgment see page 46.

Lengths:
ab:15.81'
c:d : 8.59'
c.J : 12.59'
glr = 3.811

Radii:
bc- R:4.t$'
de-R:I.2-o'
f(J-R=+.16'

Centroid (calculated with origin at point ft)

!lq. \o. Lensth r, l t ]J, L,J' _ Lz'

I 15 E{ +.r.08 + 6{.6 +18 ^*

181 X't 10 : 7.51 - 6..19 -.139 135.8
bc
aj II 1.3 X 8 59 = 11.18 8 _ 89.5 rlR 201 .5
de 1 31 X 1.25 = 2.26 8 13 1
- 100.11 + 17.55 39.7
I 12.59 8 - + 10. {6 131 .7
III 1.57 '12.44 X 4.16 = 15.11-1 6.49 -103.5 + l5r 21.1
gh I 3. E-1
-1.92 0

:, = 6919 >fr' : -SOS S >Lz' : ala.3

i:=+:-439fr , = ftH: *".rrn
eb VI 15.8.1 X 8.17 X 617 -+8277
bc XI 1.81 X 4.1{j(-2.10) X 6.17 :-219
VI II 1.3X8.5C(-3.61)X6.17
XI 1 8r x 1.25(-3.61) X 5.72 = 167
:+- 623
VI
X,1
12.59{ -3 61)(-1.37)
4J\0.137 4.163/ I 1.57 X2.44 X4.l6r-2.10( 10.32\ - + 321.4
Js
gh VI
-2
3.81 X 2.47(-11.E3)
r,, : + 7oo

ab XIV 1 15.81(6.17)l) 603

bc X\iIII ,{ 1.81 X 4.16(6.17)' 2E7
126
cd XVI 1.3 X 8.59(6.17)?
de XVIII B 1.15(0.1.19 X 1.253) + 1.81 X 1.25(5.72)!
XIV -B fr + 12.5er1.37)? 190

XVII B 2.44(0 149 X 4.163) + 1.57 x'2.44 X 4.16(10.32)'1 1721

9h IIV A 3.81(11.83)'
3811

ab XIV B lj;::: + 15.84(s.47)'! : 1468

bc X\TIII B 1.15(0.149 X 4.16) + r.81 x4.16(2.10)2 :46
cd XVI 1.3 X 8.59(3.61)? =
:
1,16
de XVIII ,{ r .81 X 1.25(3. 61)' 29.5
XIV ,1 12.59(3.61)' : 164.0
!s X\:II ,{ 2 .44(O.149 X 4. 16) + r.57 X 2.14 X 4. 16(2. 10)': : 96.5
gh XIV B '' 1;' + 3.81(2.47y
r. : 1973

For equation reference numbers see pages 46 to 50.

65
 ITT CI]TINIiI'I,I, PII,ING DESIGN AND I,]N(IINI'IIITI \C.

SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
(See page 60)

Line F" I Consi.ant Line

(l) +5276 1774 | -2'212't1s (1)

(4)
-1334
+0.253 _0.330 | 125
I

-l |
706 (2)
(2) +6643 | -1921'cs2
(5) +1334 4re ] sc7.275
|
(5)

y55 | -z.lvr.tsz (6)

(6)
(7)
0 + 6306
-l
-
ro.rE3 | tro; I
(7)
I
(3)
(3) -706 -s009 -2,8c2,q22 |

(8) - 449 -5S6 | -753,378 1

(s)
(s)
(s) +1r55 -2rr | -455,516 |

0 +4262 | -'t,olt,zto (10)

(10)
( l1)
0
-r I +goo L

I
( l1)

-F' | *ooo = | re6og

.eco=] (11/)
(1lA)
(l1B) i;: I
(11-B)

(7 A)
(7 B)
-t" ll,l*'n* I llr-1 ,,,1
(7
(.7
A)
B)

+0.253 X 571 +o 336 - I

xe6o **" =|
++z;:1 -s
(44)
(4'{ )
(48) Lt44 iizs"' | +8e3 (4R)

f' = 8s3lb jo, : 571 lb I" : 960 lb

MOMENTS IN FOOT POUNDS

(See page 61)

-571 X 6.17 + 9d0 X 16.39

= +t2,21r
u: t/ (n,stoY i tlz,ztr)' = ta,ttt

M = ",(B6a5I + (2sssy : 4710

M= (435Y :
,/-(4s71)+ 49s3

+893X4.06+960X436
: +7Elr

+893 X 2.81 + 960 X 5.61

= +7895

ar = Vi?dEB)iTl6IEI - 10,086
+571 X7.67 -960 X3.61
= *914

+893X0.61 +571 X6 68 -893X13.94+960X5.61

: +4359 = -7063
M= (2283)' :
.,{$ss),-+ 8488

M = r{n ss),IL,e6sP = rg,+re

 EXPANSION AND STRESSES

I. From inspection the maximum bending moment,

. Case II (at point d)
M, is 16,111 ft lb occurling at point o rvhich is M : 7811 ft lb
straight pipe. The accompanying torque ? is : :
4429 ft lb.
7811 X 12 93,732 inch pounds

II. The maximum torque ? is 6989 ft lb in line cd ?: 6989 ft lb

and the larger accompanying bending moment, : 6989 X 12 : 83,808 inch pounds
M, is 7811 ft lb at point d rvhich is cun'ed pipe
with an i factor of 2.61.
M 93,732 ..
X ^2.6I
^. - 8182psi
III. The maximum bending moment, M, in curved ",:i_t: ,*
pipe u'ith an z factor of 2.61 is 10,085 ft lb ai
point e rvith an accompanying torque ? of 644 t":zs-T 83,868
2 x2g.g =
l4uzPSr
fi lb.
IV. The bending moments in curved pipe rvith an i "E - .,{;Jul('rt :: VEt8tT -! ,t{llgtt
factor of 1.17 are relatively small (points b, c,, 8649 psi
and g) and therefore nced not be considered.
The maximum expansion stress is determined in the Case III (at point e)
manner ouilined on page 3 as follorvs: M : 10,085 lt lb
- 10,085 X l2 -- l2l,020inch pounds
Case I (at point a)
7:644ftlb
M: it Ib
i6,11r : 644 X 12 : 7728 inch pounds
:16,111 X 12 : 193,332 inch pounds
T :412Sft,lb
: M : i21,020.*26r ^ ^- : r0,564psi
"u r, ;;;
: +429 X 12 : 53,148 inch pounds
T i728
lzYPsI
: M 193,332 : o*oop"t
-.l.!,9qq:
"r - oq
"" s- 29.9
T 53,148 'u: {',f-+-4G;7:: vft0-5641 + 4(-l2ef
10,567 psi
8r:9.c = l.,,,ro o - 66YPSI
The maximum expansion stress sr is 10,567 psi,
sz : r/Gaf +-+Gzf- : vre1o6y1 4(88rt occurring at point c, and is less than the allorvable
: 6706 psi stress range Sr of 17,675 psi.
 VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP
The velocity of a fluid florving in pipe is detcrmincd Empilical equaticrns and charts have bccn dcviscd to
by thc equation: calculalq: this pt'cssut'e dlop \\'itll I eNonalte a(icul a(:y'
a Thc llational soltrtion, irasccl upon the Fanning or
v -- 114 --
AI
Darcy equation, has tlte most ltnivetsal applic'rtion
and has been shorvn to plodllce ii'icur&te tesults after
rvhere I/ : velocity (feet/second) countless expcriments. 'l'hc basitl oclualion (1) requires
Q : rate of florv (cubic feet/second) conversion to motc famiijal terms .\lternate ar-
Cr : inside area of the pipe (sqnarc inches) rangencnts of thc basic equation, (2), (3), and ('l), are
exprcssed in tcrms more {amiliar t'o the piping cngtneet'
Reasonable vclocities for rvater ancl st'eam are
indicaLed by the fullorring rrngns:
Service rvater mains 2lo 5 feet/second - fLv'
n,:,iio (1)
General service l'ater PiPing 4to 10 "
Boiler feed rvatel PiPing 6to 13 "
Lorv pressure steam heating
15to 70 "
h, - 2.2+ra: (2)
and process piping
Lorr pressure otcam meins 70 ro l6i " '{
High pressure steam mains 165io400 " " h - o.oo2745lL|;s' (3)
piping 100to150 " " ",
Steam engine and pump
Steam turbine piping 150 1o330 " "
The friction of fluid flou'ing in a pipe line causes a
fte - o.ool2gsr;a (4)

drop in the initial pressure, rvhich drop is approxi-

mately proportional to the square of the velociiy, and where Dy : pressure drop (feet of fluid florving)
directiy proportional to the llflect'ive Length of the /r. : pressure drop (inclies of rvater)
line.
lzo : Pressure droP (Psi)
Eflective Length of a pipe line is the sum of the total
(a dimensionless function of
length of the line plus the equivalent length of all the .f = friction factor
fiti"ings, valves, etc., rvhich iend to alter ihe straight the ReYnolds number -R', see chart on
flow. Page 72)
L: effective Icngth of the pipe linc (feet)
Equivalent Length of Fittings in Commercial Wrought 7: velocity (feet/second)
Pipe Liaes : to gravity (32'17 4
g acceleration -due
90" Scren-ed Elborv feet/second')
90" L. T. Screrved DlborY 1
D : inside diameter of the pipe (feet)
45' Screrved Elbol' 1.D
tl : inside diameter of the pipe (inches)
180' Screrr'ed Return (oPen) 2
s : specilic graYity of the liquid (rvater
: 1)
l80o Screrved Return (closed) 5
so : specific gravity of ihe gas (air : 1)
90" L. T. \Yelding Elbol 1

90" Flanged Elborv 1 <o : specific volume of the vaPor

Tee (outlei) E (cubic feei/Pound)
Reducer I
90' 5 Diam Bend (including The Reynold.s number Ii" is found from the equation:
length of PiPe) 1.3
I
:dl'o : dV -dV
Gaie Valve
o
tte
Globe Yalve
72
--DYP
! r2p l2Pa l2Y
Angle Valve
Angle Radiator Valve +
Su'ing Check Valve 7 where p : density (pounds/cubic foot)
Radiator, Convector or Heater 6 p : absolute viscosity (pounds/{oot second)
v : p/p : kinematic viscosity (feet2/second)
Equivalent Length .L (feet)
: Nominal Size (inches) X Factor (ViscositY of fluids see Page 72)

68
 \:EI,OCITY AND PRE,C.qf RE DROP

Example : will r.ary in proporiiott rvith the frctors shorvn on

page 76. To siurpiify thc conlcisiorr dilidc the rc-
f irirl: I'rossttrc drop of kcroscttc flolirtg at l relc of rlrrirecl stcam lold by thc rppropriate fector itr thc
:)0 gpm (!,70'f- il 1]" std. stcel pipo, clli'r'tii e lerrgth trl)lc, thcn apply thc ldjrrstccl lord dilccil;- to thc
1i0 1cet. grrph. To dctcrnirtc the lclocity:
Dola: ll'r,-' IVa
d: 1.61 inches (from Page 249) r:0.010 1 :0.0;09 d,
,4r : 2.036 square inches (from page 249)
1 gpm : 0.002228 cnbic feet/second (from page 240) s'here tr/ : velocity (fect/sccontl)
u: 0.000024 feet'/second (from page ?2) II' : flos (poitrrds''hoLrr)
s: <r : spccific !o1umi' (c,.tbic fcet/pound)
0.813 (from page 72)
lr : inside arca crf tlx,pipc (-.qutre iuchcs)
Solution: d : ilsidc ditnctct of the pipc (inches)
0: 30 X 0.00222E : 0 066E'1 cubic fcet,/second
The Actual I.D. iudcx at thc top and to thc right of the
o 0.000E1 graph may be used to dctcrmirc valucs for pipe othcr
li - l1-:,'l - 11.1^^.- - 1.05 fcr.i 'en"rrd
/ Ml) than Strrdard \\'all.
Iloiv of Loiv Prcssrtre Gas in Standard Wall Pipe
^dvl%
n": : * u.,,,ffi
:26,000:2.6 x 104 on pagc 77 indit:rtcs thc flol- of free air (1 atmosphcre

,f : 0.02E
'ry,
(from chart page 72)
J' \|2
-d- 2.2t
h,, y l"'. " ln.r. 121 rl,or.el
0.028 x 150 x (1.65)'?
1. til
: 102.E inchcs of rvater
Under ccrtain limiting conditions, suflicicnt accrtracy
in pressure drop calculations is obtailed l ith simplified
equations rvhich perniit a direct plot of florv against
prcssure drop. Graphs of this nature are shol'rr otr ihe
folloiving pages for l\rater in Pipe, \Yater in Tubing,
Steam in Pipe, Lorv Pressure Cas in Pipe, and lligh
Pressure Gas in Pipe.
Florv of Water in Standard Wall Pipe on pagcs
to 7l is based upon an avcrage n'ater temperature of
140'F. Rcasonable accuracy is obiained for rvatcr
tcmperatures within the ralge of 50o to 200" F. The
prcssure loss scale is 10/6 greater th&n the pressure loss
in clcan neq, pipe. The Actual I.D. index at the top
and to the right of the graph may be used to detcrmine
values for pipe other than Standard \Vall.
Florv of Water in Type L Copper Tube on page 73
is based upon an average 11ater temperature of 1-10'F.
Reasonable accuracy is obtained for n &ter temperatures
within thc range of 50o to 200" F. The Actual I.D.
indcx at the right of the graph may be used to obtain
values for any smooth drarvn tubirrg.
Florv of Steam in Standard Wall Pipe on pages 74
to ?5 is based upon saturated steam at f psi gage
(approximately 214'F). For a giver pressure drop at
other pressures and temperatures t'he indicated load
and (i0'F) rihen thc iliiiril prcssttre does not much
excced l psi or 28 itrches of \\'ater, gage prcssure.
Reasonable accltracf is obtlrined for temperliurcs
\yithirr the range of -10'to 100'F and rvhcu thc pressure
drop docs not ercced trvo-thirds of the initial gage
X 0.813 prcssufe. For guscs other thau air the irrdicated
pressure drop rvilL vary directly \rith the spccific
gravity of the gas (air : 1) (see trble on prge 212).
The Actual LD. irrdcx at the top ard to thc right of the
graph rnny be used to deternire valucs for pipe other
than Standard \\'all.
IIol'of lligh Pressure Gas in Standrrd \Yall Pipe
is usually accompalied by a considerable pressure drop
antl decrcase of the density along the entire line. The
fleq is eyplns:nd hv thc equrtiot.-
(f\ \'F1'z N
/=-
70 Q:33.e5
Nhere 0 : flol'of frcc gas at 60" F (cubic feet/minute)
d : inside diarneter of the pipe (inches)
Pr : initirl prcssure (psi absolute)
Pu: final pressure (psi absolute)
:
so spccific gravity of the gas (air : 1)
L: effectir-e lcngth of the pipe lirre (feet)
The graph on page ?8 indicates values of Jpt' - p"'
psi absolute for various \.alues of P1 and P2 psi gage.
The graph on page 79 irrdicates Q in cubic feet/minute
for values ol \,TP:- It / \T.L for various pipe .sizes.
Reasonable accuracy is obtailed for temperaturcs
rvithin the range of 40" to 100" F. For values of so
(see page 212). The Actual LD. index at the iop
and to the right of the graph may be used to determine
values for pipe other than Standard Wall.

69
 ITT CIRINN]II,L PIPING DESIGN AND I'\(iINNI,]ITI\( I
-

oat
t0 /,,,,t,,,,j
ACTUAL
lNcHEs /
FLO' POUNDS/ HOUR oe
9 9 R*" +" e e RR3 ?8 8 E HnB g H g 4l
too
ao a,o

€.o
5,O 50
4.0 FLOW OF WATIR IN STANDARD 4p
WALL PIPE AT r/n"E-
lrv |
3.O 10
cr"

to
8TU/ HR.- FLoW (LB/ nR)x'tEV PERATITRE DROP(f) op.
0.0

o6 o,6
o5 o5
o4
03
q3

0-
o-
o2 i9

o _c _q K "jd { f, e R ng ?
0,1
o
I o.0a
o,o6
3
o.o5 I
I
\y
oo3 ,e
(I
o
E
0'o2 _9
o
E
f ool
\9
E 0.o04 ,,P
(Il o006
ooo5
/3
ooo3 /nl
o.oo? lf
/3
o00l
o,oooa

o.oo06
o.@o5
o.aoo4
o.@o3

oo@2

ooool

g gsE g s g BEggB: 3
o
o n 6'o
d dci
0 0
o -
FLOry GAIONS / MINUTE
 VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP

FLoW PoUNDS/ HoUR

oY J o9| / $t /,/,/"9 "9 -9t j
>9 \9 t e tt/tt"/
r" e t /t.o /t^ 9
/r,
/t'tt/, / |, /,'/'/-""t't1'/'t

oq Iq e R3 8
3E 36:^q
/-o

3.o

/$
/v
t.o /\e
oa
o6 1'"
o5
19=

\'v
/&' 6

/^v

0-oa t0--
o,o6
o,05
o
0.o3
h
H
ii
oo2 \
I
o.ot =
0
0.004
o
0'006 cr
oms 0
ooo4 &
l

o.oo2 H

o-oooa

0.0006
o,o005
o.ooo4

oooo3

g c ggg Eg
oi o s!a(j @9
 .to
o9
oa
.o7

o6

.o5

-o4

o.o3
* .o?5 Y"-2"
z UJ
a t-? N
\2 .O2 6
/2- a
o-

to-20"
SMOOTH
TUBES
"/a- 4

alo5 2 34
REYNOIDS NUMBER R"=ry=#

s= SP GR. AT 60- E

o
E.

30

.20

gccc
d
g
d
gE
.:
99q
cgs
9
g
ooo
rt! ,/ secoNo
 VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP

PRESSURE DROP INCHES / FOOT OF TUBE

3
ocio
3 d33 3- d n 4a q o

300

OF WATER IN TYPE L
FLOVr'
200
COPPER TUBE AT I4O" F

ro0
ao

50

30

2a

t0
a

6
5

F 3

- 2

oa

o6
o5

Q3

o.2

ol A^ EQUTVALENT RESISTANCE OF 50
"" FITTINGS (F€Er oF ruBe)=NOM|NAL
.oa 40 TUBE srzE (NcH€s) x FAcToR (sE!ow) 40

30 gOoELBow 2 30
.05 9oor.r.El6ow I

20 45oEL6ow 1,5 20
IAO. OPEN FETURN ?
TEE OUTIEI A
FEDUC€R I
caTE VALVE 1,5
AN6LE FAOI^TOR VALVE 6
lo GLobE v^LvE 34
e
coNvEcroR a
HEATER A

qE€.€EB
o doo H gEEEEU 3 e3333-'
oi'o" ,ic"is/.ooior
EnessunE ruee
 fl-v-
ooooj oooo\ oq
ACTUAL I,O. / r t tt / , t t t / t t t t / / t / t /
'
/t / t
tNCHES /
FLOW POUNDS/ HOUR
o ()0 6 Q
o
.!
o
o o oo o
n ]f)(o @: R
R
- R9P
+ ;6 RF
6 :i/
i
o5
o.4 FLOW OF STEAM .?
o3 IN STANDARD
WALL PIPE

ol
o.oa

0.06

0.o4

o.o3 /^2
tr
c o.oz
o
5

p oooe

o v.w! J

L,.r o.oo4
ca
l
S o.oo3
d
0
o.oo2

o9 R 3 933 38
FLOW
POUNDS,/ HOUR

74
 \IIiLOC]ITY ,\ND PRF]SSURE DITOP

Q^Aq\o
/ ' / t / r /t/ t r
rt ow porvns
-- --/ ,r/ uorrp
--'
aoo,ooo ro.ooo 2 3 4 56 I t35 5 6X d
/^o
4.4

o3

o.l
JN
o.oa

o.o6
o.o5

a.o4

o.o3
(L

aaz'
o
F
o
o.or r!
o.ooa _'
0-
0.006
o.oo5 3
d
o.oo4 0

o.oo3 c

0.002 d

o.ool
o.ooo8

o.0006
0.ooo5
o.ooo4

o0003

oom2

aoo t,000 a lo,oo0 2 3 4 56 a 10"

FLOW POUNDS /HOUR

75
 ITT GRINNELL-PIPING DESIGN AND I]NGINI'EITINC'

TLOW OF STEAM CONVERSION T'ACTORS

,*I 350 .15{J txr s50 j 600 650 t00 800 850 1)0O 950 l_
'*l '*T rtro l *-l lxn

i92 0 i?3 0.756 0.710 o 725 it2 686 06i.t 0 663 0d58 10 612 I 0.032
)a 1.000 0$a 0 908 0 8a0 0 855 0 832 811
;:: i8l 0.767 0.75.1 0 ?.r2 o.?31 0 Tlll
I 0 88r 0 861 0.8{3 0.826 810
5 1129 r 069 03.1 1.003 0.9t.1 0 9.18 92.1 901
o.sb! I o 815 osrrlorts 0.806
1 062 035 0r0 0 987 0.965 0.9.15 0.e25 ,ilot 891 l
10 1.199 1.159 1 12{ 1.0'.lr l
0.cl1 0.8!7 0 8a{
I 082 1.058 1.036 1.015 9!5 0 9.12 0.927
I 1317 1.213 1.233 1.r98 l.Iri5 r35 108 'Js9 I
l5
t.412
3rj8
1.378 r$5 I .224 1!8 r.170 1.1,1,1 1.120 I 09? .0t6 ,K 037 I Ol0 1 oo2 0.955
z) 1.426 2116

282 \ 2b2 't 224 1.198 l.tit .130 1.109 1.0!0 1.07r 1.05{ I 038 |.022
1.567 r.528 1.4?5 1.,129 I 387 1 319
1 l19 1.101 1.08.r
t.2i2 1.1i? 1.157
r 1.5r7 1.173 :r: 3{i1 1.32S 1,299 1,2.16 |.222 .1911
30
35
1.657
|.742
624
1.715 r 655 i 602 I 55.1 ilii 1r5 I 1. {O2
506 I 4?i
L371 13,11
1.108
t.31.1
1.379
1.289
|.3.r2
.261
-32i
12tl
1.303
1.220
1.280
t.t!9
t 258
L
1.238
t8{} 1.16r
1.218
1.1{3
1.200
,lll | I r t38 1 I 631 i:,2 1.,138
l
45 1 898
8?2 803
1.847 r.818
682
1 759 1.706 lili 611 571 I I 537 1.503 1..t71 1.t1r 1,t13 .386 1.361 1.33; 3t5 I 2113 1.273 1.253

| r 640 t .565 1,532 1.5m 1.{71 1.1.13 1.117 1.392 I 30C l.3J$ | 325 1.305
50 | 972 r 968 1.895 1 832 I1t-i 727 1 68r 1 601
1.551 1.523 1,1S6 Lril l 1.17 1.121 1.402
60 2.110 2 042 r 973 r 912 r 858 L.808 1.763 1.721 1.683 1.6,1? 1.613 1.581
1 R79 I 83,1 1.08{ 1.652 r.622 1.591 1.5rii 1.5{l 1.,19{
223a 2 180 2 105 2 039 1!8r I e2? 1.793 1,718
I
70
2 2 230 2 159 2 0!7 2 040 t.!88 I Ci! 1.811i 1.856 1.81? 1.781 1.718 1.716 1.686 l 6i,7 1.630 5?9
80 2.360 311,
1.ii3 1.7{3 1.711 !.(rst I.ri6l
1.8i,1 1.838 1.801
90 2171 2 137 2 3,1C 2 211 2 207 2111- 2 092 2 012 1 t9s 1.052 1,912

2 002 1,962 1.92.1 1.889 r.850 1.821 1.766 1.739

2 {61 2 381 2 313 2 219 2 192 2.138 2,000 2.0.1{
100 2 2 554
2.t25 2.086 2,0.10 2 0I1 1.!81 I 950 1.s20
2 2 2.3ri{ 2.309 2 259 2.211 2.167
125 2 'Ct
837 2 734 2 611 2.560 188 121
2.155 2.1!3 2.355 2.310 2.267 2,22i 2. r84 2 152 2.118 2.085
3 070 2 985 2 880 2.78e 2 709 2 037 2.5i1 2 511
150 I 2.391 2.350 2.3rr 2.2,-+ 2 238
2 098 2.638 2.582 2.530 2,181 2..135
175 3 285 3 222 3 r043.002 2.911 2 836 2, itr1
2.50r 2.,t59 2.4N 2 342
2.8i3 2.810 2.7,19 2,691 2.6.11 2.592 2 515
200 3 .r8? 3 45{l 3 316 | 3.205 3.108 3.023 2.9,10

2.7S3 2. i14 2,6S0 2.61.1 2.000 2.558 2.5r8

225 3.678 jaoon am 3.398 3.m3 3.20I 3,118 3.0,t2 2.968 2.908 2.8.18
2.i80 2.i33 2.680

I 3.242 3.20r 3.128 3.060 2.!96 2.C36 2.881 2.829 12.647

3 3 583 3.{70 3.370
2o0 859
3,{10 3.351 3.2i6 3.20.1 3.13? 3 075 3.017 2.962 2.910 2 861 2.arl | 2.iio
3 3 640 3 534
275 ,1.033
llfi1 3 935
t-62
3.80.! 3.69r 3.591 3.501 3.r119 3.313 3.2ix 3.207 3.1'16 3,088 3.031 2.983 2 9a1
L
2.888
3m 4 200 l3.1ti
350 '{.517 i::l 'I 269 4 119 3 992 3.880 3.780 3.689 3.606 3 529 3.,t58 3.391 3.328 3.269 3 21.! 3 162

3.770 3.693 3.62r 3.553 3.{91 3..13r 3.37{ 33m

,lo0 4 816 4 589 4 .llc 4 216 4.152
] 4.0{3 3.91,1 3.85,1

'{50 5 099 L
'*u '1 900 4.707 4.5,18 4.,{13 | 4.2s3 ,1.186 ,1.088 3.998 3.915 3.838 3.766 3.698 3.634 3.5?4 3.517

5m5 4.986 4.810 I osq | 4.s32 .1.416 1.311 1.2t5 4.r2i .1.015 3.908 3.896 3.828 3.76,1 3.70.1
500 5 370
550 5 630 5.506 5 2s9 5 061 4.'n2 4 162 ,1.638 I 526 4.+21 i|.330 4.161 .1.086 .1.014 3.916 3.882
,1.12r .1.053
5 136 I 4,982
I 4.621 4 i25 4 ,133 4.347 1,267 '1.1!2
5 806 5 52ti 5,312 1.452 1.732
600 5 883

5 790 5.554 5_201 5.059 4.932 4.818 4.616 1.526 4. {t2 .1 303 I 289 4.218
6 727 6.107
65{l
6.052 5 7t9 5.1r1 5 260 5.126 5.005 .t 895 4,?93 ! 698 ,1.6l I ,1 528 !.,5r 4.377
7m 4,965 4.865 L t-t +.687 1.606 4.530
61312 6.025 5.802 5.6r6 5..156 5.314 5.071 t-
750 6 597 5.028 .t 933 I 812 { ?59 ,1.679
5.8!7 5..198 5.361 5.212 5.132
8m 6 825 6 514 6 258 6.016
5.110 5 2S5 5. r87 5 087 .1.906 1.824
6 837 6 488 6.227 6.014 5.835
850 7.048

6.209 6.019 5.i07 5..154 5 3{1 5 234 5 05r 1.965

900 7 267 7. r03 6 ?18 6..135
6.026 5.872 5.?34 5.609 5.192 5.385 5.285 5.1$r 5.t02
950 7.4U 7.3ii 6 947 6.6.12 6,400 0.200
7.11-5 6.816 6,588 6.376 6.19,1 6.031 5.890 5.760 5.638 5.524 5.1r{ 5.321 s.236
1060 7 696 5.56r 5.16r 5 367
6.7it 6.360 6.r93 6 013 5.908 5.?83 5.669
1050 7 908 5.924 5.807 ;. 196
7.638 i.2b2 6,960 6.i25 6.525 6.351 6.1S4 6.055 5.6{12
1100 811?
7.t11 6.896 6.686 6.505 6.3r3 6.198 6.061 5,$12 5.828 5 _722 5 622
I150 8 326 7.473
6.846 6.,189 6.339 6.201 6.075 5.957 5.819 5.716
8112 i.657 7.32i 7,065
l2m 8 532
6.033 0.335 6.201 6.084 5.973 5.8ti'i
8.355 ?.508 7.233 7.m4 6.807
r250 8 736 6 6 333 6.209 6 095 5.93{i
8.605 8.063 7.689 7.3S9 7.160 0 955 6r.1 6..108
r300 8 941 6 6.{00 6.332 6.2r5 6.10J
7.870 ?.314 7.I0r 6.915 6. i.19 598
1350 I t,t3 8.859 8.269

7 053 6.882 c.726 6.58{ 6..t54 6 333 6 219

t4m I 347 I 195 8.{?5 8.019 7..167
8 68,r 8,230 7.892 7.619 7.380 7.190 7.013 6.853 6 .t50 6 333
102
t,150 9 5.r9 'J
7.32\ j'.112 6.S77 6.827 6.6S0 6 561 6.11.1
8.893 8.108 8.053 7.530
r500 9.750
9.326 8.77r 8.376 8.066 ?.810 7.;!1 7.3S7 7 ,223 7.0d6 6.921 6.?88 6.662
r6m r0 156
7,29i 6 877
9.775 9,135 8.698 8.36r 81088 7.at2 7.611- 7.r47 7.007
r7m r0 564

L020 8.651 8.358 8.10! ?.89r 7.099 7_366 7,221 7.085

ro.252 9.506
r8l0 10 977
8.363 8.133 7.930 7.718 7.131 7.288
10.760 9.885 9.313 8.915 8.628
r90o 11 397
11 822
11.321 'to.272 9.669 I 23'1 8 893 8.612 8 370 8.158 ?.966 7.793 7.636 7. 188
2m0 7 837 7.683
[.964 10.672 9.096 9.523 9.1i9 8 858 8 603 8 381 8.181 8.00t)
2100 12 262
11.091 10.329 I8t3 9.,121 9.103 8.831 8.600 8.392 8.?l.t 8.034 7.875
22lio t2 i01

ffipIessrLrcsaturlte.lsteam'.\tincreasedpresstlesendtempel&ttIessteampipewill
(xj convcrsion drop as inciicatccl
nith pressure urup !1 !r*!u'
in.chart'
rrv loa,l
carry indicated in chari times (X)
load as indic-ated rl'ove, $'rin
lactor alroleJ
conrcrsior''lactor 'uludruu
c;rrected by dividing same by proper factor above'
To simDlifv the use of the chart r! ls suggested thrt the steam Ioads rn question bc
Then apply ionected loed directly to low pressure chari.
 VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP

PRESSURE DROP INCHES OF WATER / FOOT OF PIPE :L' .CL.

l : I {P P d o ! o o o
E EEE3E3 E ESEEES 3 3 3 33 q-
r000ooo
400,000 _
aoo.000
600,000 -
600000 FLOW OF LOW PRESSURE GAS 500,000 -
IN STANDARD WALL PIPE
-\o
30q000 '.9
'.6
20o,coo
7
to0ooo
ro0,0o0 /6
aooco
60ooo /b
6q0oo
5o.ooo,
50
40,000 _
4o,l]00
zo.ooo j
30,000

20,000 -

0000
8,000

. 6.000
Q s.ooo

I u.o-
- ""-
t1

,000
!,o00
ao0
800
600
600
500
500

3oo
300

LO0

ao

60
50

30

?a

€gE€se
6 q qC 0 o
g sE€g$: g 3ggE3'
d cr d o
pREssuRE DRop TNCHES oF WATER ,/ Foor oF PIPE
 ITT GRINNELL- PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINIIEITI\('

DISCHARGE P RESSU RE q PSI, GAUGE

6to2030 40 50 60 60 too
r.250

300

tt I
too F
P
l
,oo l
J
O i
o-' @
o 6o
<60
50

40
h,"
lr--
30 ti
r^- li!-

to

6102030 40 50 60 ao
DISCHARGE P RESSURE B PSI, GAUGE

Example:
Qiuen: 3,000 CFM (free air) at 125 psi (gage) entering a 100 loot pipe line and discharging
at 100 psi (gage)
Find: The required pipe size.
Solution: Fromchart above, for inlet pressure of 125 psi and outlet pressure of iOO psi, ruE 77 : gO'

\/T- Pr" 80
: 8
\/ r.L vT x 100

From chart on page ?9, for this value of 8 and 3,000 CFM find 2|" Nomilal Pipe Size'

78
 )r'I'l'l- ,\ND PIiESSIIRII DITOP
YDLr

oB'\ -!o ,e
tol SYtO
AX to'
6XICF
6X to'
5X tou
rot
FLow oF HIGH PREssuRE ons
PIPE
iilii
IN STANDARD WALL 3X
to

2X lo

to
aq@o
6o,0c0
50.@o
40000
/tti
30000

20000

oooo
&ooo
6,OOO -''9
5 OOO
4,OOO
1o9
3,OOO 'o9
',o1
z
o.6
.\Flpoo _

'.ap
" eoo
=
o 600
-5ee
400 "^a
300
i
2Aa z

I
100
ao
!
60
50
40
3O 1,

IQ

a
6
5

2345 30 40 5060 80 IOO

03 o.4 0.506 o 8 L.O

,F=-
-+:

79
 ITT GRINNFJ],L PIPING DDSIGN AND ENCiINT]EIi,I\C;

HEAT TRANSITI'R
The major factors l-hich govern the transfer of heat \Vhen rvatcr is thc cold fluid theequ.r.tion Q : A{I /ro"-
through pipe l'alls include ihe temperature differcnce may be rvdttcn
bet11'een the hot and cold fluids, the convection of both
fluids, the surface condition at the inner and outer l'alls,
, 500c(t. - tt)
and the conductivity of the pipe material. For the
^: U4*-
average practical probiem, rvhere fine economies are : 500G (t" - ti) ,
or (see aDo'el
not the paramount consicleration, thcse factors can rJ k
be combined jnto one coeficient designated "Li". G : quantity of rvater (gal/min)
The basic equation for determining heat transfcr is:
The area of pipe rvall available for heat iransfer is
8: AUlbs- io be thc surface next to the cold fluid. If
Q : Total heat transfer (BTU/hr)
considcred
,4 : Total area of heat transfer surface (ft2) the cold fluid is inside the pipe ihe internal surface rvill
U : Overall coefficient (BTU/hr. ft'/'F) bc ihe transfer area. If the cold fluid is outside the
h""- : Log mean temperature difierence betl'een hot pipe thc external surface l'ill be the transfer area. The
and cold fluid ('F) latter condition is usually preferable since this area can
GTD _ STD be extended by the use of 6ns, ribs, etc.
Exact, coefficients can usualll' be found only by
GTD
Z.J rog10 experimentation under oper.iting conditions. Approxi-
c.m
mate ranges of valucs for U have been compiled for
GTD :
Greatest temper&ture difference ('F) betrveen general use. 'fhcir application requires a ccrtain
boih fluids amount of judgement l-hich should bc bascd upon the
STD : Smallest tempera,ture difference ('F) bcts-een follorving considerations :
both fluids (1) Maximum valucs should be used only rvhen the
As GTD and STD approach the same r.alue the log velocity of the cooling and cooled fluids is high and
mean temperature difference approaches the arithmetic rvhen con'osion or scaling of the pipc is negligible.
GTD (2) The colurnn headed "Free Convections" are
mean lempera{urp. When
*r,, is 2 or less it is crrs-
thosc obtained l'ith pipe coils and pipe immersed in
tomary to use this arithmetic mean temperature: liquicls under normally static conditions.
. /r, . i.\ //" -t i r\ (3) 'I'hc column headed "Forced Convcctions" covers

:
l"
'^:\r )- \ z
initial temperature of the hot fluid ('F)
) pipe coiis and pipe immerscd in Iiquids that arc agitated
either by mechanical means or by a continuous flol' of
:
l" final temperature of the hot fluid ('F) the fluid through the vessel.
L: final temperature of the cold fluid ("F) (4) Il in doubt select the lol-er value of U to give a
L: initial temperature of the cold fluid ('F) higlrer r u,lue of coil area requireu.

Overall Coelficients "U" Expressed in BTU Hr Ft'?/'F-Ordinary Ranges of U*r

tr'luid Gitine- Uo Fluid Receir-inE

Heat Hert
L- Li

5-10 I 20 50

t+lt.

Steam lloilers
;! onnensers,
:--------feeo
:--::..
\\ Srcr
He&teIS
Steam to Air Tlca-rf pC ln li;;-T
Heatcrc

+ Under special conditions hieher or lower values may be realizeci.

1
W. H. NicAdams, "Heat, Trinsmission" (Mccrew-ilill Book Co., Inc,) by A. P. Colburn (Copyrighi 1942).
 PRESSURE TEMPERATURE RATINGS
-
PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE RATINGS OF PLAIN END PIPE OF TYPES
COMMONLY USED IN POWER PLANT PIPING SYSTEMS

Pressure-temperature ratings tabulated on the fol-
lorving pages of carbon steel and lorv alloy steel pipe
commonly used iu power plant piping systems within
the scope of the Code for Pressure Piping, ANSI
831.1 198C) and Section I on Power Boilers of the
1980 -
ASME Boilel and Pressure Vessel Code. No al-
lowances have been included in these ratings for
The follov'ing formulae were used for the pressure-temperature ratings published in this bulletin:
B3i.i 1980 Pipine Code, Parasraph 10,1
fabrication tolerances, such as thinning due to bend-
ing. The allowable stress values and formulae used
are in accordance with all addenda, interpretations,
andr/or revisions applicable to these codes in effect
Dec. 31, 1981. Pipe wall thicl<nesses and weights are
as given in ANSI 836.10 1979 and ANSI 836.19
19?6. -
-
ASME Power Boiler Code, Section I. Parasfaph PG'27.2.2

2,\t,:tt,. _1) i/,,, (')

2.{/.-
I': D,. '2tt\t,,t - (. )
l)" - 211t,1- - ,l I

Where = Minimum pipe rvall thickness in inches (87rlol" ol nominal wall thickness).
1,,,

P = Maximum internal service pressure in pounds per square inch gage. Where the calculated maximum
allowable working pressure exceeds an even unit of 10, the next higher unit of 10 may be used.
O- Outside diameter of pipc in inches.
E = An efficiency factor for longitudinal welded pipe. Pressure-temperature ratings shown in this bulletin
are based on .D = 1.00. Reference must be made to the applicable Code to determine the t factor for all pine
other than seamless.
S = Allowable stress in material due to internal pressure, at the design temperature, in pounds per
square lnch.
*C = Allowance for threading and structural stability.
.065 inch for r.. to 3 _ inch pipe size.
.000 for 4 inch pipe size and larger.
*A:.000" for plain end pipe, or depth of thread or groove for threaded or grooved end pipe.
*NOTE:No allo$ ance has been made herein for corrosion and,lor erosion i{such allorances
a.erequired, asdetermined by the design er, they shalt be
addtd to (' in tho applicablc turmLrlac above and tht r(luc€d allouable !rcssu.e |.alculared therL{nder.

, = a coefficient having values as follows:

Temp. "F 900o and below 950' 1000" 10500 1100'

Ferritic Steels 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7
NOTE:4 mat be interpolated ber$een the;0"1' intervals in th€ above tabte.

The Code for Pressure Piping831.1, states: "(1) ratings are not tabulated for temperature levels where
Upon prolonged exposrue to temperatures above ??5o allorvable stress values are not given at the same
F, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted temperature in the Code for Pressure Piping.
to graphite, and (2) upon prolonged exposure to The applicable Code should be checked to assure
temperatures above 8?5oF the carbon phase of Car- that selection of pipe to any specification is rvithin
on-Molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite," the code limitations.
In view of these limitations, pressure-temperature For permissible allorvances for variations in pres-
ratings ar.e not tabulated in this bulletin for temper- sLrre and temperature, reference should be made to
atures above these values. Also, pressure-temperature paragraph 702.2.4 in the Code for Pressure Piping.

81
 PI l'I\(i I)lisl(i\ -\\l) l'.l\(iI\ Illll:tl\( l

RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM A53 Gratle
B and ASTM A.106 Grade B

.IEI'1PI]RATL]RI.]. DEGITE I']S F. .zrl TO 0iir ;01) i;11

--
L5.l)txl 11.30{) 12.t0(r I L.Eril
ALI,OWABLE STRESS'S' PSI
-
Irilre \'l iimum wofkin,{ l'rcssrrre. I'SI
Sizc SchedLrle
Numb€r Dcsisnaln)n

3?J3 il;68 3219 29'jj

.10 STD. 0109
11.19
XS 0.lli ;252 ;00?
{i992 6il6; 6012 ;52r
t60 r).188
(0.E.11)) 10.1i I 9ir0l
1213:l 1r586
X\S 0.29 t

0.1l:l 3059 2916 2ri31 21ti

10 STD. il39r;
,1299 .1099 :1697
rJr) \S 0.tt I
0.211) 6126 (;12{i 5;26
0.1);0) l{;0 8il;2 i6i2
0.Jt)8 9?12 92i9
XXS
2i t1 2119 2219
STI). t).133 2itl?
il9{n) :\i1; il.10t) 3t:8
XS 0.1?!t
I t;5:l
5.195 195?
(1.3 r ir) l rit) 0 2;0 5ir;.1
ri9(i8
x!s ().iJi8 8t20 1i.108

2il(;3 2253 :082 t86t

J0 STI). 0.110
3129 2823 259;r
l', 8t) xs 0.191 ;12E2
j1,195
0 250 112; t218 3t05
(l.tni0) I ti0
6E;8 618? 5683
\XS 0.jt82 ? 19.1

211t 202\l 1a22 I ri;1

STD, 0.1t5
2E.11 2;65 235{i
XS 0.2(10 298rJ
l llll 372{i t\.t23
0.2lil l3iJJ
(1.900) 160
6179 ;5t-l 5120
X\S 0.100 ti.t81

1?87 1?0iJ i53ti I]LL

sTt). 0.15.1
20u1
().:1N 2;i9 2158 22t',i
z XS
lt:1.12
0.3tr .12j1I 10:il ild39
12.r,i i) t {i0
52tl.j li(:2 lriiS
IIS 0..111(; 55iJri

0.203 19;.1 l8lill l68l 15.,11

STD. 2r2t)
270t 2;81 2328
il0 \S 0.21{i
3?ii6 3590 :l2il9 29i5
(2.ti;) 1ii0 0.llii) .1600
t).iiiz ;8211 5551 ;00?
XXS

0.21{i 1(;giJ 161.r l15r; I l33t

10 S1'D,
\S 0.301) 2398 22t6 21r".. I lsor
I 80
:ll3r-) :ro9l 28li
t3:l il59E
(j.,-nxl) 1{nl 0
0.{;i)0 5111 .18?,-) .1398 I l01l)
XXS
l;.16 i.1? I 1330 122r
,10 STD. r.226
xs 0.31t 22il I 2tii 196.1 1801
(.1.000) rl0
1232 r 132
STD. r.2:li 1133 1.1,13
1{;.10
0.337 2t.tit; 1979
XS 2l6J
2?.10 2ti12 2:\5t)
120 0.138
1
t\222 290(; 26?0
0.tl I 33i9
(1.5111)l 1fl1 t\?i9 3{71
xis 0.6;.r .1391 ll89
1201 1083 9gtl
S1'D. 0.25iJ r2(n)
10 1596 l.l{i6
1856 I??O
80 IS 0.;175
210u 21till 1991
r).;(l(, 2r2]1
120
3052 2'.i6t) 2529
0.62; :t2t)2
(5.5ii:i) t(it) 3359 3086
XIS 0.?50 39Oti
 PIPI\G }IATERIALS

RATINGS
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM A53 Grade B and ASTM -4106 Grade B

TI]M PI.]RATURE. T]E(;REES F, 20 TO 6;0 r-00 750 775

AI,I,OWAT]L!] STRESS "S'' PSI 15,000 1.1,300 12,900 11,850

Pipe -
Schcdnlc Maximum Workinr. Pressure, PSI
Inches N umber Desisnation Inches

STD. 0.2E0 I1,13 1090 983 903

o.132 l ?9.1 1710 r542 1.t1?
6 l2t) :' t.362 2369 2258 2037 1871
(6.625) l tiO 0.719 11082 2938 2651 2435
XXS 0.861 3767 3591 3210 2976

20 0.25t) ?78 74r ti69 6t4

30 t).2i7 It61 821 710 680
!10 STI]. 0.:122 100? 960 866 ?96
60 0.406 t2i'i 121? 1098 1009
8 80 0.;00 1588 r 51.1 r366 1251
(8.625) l0t) : 0.;91 l90t) 1812 1634 1501

r20 0.719 2323 22\5 1998 r835

140 0.E12 2618 252,1 2277 2092
xis 0.875 2868 2i:14 2.166 2266
160 0.906 2977 2838 2560 2352

2l) 0.2;0 621 592 .l9l

30 0.307 766 ?30 659
l0 sir. 0.:165 912 869 78.1 72t)
n.500 t20; 1087 99E
1r)
8l) T 0.591
726,1
1510 1,139 1298 1193
(10.750) 100 0.719 1842 1?56 1584

120 0.84.1 2t82 2080 18?7 t724

140 XXS 1.000 2612 2190 2246 2063
160 1.125 29G3 2825 2548 2311

20 0.250 522 198 ,149 113

30 0.330 693 660 596 517
STD. 0.1175 78ll 75r 6?8 622
40 0.106 81,1 735 675
XS 0.500 1060 1010 9ll 83?
12 ii0 0.562 ll95 1139 1027 9,1.1

(12.?50) 80 0.688 14011 1266 1163

100 0.8.1.1 r823 1738 1568 1.1.10
12t) tis 1.000 2178 2017 187:l 11-21

1,1t) \.125 2468 2352 2t22 1949

1ti0 1.:112 2911 2115 26n3 2299

t0 0.250 475 453 409

20 0.312 59,1 511 169
:10 STI]. 0_3?5 ?16 683 616 566
t,1 4U 0.1118 839 800 722 663
XS 0.;00 9till 918 828 't60
(11.000) ti0 0.59.1 1148 1095 988 90?
80 0.750 1.160 1392 t256 1154
100 0.938 1846 1?60 1587 1458
120 1.094 2169 2068 1866 1714
140 1.250 2501 238,1 2150 1975
t60 1..10ii 2835 2703 2438 2210

83
 RATINGS
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM A53 Grade B and ASTM A.106 Grade B
TEMPERATURE. DECREES I', 20 TO 650 ?00 ?5t) ,-i 5

AI,I,OWABI,E STRESS "S" PSI - 15.000 1.1.30i) 12.900 11.850

I'ipe
Size Schedule Thickness Maximum Workins Irressufc, PSI
Inches Numb€r l)esignation Inches

t0 0.2;0 115 396 3i7 328

20 0-312 519 495 116 410
u0 STD. 0.375 625 596 538 494

4U XS 0.500 810 800 722 663

1ti 60 0.656 1108 1056 875
(16.000) ull l).u41 I'Ji2 \23i 11ll?

1r)0 1.031 1771 lii88 t523 1399

120 1.219 211:i 2015 1817 1669
110 1..13E 25I',i 2400 2165 1988

lti{l 1.591 2at2 2680 2418 2221

Lll t.25\) 369 lt51 31? 291

2l t).t],t2 .161 139 396 :J6,1

STD. 0.1175 555 529 4i- t- 138

]E
i :'
0.1:t:3
0.5011
0.562
6,19
'744
8,lE
ii19
710
799
558
640
i2l
513

662

{18.000) 60 0.?50 112ii 107.1 968 890

0.988 t420 t:t;4 l22l tt22
I0tl 1.156 1766 1681 1519 1395

I2t) 1.:l?5 2118 2019 t \22 16?3

1.1{) 1.562 2426 2:lt2 2086 1916
160 1.781 2790 2660 2399 22t4

]|) 0.250 33I :116 21J5 262

2t) STD. 0.3?5 199 4i5 529 lJ91
30 XS 0.500 669 575 528
.10 0.59.1 79',1 ?59 685 629
20 60 0.812 1098 1046 lttiT
(20.000) 80 1.031 1404 11t38 t2t7 1109

100 1.281 1?60 1678 1514 11J91

120 1.500 20't9 1982 1788 1642

1.10 1.750 2,146 2332 210.1 1982

160 1.969 2776 2646 2:l8r- 2r93

li) 0.250 30r 247 259 2lt8

20 STD. 0.375 453 432 389 353
607 579 522 ,179
30 XS 0.500
22 60 0.875 1071 7024 921 8,19
80 ]'t25 t392 t:lzi u9? 1099
(22.000) t00 1.3?5 1715 1635 t4'75 13t5
l2t) r.625 2045 19,19 1?58 1615
I4i) 1.8?5 2380 2:269 2t46 1880
160 2.t25 21t9 2552 2338 2118

l0 0.250 276 263 2:17 218

20 STD. 0.375 415 395 356 327
XS 0.500 5:10 178 439

30 0.562 625 59i; 538 494

24 4U 0.688 768 7;12 660 60?
ti0 0.969 1091 1040 9ll8 862

(24.000) 80 1.219 1U83 1318 1189 1092

r00 1.5i11 1?53 1i;71 l50E 1385
r20 1.812 2093 1995 1800 1654

140 2.062 2399 2247 2063 1895

160 2.84,1 2752 2623 2367 2174

R4
 PIPING }IATERIAT,S

RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM -4106 Grade C

20 T0 650 ?00 t-;0 7t5

TF]MPERAl'!:RI]. DE(}REES T'.
- 1?.500 16,600 l.l.?0i) 13,350

Pipe I \\rall
Size I SchedLrlc wall Thickness Maximum Workin!. Pressur€, PSI
In.hes I Nunbcr I)esienatjon I Inches

STD, 0.109 .136? 4742 ;1668 B3lt1

El) XS 0.1.17 612E 5812 5ll7 .1671

0.18rl 8157 't7:17 6851 6221

(0.8.10) 160
XXS 0.294 1.1179 134.19 119ri9 10814

STD, 0.1lu 3569 3385 2998 2122

XS 0.15.1 5016 4758 1213 3826
80
( 1.050) 160 0.219 i tql 7111 6296
XXS 0.308 I1331 r07 41 9517 E612

STD, 0.lillJ 3322 iJl5I 2?90 25:l{

0.1?9 1620 1382 3880 :3;24
1 80 XS
160 0.250 6i25 6;]79 ;648 5129
( 1.315)
XXS 0.358 10290 9760 861:l 7IJ48

.10 STD. 0.110 2i;7 261; 2:l15 2103

XS 0.191 3829 i1632 3216 292r
1il 80
(1.6ti0) 160 t.2it) 5162 .1896 1336 }937
XXS 0.382 8393 7961 70,19 G402

STD- 0.1,15 2',i t2 2314 20?6 1885

l.: 80 XS 0.200 3480 3301 292:l 26il

0.21t1 5055 1795 12'16 i1856
(1.900) 160
XXS 0.100 i662 it72 5351

STD. 0.151 208.1 191-1 1590

80 XS 0.218 3008 2853 2;2i 2294
0.1111 19116 1682 .1116 3765
12.315) 160
XXS 0.136 6461 6128 5426 4928

:lu STD. 0.203 221311 2162 1915

80 XS 0.2i6 3159 2996 2ti5ll 2409
2\.t
(2.8?5) 160 0.375 1391 '1168 3691 3;l5l
XXS 0.552 6793 6443 6i0i

.10 STI]. 0.216 1975 187,1 1659

XS 0.300 2?98 2654 23i0 2134

(3.500) r60 0..13u 4197 3981 3525 3201

i659 5011 .1550
XXS 0.fi10 596ti

.lu STI]. 0.226 1804 t?lL 1;15 1376

G.000) 80 XS 0.318 25i6 2143 2163

STD. 0.23i 1612 1586 l4u.l t275

.t 80 XS 0.3:17 2421 2291- 2t)34 t84?
(.1.500) t20 0.,1i18 319r- 3032 2685 24:l1J

1ti0 0.531 39.13 :t7.11-) 3:111 300?

XXS 0.671 3r2i 1863 4;106 3910

STD. 0.2511 1.1?0 1:t94 1234 1121

0.375 2166 2054 1819 1652
5
(5.563)
80
t20 T 0.50t) 2911 2790 24iO 2243

160 0.625 :t735 lt5lll 2849

XXS 0.750 1551 1:t23 3828 3.176

85
 ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIG\ A\D 1]NGIN]'I'RT)'iG

RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM -4106 Grade C

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F. -20 TO ti50 ?00 750 775

ALLOWABLE STRESS "SI PSI - 17,500 16,600 11,700 13,350

Pipe -
Size Sch€du1€ Wall Thickness Maximum workine P.essur€, PSI
Inches Number Designation Inches

40 STD. 0.280 1334 t265 1120 1017

80 0.432 2092 1985 t't5i 1596
(6.625) 120 T 0.562 2763 2621 2327 2108

160 0.719 3596 3411 3020 27 4:l

XXS 0.864 4395 4169 3692 3:152

20 0.250 907 860 762 692

30 0.2't'7 r005 953 844
40 STD. 0.322 1175 1115 987 896

60 0.406 1490 1413 1251 1136

8 80 XS 0.500 1853 t757 1,113

(8.625) 100 0.594 22t'7 2103 1862 1691

120 0.719 27l l 2571 2217 2067

140 0.812 3089 2930 2594 2356
XXS 0.875 3346 3174 2810 2552

1iio 0.906 34?3 3295 29t7 2649

20 0.250 125 688 609

30 0.307 89.1 848 751 682
40 STD. 0.365 1064 1009 894 811

0.500 t471 1398 1238 7124

60
10
(10.750) 80 T 0.594 1?61 1671 1479 1343
100 0-719 2748 2038 180.1 1639

120 0.8,14 2546 24t5 2138 1942

140 xis 1.000 3047 2891 2559 2325
160 1.125 34''.t 3215 2903 263',7

20 0.250 610 578 5t2 165

0.330 808 766 679 616
30
STD, 0.u75 919 8'.12 772 70t
0.,10ii 99? 945 837 760
40
0.500 1236 t173 1038
t2 60 T 0.562 1394 1322 1170 1063

(12.750) 0.688 171',7 1629 1442 13i0

80
0.844 2t27 2018 t?8? 1622
100
120 xis 1.000 2541 2411 2135 1938

\.125 2879 2731 2,118 2196

140
t.312 3396 322r 2832 2590
160

0.250 526 466 423

10
0.3t2 693 582 529
20
30 STD. 0.376 836 793 702
0.438 9?9 929 822 717
4t)
0.500 1123 1065 943 857
I4
(14.000) 60 T 0.594 1340 l27l tt25 1022

0.750 t704 1616 1300

80
0.938 2l:r4 204:l 1809 1643
100
1.094 2531 2401 2726 1930
720
1.250 2977 2',t67 2450 2225
140
1.406 3307 3t37 277r1 2523
160
 PIPING ]IATDRIAI,S

RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM .4.106 Grade C

775
TI.]MPER,{1'URE, DEGREES I'.- 20 fo ri;u ?00 750

13,:150
;t,ow,{uLE qTRI.'Sq 'q' lql 17.;0t) 16.600 1,1.r-00

I'ipe
-I wall
Size Schedule wall J Thickn€ss Nlarimuln Workins I'r€ssure, PSI
Number Designatio. I l ches

159 .106 369

10 0.2;0 48:l
0.312 60; 5i,1 508 162

3l-) a-. 0.:175 129 692 61:l 556

.10 XS 0.500 981.) 929 82il i47

129iJ 1226 1086 980
t6 ll 1280
0.E.l{ 1679 1592 I l-)
(1(;.000) 8Lr
1960 1736 157ii
l)0 1.031 201iii
20?1 l88l
L219 2.1ti6 23:19
120
1.lllE 293? 2r-t6 1817 l6?7
110
1.;91 3280 i1112 2156 2502
I tio

l0 0.251-) J:10 l0t 361 B2IJ

0.ill2 53? 510 4L2 J10

20
191
S;. 0.3i5 61? 61,1

0.188 758 719

1 XS 0.500 869 1121 7:J0 66:l
0.;62 9?8 928 ,t22 it6
0.750 1311 12.16 11011 1002
(1U.000) 60
0.9:18 t5i2 1392 126.1

1.1;6 2060 1951 1?ili) 1571

100
2111 231.1 2076 1885
t2t)
i10 r.i62 28:r0 2681 2:li7 215t3
3215 308; 2131 2442
160

0.2;0 it87 367 :125 295

t0 .l,t'1
STD. 0.3?5 582 552 189
2A
655 595
xs 0.t00 ?80 710

+U 0.591 929 882 ?8t 709

20 60 0.812 1281 t 215 1076 9ii

(20.000) 80 1.013 1638 i;5:r l:]r-5 12.19

100 1.281 205,1 1918 li25 156ti

1.500 2425 2300 2t):17 18{9
12t)
1,1u l.?50 285.1 2i0i 239? zti7
Itil.) r.969 3238 :l|i2 2i20 2470

10 0.250 351 333 295 268

2\) STD. 0.lt?5 528 501 l.ll ,103

30 XS 0.50t) 70E 672 ;95 5.10

ri(l 0.8?5 t257 1189 L0;3 956

22
(22.000) 80 1.125 t(:21 15.10 1ilfi,1 I2:lll
1 il75 2001 189i1 1681 1526
100
120 |.62i 2386 2263 200.1 1820
1.E75 2i76 26iJ,1 23:t2 2118
1,10
160 2.125 3\72 3009 2661 2t2t)

10 0.250 ',122 :105 270 245

,l STD. 0.:175 ,184 459
615
.r06 :t69
{95
XS 0.500 6.18

30 0.562 729 692 6lll

.1U 0.688 896 850 75ll 68.1

21 60 0.969 l2?3 120? r069 9?1

1.219 161u 1530 1355 12i10

(24.000) 80
100 1.531 2t16 19.10 1718 156t)

120 1.812 2112 2316 2051 1862

1.10 2.t62 2799 26(:5 2:l;l 2rB5

1ii0 2.:111 3211 B0!,6 2696 2449

87
 ITT GRINNELI, PIPING D]'SIC]\ AND IiNCiI\EDITIN(i

PRESSURE _ TEMPERATURE RATINGS

OF PLAIN END
SeamlessChromium-Mo|ybdenumAlloySteelPipetoASTMA3SSGradePll
(T/t% .HROMIUM MOLYBDENUM)
- ]4%

-20 TO 800 850 900 960 1,000 1,050

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F.

ALLOWABLE STRESS
{SI PSI - 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 6,500 4,000

Pipe
- wall
Wall Thickness Maximum Working Pressure' PSI
Size Schedule
lnches Number Designation Inches

3593 3269 2815 1753 1079

STD. 0.109 3',143
40 2543
5252 5042 454'l 3992
80 XS 0.147
6712 6107 5378 3522 2767
(0.840) 160 0.r88 6992
10614 9698 6958 4281
xxs 0.294 12153 11667

2537 2612 2290 1412 869

40 STD. 0.113 3059
4127 3755 3246 2038 t254
80 XS 0.154 4299
% 1966
6426 6169 5612 4923 3195
(1.050) 160 0.219
8482 5223 32t4
xxs 0.308 9712 9324

2733 2487 2L2a 1308 805

40 STD. 0.133 2447
3802 3458 2983 1864 7147
80 XS 0.179 3960
1
5034 4396 2823 7',137
0.250 5't64
(1.3r5) 160
7'703 6472 4641 2455
xxs 0.358 8820 8467

1075 661
40 STD. 0.140 | 2363 2264 2064 1761
t522 937
rYl 80 XS 0.191 3242 3151 2866 2461
3344 2104 t294
(1.660) 160 0.250 | nazs 4248 3864
3641 2241
xxs 0.382 | 7194 6906 6283 5541

1850 959 590

STD. 0.145 2719 2084
40 2232 13?5 846
0.200 2983 2864 2605
tYz 80 XS
3784 32',72 2056 1265
0.28r 4333 4160
(1.900) 160 4968 3227 1986
5660
xxs 0.400 6481 6222

1560 132ti 803 494

0.154 178',7 1?15
40 STD. 1178 '725
2579 2475 2252 1924
2 80 XS 0.214
3695 3193 2003 1232
0.344 4231 4062
(2.375) 160 4217 2699 1660
4836
xxs 0.436 5538 5316

1452 881 542

0.203 1954 1876 770'.1
40 STD. 724t)
2599 2365 2022
2A 80 xs 0.276 2708
3289 2833 1086
0.375 3766 3616
(2.875) 160 4442 2856 1757
5085
xxs 0.552 5823 5590

1479 1256 '759 467

0.216 1693 1625
40 STD. 1092 672
2398 2303 2095 1187
3 80 XS 0.300
3142 2703 1680 1034
0.438 3598 3454
(3.500) 160 4466 3882 2468 1519
xxs 0.600 5114 4909

691 425
40 STD. 0.226 t48l 1350 1146
3y, 1928 1643 1001 616
0.318 2208 2179
(4.000) 80 XS
r25\ 1061 639 393
0.237 1433 13?5
40 STD. 1543 938
2076 1992 1813
0.337
4 r20
80
T 0.438 2'.140 2630 2393 2047
2535
1256
1571
173
966
3379 3244 2951
(4.500) 160 0.531 1245
4214 3838 3320 2088
xxs 0.6?4 4394

r209 1100 932 560

STD. 0.258 1260
40
na2 1621 1378 835 5t4
0.3?5 1856

5 120
80
T 0.500 2521 2420 2202 1880
2399
1150
1482
708
912
0.625 3202 3074 2796
(5.563) 160 3411 2941 1836 1130
xxs 0.?50 3906 3750

Note: Economics and general practice dictate a

maximum range of 1050 F

88
 PIPING I,IATERIALS

PRESSURE
-O['TEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
RATINGS

Seamless Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM .4.335 Grade Pll

(1]{% CHROMIUM
- %% MOLYBDENIM)

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F. 20 TO 800 850 900 950 r,000 1,050

ALLOWABLE STRESS (S' PSI - 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 6,500 4,000

Pipe - Wall
Size Schedule Wall Thickness Maximum Workins Pressurc, PSI
Inches Number Desigration Inches

40 STD. 0.280 1143 1098 998 845 507 312

80 XS 0.432 t794 1722 1566 1331 806 496
6 120 0.562 2369 2274 2069 r765 to17 663
(6.625) 160 0.719 3082 2959 2692 2308 1423 876
xis 0.864 3767 361? 3290 2834 1086

20 0.250 778 746 679 578 342 21r

30 0.277 861 827 732 635 380 234
40 STD, 0.322 1007 967 880 744 445 274
60 0.406 7277 7226 1115 944 568 349
8 80 0.500 1588 7524 1387 1177 711 437
(8.525) 100 T 0.594 1900 1824 1660 t4lt 856 527
t20 0.?19 2323 2230 2029 1?31 1056 650
140 0.812 2644 2542 2372 1976 12tI 745
xxs 0.875 2868 2758 2505 2144 1318 811
160 0.906 2977 2858 2600 2228 t372 844

20 0.250 621 596 543 458 168

30 0.307 766 735 669 337 207
40 STD, 0.365 912 875 796 673 402 248
60 0.500 1264 r2l3
10
80 T 0.594 1510 1449
1103
1318
934
1118
562 346
415
(10.750) 100 0.?19 1842 1768 1608 829 510
t20 0.844 2182 2095 1906 1624 989 608
I40 t** 1.000 26t2 2507 2281 1949 1194 735
160 1.125 2963 2845 2588 2217 1365 840

20 0.250 522 502 456 384 229 141

,j 0.330 693 665 605 510 304 187
STD. 0.375 ?88 688 581 213
40 0.406 854 420 '746 630 377 232
xs 0.500 1060 1017 925 783 469 289
t2 60 0.562 1195 1043 883 530 326
(12.750) 80 0.688 t472 1413 1286 1090 657 404
100 0.844 1823 1750 1592 1354 820 505
120 xis 1.000 21'.78 2091 t902 1621 987 607
t40 r.t25 2468 2369 2155 1840 1t25 692
160 1.312 291L 2794 2542 2177 1339 424

10 0.250 475 456 415 350 208 r28

20 0.312 594 571 519 438 281 160
30 s;. 0.375 716 688 626 528 194
40 0.438 839 806 733 619 370 228
xs 0.500 963 924 841 711 425 282
t4 60 0.594 1148 1102 1003 849 509 313
(14.000) 80 0.?50 1460 1402 1275 1082 652 401
100 0.938 1846 1772 1612 1371 831 511
120 1.094 2169 2083 1895 1614 983 605
140 1.250 2501 2401 2184 1865 It4l 702
160 1.406 2835 2722 2476 2119 1302 801

Note: Economics snd genenl practic€ dictat€ a maximum t€mDerature of 1050 F.

E9
 RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Chromium-Molvbdenum Allov Steel Pine lo $-SlM A335 Grade Pl1
MOLYBDENUM)
(1%% aHROMIUM - %%

20 L 850
To 800 90u ] 950 I l 0u0 I 1 050
TEMPERATURE. DEGREES F.
- 15.u00 I rl,aoo I 13.1'10 11,000 6,500 4,000
ALLOWABLE STRESS'S" PSI

Prpe I - Wal
wall I Thr'kness Maximum Workrng Pressure, PSI
size I s"nearte I
Inches I Nu-lre. I Desisnarion Inches
399 363 305 18r 112
10 0.250 415
498 453 382 227 140
20 0.312
460 274 169
30 S;, 0.375 625 600 54ti

16
40
60
80
f 0.500
0.656
0.844
840
1108
1439
806
1064
1381
733
968
1257
619
819
1065
370
491
642
228
302
395

1700 r54',7 796 490

100 1.031 17'71
(16.000) 15'72 956 588
1.219 277:l 2029 18,16
t20 11.19 707
140 1.438 2517 24t6 2198 1877

2699 2456 2101 7291 794

160 1.594 2812

10 0.250 369 354 322 27t r61 99

20 0.312 461 442 ] toz 339 201 124

STD. 0.375 555 533 I 484 408 243 150

30 0.438 649 623 567 4',18 285

xs 0.500 '744 7r5 I 650 549 .327 202

4l) 0.562 838 805 |

732 618 3ti9 22',1

l8 6t) 0.75{J 1126 1081 984 832 .199 :107

(r8.000) 80 0.938 1420 1363 I 1240 1051 638 390

100 1.1sti t766 1695 1542 1311 ?93 488

120 1.375 2tr8 2034 I 1850 r576 959 590

140 7.562 2426 2329 2118 1808 1105 680

160 1.781 2790 261A J 2436 2085 1280 ?88

318 289 244 145 89

0.250 331
10 218 134
499 4t9 435 367
20 STD. 0.375
6119 642 584 493 251 181
30 XS 0.500
696 587 351 216
.10 0.594 797
1054 959 811 486 299
ti0 0.812 1098
13r7 1226 1039 626 385
1.031 1404
20 80
1690 1537 130ii 791 487
r00 1.281 1760
(20.000) r815 1546 940 ;78
120 1.500 2t79 1996
120 2136 1824 1115 686
1.750 2446 2344
140
2776 2665 2424 2074 r274 7'34
160 1.969

30r 289 263 227 131 8l

10 0.250 t22
.153 435 395 333 198
20 ST D. o.315
60? 583 530 266 16,1
30 XS 0.500
1031 938 794 176 29"\
0.8?5 10?.1
22 60 620 ?,a2
1392 1336 1215 r030
(22.000) 80 1.125
1?15 1647 1.198 727:l 170 47t
100 1.375
2045 1963 1786 1520 92.1
120 1.625
2285 2078 177:l 1083 6ti6
1,10 1.8?5 2380
t9 2610 2371 2031 t246 767
160 2.t25 27

265 24r 203 120 74

216
10 0.250
0.3?5 398 862 30t 181 lll
20 STD. 243 150
485 409
XS 0.500
5,16 460 274 169
0.562 625 600
30 338 208
0.688 ?68 671
953 806 483 297
0.969 1091 1047
60
1383 1328 1208 to21 6lii 379
24 80 1.219 .184
1753 1683 1531 r301 ?87
(21.000) 100 1.531
1828 947 582
1.812 2093 2009
120
2095 1788 1092 672
2.062 2399 2303
110 205ti t262 776
2.344 2752 2642 2103
ltii)
temperatu'e range of 1050 F
Note: Oconomics and general practice dictate a maximum
90
 PIPI\G ]IATERI.\LS

PRESSURE TEMPERATURERATINGS
OF PLAIN END
Seamless Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM A335 Grade P22
(2y1% CHROMIUM 17" MOLYBDENUM)

TENTIPER,\TUItll, DIlCREES F. 20 TO 800 850 900 950 l ri0Ll 1.050 1. L0t)

ALLOWAI]LE STRESS "S" PSI 1;.00r:) 11.100 r3,t00 11.000 7.i100 5.rJot) J.200

t'ipe - Wall
Size Schedule MariimLrm Workins Pressure, PSI
Desisnalion

,10 STI). 0.109 374;l ;l59il 3269 281t 2101 156.1 1133
\' XS 0.I47 i,252 3012 .15E7 3992 3052 221;9 1611J

(0.8.10) l6t) 0.188 6992 6712 6106 5378 1227 i11.12 2215
XXS 0.29.1 12153 1166? 10611 9698 83r9 6207 1.195

1il STD. 0.11ti 3059 29117 26i2 2290 1695 t2{i0 912
.\ XS 0.15.1 1299 4t27 1t755 J2'16 2116 ]li 19 1i]1?

(1.050) 0.219 6126 6169 5612 ,1923 1183.1 2851 2i)ti1

16t)
XXS 0.308 9712 9324 8182 6268 16(n) 337{

.10 STD. 0.133 2847 2i:l:\ 214',i 2128 1;70 11ri7

I 80 XS 0.179 89 l 3802 :145E 29llil 2236 l66il t20l
( 1.315 ) Itit) O.zirtl 5761 55:t.l 503,1 1396 3388 2il9 1821
XXS 0.il;8 IJ820 tl6? 770:l 6'J72 556t .11l0 299u

STD. 0.110 23riii 22til{ 201i4 1?61 L 290 9;9 (i9.1

AU XS 0.191 3242 3151 2866 2lii I t82i 1:i58 9l{:l

( 1.660) 160 0.2;0 1,125 1218 3864 :i:11,1 252,1 187? 1:159

XXS 0.382 719.1 6906 628:l 55.11 .1370 2U;2

:ltl STI), 2tt9 20iu 1rJ50 1576 1lt0 rl55 ii 19

I'r 80 XS 0.200 2983 286,1 2605 221t2 1650 t226 lfl8

( 1.9n0) 160 0.2111 1l(;i) ll78l 32',i2 216i 18i11 1328
XXS 0.10t) 6181 6222 5660 1968 3872 2879 2085

:lu STD. 0.15,1 178? l?15 1560 1326 963 ?lri 5I9
2 XS 0.218 25i9 24i5 2252 1921 111.1 1051 761

12.:ti 5) llil.) 0.311 .12111 ,1062 :t695 3193 210{ 178? 1291
XXS 0..1116 55118 5:l16 1836 421i i]2118 2108 lTrl
STD. 0.203 1951 1876 170? 1152 1058 786 i69
2\t AU XS 0.216 2708 2599 2365 2022 1.r89 110? 801

(2.875) 160 0.3?; 376€ 3616 !289 2E33 2r 18 L;75 11.10

XXS 0.552 5823 $90 5085 4112 :t42'.7 25,18 18.15

10 STD. 0.216 1693 Lti25 1179 i256 91I 6?8 191

XS 0.300 2398 2303 2095 1?87 1310 971 7O,)

(1t.500) 160 0.438 3598 r1,15.1 31.12 2it):\ 2016 1J99 108i,
XXS 0.600 ;i1,1 .1909 ,146ii 38t2 2982 22t)2 1595

3\'2 :lu STD. t.226 1516 1.1iJil 13;0 l116 83t) 447
(,1.000) XS 0.:lt8 2208 2119 1928 L6lll 1201 llgil 647

STD, 0.2:31 1.1:lll 1375 t25l 1061 16i 570 {1;J

l 0.1137 20i6 1992 1813 1;43 112ii 83? li06
(1.500)
EO
120 T 0.138 2710 26110 2393 2t47 r507 1121 812

161-) 0.531 3379 :121.1 2951 2535 18E5 l{01 1015

XXS 0.67d ,139.1 .1218 38llu 3;i2(l 250t) 1863 1:1.19

STD. 0.258 12iio 1209 1100 932 672 500 u62

ti0 XS 0.375 1856 r ?82 1ti21 r378 100:l '14-D i4(l
(5.563) 120 0.500 2i2l 2420 2202 1880 1it80 1026 7 4:\

160 0.625 3202 1107.1 2796 2399 t779 1323 95rl

XXS 0.750 i1906 3750 li4t1 2941 220:l 1638 1 186

Note: Economics and general practice dictat€ a ma-{imlrm temperature range of 1100 F
91
 RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
SeamlessChromium-MolybdenumAlloySteelPipetoASTMA32sGradeP22
MOLYBDENUM)
(2X% CHROMIUM - 1%

950 1,000 1,050 1.100

-20 TO 800 850 900
TEMPERATURE, DECREES F'
5,800 4,200
ALLOWA,BLE STRESS
!S' PSI - 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800

Pipe
- Wall
Wall Thickness Ma:.rmum Working Pressure, PSI
Size Schedule
' lnches Number Designation Inches
845 608 452 328
0.280 1098 998
40 STD. 967 719 521
1794 1722 156ii 1331
0.432
6
(6.625)
80
720 T 0.562 2369 2274 2069 1?65 1293
1708
961
\2',70
696
920
3082 2959 2692 2308
160 0.?19 11.11
3617 329i) 2834 2119
XXS 0.864 376'.t

411 305 221

'718 746 6',79
20 0.250
635 339 2t3
861 827 152
30 0.277 535 397 288
1007 96? 880 744
40 STD. 0.322
944 681 507 367
727'.I 1226 1115
60 0.406 634 459
t524 1387 tt77 853
8 80 xs 0.500 1588
1411 t02'l
1900 1824 1660
(8.625) 100 0.594 682
2029 1?31 1267 942
0.?19 2323 2230
120 23t2 1976 1454 r08l ?83
0.812 2648 2542
2744 1582 1i76 852
'1 xis 0.875 2868 27

2858
53
2600 222 1646 1224 88ii
0.906 2977
160
458 327 243 176
0.250 621 596
20 565 105 301 218
?35 669
30 0.307 483 359 2ri0
40 s;. 0.365 912 875
1213
?96
1103 93,1 674 501 36ll
0.500 12ti4 .t3ti
10
(10.750)
60
80 T 0.594 1510
7842
14,19
1768
1318
1608
1118 809
994
602
739 535
100 0.719
1621 118? 882 639
2182 2095 1906
120 0.844
1949 1,133 1066 7i2
2612 250? 2281
140 1.000 1638 1218 882
2845 2ir88 2217
160 "*a 1.125 2963

384 21r) 204 t48

522 502 456
20 0.250 365 272 197
i;05 510
,j 0.330 69s 665
688 416 310 22,1
sin 0.3?5 788
'i 630 452 336 213
854 azo 46
40 0.406 563 ,119 303
1017 925 ?83
72 xs 0.500 1060
1043 883 636 17:l 3.{3
0.562 1195 1147
02.750) 60 586 425
14r3 1286 1090
0.688 t472 530
80 1592 1354 984
0.844 1823 1750 6:18
100 1621 1184 881
1902
120 xis 1.00i) 21?8 2091
1350 100'r 721
1..125 2468 2369 2t55 18.10
1.10 2t7l 160? 1195 865
2971 2794 2542
160 1.312
249 186 131
415 350
10 0.250 313 233 168
0.312 594 5it 519 438
28r 20:r
20 626 524 3?8
688
30 sio. 0.375
330 2:19
806 ?83 619
0.438 839 380 21|)
40 841 711 510
0.50i) 963 924
XS 8,19 611 451 329
1148 1102 1003
60 0.594 42r
14 182 542
0-750 1460 1402 t2i5 1082
(14.000) 80 1612 13?I 991 74\
0.938 1846 \'l'12 635
10i) 1895 1614 1179 87?
1.094 2169 2083
120 1:t69 1018 73',i
240r 218,1 1865
1.25i) 2501 1162 842
140 2476 2119
1.406 2835 2'i22
160
of 1100 F'
-"""ra' dictate a ma-ximum lemperature ranse
Note:Ec;;;,"a
"'.a"tice
 PIPING }{ATERIALS

RATINGS
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM .4.335 Grade P22
(2%7O CHROMIUM - T% MOLYBDENTJM)

,20 TO 800 850 900 950 1,000 r,050 1,100

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F.

ALLOWABLE STRESS
IS" PSI - 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 ?,800 5,800 4,200

Pipe - Wall
Size Sch€dule Wall Thickness Maximum Working Pressur€, PSI
lnches Number Designation Inches

10 0.250 415 363 30s 218 162

0.312 519 498 453 382 2'73 203 141
2t)
30 s;. 0.375 625 600 546 460 329 245 t1'7

XS 0.500 840 806 619 444 330 239

1108 1064 968 8r9 589 438 317
t6 60 0.656
(r6.000) 80 0.844 1439 1381 1257 1065 770 573 4t5
1.031 t77l 1700 754'.1 1314 955 ?10 514
100
i.219 2113 2029 r846 t5'72 1147 853 618
120
1.438 2517 2416 2198 1877 r378 1025 742
140
1.594 2'312 2699 2456 2101 1549 1162 834
160

0.250 369 354 322 271 193 144 104

10

! sir.
0.312
0.3?5
0.438
461
555
649
442

623
102
484
567
339
408
4?8
242
292
342
180
217
254
130

184
30
xs 0.500 744 650 393 292 2t2
0.562 838 805 732 618 443 330 239
18 40
(18.000) 0.750 1126 1081 984 832 599 445
60
0.938 1420 1363 1240 1051 760 565 409
80
1.156 1695 1542 1311 952 708 513
100
1.3?5 2118 2034 r850 1150 855 619
120
7.562 2426 2829 2118 1808 1326 986 774
140
1.781 2790 2678 2436 2085 1142 827
160

10 0.250 331 318 289 244 173 t29 93

20 STD, 0.375 499 419 435 367 262 195 141

30 XS 0.500 669 642 584 493 352 262 190

40 0.594 797 765 696 421 313 227

60 0.812 1098 1054 959 811 584 314
20
(20.000) 80 1.031 1404 1347 1221: 1039 40,1

100 1.281 1760 1690 1537 1306 949 70i; 511

120 1.500 2079 1996 1546 1128 839 607
140 1.750 2446 2348 2136 1824 1338 995 720

160 1.969 2'.t't6 2665 2424 207 4 1528 823

lLr 0.250 301 289 263 221 157 11? 85

20 STD. 0.375 453 435 395 234 1'77 r28
30 XS 0.500 60? 583 530 44'1 319 238 t12
60 0.875 1074 1031 938 425 307
22
(22.000) 80 1.125 1392 1215 1030 744 553 401
100 1.375 1715 1647 1498 r273 924 ii87 497

120 1.625 2045 1963 1786 1520 1109 824 597

140 1.875 2380 2285 2078 1299 966 ?00
160 2.t25 2719 2610 23',14 2031 1495 1lt2 805

10 0.250 276 265 241 203 144 107 78

,j STD. 0.3?5 415 398 362
485
305
409
217
292
162
2t?
11?
XS 0.500 556 533

30 0.562 625 600 546 460 329 245 17',7

40 0.688 768 7:37 6?l 406 302 218

(24.000) 60 0.969 1091 1017 953 806 580 431 3t2
80 1.219 1383 1328 1208 to24 '7 40 550 398
100 1.531 1753 1683 1531 1301 945 ?03 509
120 1.812 2093 2009 1828 1136 845 612

140 2.062 2399 2303 2095 1788 1311 974 70ti

160 2.344 2752 2642 2403 2056 1514 1126 815

Note: Economics and gen€ral practice dictate a ma-\imum temperature range of f100 F'
 ITT GRIN\I]LL PTPING DIISIGN r\ND ItN(lI \Illilt I\ (i

RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Stainless Allov Steel Pipe to ASTM A312 & 4376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H

400 500 600 650 ?00

F -20 TO 100 200 300
Temperat,rre, Degrees
I5.900 15,900 15.900 15.900
Allowable Stress "S" PSI - 18,700 17,?00 16,600 16,100

Pipe ScheCule - Wall

Thickness
Maximum Worhing Pressure, PSI
Size Number
3007 2970 2970 2970 2910
10s .083 3493 3306 310I
4004 3954 395.1 3954 3954
.109 4651 4402 4128
40s 5568 5568
.147 6548 6198 5818 5688
80s
?4lr ?411 ?411
160 .188 8? l6 8250 it37 7504
1304,1 12882 12882 12882 12882
.294 14341 13450
XXS
2371 2841 2341 2341 2341
.083 2753 2606 2444
10s 3243 3243 3243
3610 338ti 3284 3243
40s .113 3814 456?
4615 4657 4557
.Lr4 5360 5073 4758
80s
'/4
6897 6811 6811 6811 6811
.2t9 8011 7582 7111
160 r0295 10295 10295 10295
12108 11460 10748 70424
XXS .308

2469 2438 2438 2428 2438

.109 2868 2714 2546
10s 3018 3018 3018
3360 3151 3056 3018
40s .133 3550 4198
4382 4250 4198 4198 4198
80s .1?9 4937 4673
1
63?9 6187 6110 6110 61li) 6110
160 .250 7186 6802
9467 9349 9349 9349 9349
.358 10996 10408 9761
XXS
1931 1907 190? 190? 1907
10s .109 2243 2123 1991
2536 2505 2505 2505 2505
.140 2946 2?88 2rl15
40s 3479 34?9 34?9
4092 38?3 3632 3523
1% 80s .191
49 4690 4690 4690 4690
.250 5221 4897 4',7
160 1626 7626 7626
8489 7962 '7722 7626
XXS .382 8969

1260 1260 1260 1260

1483 1403 1316 1276
10s .109 2246 2246
2345 2214 2246 2246
40s .145 264r 250t)
3162 3162
3520 3301 3202 3162 3162
80s .200 3?19
4651 4593 4593 4593 4593
.2al 5402 4795
160 6870 6870 6870
7648 7\'.73 695? 6870
XXS .400 8080

1314 1314 1314 1314

.109 1545 1463 t312 1331
10s 1894 1894 1894 1894
2227 2108 7977 1918
40s .154 2733 2133 2783
80s .218 32t5 3043 254 2768 2?33
2 4485
4682 4541 4485 4485 4485
i60 .344 4993
5944 58?0 5870 5870 58?0
.436 6904 6535 6129
XXS
1211 1196 I196 1196 1196
1407 1332 1249
t0s .120
2097 2071 2011 2071. 2071
.203 2436 2306 2163
40s 2870 2870 2870 2410
3375 3195 2996 2906
2t, 80s .276
3992 3992 3992 3992
4695 4444 4168 4043
160 .375 6172 6172
6444 6250 6t'12 6172
XXS '7259 6871

977 917 977 971

1150 1088 1020 990
10s .120 1795 1795 1?95
1998 t874 1817 1795
40s .276 2111 2542 2542
2654 257 4 2542 2542
80s .300 2990 2830
3 3814
3a62 3814 3814 3814
.438 4485 4245 3982
160 5420 5420 5420 5420
5659 5489
xxs .600 6375 6034

853 853 85s 853

1003 949 890 863
10s .120 1639 1639 1639
]a25 1711 1660 1639
40s .226 1928 2340
3,q,
2370 2340 2340 2340
.318 2752 2605 2443
80s
ANsl B 31.1 Porver Piping, see note in introduction'
Note: These ratings refle"t th" or" of tt " ilhl oil*o "tr"ss
values permitteal under
 PIPING \IJTERI,\LS

PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
RATINGS

Seamless Stainless Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM .{312 & A376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H

T€mp€ralure Degfees F 7 5{) 800 850 900 950 1.000 1.0i0 1.100 1.150 1.200

Altowable srress is' PSI _ 15,500 15.100 14.900 11,600 l.r i]00 13.700 12,100 9.700 'i,700 6,000

Pipe Sch€du1e Wall

Size No. Thickness Maximum Working I'ressure, PSI

10s .083 2895 2821 2783 2727 267 | 2559 2260 18.1ti 1524 118?
40s .109 3855 3705 3631 11556 :140? 1i009 2114 2069 1612
80s .t41 542t1 52ai 52ti 5112 5007 4797 4237 3520 3013 2348
160 .188 7225 7038 6945 ti805 ti6ti5 6386 5640 47 42 4112 32i,1
XXS 12558 12214 t2012 11829 I 1586 11100 9804 8552 8242 6422

10s .083 2242 2223 2194 2150 2105 20t ? t7u2 1,150 1186 921
40s .tlll 3161 8080 3039 2978 29t'.t 2794 2468 2020 1673 r303
80s .15.1 1448 .1328 42'tr .1185 4099 3921 3468 2862 2415 1881

160 .219 6610 6.169 6388 6254 6t26 s869 ;183 4311 i1785 2949
XXS .308 10036 9777 9647 945:l 9259 88?0 ?834 ii188 4821

t0s .r09 2377 2316 2245 2239 2193 2101 1856 1511 1238 96,1
40s .133 2912 2866 2828 2771 2714 2601 229',7 1877 1550 1208
1 80s .179 4092 3986 3934 385.1 3775 3617 3191 2630 2208 t720
160 .250 5956 580:l 5726 5610 5.195 5265 4650 3876 33,15 2ii06
XXS .358 9114 8879 8?61 8585 8409 8056 7ll5 6060 5,197 4284

l0s .109 1859 1811 1?87 1751 1715 16,{:l 1451 1178 958 i47
,10s .140 2442 2:t79 2347 2300 2253 2158 1906 t273 992
t l,i 80s .191 3392 3304 :t260 3195 3129 2998 2648 21i0 180:l 1405
160 .250 4572 4154 4307 12t8 4041 3569 2948 2192 t942
XXS .382 7,134 1242 7146 7002 6858 6571 5803 .1887 4314 3361

10s .109 t229 1197 1181 1157 11:J4 1086 959 775 625 487
40s 2189 2l:13 2104 2062 2021) 1935 1709 1390 1136 885
Ilr 80s .200 3082 3003 2963 2903 2841 2'.724 2106 1968 1628 t269
160 .281 4477 4362 4U04 42t'.i 4131 3951 3495 2885 2435 1898
xxs .400 6698 6525 6438 6309 61?9 5920 5228 4381 3823 2979

10s .109 1281 1248 1231 12t7 1182 111t2 1000 808 653 508
10s .t54 1846 1?98 17'75 1739 1703 1632 1441 1169 951 741
80s .2t8 2664 2596 2561 2510 2454 2355 2080 1ti97 1396 1087
160 .344 4:172 4259 4203 .1118 4034 3861 3413 2816 2373 18,19
XXS .436 5t22 5501 5390 521-9 5058 446t 3197 2491

10s .t20 1166 1136 I l2l 1099 10?6 1031 9r0 785 593 162
10s .20t 2019 1967 1941 1902 186:l t576 1280 1044 813
zti 80s .276 2798 2726 2689 2635 258r 2473 2t134 1783 1469 1145
160 3892 3791 :]'7 4l 3666 3591 3440 3038 2498 2091 1629
xxs .552 6017 5861 5?84 1667 5551 5318 4697 3917 3383 2636

10s .120 953 928 91ti 898 879 812 714 600 482
40s .216 1750 1704 1682 1648 1614 1545 1366 i 107 900 '701
80s .300 2478 2474 2382 2335 2287 2t9r 1935 1576 1293 1008
160 .438 3718 3622 357 4 3502 3430 3286 2902 2384 1990 1551
xxs .600 5284 5148 5080 4977 4875 4670 4725 3421 2924 2278,

10s .120 831 810 ?99 783 761 ii49 523 420 327
31, ,{0s .226 1598 1557 1536 1505 7474 t4t2 724'7 10li) 819 638
80s .318 22'31 2222 2rg1 2749 2105 2016 1781 r449 r 186 924

stress values permitted under ANSI B 31.1 Power Piping,

Note: 1, These ratings rcflect the use oflhe highe! of two see note in irttoduction.
Note: 2. Grade 304 may be used at Temperatwes over 1000 F. provided the carbon is 0.04 pelcerlt or higher.

95
 PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
RATINGS

Seamless Stainless Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM ABl2 & .A.376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H

Temperal.ure Degrees F. .29 TO luo 200 300 10i) 500 c00 700

Altowabt€ str€ss "s" PSI _ 18.700 17.700 16,600 16.100 15,900 I5.900 15.900 15.900

Schedule \{ all
Size Number Thickness MaximLrm Working Pressure, PSI

10s .120 889 842 789 766 75ii 156 i56 156
.10s .237 1?86 1691 1586 15118 1519 i 519 1519 l5t9
4 80s .ll:17 2587 2,1,19 2291 2226 22n0 220\:) 2200 2200
120 ..1:18 3416 3233 3032 2904 2904 2901 2904
160 .531 12Ltl i1988 :17 40 3n27 3582 1J582 3582 3582
XXS .674 5478 5185 ,1863 .1r- 16 1658 1658 1ii58 {6;8
t0s .134
,i57
:100 ?10 689 680 680 68t) 680
10s .2,48 1;?0 1486 139.1 1352 1335 1335 13i]5
5 80s .:375 2311 2191 2054 1993 1968 l9ti8 19611 r968
L20 .500 3143 zSi5 2',790 2i06 26i2 2672 2672 2612
160 .625 3991 3??8 3543 :1436 3394 :lil94
XXS .754 48?0 4609 1323 .119::l .1141 4141 { 111 .1t 41

10s .1:11 670 577 570 5?0 570 5;0

40s .281r 1.{25 13,19 1265 t227 t212 t2i2 t212 12t2
80s .432 22;lr: 2ll6 1985 t925 1901 1901 1901 1901
t2a .562 2953 2i95 2621 2512 251t 25t\ 25tr 25tr
160 .it9 3637 3111 3308 3267 326i 326?
XXS .861 .1ii97 4445 4169 4041 3993 s993 3993 s993

10s .1,18 571 540 5,07 .191 .185 ,185 ,18t

20 .25t) 969 91? 860 835 E21 821 82.1 824
30 .2i1 1073 1016 9;3 924 913 913 9lll 9.1:l
.10s 1256 I189 1115 1081 1068 1068 l0ii8 106u
E 60 .106 1592 r507 1413 l3?0 11153 1353 1353 1ll5:l
80s .500 1980 1871 1757 t704 r 683 1683 16U:l 168i1

100 .594 2369 2242 2103 2040 2014 2011 2014 201,1
t20 .719 2896 2712 2571 2494 2463 2463 216u 2l6ll
1,10 .812 3301 3124 2930 2842 280? 2807 280i 2807
XXS .875 :1576 3381 :t174 3078 30.10 3040 .3010 :10.10
160 .906 :1712 3513 8295 :1196 3156 :t156 3156 1t156

l0s .165 506 479 450 436 ,131 131 1:t1 131
20 .250 ii5 733 688 66? 659 659 659 659
:t0 .30r- 955 90,1 8.{8 822 812 812 E12 812
40s .365 113? 1076 1009 979 967 967 967 967
l0 80s .500 1575 1.191 1:198 1356 r339 1339 1339 1;Jil9
80 .r94 1882 1781 16?1 ti20 1600 1600 1600 l60t)
100 .it9 2296 2tt:l 2038 19',i7 t952 1952 1952 1952
t20 .844 2721 2515 24r5 2:112 2:t1:l 2313 2313
l4i) i.000 3256 3082 2891 2803 2769 2i69 27t:9 2769
160 1.125 3694 :1,196 11279 3180 3141 31.11 3141 It1.11

r0s .180 168 r13 .116 103 :198 398 398 898
20 .250 651 617 578 56r 5,54 554 551
30 .3s0 863 81? 766 7.13 'i81 7:14 t:31 1:34

40s .375 982 930 ,372 8,16 835 835 835 8lJ5
.10 .,106 1065 100E 945 917 906 906 906 90ii
80s .50t) 1321 1250 1173 1137 1123 1123 1123 1123
\2 60 .562 1489 14ll-) 1322 l2a2 1266 t266 1266 t266
8l) .688 1835 t737 1629 1580 1560 l;60 1560 $.t60
100 .8,14 22i3 2t52 2018 1957 1933 1933 19311 193il
l2i) 1.000 2716 25ir 2,111 2338 2309 2309 2309 231)9
t4i) t.t2n 30?6 2972 2'731 2649 26t6 2616 2616 2{;t(;
160 1.312 3629 3.135 3221 :1724 3085 3085 3085 3085

Note: These ratings reflect the use ofthe higher of two slress values permitled under ANSI B 31.1 Pover Piping, s€e note in introduction,

96
 PIPIN(; ]IATLR].\I-S

PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURE
PI,AIN END
RATINGS

Seamless Stainless Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM .4.312 & ,\376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H
Tempcrat,rre Degrees F 750 800 850 900 950 j.000 1.050 1,100 I l;rl 1.200

Alloqable Stress 'S" I'Sl l5,5lio 15.100 1.1.900 1d,600 11.1100 13 700 12.100 9,?00 7,?00 ti.000

Schedule
Size Number Thickness trlaxinrum Workins Pressur€, I,SI

l0S .r20 7:l'1 '718 709 694 680 ii5l 575 463 371 289
,10s .23'.7 1480 r442 1423 1395 1:166 1309 1156 9iJ5 I5'i 590
4 80s .337 2t45 2089 2062 2020 1979 1896 167.1 1361 12 866
120 .438 2831 27 58 2722 2667 2612 2502 2210 1805 1488 1159
160 .53r 3492 3.102 :l:157 3289 3222 308ii 2726 2236 18(nl 1.150
XXS 4511 4.{24 ,1;lti5 4277 ,1189 .1013 2927 21i:l t92i
l0s .1114 66ll 616 637 625 6r2 586 518 411 331 2t;0
10s .258 1302 1268 t251 t226 1201 1151 I0lii 822 663 ,al1
80s .375 t9t8 1869 18.1,1 1807 t77{) 1ii96 1497 1216 990 i11
120 .500 2605 2538 2504 2454 2.10:l 2302 2033 lti5u 1363 1062
160 .625 ::l:108 3223 3l8t) :J116 3052 2924 258:l 2116 1756 1it68
XXS .?50 40iJ6 3932 3880 3802 3i24 ;l56l.l 31; l zi,s4 2115 1695

10s .1:11 555 5,11 523 BT2 491 1it4 :t.19 279 2li
40s .280 1181 I151 I 136 1113 1090 104,1 922 601 168
80s .432 1853 1806 1782 l71i; l?r0 1638 t447 1171 955 744
120 .562 24,18 2384 2353 21105 2258 2163 19i1 1556 1276 995
160 .?19 3185 3103 3062 11000 2939 2815 2186 2035 1686 l3 t.l
XXS .86,1 3893 11792 3i t2 366? 3591 llllI 8039 2091 r630

10s .l{E 47:l 161 136 {18 369 29i 2:a t- 185
20 .250 80ll 783 712 i51 '7 4t 710 627 505 ,105 :116
iJL) .277 890 867 855 838 821 78ii 695 560 ,150 3s0
40s .322 1041 1011 1000 980 960 920 812 6;ti 52'3 Jll
{i0 .106 l3l9 1285 t26E 12tB t2Ii t 166 1030 8:t3 6?3 521
8 80s .500 16,1I 1599 15i1 15,16 1511 1151) 1281 1038 812 656
t0t) .59,1 lgtil r 913 1888 1850 1812 l7llfi l53ll l2{6 1011 ?90
120 .7t 9 2.101 2339 2308 2261 2215 2122 187,1 1526 1251 975
110 .812 2736 2tiiis 2630 257i 2521 2418 2136 1713 1135 1118
XXS .87; 2964 2887 2819 2792 27U4 2620 2311 1891 1562 12ti
1ti0 .906 11076 2997 2957 2898 2838 2719 24t2 1961 1625 1266

10s .lti5 420 ,109 ,r0,1 395 it87 31-l 328 263 2t0 1ii,1
20 .250 642 625 617 ti05 592 5ii? 50r 403 323 252
30 .i107 792 71r 761 ?30 ?00 618 .198 399 il11
.10s .365 918 906 888 E69 833 736 593 372
80S .500 1306 t272 1230 1205 115.1 1019 824 665 518
.591 1560 1520 1500 1169 1139 1379 1218 986 799 62ll
10Lr .719 1903 1851 1829 li92 1756 1682 1.186 1206 981 765
120 .8,1.1 2255 2t97 2r68 2t24 2080 1993 1760 1132 l17t 913
l.1t) 1.000 2699 2629 2595 2542 2190 21186 2101- 1719 1,115 tr02
l6l-) 1.125 3062 298:l 2913 2884 2825 2706 2i190 1955 161? 1260

10s .180 388 il78 il1:l 365 ll58 31:l 30il 243 19,1 15t
.230 526 519 i09 .198
5.10 117 12r 3lJ9 271 2tr
;lLr .33t) 716 697 iiSll 671 660 633 559 150 361 281
10s .375 81.1 793 78:l 767 751 72A 636 512 .111 il20
..106 8llll 860 819 832 81.1 ?80 689 556 44ti 3.18
l2 80s .500 1095 1067 10511 1031 1010 9ri8 ti90 556 .133
60 .562 1231 1202 1187 11ti3 1139 1091 964 7t9 628 189
80 .688 r;21 1.182 1.162 110;] 13,14 I187 961 7i9 60?
100 .lJ:ll 1881 18:.t6 l8l I t77,4 1r-38 16ti5 1,1? I l194 97r
120 1.000 22i,r 2193 216.1 2120 2071 1990 )7 5i r129 1169 911
110 Lt25 2550 24a4 2,151 2442 2352 2251 1991 r622 I332 1038
Itit) t.ll t 2 3008 293t) 2E9t 28;13 2775 2659 2318 1920 1587 12:16

Note: 1. These ntings rcflect the

use of the higher oftwo stress values permitted under ANSI B 31.1 Power Piping, see note in irtroduction,
Note: 2. Crade 316 may be used at Temperatue$ over 1000 F, provided the carbon is 0,04 percent or higheJ.

IJ?
 t,tt)t \(I l)1,:sl( i\ .\\I) ll\(l1\llllliI\(i

RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATUR!]
PI,AIN END
Seamless Stainless Alloy Steet Pipe to ASTM 4312 & 4376 Grade TP-316 & TP-316H

Ttmperalrrre Desrtss F -20 TO 100 200 300 .100 500 {i00 6;0 ?00

Allowable Strcss "S PSI - 18,700 18,701.) 18.30t) 18.000 l?,900 1?.000 16,600 Iti.lt00

Pipe SchedLile
Number Thickness Ma\ imurrr $irkins Prcssure. PSI

10s .083 J'l9:l 319:l 3.118 3362 illl,11 3176 ;lt0l it0.15
l0s .r09 .1651 1651 ,1551 4476 1152 1228 {128 J05.1
80S .147 6548 651E 6108 6ll0:] 6268 59;3 5813 570E

I {n) .188 8716 8716 u5:l(l 8390 834r1 7921 i'i37 7597
XXS .294 15151 1,1827 115ii4 14503 Iit.150 13206

10s .08i1 2753 2753 2494 2650 2636 250:l 2111 2400
.ll)s .l l3 381.1 :181,1 :ti:J2 3671 3651 :1.167 3;186 382.1

.15,1 5360 5360 5159 5131 18?3 .{758 4672

EOS

Iti0 .219 8011 801I ?839 77tr ?66u 1282 71Ll 698t]
xxs .308 12108 12r08 118.19 1r655 11590 11007 l0?.18 105;1

10s .109 2868 2868 2806 2?60 2'i 45 2607 2516 2500
.l0s .t;3 3;;0 ;]t5t) :1174 ;llL7 3398 :1227 3t5l 3095
I 80s .I;9 4937 49117 4831 4752 4i26 ,1.188 4:182 .1:103

160 .2,60 7186 7186 7{):12 6917 6879 iis33 6iJ79 6264
X\S .3;8 10996 10996 10761 1058,{ r0525 9996 9761 9585

10s .109 22,13 224:3 2t95 2r59 2147 2039 1991 1955
2946 2883 2836 2aj2{) 2678 2615 25ri8
'l0s .110 29,16
ljl 80s .191 4092 1092 400,1 3939 3917 3720 3632 34,67

160 .250 5516 5398 5310 i280 5015 489? 1808

XXS .882 8969 8969 8'.117 8633 8585 8153 ?961 ?818

10s .109 1948 1948 1906 1875 1865 t77l 1729 1ti98
10s .115 26.11 2114r 2585 2542 2528 2401 2343 2:,\O2'
3560 3381 :t301 u24l
I'r 80s .200 l]?l9 3?19 3639 3580

160 .281 54t2 54t)2 5286 5200 5171 49ll 4795 4709
XXS .400 8080 8080 790? 7t 18 773,5 ?3,16 7173 70,13

10s . r09 1545 154i, 1512 1.188 1479 1405 13?2

40s .15.1 2227 2227 2180 2t44 2782 2025 r977 1941

.2t8 3215 :t275 :J146 3094 ,1077 2922 2854 2802

2 80s
;275 52',78 i162 5071 5049 4795 46132 4598
160 .344
XXS .436 6904 6904 ri156 6645 6608 6276 - 6129 6018

.120 1407 1.107 tB11 1354 1347 1279 1249 t226

10s
40s .20:l 24:16 2436 2384 2345 2332 22t5 2163
3375 3375 3303 32,{9 3231 3069 2996 2942
2t," 80s .276
,1695 4595 1520 .1495 4269 4168 409:]
160 .375 4695
.552 7259 7259 1t04 6987 6948 6599 6444 632',1
XXS

t125 1107 1100 1045 1020 r002

10s .t20 1150 1150
,l0s .216 2111 2l11 2066 2[32 2t20 1919 187.1 1840

3 80s .300 2990 299{) 2926 2878 21162 27tlt 2654 2606

.438 4485 4485 4389 431t 4293 4078 3982 3910

160
XXS .600 6373 6375 62:19 6 t3i; 6t02 5795 5659

10s .120 1003 1003 981 965 960 9t2 890 874
1928 1886 1855 1845 1752 t? 11 1680
3'i 40s .226 192r1
.318 2752 2693 2649 2685 2502 2443 2399
80s 2',152

note in introduction.
Note: These ratitgs reflect the use of the higher of two str$s values permitted undet ANSI B 31,1 Power Piping, see
 PII'I\Ci ]I..\TEItIAI,S

RATINGS
PRESSURE
-OFTEMPERATURFJ
PI,AIN !]NI)
Seamless Stainless Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM A3f2 & A376 Grade TP-316 & Tt'-316H

Trmperatu.e Desrees F 75r) ll0(l 8at) 900 950 1.000 1.050 t.t{)0 1,1;0 1.200

Allou able Slress S ' PSI 16.000 1;.800 15.700 i5,500 15.10t) 1;.300 11.500 12,10n 9.Ii00 7.100

Pipe Schedule -
Size Number Thickness Maximum Workin!. I'ressure. PSI

t0s .(,83 2989 2951 293:r 2895 2a t-i 2858 2709 23(;r) 19i19 1.161
.10s .109 3979 3!29 390J it85; 3i130 llli0r) 3606 :\t;2 2ri3l 19rJ9

EOS .117 ;603 ;5t;l ;.19r'l ;.128 5il9;l 53;i 507? 1195 383+ 289i)

l(i0 _188 7158 ?318 i22; ?178 7131 6u62 5310 1010
XXS .291 12963 12801 12720 t25r'r8 1211 t- 12396 I I718 109:t2 i0190 ;921

l0s .083 2:J56 2:12(: 2:l12 228,2 226i 22,4:l 2l35 1t;il I510 1111)
.10s .1t3 3263 :t222 :12t2 :161 31.11 ;1121 2957 2342 2129 11iOri

80s J;86 1529 1501-) {.l.lii 1,11.r 1385 1156 :1659 307i] 2il2l
160 .219 6t68 6?26 6610 659? 655.1 62li 55;0 18t?
XXS .308 i0360 102110 1016; 10036 99;1 9906 988rl ililll5 ?87; 5916

l0s .109 21151 2123 2108 2:t i? 2362 28.16 2224 l9il I 1575 1 l9t)
40s .138 303; 2999 29U0 2942 292;t 290.1 2132 2:199 t9?3 1.190

I 80s _179 1224 41? I 1115 4092 1066 l0:19 3828 3362 28l0 2122

161-) .2;O 6l.1ll t:072 6033 5956 5918 5ll?9 55i2 1955 12,;i 321.1

XXS .1158 94011 9291 9232 9111 9055 899? 8526 ii J] 6997 52811

10s .109 1919 1895 188:l 1$9 1817 r835 17:t9 lSli; 1219 921
.10s .110 2520 2189 27i:3 21!2 2426 2410 22111 1985 162t) t221
1l; 80s .191 3501 u157 :1.135 :l:t92 lJ;170 3318 3173 2ii t 221.)5 l;;J3
160 .25tJ '1.i20 1661 .16iJ1 ,1572 t313 1513 t27l iJ7ii9 :11i2 2:195
XXS .382 'i6i I ?5?8 7;30 i !u4 7ll8{i 7338 695.1 621? 5190 l L.lrt

10s .109 1ri67 1616 1G35 160.1 1591 151{l t:105 105.1 ?96
.10s .1.15 2260 2232 22t1 2189 21i 5 2161 2018 t7 t6 11,15 I091
80s .200 3182 3t42 :3t22 3082 :1062 3013 2881 25t6 2ti:) 1565

16t) .281 4622 .15ti.1 1177 4.1.19 1120 1189 3689 3100 23{t)
(i65.1 5iirjo
X\S .100 6911 682? 6?E.l 6698 6611 6265 rl6? 1

10s .109 t322 1306 1298 1281 L2?3 126,1 1198 l03ll u31 627
.10s .151 1906 1882 1E?t) 18,16 l8il.1 1822 t727 1195 1210 914
2 80s .218 27,50 2i16 2699 266,1 2617 2€30 2193 2169 17?6 I311
l6t) 4513 4157 1129 l3?2 1316 4090 3599 3020 2280
XXS .13ti 5907 58ll:l 5796 5122 5686 5619 5:t5il 1?5il {0ii9 )oi2

10s .r20 t2t4 1189 11E1 1lG6 1159 11;1 t09l 910 151 570
10s .20:l 2081 2058 20,15 20r9 2006 r993 1889 1637 1329 1003
2\, 80s .276 2888 2852 2831 2798 27ut) 2762 261? 22i9 lrl?t) ll12
160 t0l7 3967 3912 3892 :t867 38.12 3611 319.1 2661 2009
XXS .552 6211 613:l 609.1 6017 59?8 5939 5628 4457 3796 2866

10s .r20 98.1 971 947 911 891 761 61.1 {ti3
40s .216 1806 1783 1772 17i0 173i1 1727 161]; 1116 1115 865
80s .300 2558 2s26 2510 2478 2116 2319 2015 1616 121:l

160 .138 :t8lt8 3790 3?66 :1718 i1691 36?0 31?8 30{7 25llil 1913
XXS .600 538ti 5852 5281 s250 5216 49,1B .1:t?6 :\722 2810

10s .120 858 8{7 812 831 il26 820 7?iJ 6ti9 5lJ,t ,103

x',i .10s .226 1ii{9 1629 1618 1598 1587 t371 1,195 t292 10.12 ?87
80s .318 2355 2323 231l 2241 2:2$7 2252 2134 1852 1509 t 139

stress values permitted under ANSI B 31.1 Power Piping, see note irl introduction.
Note: 1. These ntings Jeflect the use of the higher of two
Note: 2. Grade 316 may be used at Tempelatuies over 1000 F. provided the carbon is 0.04 percent 01 higher'

99
 ITT (iI \\l.ll,l. PIPI\(i I)llsl(l\,\\l) il\(il\Illlltl\(l

RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Stainless Allov Steel Pipe to ASTM .4312 & A376 Grade TP-316 & TP-816H

300 .100 500 600 650 700

Temperature Degrees F -20 TO 100 20Ll

Iri.300
Allosable Stress "S" PSI - r8,700 18.700 18.300 18,000 17.900 17,00{J 16,60i)

Pipe Schedule -
Size Number Thickness Maximum Workins Pressure, PSI

889 870 856 851 808 789 '175

10s .120 889
1786 1748 l? 19 L? 10 1624 155?
40s .237
25,12 2491 2471 2352 2297 2255
4 80s 2587 258',7

3416 i1416 3343 3288 3270 3105 3032 297i

120 .438
42t3 4t23 4055 .10:13 3830 3740 3672
160 .531 12t3
XXS .67.1 5478 5,178 53iil 527:l 5214 4980 1863 fil5
800 783 77t) 727 ?10 69?
t0s .13{ 800
1369
1570 1570 1537 1512 1503 1128 1394
40s .258
231,1 2265 2228 22t5 2104 2054 2{)\1
5 80s .s',t5 2314
31,13 3075 3025 3008 285i 2790 2739
12(l .500 31.13
3991 3906 3842 3821 3629 :t543 34?9
160 .625 3991
.1870 4410 4766 4687 4661 4127 4323 4245
XXS .7-o0

670 670 656 645 e41 609 595 58.1

10s .13,{
1.125 1395 1372 1364 129ii 1265 1212
.10s .280 7425
2236 2188 2t52 2740 2033 1985 1949
80s .,t32 2236
2953 2953 2890 2842 2821 2684 262r 2574
120 .i,62
3?61 3699 3678 3411 3:150
r60 .719 3843 3843
4697 4596 4327 4,196 427{) 4t 69 409.1
XXS .86'1 4697

571 558 549 546 519 49'l

10s .148 5?1
969 949 93:l 928 881 860 845
2t) .2iu 969
r073 1051 1033 1028 9?6 953 9ll6
:t0 .277 1073
.322 1256 1256 t229 1209 \202 1742 1r 15 1095
40s 138?
7592 1592 1532 1524 111't 1413
8 60 .40ii
1980 193? 1906 1895 1800 \'726
80s .500 198i)
2369 2:118 2280 2268 2154 2103 2065
100 .594 2369
2896 28:J5 2?88 2173 2623 2571 2525
720 .719 2896
3301 :t230 3777 3160 3001 2930 21377
140 .812 3301
3576 3442 3423 3251 31?4 3117
XXS .875 3576
37 12 3632 357:) 3553 33',74 3295 3235
160 .906 ]'.t12

496 487 485 460 450 441

10s .165
715 ?58 746 741 704 688 675
20 .250 775
919 914 868 848 832
30 .307 95; 955 9:15

1112 1094 1088 1033 1009 991

10s .365 1137 113?
1575 1541 151ti 1432 1398 13?3
10 80s .500 1575
80 .59,1 1882 r.882 1842 18ll 1801 1711 16?1 1640

2296 2247 2270 2198 2087 2038 200r

100 .719 2296
2662 2619 2604 247:l 24r5 2377
120 .844 2i21 2121
3i87 3134 311? 2960 2891 2838
140 1.000 3256 3256
3615 3556 3536 3358 3279 3220
160 1.125 3694 3694

458 451 4,18 426 416 408

10s .180 468 468
65r 627 621 592
2t) .250 651
863 831 826 766
30 .330 863
961 946 940 893 812 856
40s 982 982
tD42 t025 1019 968 945 928
,10 .406 1065 1065
1321 1293 r212 7265 1201 1173 1t52
l2 80s .500 1321
1489 1489 t457 1433 7425 1354 t322 1298
60 .562
1835 1796 t'7{:6 1757 1668 i629 1600
80 .688 1835
2225 2188 2176 2066 2018 1981
100 .844 2213 2273
2658 2614 2600 2469 2471 2367
720 1.000 2116 2716
3011 2961 2945 2797 2'137 2682
140 1.\25 307ri 3076
3551 3493 J474 3299 3221 3163
160 1.312 3629 3269

pelmitted under ANsl B 31,1 Powe! Piping, see nole in introduction'

Note: These €tings reflect the use of the higher of two stress values

100
 PIPING I{ATERiAI,S

RATINGS
PRESSURE -OFTEMPERATURE
PLAIN END
Seamless Stainless Allov Steel Pipe to ASTM .{312 & A376 Grade TP-316 & TP-316H
850 900 950 1,000 1,050 1.100 1,1jio 1.200
Temperature Degrees F 75{l 800

Altos.able stress "s" PSI 16,000. 15,800 15,700 15,500 i5.400 15,300 14,500 12.400 9.800 7,400

Pipe Schedule -
Size Number Thickness Maximum Workins Pressur€, PSI

10s .t20 761 751 73',7 728 690 592 473 357
40s .2:17 1528 1509 1500 1480 1471 1461 1385 1196 964 728
,1 80s 2214 21Sti 2t72 2145 2t31 2t17 2006 1740 1.115 1068

120 .438 2923 2886 2868 2831 2813 2795 2649 2307 189,1 1430
160 .531 3605 3560 3537 3492 3469 u447 3267 2858 2368 1?88
xxs .674 4687 4629 4599 ,1541 4511 4482 4248 1'.i 42 3148 237i

10s .134 685 676 612 663 659 655 620 533 425 321
40s .254 1344 r327 1318 1302 1293 r.285 1218 1050 844 638
5 80s 1980 1955 19,13 1918 1906 1894 1795 1554 1260 951

120 .50i) 2689 2655 2638 2605 2588 2571 2437 2119 t734 1310
160 .625 3415 3351 3308 3287 3266 3095 2704 2239 1688
XXS .750 4167 4l l4 4088 4036 4010 3984 3776 3315 2768 2090

10s .134 573 56ii 362 555 552 t48 519 446 355 2ii8
40s .280 t219 1201 119? 1181 1t7 4 1166 1105 952 '164
80s .422 1913 1889 187? 1841 r.829 1131 1501 1215 ''.t7
918

120 .562 2527 2495 2479 2448 2432 24t6 2290 1989 1624 1227
160 .719 3288 3247 3226 3185 3165 314.1 2980 2602 2746 1621
XXS .864 4018 3968 3943 3893 3868 3813 3642 3195 2662 2010

10s .1.18 ,188 482 4?3 470 161 ,142 380 302 22u

2t) .250 829 819 81,1 803 798 793 752 646 516 390
30 .217 918 907 901 890 884 878 832 776 572 432

40s .322 1074 1061 1054 1041 1034 1027 974 838 672 507
60 .406 1362 1345 1336 1319 13lt 1302 1284 1065 856 646
8 80s .500 169,1 1673 r662 1611 1630 1620 t327 1072 809

100 .594 202',7 2002 1989 1964 1951 1938 1591 1291 975

120 .719 2478 2447 2432 2,101 2385 2370 2246 1951 1592 1,202
140 .812 2424 2?89 2111 2'736 27 t13 2701 2559 2228 t827 1379

XXS .875 3059 3021 3002 2964 2945 2925 2773 24r7 1988 1501
1ijo .906 31?6 3136 3116 3076 305? 303? 2878 2511 2068 1562

10s .165 433 428 425 120 4t7 4).4 393 337 268 202
20 .250 663 6;4 650 612 638 634 601 516 4n 310
30 .307 817 80? 802 792 786 781 74{l 63? 508 384
40s .365 973 961 954 942 936 930 881 758 607 ,158

80s .500 1348 1331 1322 1306 t297 1289 t22l 1053 847 639
10 80 .59,{ 1610 1590 1580 1560 1540 1459 1261 I0l? 768
100 .?19 1961 1940 1927 1903 1891 1878 1780 l54l 7249 943
120 .844 2328 2299 2244 2255 2241 2226 2110 1831 1491 1126
l4{) 1.000 2786 2751 2134 2699 2682 2664 2525 2197 1801 1360
160 1.t25 3161 3121 3101 3062 3042 3022 2864 2499 2058

10s .180 401 396 393 388 385 383 363 311 187
20 .250 55',7 550 547 540 505 433 2i;0
30 .330 739 729 '125 716 ?11 ?06 669 459 346
40s .375 841 830 825 814 809 804 762 523 395
40 .406 9ll 900 894 883 871 871 82rl 710 568 429
12 80s .500 1130 1r 16 1109 1095 1088 1081 t024 882 707 534
60 .562 7274 1258 t250 1234 1226 t27t3 995 780 604
80 .688 1570 1541 r52l 15tt 1502 t423 1229 991 748
100 .u4 t945 1921 1908 1884 1872 1860 1763 1526 1236 934
120 1.000 2324 2295 2280 2251 2231 2222 2r06 1827 1488 t724
140 t.125 2632 2599 2583 2550 2517 2385 2074 r696 r2al
160 r.3t2 3105 3066 3047 3008 2988 2969 2474 2454 2019

Note: 1. These ratjngs reflect the u6e of the higher of two stress \aalues permitted under ANSI B 31,1 Pover Piping, see note ir introduction.
Note: 2. Grade 316 may be used at Tempentures over 1000 F, provided the carbon is 0,04 petcent or highet.
101
 ITT GIIINNELL PIPING D]'SIG\ AND U\GINI']F]IIIN('

A.S.T.M. CHEMICAI REQUIREMENTS OF VARIOUS PIPE AND TI'BE MATERIAISX

-i'
i;
E

.,\335 0.10 to 0.20 0.30 to 0.t0 0.10 to 0.50 0.-l-l io 0.0i

U.l(l to 0.20 0.30 to 0.{iL 0.10 to 0.30 0.50 to 0.81 0.{1to 0.65

0.30 to 0.00 0.50 mrx 1.00to {i.00 0.{:) to 0.ti5

0.I5 n1,rr 0.3010 0.iiO 0.030 1.00 to 2.00 1.00 to 6.00 0.+5 to 0.05

0.1, mt|i 0.:10 to 0.60 0.030 I 0.J0 m,tr 1.00 to 6.00 0.+5 to 0.ii5

0. i; rl)r \ 0.30 to 0.(;0 0.030 0.50 to 1.0o {i.00 to 8.00 0.{-l to 0.(i5
i

0.1,1ntrr 0.30 to 0.00 0.25 to 1.00 3.00 to 10.00 0.00 to i.10 '.

0.15 miri 0.30 to 0.60 0.50 to 1.00 1.00 to 1.50 0.1{ to 0.65

0.1; mx\ 0.30 to 0.6I 0.50 mllx 0.30 to L25 0.11to 0.65

0.1; Ir1ax 0.30 to 0.00 0.030 1.15 to 1.05 0..1-1to 0.65

0.i; ma\ 0.30 to 0.60 0.030 0.50 max 2.65 to 3.35

0.i; mr\ 0.30 to 0.00 0.030 0.50 m&x 1.90 to 2.60 ll 87 to 1.13 . .

TP 304 0.09 mo\ 2.00 n1r)( 1 0.7i m.rr

0.030 8.0 to 11.0 13.00 to 20.00 i

TP 301}I ().il i to 0.10

2.00 n:rri 0.030 0.75 mlr E.0 to ll.0 20.00
13.00 to | . .

TP 3O4L 0.03ii rr.r\" 2.00 m&\ 0.030 | 0.7; m:rx 8.0 to 13.Q 18.00to20.00 1 .. 1..

TI'3C1) 2.00 mr\ 0.010 0.030 0.75 mL1\ 12.0 to 15.0 22.00 to 2.1.00

Tt,3r0 2.00 mr\ 0.0 r0 I 0.030 0.75 m.rr 111.0 to 22.0 2'1.00 to 26.00

Tt,31d I 2.00 mr\ 0.010 0.030 0.75 mex 11.0 to 11.0 i.ti.00 to 18.00 2.00 to 3.00

TP 316H8 2.00 ma\ 11.0 to 1J.0 10.00 to 1E.00 2.00 to 3.00 . .

TP 316L 2.00 ma\ 10.0 to 15.0 16.00 to 18.00 2.00 to 3.00 I . .

TP 316N},
TP 317 2.00 msx 0.75 mtr 11.0 to 11.0 1E.00 to 20.00 3.00 to.1.00

TP 321 0.0t mar | 2.00 ma:i 0.0;i0 | 0.75 max 9.0 to 13.t) 17.00 ro 20.00

TP 321H
0.04 kr 0.llj tr.03ll {1.7; nld\ 9.(l to l:].0 17.00 to 20.00

TP 3.17 {).03 m&x I 2.{)0 max 0.030 0.75 max 9.0 to 13.0 17.00 to 20.00
0.(l'1 to 0.10 t,.0;U I lr.7ir max 9.0 to 13.0 17.00 to 20.00
TP 347H

TP 3-1IJ 0.013 mex | :1.00 ma\ | 0.04t) 0.030 0.75 max 9.0 to 13.1) 17.00 to 20.00

TP 34iJH 0.0'1 to 0.1{) 0.u;lr) I u.75 ma\ 9.0 to 13.0 17.00 to 20.00

a For rmalt diameler or rhin wals or both, where many drawing passes art required, a taJbon maximum of 0.040 perc€ is necessaJv in
Eades TP 304L and TP 316 L. SmaI ourside diameter and [8ht $ ail tubes are defined as lhose less than UJ(ru Inch rn oulsoe druneler ano lers
'rian
0.049 inch in averase wal thickn€ss (0.044 inch minirnum wall rhickness).
t The titadum content'shall be not less ahan five times the carbon content and not morcthan0.70 perc€nt- - --
c itii
iiriuntiurn oiui riniatm contenr shall be not less rhan refl times lhe carbon content and not more than 1.00-per€en1
dciadepscsha'iraveatitaniumcontentofnotlessthanfourtimesthecarboncontentandnotmor€than0.70percent,oracolumbum
contenr ofeishr to len limes lhe carbon conrenl.
;- ftri cotuitium ptuiianiuLr. cont*t thull be no! less rhan eighr rim€s lhe carbon conlent and nol more lhan 1O0 peicent.
./ rhe riranium coritent shatl b€ not less lhan four limes the carbon contenr and nol mole than 050 percenl.
I For welded TP 316 and TP ll6H Dip€. the nickel ranse shall be 10.0-14 0%
-are-iainiicir
l,ip lo+r.r'-ir-rp lleN iir ctremtsr;es 16 tp lo4 ana Tp 3t6, respecthrly. excepr thal lhev also contain 0.10{.16% hvdros€n
The m€thod of nitroeen analvsb shall be a rnatter of agreemeni belween the Purchaser and the manulaclurer'
' From 1980 A.S.T.M. Specifications Steel Pipins Vaterials.
for
to2
 PIPING MATERIALS

SELECTION OF MATERIALS

Sclcction of nraterials for a specific application
requires a knorvledge of currcnt, industry-rvide practices.
Rcscirrclr,,rgrnizr,rior.s ilro crrnsltl,lly seeking irn-
pror"cd mctliods for haudling the eler increasing prob-
lems encouute|td iri ihe fluid transportation of moclern
indnstry. I'rcssurcs no\r co\"cr the rarge from high
vacuum to severrl thousand pclunds per square inch.
Temperature-s of 300'Ir to i500'F are nolr eD-
countcrcd rather frerluently and these extremes may be
excccdcd in tomorros''s discoveries, Solids, semi-
solids and slurries are conveyed in piping n'ith consider-
able succcss. All manner of corrosive fluids and
soh'ents are pipcd l'ith comparative case and safety.
The entire piping industry has met these challenging
problcms l-ith a l-ide &ssortment of metallic and non-
metallic piping mtterials and protcctive coatings.
The scvere servicc conditions found in main steam
and reheat lines of central pol'er stations have been
successfully handled s'ith a varicty of materials. A
list of piping matcrials ar-ailable is shorvn on ihis page.

Pipe and Tubing Materials

Mate aI and Common Name A.S.T.M. Designation General Applications*

CARBON STEEL
Welded
Electric Resistant welded Al35 Steam and water piping as encountered in steam
Al34 power plant piping such as main steam lines, bleed
Electric Fusion Welded A139 steam Lines, boiler feed lines, boiler blow{ff lines,
A.671 A67 2 drain piping;up to 7500 F. Non{oFosive gas and air
lines ill proce$s piping.
Seamless A53
A106
SpiJal Welded A2!l
LOW ALLOY STEEL
Carbon Moly A.335 P1- 4.69l CM-XX
1/2/. Clvome Moly
-1/2% 4.335 P2. .4369 FP2. 4.69l
lz Cr For se ic€$ wherc temperatures are above 7500 F
I% ChJorne - Y2% Moly A335 P12. A369 FPl2, A69l l Cr as encounteled in high pressure and temperature main
l%% Ctuom. - 1/2% Moly A33s P11. A369 FPl l. A691 l/a Cr steam and rcheat lines. The particulal selection
zlaVo Chrcme - 1% Mo\y A335 P22. A369 FP22.A691 2%Cr depends on operalilg temperatue and corosion
considerations.
A'335 P5
4-6% Chrome w/Silicon A335 P5b
ZCUehJome wtriiarium Al35 P5c Prccessing as encountered in oil rcfinedes, air p!e-
4{7, Chro4ete/Columbiqlr A335 P5c heaters where highly corrosive conditions exist, cata-
1/o Ctuone -lz% Moly A335 P7 lytic processirB units.
9% Cl|.Jollre - 1% Moly A335 p9
3/r% Nickel seamless and
rcsistant welded A333 crade 3 Low termpela1ure process piping where impact
toughness is requiled.

STAINLESS STEEL
18% Ch$rne - 87o Nickel A312 TP 304 & H & L. A3s 8 TP 304
Piping for nuclear and fossil central station work,
187a Chrome - 12% Nickel A312 TP 316 & H & L. A358 TP 316 oi,narhAerar. in}anql enainF
'.,{ianr ^^hhn{ti^n
18% Chrome - l2% Nickel 4312 TP 317 exnau$ DrDes. cotto$ve serqces.
18% Chome - 10% Nickel A312 TP 321 & H
18% Ctuome - l07a Nickel A312 TP 347 & H. A358 TP 34?
COPPER PIPE 842 Process steam, air and water piping.
COPPER TUBE 888 Instrumental lines and domestic use.
ALI]MINUM ALLOYS 8210,8241
Corosive services

* General applications aie subject to the various code limitations, and specific service conditions.

103
 ITT GRINNT]LL - PTPING DESIGN AND DNGINF]I]III\C

Flanges, fittings, bolting material and gaskets are
covered in succeeding pages.
If structural stability is a factor of consideration,
the limiting temperature in general practice for use of
carbon steel is 7500F and for carbon moly steel is
850a F, whereas, if stability is not to be considered,
900-1000' F for carbon steel and 950-1050" F for
carbon moly steel are the limiting temperatures.
Temperature ranges as practiced in fossil type cent-
ral power stations for low alloy steels are: % Chrome
y: Moly ?50-950o F, 1 Chrome % Moly 850-9750 F,
17n Chrome % Moly 900-10000 F and 21/a Chrome 1
Moly up to a design maximum of 10500 F.
The intermediate alloy steels have limiting temper.
atures for short time service between 1200-13000 F
and the austenitic stainless steels have been used up
to 1600" F for special services.
In oil refinery work the "chrome steels," 4--4/o,
7V.9%, and 13ti Chrome, have found considerable
favor for high temperature service for oxidation and
corrosion resistance,
Suitable materials for the sub-zero, or low temper-
ature, applications include fine grain carbon steel,
nickel alloys steels, and austenitic stainless steels.
The corrosive conditions found in the chemical and
process industries have been successfully overcome

Fitting and Flange Materials

Classifrcat iotl Material Specification Dimension S Deciflcation Ceneral Applications

CAST IRON
ScJewed Fitting$ A.S.T.M. A126 ANSI BI6,4
Steam, aiJ, gas and oil piping
not over 4000 F.
A.S.T.M. A126 ANSI816.1
Flaryes and Flanged Fittings (25-800 rb)

MALLEABLE IRON ANSI B16.3

Screwed Fittinss and Flanges A.S.T.M. A47 or Al97 (l50-300lb) Air and gas piping betow 5500 F.
CAST CARBON STEEL \rater, power^. refinery
.Stearn,
Screwed A.S.T.M. A216 ano gas plpulg up to /)u- f or ln
Flanged A.S.T.M. A216 ANSI B16,5 excess according to adjust€d
ratings in ANSI B16J.
FORGED CARBON STEEL Refinery, gas. power ald^non
Screwed A.S.T.M. A105 ANSI B16.5 coEosive piping up to 750" F,
Flaiged a.d Flange-d Fittings A.S.T,M. A10s ANSI B16.5 Above 7500 F alloys are used.
A.S.T.M. A181 ANSI B16.5
WELDINC*CARBON AND Carbolr steel for steam, watei,
ALLOY STEEL power, refnery, gas and non cot-
Butt Welding Fittinss A.S.T.M. A234 ANSI RI6 q rosive piping up to 7500 F. Above
Socket Weldins and Threaded Fittins. A.S.T.M. A105 ANSI 816.I I 7500 F alloys are used.
BRASS OR BRONZE
Sciew€d Fittings A.S.T.M. 862 ANSI B16,15 Steam, water, gas and oil piping,.
(125-2s0lb)

Sdewed Flanges and Flanged Fitthgs A.S.T.M. 862 (1501b) ANSI816.24 A.S.T.M. 861 up to 5000 F.
ANSI B16.24 A,S.T,M. 862 up to 4000 F.
Solder Fittinss A.S.T.M. 862 ANSI B16.I8
AI,|JOY STEEL High tempelatue and prer-
Cast A.S.T.M. A217 ANSI B16.5 sure steam, oil and corrosion rcsis-
tance sewices. The padicular
Forge-d
A.S.T.M. A182 ANSI B16.5 selection depeflds on operaling
Stainless A.S,T.M. A182 Made to ordet temperature and corrosion con-
Heat Resistant A.S.T.M. A297 Made to orde!
sidelations,
COPPER No established stardarfu With copper pipe and tube.
Fitinss
Solder
AIUMINUM
Butt WeldirS Fittit8s A.S.T.M. 8361 No established standards With aluminum pipe

104
 PIPING }'IATERIALS

rtplnq tlotenaL LIses

with a variety of metallic and non-metallic piping Rubber Conosion and Erosion Resistance
materials. In the interest of economy and structural Tin Non-ContaminatiDg
strength many of these materials are applied to pipe- 1\rood Corrosion Ilesistance
Zinc Corrosion llesistance
ing by the techniqLres of cladding, plating, lining or
coating. The table of pages 107 to 112 indicates the
relative resistance of several piping materials to the Bolting
corrosive effeets of certain chemical substances which
ale commonly encountered in this class of work, For the average lorv and medium pressure irrstalla-
tions, bolts are made up in staggered sequence l'ith
The severe erosive effects of slurries and semi-
solids are adequateiy offset with the use of soft rub- open end u'relches rvhich rvill usually result in ade-
bel linings. The true measures of proper material quately tight joints. For the high pressure and
selection are safety and economy. Knowledge of the temperature joints it becomes increasingly more
research and practical experience of the piping indus- important to make up each stud to a definite tension.
try is the key to this objective. Torque u'reriches are sometimes used lor this purpose.
In exceptional cases n'here a more positive method
Pipe and tubing ale made in tlie follo$ ing matelials is desired, the studs may be tightened until a definite
in addition to those mntelials shogn in the table. elongation has been attained.
For thjs condition an initial cold tension of 30,000 to
Pipina )lukrial IJses 35,000 PSI in each stud is recommended. Since the
,{, -i."1i.. \r^+"1 Cor.osion Resistence \'Iodulus of Elasticity of stud maierial is 30 X 106
Bmss Corrosion Ilesistance
IJronze Corrosion Ilcsistrnce PSI, a tension of 30,000 PSI r.ould result in a unit
Cr-.t Iron Ur'tltrsrorrrrd r\'rter end qas
of"
30,000
Corrosion Resistrnte - - elorrgation : 0.001 inches per inch of
Ccncnt lsl)cslos Conosion lO X tOu
Chy)
Clar' .Scrrcr (\'iiri{iccl Lnderground Server effective length. The effective length is the distance
(lorcrctc-Sorcr LndergroLrnd Server
l)o\\'mctd Corrosion llesistance betlveen nut faces plus one nut thickness. Special
( llrss Corrosion Resistance
Illl,.lelloy studs rvith ground ends are required to make microm-
Colrosion Ilesistance
LcrrrL Conosion llesistance eter measurements for this purpose. After the joint
\Ioncl Corrosion Rcsistrnce has been in service periodic checks of the actual cold
fluntz fletal Corrosion Resistance
Nir.hrome High Temperuture and lengths as compared rvith the tabulated lengths rvill
Colrosion llcsistence detect any permanent, elongation of the studs. Perma-
Niclicl-( oppcr-Zinc Corrosion llcsistance
Ni|licl-\langrrrcse Corrosion Resistance nent elongation ivill indicate over stressing and creep.
l)Lutic Corrosion Resistrnce trVhen these conditions become severe ne*' studs may be
PorcclLin Conosion Resistance
Iieinforccd Concretc Iinderground required to properly maintain the joiut.

Boltine Material

Matedal Dimensional
Matedal and Appearance
Specilication Thrcaded to S pecification Applications

Steel Machine Bolts A.S.T.M. A307 ANSI81.1 ANSI818.2.1 Gercral

SleelNuts A.S.T.M. Al94 ANSI 81,1 ANSI 818,22 Service

Hgh Pressure
Nuts for Carbon and Alloy Steel A.S.T.r\,I. A194 ANSI B1,1 ANSI B18.2.2 a]Id
Temperature

HEh Pressure
Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel A.S.T.M. A193 ANSI BI,1 ANSI B18.2.1 :md
Bolts and Studs Temperatule

Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs and Stud Bolts A.S.T.M. A32O ANSI B1.1 ANSr B18.2.1 Low Temperature
Nuts for Alloy SteelBolts, Studs and Stud Bofts A.S.T.M. A194 ANSI B1.1 ANSI B18.2.2 Service

r05
 ITT GIiIN\I'I,I,, PIPING ])I,]SI('IN AND ENGI-\I'EITING

Gaskets gaskets for raised face flanges have an outside diameter

Standards of design and material for gaskets are ANSI
816.20 for ring joint gaskets and ANSI B16.?1 for non-
metallic gaskets. A wide assortment of metallic and non-
metallic flat ring or full face gaskets are available for the
wide variety of commercial applications.
Gasket materials are usually softer than ihe flange
faces in order to preserve the flange. The gasket is
therefore expendable for continued makingand breaking
of the joint. In most "soft" gaskets their mechanical
strength is lou/, dictating a minimum thickness
consistent with adequate sealing properties. Extremely
soft materials, such as rubber, are made full face to
reduce unit pressure and minimize crushing. Flat ring
which matches the inside edge of the bolts or studs. The
inside diameter is determined by the size of the "hole" in
the flange plus an allowance for distention inward at the
time of make up. This allowance varies with different
malerials making it necessary to rely upon
recommendations of the gasket manufacturer. Tongue
and groove and male and female gaskets are cut to fit the
female part of the union.
Modern design practicetends toward the elimination of
flanged joints with the substitution of all welded lines.
This procedure overcomes the flange maintenance
problems.

Gasket Materials

Iluid Application Clasket flaterial

Temps. up to 1000" F SDiral \Yound Comp. Asb€stos

Stcam (Fligh Pr.ssure)
Slc.!m (LoN-Pressufe)
Tcmps. up to 1000' F Sicel, Corrugated or Plain
Tcmps. up to 1000" F llonel, Co useted or Piain
l'cmps. uD to 1000' l' I Il'droqcn-,\nncalcd Ful.nituf e Iron
Tomis. ui to looo' F Siainless Stccl I2 to 117. Chromium, Corrugatc(l
Tcnps. up to 1000' l' Ingot Iron, Speei.rl lting-'Lypc Joint
Temp-. up to 750' F Comp. Asbestos
T"rn]ls. up to 600' F
Temps. up to 600" f l-opp"r. Currue:rtod or Plain
_
Temps. up to 220" F. Red Ilubber-\\'irc Inserted

Hot-f lcclium and -iIigh Plc;.sules Black Rubber, Red Rubber-\1:irc Inserted
Hot Lorv Pressutes I'trorvn llubber-Cloth Inserted
Hot....... Comp. Asbestos

Ilcd Rubber-\\iire Inscrtcd

Blacli Rubber
Solt Rubber

Brown llubber-Cloth Inserted

Oils (lIot)
TenT ps. up to 750' I Comp. Asbestos
Ternps. up to 100C" F Ineot hon, Special Ring-Type,Ioiut

Tcmps. up to 212' F. Cofli Fiber

O;ls (Cold) Tcpps. up to 300' F. \coprenc Comp. Asbesros

Temps. up to 750" F Comp.,\sbcstos

Temps. up to 220' 1". Iled Rubbcr
Tenps. up to 1000' I .spiral \Yound Comp. .\sbestos

Temps. up to 1000' I Asbestos-NIetallic

remDs. u]r Irr r'
Cas 'trr
'firmis. up to ij00' F-.
'l'cmps. up to 220" F Ited Rubbcr

(\'ades-See -.ection on Corrosion) Shrrrt Lead or Allov Steel

Acids Hot or Col.l \lilleral Acids . . . . . Comp. l3luc ,{sbesios
\lover llluc -{sbestos

Ternps. up to 1000'F Asbcstos-Nfetrllic

Tenps. up to 700" F Comp.Isbestos
\\'clrk Solutiorls ... Iled Rubber
Hot.. .... Thin Asbestos
Cold....... Sheet Lead

106
 PIPING XIATERIALS
CORROSION
Corrosion occurs rvhen an electric potential forces
ions of the corroding material into aqueous solution.
This reaction l'ill contilue so long as the material is in
contact lrith 11,ater, or r-ater vapor, and the material
reniains anodic (ncgative voltage) to its environment.
The voltage may lesult flom, (1) the electrode poteniial
of the material, (2) exterlal sources, orJ (3) from a
combination of the t\ro. Electrode potential is the
characteristic of any naterial to be anodic (negative)
or, caihodic (positive) in relation to other nraterials.
The rate of corrosion may be economically retarded
by:
1 Selection of costlier "corrosion resistant" maielial,
2. Application of protective coatings.
3. Deactivation of thc corrosivc fluid.
4. Cathodic protection of the base maierial,
Piping matclials are subject to internal and/or
external corrosion. Internal corrosion can usually be
predicted and controlled sincc the nature of the fluid is
knorin. External corrosion is the more difficult to
foresee due to the variety of atnospheric and soil con-
ditions rvhich may exist around a single pipe line.
Noiable among these are the striiy currents and acid
soils encountered by underground lines.
Corrosion resistant naterials are usually best adapted
to specific uniform conditions rvhich can be predicted.
CHEMICAI RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIALS
l. 'l'he inlormation gileD in this tsbLe has been tabulated lrom larious references, Ior use as a general suide. Belore specific applications
are"made all se.rice coDditions, such as pressures, tempe.atures, concentrations, operatins cl cles, etc., should be reliewed !ith the manufscturer
* Spaces left blank in the "Exposure Conditions" column indicate informRtion on exact test conditions udavailsble.
These materials include the stainless steels, lead, nickel,
copper, tin, aluminum, and their alloys. Various
plastic, mineral, and oiher nou-metallic materials are
in.hr/la.l in thic or^rrn
Protective coating, cladding, lining, plating and
painting may be readily adapted to internal and
external protection of the ldss expensive base materials,
Coatings include cement, asphalt, tar, and rvaxes.
Cladding rvith stainless steel and lining l'ith cement,
rubber, porcelain, plastic and synthetic rubbers or
plaiing lith metals offer many possible solutions to
corrosion resistance.
Deoxidation or de-activation of the corrosive fluid
may be economically justified in many process applica-
tions. An example of this is the deaerating of boiler
feed rvater.
Cathodic proteciion of piping has been successfully
applied to some underground installations by imposing
a direct cuuent positive potential to the pipe in relation
to the ground. A more receut commercial application
of the same priricipal is the use of an expendable anodic
naterial in mildly corrosive systems.
The follorvirg table indicates the corrosion resistant
qualities of some of the more common piping materials
to various chemical reagents. NIore detailed informa-
tion is available from the chemical supplier or from the
manufacturer of the verious piping ma{erials.
G-Good D-Depends on Conditions
r07
 I'1'T GItI\\EI,I, PIPIN(I DESIGN AND F]N(IINF]I.]RI)i(i

CHEMICAI RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIALS (Conti.nueil) G-Good D-l)epenils on Conditions

F-I'air U-Lrnsuilrbie

1. The inlomration gi'en h this table hes bean tabulatod from varjous references, for use as a son€ral.auide. :e specific applications
arc made alt service con-rditions, such as prcssures, temperatures, concentrations, operatins cvcles' etc.' should be re with the manufrcturer
' . left blank in the "nxposure Conditions" column indicrte inftrmai,ion on exac6 test conditions unayail&ble.
Staces

i08
 IIPI\G,\I-\TI]]1I,\LS

G-Good D-Dcpends on Conditions

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIAI-S (Continued) F-!'air ti-llnsrliteble

t. The iniormation gii,c jr this t&ble has beeD tablrlated lroDr various relerences, {of use rs ll genaral auide. Befo
are made all service conditions, such as pressures, taupefatures, concentrations, operatin!. .]ycles, etc., should be reviewed the manutacturer
* Spac€s Ieft blank in the "Exposure Conditions" columo indicate inlormation on exact test conditions unavailable,

109
 ITT GRINNELL -PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

C-Cood l)-Depcnds on Conditions

CIIEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIAIS (Coniinued) I'-Frir tr-lhsrritrble

l. 'fh"j"to"^rti." et""" t" thts table has been tabulated from 1'erious references, Ior use as:r eeneral.suide.. Bcforc specific applications
;ti;;;i"ttoiaii;ons. such as pressures, temperatures, concentrations, operatine cvcles, €tc , should ba revioved vith the manufacturer
".;;;e;
jt]i?,?:",:t
"' or'"o r rhe ,,Exposurc conditions" cotumn indicatc informr.tion on exact test conali'"ions unavailable,

110
 PIPING lIATERIAI,S

G-Cood D-Depends on Conditions

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIAI-S (Continue't) tr'-Fair U-Unsuitalte
[,ol- Stainless \atrF \atu-
2S Stccls \Yrotghl, 3lass n
nxposure Red lt1st cop- Lead Car- lloncl
Chemical Conditions
llumi- Ilrass Iron per Iron llerd Soft
Stcel 301 316 Rubber
Urer 1000"1' U U II U l U al D U

G D l) 1,-D G CI (; (i r'
Palmitic,{cid
c C D t) (-, T) G (" (] T) D
Crude
()\'er 500 (; U TI
)r'pr I000"1,'
Phenol (Cerbolic Rm -212"1,'-\Iorsturc
Acid) G

I'hosphoric .\cid n DT T Ci c G
r2?7; 212'I.; G
G
t5%; aerated,
G G (l
2piiried.70"I G G
-l0r'o f, le\; 212"-b -\la\ G
--rT
Picdc lcid
U
-l-l L
Cl
G
Pot,rss;rn (ilrloride D --trl G c
I'nirssirrm Cvrnirle Il
Potassium (; D
II D
--e--l U I G G G G G G G
D^i^""i,,- q,,tnL.1 G
-ttt G
Propane
-Tt I_)
F'
rtt G D
Sodium Bicarbon- (;
qta hqkino sndr G G D G !' G G G G D G
Snrli,, m Risrrlnheie t) I Ci G
SodiLrm Carborste G
Over 0 I 'ii.

Sodium Chloride lv Po\\ders --r

-?=-
G

200"
T)
rt. st 212" t
Sndirm Cvrnide -r
Sodium Hydroriide IJ G-.1)
I Xll'1,

Sodium Hypo-
cnlorlte TI D-F D TT r' D G D II D D G
,F'

Sodium
\{eianhosnhBtc G D G T G G G
Sodium -Nitrate G-r G
'/"1 122"t'
Sodium Perborate

Sodium Phosphate,
G D r' G G G G
Sodium Phosphaie,
diabasie G G I G G D G
Sodium Phosphate,
t ( G G
Sodirrm Silicate

Sodium Sulphide
c-t ) G
50%: 320'F G

Sodium SuIDhite
G
1. The information given in this table has been tabulated from l'arious references,. for use as a geleral.suide. . Before.speciffc spplicationg
a.;;;J; ;n such as p"essurcs, temperatures, concentrations, operatins crcles, eic., should be revie$ed with the manu{acturer
";.vi;t;;iaittons,
"'jtil??l"i;t, tt*t i" the "nxposure conditions" column inilicate idormation 04 exact iest conditioDs unavailable.

111
 ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIALS (Continued) C-Goocl D-Depcnds on Conditions

Ii-lflir ILI'nsuil,,lno

2S (,op-
T,ou Strrirloss \lltu-
Chemical I:)rposLrre
Conditions ,\lumi- llcd Casi
Iron Ier Lead
Crr- floncl Stlcls \\ioughi Glsss rtL ral
num Iron I Irrtl Soft
St.,el 301 31ri lhLbber tlrrbber
Sodium Sul!hile (,1
c G
7.5% + 2% \uHC(\;
G

Solution in pulp and

c
Sodrum
Thiosulphate r s.,/- s.t n.
G
c
( (i ( (l
(
ic Chlnrnle (i
Stccm Less th3n 500'l'
)u: I

llnil I)
Sulphur c I) I) I) T)
Solid r)- L
:en:501J"1,'

Sulphu r lJio\ille
I )rv
] Ioist
SrLlphuric Acid D D
l)rlritc { ( (1
t,

t'-a] TI t' T) t)
Tr
t,'
SLrlphur'Irioridc,
G G G G G
D c II II G I,' c c a G c
lrichloretl,ylcne G
X{oist

D D
G-I) D U G t1 G G G I)
lliater. acid mine.
cont g o\lolztng
D D D D U U (i G G G G G

C G t,- (1 U G G G G

c G G c D G G G G G G

G U II U II I) c (i U (l c
G G c G Ir G (; c G G G
l,
(i
Zinc Chlnrirlo U D U G U C1 tl, al-J) IJ G I) I)
Zirrc S|llphate G
1, The info.nation siven in this t.ble has beoD tabulated lrom va.ious references, for use as x seneral euide. Before specific apDlications
are"rnade all service conditions, such as pressures, teDrperatures, concentrstions, operating cydes, etc., should bs rarienod \yith the manulacturer
+ Spaces lelt blank in the "Exposure Conditions" column indicate informotior on ex&ct iest coDditioDs unafailable.

112
 PIPI\G \IATERIALS
PRESSURE _
TEMPERATURE RATINGS FOR CAST AND
FORGED STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS.
Introductory Notes:
1, The pressure temperature ratings in Tables
- inclusive apply to all products
2-150 to 2-2500
covered by ANSI 816.5 1977.
- ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the
2. All ratings ar.e the maximum allowable non-
shock pressures (psjg) at the tabulated temper-
atures (oF) and may be interpolated between
the temperatures shorvn.
3. Itis assumed the tempelerture of each mater.ial
shorvn in tal)les 2-150 to 2-2500 inclusive is the
tempelatule of the contnined fluid.
Information in the Introductory notes, Table 1 on Mat_
e als and Pressure-l'emperature Ratings, was extracted {rom
American Standard Steei, pipe Flanges, and Ftanged Fittings
IANSr 816.5 19?7) rvith the permission of the publisher.
The Ame can -Society of Mechanical EngineeG, 10 East 40th
Street, New York 14, N. y,
4. The use of these ratings requires gaskets con_
forming to the following requirements:
(a) Materials and dimensions for ring joint
gaskets shall conform to ANSI Bi6.i0
(b) Materi:Lls and dimensions for gaskets, other
than ring joint gaskets, shall confirm to
ANSI 816.5, Annex E and ANSI 816.21.
5. General. The products coveled by this standard
shall be either steel castings or steel forgings
and the bolts, nuts, etc., shall be steel, all as
listed in the respective ASTM specifications
leferred to in Tables 1A and 18.
6. Ptoducts used within the jurisdiction of the
ANSI Code for Pressure Piping are subject to
the maximum temperature and stress limit-
ations upon the material and piping stated there-
in.
7. High Temperature Service. In addition to the
fo|egoing considerations, the user should recog-
nize that, at temperatures in the creep range,
gradual lelaxation of flanges, bolts, and gaskets
may progressively reduce bolt loads. It may be
necessary to alrange for periodic tightening of
bolts to prevent leakage. Joints subject to sub-
stantial thermal gradients may require the same
attention,
Low Temperature Service. In addition to the
foregoing considerations, the user should recog-
nize that some of the materials listed in the
rating tables undergo sufficient decrease in im_
pact resistance at low temperatures that they
cannot safely sustain shock loadings, sudden
changes of stress or temperature, or high stress
concentrations.
8. Bolting. Boiting listed in Table 18 shall be used
in flanged joints covered by this standard.
Bolting of other material may be used if per_
mitted by the applicable code or governmental
regulation.
113
 I'fT (}RI\NDLI, PIPING 1)I'SICI\ .\\D U\(}I,\]]]UitI\(;

TAETE 1A tIST OF MATERIAT SPECIFICATIONS

Applicahle ASTM Specilications

GROUP 1 MATERIALS PBODUCT FORMS

NOMINAL FORG INGS CASTINGS PLATES
MATERIAL DESIGNATION
cBOUP No. SPEC.-GR NOTES SPEC.-GR NOTES SPEC._GR NOTES

1.1 a1o5 (1)(3) A216-WCB (1) A5l5-70 (1)

arsr-Il (1)(3) 4516-70 (1)
(10)

C-Mn 5i 4537-C 1.1

1.2 A216-WCC (r)
2 t/2 Ni 4352-LC2 A203-B
3-1/2 Ni A350-LF3 A352-LC3 A203-E
A 1a1,1 ( 1){3) a515-60 (1)
(10)
4516-60
c-r/2 Mo A182-Fl 12) A217-WC1 12)14) A2a4-A (2')
A352-LC I A204-B (2)
1.7 C-1/2 Mo A204-C (2)
7/2 Cr-l/2 Mo
Ni-Crr/2 Mo a2!7-WC4 (4)
Ni,cr-t Mo A217-WC5 (4)
1.9 7 Cr-L/2 Ma A1A2 FL2 (4)
1-1, /4 Ct 7/2 Mo a182-F r r (4) A217-\NC6 t4J A38 7-l I C1.2
l.to 2-t/4 C4-t Mo A1A2-F22 4277 -WC9 4l A3A7-22 CL.2
1.13 5 Ct-|/2 Mo a2t7-c5
1.14 9crtMo A182-F9 A2t7-CI2

General Notes:
(a) Materials shall not be used beyond the limits specified in the governing Code.
(b) For temperature limitations see footnotes in Tables 2 and in Annex G of ANSI 816.5.
lc) Plate materials are lisred only for use as blind flanges {see 5.1). Additional plate materials listed in ANSI 816.34
may also be used. with corresponding 816.34 Standard Class latings.
{d) Material Groups not listed in Table lA are intended for use in valves. See ANSI Bl6.34

Notes:
{1) Upon prolonged exposure to temperature above about 8000 F (4250 C), the carbide phase ol carbon steel may be
converted to graPhite.
(2) Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above about 8750 F {4700 C), the carbide phase of carbonflolvHenum
steel may be converted to graphite.
{3) Only killed steel shall be used above 8500 F (4500 C}.
(4) Use normalized and tempered material only,

114
 PIPING NIATERIALS

TABLE 1A LIST OF MATERIAT SPE CIF ICATIOIIIS

Applicable ASTM SPecif ications

PROOUCT FORMS
GROUP 2 MATERIALS
NOMINAL FoRGtNGslcnsrrr'icslPLATEs
rrrores seec.-cn NOTES I SPEC -GR
MATERIAL DESIGNATION NOTES
GROUP No. STEEL spEc.-GR I
A 182-F304 (5) A24O-3O4 (5)(7)
2.1 lSCLaNi
A 182-F304H
lACr-8Ni a351-CF3
A351-CF8 (5)
a1a2-F316 (5) 4240-316 (5)(7)
2.2 16Cr 12Ni2Mo
A182-F3l6H
A240-317 (5)(7)
r8 c;rNI-3M-.
18 C19Ni-2Mo A351-CF3M
a35r-cFaM (6)

Ar 82-F304L A240-304L
2.3 l8e'Jy_ _ _ A240-316L
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo A182-F316L
Ar82-F321 (5) A240-32L (5){7)
2.4 18Crl oNi-Ti
A!A2.F32LH A240-321P' 17)

t Bcr-t 0Nicb Ata2-F347 (5) A351-CF8C (5) A240-347 (5)(7)

2.5
A?40-347P' l7)
A182-F344 (5) A240-348 (5){7)

A182-F34aH A24O-348H l7)

A351-CH8 (5)
?.6 25 Cr12N i
A35I-CH20 (5)

,3E; - - A240-3095 (5){7)

(5)(9) A351-CK20 (5) 4240-310S (5)(9)
2-7 ^i
25Cr_2oNi Al82-F31O

percent or hiqher'
(5) At temperatures over IOOOo l (5400 c), use only when the carbon content is o'04 p€rcent ancr above'
i;i ;;;i;;;";;;,;"oove aooo r lazso i;, Use ontv wtren the carbon cont€nt is o 04 heatins it to a temperature of at
r7\ F^r rembeDrure. above loooo l- oio"-'ii,"..i'" it the materiat is heat rreared by
" i"itt igOo. F (1O4Oo C) and quenchinq in water or rapidlv coolins bv other m€ans'
(s) For service temperatures ,io. i iqss" c), it ti .""o--"no.a that kirled steels containine not less than o to
"o.,"
percent residual silicon be us€cl.
{9}Forservicetemperaturesollo5oUF(5660c)andabove,assurancemUstbeprovic|edthatqIainsizeisnotfinerthan
ASTM NO. 6.
(10) To be used onlv for Cl.ss 150 and Class 3oO flanges'

llc
 TABLE 1B tIST OF BOtTIItIG SPECIFICATIONS
Applicable ASTM Specifications

BOLTING MATERIALS
HIGH STRENGTH LOW STRENGTH
SPEC._G R NOTES SPEC._GR NOTES
Al93-E}7 A193-B5 A193-88 C 1.1 t7l
A193-Bl6 A193-86 a193-B&C C 1.1 17l
A320-L7 (4) 4193-B6X A193-B&M C1.t t7)
A320-L7A (4) a 193-B7M a193-B&T C 1.1 t7)
4320-L7B (4) A193-Ba CI.z (6) A193-B8A t7)
A320-L7C t4') Ar93-BaC Ct-2 (6) A193-A8CA 17,
4320-L43 (4) A193-B8M C1.2 (6) A193-BAMA (7)
4354-BC AI93-B8T C1.2 (6) A193-BATA (7)
4354-BD A32O-E|8 (6) A307-B (8)
A453-665 A32O-B8C (6) A320-E}8 l7l
A540-E}21 A32O-B8F (6) A320-B8C (7)
A.540-822 A32O-A8M {6) A320-BAM t7)
4540-823 A320-B8T t6) A32O-BaT (7)
A'540-824 A354-BB (6)
A449 (9)
4453-651 t5)
4453-660 (5)
4453-662 (5)

(a) Boltans materials shall not be used beyond temperatures timits specified in the governing Code-

(l)These boltinq materials may be used with atr tisted materials and att qasket',
(2)These bolting materials may be used with att ,isted materiats and a gaskers, provided at has been
v€rified that a sealed joint can be maintained und€r rated workjng pressure and temperature_
(3) Th€se boltins materials may be used with all tisted materials but are rimited to crass 150 .nd Crass 3OO
loints. See 5-4.1 for recomm€nded sasket practices.
(4) This ferritic material is intended for tow temperature service. Use A194 Gr 4 or Gr 7 nut5.
(5) This special alloy i5 intended for high temperatur€ service with austenitjc staintess steet.
(6) This aurtenitic stainless material has been carbide solution treated ancl strain hardened. Us€ A194 nuts
ot corresponding materiat.
(7) Ahis austenitic stainl€5s materiat has been carbide solution treated but not strain nardened. Use A194
nuts ot corresponding materiat.
(8)This carbon steel fastener shalt not be us€d abov€ 4ooo F (2ooo C) or berow -2Oo F (-29o c). see atso
Note 3.
(9) Acceptable nuts tor use with quenched and tempered botts ar€ a194 Gr 2 and cr 2H_

6
 PIPING ]{ATERIALS

TABLES 2
PR ESSU RE.TEMPERATU RE RATINGS
TAEtE 2-I50 CTASS 150 PRESSUB E.TEMPERATU RE RATIIIIGS
Pressures are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)
Mar'l Group 1.1 1-2 1.4 1.5 1.1 '1.9 1.r0 1.13 1.14 2-1 2-2 2.3 2-4 2.6 2-7

Materials %Ct- Type Typos

Tompor-
Carbon stoel c- lAMo l, 5Cr-
2%Cr 9cr Type Type 304L Type 347 Typo
,hMo NiCr. 1%Cr -1Mo %Mo itpe 32'l 348 309 310 oF
1Mo 304
-%Mo
Temp, oF rrr".-.lnish I Lo., 316L
-20 to 100 285 z9o | 23s i 265 | 29o 275 | 275 230 275 1275| 260 100
200 260 1260 1215 I 260 235 | 24O 195 235 I245 I 23o 200
300 230 l23ol21ol 23o 2O5 | 2r5 175 2ro | 225 I 22O 300
400 200 l80 ll95 160 r90 | 200 400

500 170 L70 145 170 500

600 140 140 140 140 600
550 L?5 125 125 725 650
700 110 110 110 110 700
750 95 95 95 95 750
800 ao a0 -_ _a_o_.
ao 800
850 65 65 65 850
900 50 50 50 900
950 35 35 35 950
1000 20 20 20 r ooo

NOTES:
1 . Ratinqs shown apply to other material groups where column dividing lines have been omitted.
2. Temperature notes for all Material Groups, Tables 2-150 through 2-2500:

Mrt'l Msteri.h' Saa Mr{l Mat..ialr' So6

G ro!p {Spr-GrEd.} Group {Spe-Gr.do)
1,1 Al05, ArSl-IL A2l6-WCB, A515-70 (a) (h ) 2.t Ala2-F3O4,AlA2-F3O4H
A516-70 (a){s) A240-304, A35l-CFa
A350-LF2, A537-Cl.l (d) a35l -cF3 ,i,
t.2 A203 B, A?03-€, A2l6 WCC (a) ( h) 2.2 at82-F3r6, Al82-F3l6H, A24O-316
A350-LF3. A352-LC2. A352 LC3 (d) A240-317, A35l-CFAM
A35t-CF3M {9t
1,4 a I a1-I, A5r5-60 (a) (h)
A5l6-60 (.)(s) 2.3 Ata2-F304L, A240-304L (r)
(d) Ala2-F3l6L, A24O 3l6L t9)
1,5 A I a2-F t. A204''A, A204-A, A2t1-WC 1 (b){h) 32I, A240-321
P.ta2-F (h)
A352-LCl {d) a182-F32lH. A24O-32tH
1.7 a2 04-c (9) Ata2-F347, A?40-347 (h)
Ala2-F2, A2l7-WC4 (h) aLg2-F347ts', A240-347H
Ala2-F348, A240-348 (h)
a182-F348H, A24O-F34aH
1.9 al82-F t l, A 182-F 12, A3a7-11 , C 1-2
a2 l7 -wc6 {i) 2.6 A240-309S. A35l-CHa, A35 1-CH20
t.to at82-F22,4387-22,Ct-2 2.7 AIa2-F3lO, 4240-3lOS
A2 t 7-WC9 (i) a35t-cK20
]' t3 Al82-F5a, a2l7-C5
l' l4 AtA2-F9, A2t 7 -Ct2
(a) p€rmisrible but not r€comm€nd€d lor prolong€d use above about Sooo F
(tr) permissibls but not rocorhm6nd6d lor prolonq€d ure above about 85ooF
(c) p.rmisslblo but not r6commondad lor prolonq€d use above about I looo F
(d) not to bo u3ed over 65oo F
(l) not to ba us€d over SOOo F
(q) nol to be used ovsr a5oo F
(h) not to be ured ovsr loooo F
(i) not to bs uied ov6. lO5oo F
(l) not to be used ov€r llOOo F
(k) for sorvice ternperature 105Oo F and above, assur.nce must be provlded tiat grain size is not finer than ASTM No. 6.
4, See Tabre lA lor additlonar inlormation and not€s relatinq io speciric mat6rials.

tt7
 ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESICN AND DNGIN]IDIIING

TABTE 2-3()() CLASS 3t)() PRESSURE.TEMPERATUBE BATINGS

Pressures are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)

Mat'l Group 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.9 1 .10 '1.13 1.14 2.1 2.3 2.4 2-6 2.7
Materials %Ct- Types
Carbon steel 1, Type
%Mo
1%Cl
21/.Cr 5Cr- 9Cr- Type Typ€ -3_ql Type 310 oF
%Mo NiCr- -%Mo -1Mo %Mo 1Mo 3(}4 316 Type 32'l 309
348
Temp, Norm. H ish I Low 316L
-20 to 100 740 150 620 695 | 750 750 L 75O 750 720 720 600 720 720 670 100
200 675 I 750 560 680 | 7sO 710 | 715 750 600 620 505 6lo 635 605 200
300 65s 1730 I 55o 655 i 73o 1675 1675 730 530 560 590 570 300
400 635 1705 | 530 640 17O5 1660 1650 705 515 495 555 535 400

500 5oo I 665 | 5OO 620 1665| 640 665 435 4ao 3ao 460 520 505 500
600 550 605 455 605 415 450 360 435 490 4ao 600
650 535 L 590 450 590 410 350 430 4ao 465 650
700 535 | 570 1450 570 405 430 345 420 700

750 505 1505 1445 530 400 425 335 415 460 750
ao0 410 l41O 1370 510 5OO | 5rO 395 415 _33_0__ 415 455 435 ao0
850 2to 485 440 | 485 390 405 320 410 425 450
900 170 450 385 395 405 430 415 900
950 105 280 1345 I 380 260 370 375 385 385 345 345 950
1000 50 165 ) 2t5 I 225 27O 19O I 29O 325 365 355 365 1000
1050 140 200 r40 | reo 310 360 345 360 290 1335 1050
1100 95 | 115 r05 | I r5 260 325 300 325 225 | 29O 1100
1150 50 lro5 70 195 275 235 275 r7o ] 245 1150
1200 35 1 55 50 155 205 r80 170 130 205 1200
L250 110 180 140 !25 roo Ll60 125 0
1300 85 140 105 95 8o lr2o 1300
1350
NOTES:
1, Ratings shown apply to other material groups
60 105 ao 70 60lso 1350
1400 50 75 60 50 45 1 55 1400
1450 where columns dividing lines are omatted. 35 60 50 30J40 1450
1500 2. See Temperature N ote 2, page 117 . 25 35 25 125 1500

TABTE 2.400 CTASS 4t)O PRESSUBE.TEMPERATURE RATINGS

Pressures are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)

Mat'l Group I.l * 1.4* 1.5 1.1 1.9 '1.10 1.13 1.14 2.1 2.2 2-4 2-5 2.6
Materials %Ct- Type
Carbon st€el fypes
%Mo 2%Cl 9Cr' Type Type 304L Type 347 Tvpe Tvpe
1%Cl 1Mo 304 316 321 3U) 310 oF
%Mo NiCr- -YzMo '1Mo YzMo 348
- Norm.l Hish I Low Mo 316L
-20 to loo s25 | rooo 10oo I looo 1o0o 960 960 400 960 960 895 to0
990 1000 925 | al5 200
200 900 1000 750 9Os lOOo 950 955 I
J lOoO 800 425 675 850 805
300
300 475 970 730 a7o 970 | 8e5 I 905 97o 705 605 725 7a5 760
400
400 845 940 705 855 | 94o | 88ol 865 1 s4o 630 645 550 660 740 710

500 885 665 830 1885 1 855 | 885 585 635 510 610 690 670 500
800
600 730 405 610 ao5 555 600 480 58s 655 635 600
650 715 785 600 745 590 470 570 640 620 650
700 7lo 755 600 755 540 575 460 560 625 610 700

670 670 590 710 530 565 450 555 615 595 750
750
800 550 550 495 675 1665 l67s )25 555 !!o_ 550 610 5ao aoo
a50 355 650 585 | 6sO 520 540 430 590 565 a50
900 230 600 470 | 600 510 525 540 575 555 900
950
950 140 | 35o I 4e5 500 515 515 515 515
loo0 70 355 | 255 390 430 445 475 485 45O 465
390 | 445
1000
I050 265 1190 l2s0 4lo 4ao 460 440 1050
1100 15ol14o 430 400 430 3oo | 3eo 1100
l15o I
230 | 33O 1150
I150 7C 14o | 90 llOO 260 365 315 365
1200 45 75 1 60 I 70 205 275 240 230 175 | 275 l'oo
*Do not ul 185 165 r35 I 215 r250
t250
1300 lto 145 140 L25 1O5 ll60 1300
I
NOTES: a5 140 110 90 8o lro5 1350
1350 1. Ratingl i shown apply to othet material groups
1400 65 100 a0 70 60175 1400
1450
:olumns dividing lines are omitted. 45 80 65 55 40t50 1450
t 500 2, See Te nperaflrre Note 2, page 1',17. 30 55 50 45 3()l30 1500

118
 PIPING }IATENI.\LS

TAEtE 2-5|||) CLASS 600 PBESSU R E.TEMPERATU RE BATITIIGS

Pressures are in pounds por squsre inch,g.gc (psig)
Mat'l 1.tr 1.2 1.4* 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.10 1.13 1.14 2.4 2.6 2.7
Mat€rials 'ACt- Typ. Tempcr-
Carbon steel
I 9Cr' Typc TvPo 99,1r TYp. Typ.3 Typ. Type ttura
'AMo 1%Cl 2%Ct 5Cr- 317
lAMo oF
'AMo NiCF -lAMo -1Mo 1Mo 304 316 Type 321
348
309 310
Temp. Norm.lHish I Low 316L
-20 to loo l4ao 1500 I235 139O1 15O0 r 50O ll5O0 1500 1440 1440 1200 1440 1440 1345 too
200 1350 1500 t1?5 13601 r5OO r425 | 1430 r 500 1200 \240 lo15 t220 1270 1210 200
300 1315 1455 1095 r 3051 1455 r345 1455 I 055 1120 910 r090 1140 300
11355
400 1270 t 4l0 1060 r28Ol I4t0 1315ll29s 1410 940 1030 425 990 11tO t 065 400
ttl
500 12 00 1330 995 I245t1330t1285rI280 l3 30 475 955 765 915 I035 lo10 500
600 t o95 1210 915 t2to 830 905 720 475 985 500
650 1075 1175 895 lt75 815 490 700 855 960 930 650
700 1065 1135 495 805 865 685 840 935 910 700
750 1010 1o to 485 1065 795 845 670 830 920 895 750
8AO 825 825 1015 995 llOl5 790 830 . _6_5_q. 425 9lo 870 800
850 535 975 880 | 975 780 8lo 645 at5 890 850 850
900 345 900 7o5 eoo 770 790 8lo 865 830 900
950 205 5601 685 | 755
|
52O | 74O 750 775 775 775 775 950
I O00 105 3301 425 | 445 I 535 38s I 585 645 725 715 725 670 I 7oO looo
lo50 ----l I zts
38o +oo 2ao 380 620 720 720 585 I 665 lo50
1lo0 -----l rgo zzs 205 225 515 645 605 645 aas I ses 1100
I l5o I ros ] zos 140 150 390 5s0 550 345
I

|| 495 115 0
1200 *D^ n.t ra. AqTl A a1a1 I 70 | ll0 90 I ro5 310 410 365 345 260 4rO 1200
12 50
1300
220 365
275
2ao
210
245
185
zoo
160
I| rzs
240
\?50
1300
NOTES: I
1350 1. Ratings shown apply to other materialgroups 125 205 t65 r rs I 160 1350
1400
where columns dividing lines are omitted. 90 ls0 125 105 | rlo
90 1400
l4 50
2. See Temperature Note 2, page J 17. 70 115 95 80 60l 75 1450
1500 50 85 75 70 50l so 1500

TAETE 2-S{)O CTASS 9(}O PRESSURE-TEMPERATUBE BATIiIGS

Pressures are in pounds per square inch, grge (nsi!)

Mat'l Group 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.9 1.10 1.13 1.14 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 25 2.6 2.1
Mai€rials hcr- Typ6 T6mp6r.
Carbon steel %Mo
I 9Cr gqt! TvP€ Typ6r
l%Cl 2%C. %Mo TYp€
347 3G'
TYpo
'AMo NiCF -%Mo 1Mo 3()4 316 Typ6 321 310 oF
Temp. Norm.lHieh ] Low 316t 348
-2O to 100 2220 2250 ta50 2085 | 2250 12250 12250 2250 2160 2160 laoo 2160 2760 2015 loo
200 2025 2250 1685 203512250 12135 l2r50 2250 1800 1860 1520 l8 30 l9I O t 815 200
300 !970 2tA5 1640 re5sl2r8s l2o2o 12030 218 5 l5a 5 168 0 1360 16 35 1765 1705 300
400 1900 2l l5 t 585 l92Ol 2rr5 11975 11945 2l l5 141O 1540 1240 1485 1665 1600 400
500 17 95 11995 1495 18651 l99s 11925 11920 199 5 1 310 1435 1145 1375 1555 l5t0 500
600 r640 11815 137 0 1815 1245 r 355 1080 1310 1475 14 35 60c
650 r 6l0
lr765 1345 1765 t225 1330 lo50 1280 1440 1395 650
700 1600 li 705 1345 1705 l2l o 1295 lo30 1260 1405 l3 70 700
750 r5ro 1151o 7325 1s 95 I195 t?70 1010 1245 1385 1340 750
ao0 l2 35 1123s lllo 1s2 5 1490 1525 I tao I245 1240 1370
_9_8_5_ 1305 ao0
450 805 1460 t 3l5 1460 I165 1215 965 1225 1330 1275 850
900 515 1350 1060 1350 1150 1ta0 1215 t295 ),245 900
]
950 310 845 i 1030 1l3O 78O 11r10 1125 r160 1160 1160 ll60 950
1000 155 495 | 640
__-l 670 | 805 s15 875 965 l090 r0ro lto5o
| 107 0 1090 I OOO
1050
I100
sos I
------l
qroI sgs 420 | 565 925 to80 1040 108 0 875 IlOOO 1050
tl
2eoI 3ao 3r0
|
340 770 965 905 965 ezo I szs l loo
1150
1200 II lo5 I
rs5 3ro
16s
2o5 |
r35 I
22s
155
585
465
825
620
710
545
425
515
515
390
740
620
ll50
1200
12 50 330 420 370 3o0 I 485 1250
1300 245 410 320 235 |
2AQ 360 l30o
1350
NOTES:
175 |
I
l. Ratings shown apply to other material groups la5 310 245 205 235 1350
1400
14 50 coiumns dividing lines are omitted. 145 225 185 155 rr: I res 1400
105 175 145 r25 95 rl5 1450
1500 2. See Temperature Note2,page 117. 'to r25 ll5 105 70t| 70 1500

r19
 ITT GRINNELI, PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEEITINC;
-
TABLE 2.1500 CTASS 15(}O PRESSU RE.TEMPERATU RE RATINGS
Pressures are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)

--r-
Mat'lG.oup 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.10 1.13 | 1.14 2-1 2.2 2,3 2,4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Materials %Ct- Type
_-- Carbon steel %Mo
1
2%Cl scF
%Mo Ni-Cr- lY.Ct -lMo %Mo
| gcF Type Typ€ 304t Type Type
Temper-

emp. -%Mo | lMo 304 3165 321 347 309 310 oF

I
-.1 | ,-o* Mo 316t- 348
-20 to IOO ",nn
3705 13750 13085 3470 | 3750 13750 | 3750 | 3750 3600
200 3375 I 37so l28lo 33e5 I 3750 13560 l35so I 3750
l3600 l3ooo 3600l3600 3360 loo
300 3280
3OOo | 3095 J2530 3O5O 13180 3025 200
13640 12735 3260 13640 13365 133a5 | 3640 2640 272512940
400 3r70 I 3530 12645 32oO J 3530 13290 | 3240 J
12795 1227O 2845 300
3530 2350 247o 2665 400
500
600
2995 | 332s | 2490 sros I aszs I .rro l."oo
2735 13025 l 22A5 3025
| ,"r. 2r85
ll2570 12065
12390 | 1910
1277o
2290 | 2590 2520 500
650 2O7s J2255 l18oO 2r85 12460 2390 600
264512940 | 2245 2940
700 2665 l2A4O lt2245
2O4O | 2220 1!750 2735 | 24OO 2330 650
2440 2or5l2160 21oo 22aO 700
750 2520 | 25zo | 2z!o 2660 1r715 12340
aoo 2060 12060 1185O
1990l2rro lr680 2075 12305 2230 750
2540 l249s | 2540 \97O 12075 11645 2065l22aO 2170 aoo
850 1340 2435 12795 | 2435 1sa5 l2o3o h6f6' 2O4O 2220
900 2125 450
a6o 224s 1e2o | 1e7o f-
|
2030 l2l60 207 5 900
950 l'1765 l|2245 il
rooo
515 r4o5 lr7r5 | 1885 ltsos lteso r87O | 193O l l930 | 1930
I
1930 950
260
1050 _g4l 1065 ltt15 lr34o I e6o I ra6o r51o | 1820 r 785 lr820 1680 lr75O tooo
1100
I e45 | 685 I ee5 I 705 i e45 1545 Jrsoo 1730 | l8O0
|
14Go to50
480 56s 5r5 s65 12851 r5r0 r61o rr15 lt66s
I
1610
r150 I I |
*Do not use ASTi t4181 l260l 5r51345J
| I I J l1460 1100
1200
38o e8o lr37o | 11s5 | t37o eoo lrz.:s 1150
1250
I tTo l 275 | 225 | 26fl 77Ol1O3O l l
|
^-^t-_- 650 J r030 1200
1300 55ol elol 705 I 615 495 | 805 1250
41ol 6e5 I
530 455 3es
i 350
NOTES:
'|. 31ol 515 I
| I |
4ro | 34s
600
| 1300
1400 Ratings shown apply to other mate ar groups
where columns dividing lines are omitted. z+ol seo I
I

310 | 255
zso
225
I 275
rss 1350
1400
1450
t1o
I |
r 500 2. See Temperature Note 2, page t 17. || 2eo I
| I
24O | 2O5 155 I t9O 1450
t20 205 | t90 | 170 t20 | 120 1500

TAEtE 2-2500 CTASS 25(|(} PRESSU RE.TEMPERATU RE RATINGS

Pressules are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)
Mat'l croup | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1,4 1.9 1.10 1.13 1.14 2-2 2.3 2.4 2,5 2.6 2.7
%Ct- Type
Caabon steel c lAMo 1
Types
Temper-
lYaCr 2%Cr 5Cr- 9Cr- Tvpe Type TYpe Type Type
Temp. m.l High I Low Mo
Y2Mo
.,AMO Ni4i- .lMo %Mo lMo 304 3165 i;;;
316L
321
347
348
3Ul 310
atu re
oF

6170 J 6250 1s145 5785

200 5625 | 6250 14680 56601625016250 J62so | 6250 6000 I6000 5000 6000 l6000 I 5600 too
6250 lse3o 15965 | 6250 5ooo I5160 4220 5o8ol53ooi 5o4o
300 5470 | 6070 14560 s435 6070 5605 200
400 5280 | s88o 14405 5330
| | 15640 | 6070 44oo 14660 3780 4540 l49oo | 4740 300
5880 392o 3440 4120
500 lssso 1s485 l54oo
4e9o I 5540 l4t50 5I80t5540 | 14280 14620 I
4440 400
600 4560 | 5O4O 13805
15350 15330 | 5540 3640 J39so 3180 3a2o | 4320 | 42oo 500
5040 3460 13760 3000 3640 l4rOO I 3980 600
650 447514905 13740 4905
700 4440 | 4730 13740
34OO l37OO 2920 3560 I4OOO | 3880 650
47 30 3360 2460 35ool3eool 38oo 700
750 42OO 4430
l3600
I42oO 13685 3320 2800 3460138401 3720
aoo 3430 | 3430 13085 4230 141451423c 32AO I135?o 3460 2740 3440 38Oo
750
450 2230 4060 13660 | 4060 :z+o l::eo a68b- 34OO |l37OO |I 3620 3540
aoo
450
900 t43o 3745 32oo 3380 3460 900
950 l|2e4513745 13280 l3600 |
rooo
860 2345 l2a6o | 3145 l2r7o | 3os5 3r2O | 3220 3220 13220 | 3220 950
430 137O 11770 lta60 12230 ll600 J2430 2685
1050 l3O3O 2970 I 3o3O l28OO | 2915 looo
r loo
-----l r57o lrras ltoso lrrzo irszo 2570 I3OOO
--_l 2885 | 3OOo 12430 | 2770 1050
I
eoo eas aeo sas 2t45l'2685
lttl430 I I
2sr512685 1l oo
r 150 860 J 570 | 630 153o 12285 lr860 12430
1200 | | 1970 122A5 | r43O I 2O5O I150
1250
iDo not us€ ASTI\ I AlAl I 285 | 460 j 370I 430 128 5 lr7l5 r51s I r43o lroas I tzrs 1200
915 lr5.r5 1170 11030 1 83011345 1250
1300
NOTES: 685 1145 8s5 770 660 1300
1350 | | | lrooo
1400
1. Ratings ! hown apply to other material groups 5i5 I 860 685 1 57ol4s5 I 660 r350
1450 where ca lumns dividing lines are omitted. 400 | 63.) 515l43Ol37Ol 460 1400
1500 2, See Tem oerature Note 2, page I 17. zas nas
200 | 345
4OOl 345 l260l 3r5
315 1 285 l2ool 2oo
I 1450
1500
 PIPING X'IATERIALS

TAELE 3 HYOEOSTATIC TEST PSESSUBE

SHELL TEST PFESSURES BY CLASS_ALL PAESSURES ARE GAGE

MATEAIAL
GROUP t50 300 400 6()0 900 't500 2500
NO.

1125 103 2225 154 3350 230 9275

\.2 I125 2250 155 3375 233 5625 3Aa 9375
950 1250 a6 la75 724 t92 4650
2100 216 5225 599
r.7 450 30 tl25 2250 155 3375 3aa 93 75

t,9 tt25 1500 2250 156 3375 233 5625 3aa 9375
l_lo rt25 1500 2250 156 3375 5625 348 9375
30 II25 1500 2250 156 3375 233 5625 3aa 9375
1.14 30 I125 2250 156 3375 233 5625 3Aa 9375

2.L 425 29 lloo 2tJ5 3250 224 62t

2.2 425 29 lloo 2tJ5 3250 373 627
2_3 350 63 a3 laoo t25 2700 la7 311 517
425 29 2175 149 3250 373 621

425 29 l10o 1450 2L75 3250 373 621

27 1025 1350 93 2025 3025 209 5050 5AO
2.7 to25 1350 93 2025 3025 209 348 5ao

Note: Thes€ pressures are subject to the limitations in Section 8 of ANSI 8165.

L2r
 ITT GR]NNELL PIPI\(i I)F]SICIN AND EN(IINI'ERINO

ALLOY-STEEL STUD BOLT DIMENSIONS

L€ngth'of Stud Bolt Lensthr of Srrxi Bolt

Diameter Numbet Diametef Number
of of Ring 1r'16" Raised of of Rins l' I ii" Raised
Nominal
Bolts Bolts Joint' Bolts Bolrs
Pipe
Flat Face F lai Face
Size

150 Pound Flanses' 300 Pound Flans€s'

l" l, 4 2.50 I 3.00 2.15

2.50 .l 3.5t) 3.00
t1 4
1 't 4 t% 2.75 !,s 4 :J.?5 8.25
3.26
2.i5 4 3.?5
tr\ 4 :1.25
I ,1.25
IL./z 4 :t.50 3.00
"t.75
1l 4 3.15 3.25 1.2i :1.50
2
2v) \ 1
4
1.00
4.25
3.50
u.?5
8
8
.1.7r-)

5.U0
.1.00
4.25
B
4.25 :1.75 E 5.2r) {.50
3t/, .1.5t)
8 1.25 :1.75 ri 5.25
4
E 1.50 4.00 8 5.5i)
5
8 4.50 4.00 72 5.00
6
8 \ 8
12
t.7r) 4.23
4.75
1,,,

I
12
16
6.25
?.00
5.50
6.25
IO
t2 L l2 1f, lii ?.50 t;.75

I t2 5.75 5.21 llr 2\') 'i.it ?.00

14 0D 20 8.25 7.50
IL I
lri oD I 1f; 6.00
8.50 i.i5
6.50 i;.0t) 11, 24
18 0D l lis 16
8.25
lLr 9.00
20 0D lli 20 6.75 6.2,4
10.25 L25
24 0D rl. 20 7.;i) 7.00 24

Lensth' of Slud Bolt Lensth' of Stud Bolt

,rInch uale&Female D;am€ter Number t,lnch )jal{,&l'emale

Nominal Diameter Number
Pipe of oi Rins Raised also of of Ring Raised also

Bolrs Bolts Jointl Face Tonsxe Bolts Bolts ,Jointrr Face Tonguc
Size

400 Pound Flanges' 600 Pound Flangesl

8.00 3.25 3.0i)

I 3.00 3.25 3.00 .1

:t.25
l 3.50 3.50 '3.25 I 3.50 3.50
it.50
I ts l 8.75 3.50 4 8.75
.1.00 :1.75
lli I .1.00 4.00 4
{
4.00
4.25 4.00
4.25 4.00
|1 4 4.25
1.25 4.00
2 I 4.50 4.25 4.00
.1.50
],' 8 {.5{J
5.0t) 4.7i) .r.50
4.15 8
ztl 5.00
5.25 5.00 4.15
8 5.25 5.00 4.75 8
;.50 5.25 t; E 5.75 3.25
3ti ,/i 6.00 5.15 5.5t)
4 ii E 5.;i) 5.25 E

th 8 6.00 5.50 1 8 6.75 6.;i) 6.2r)

5 6.5(l
1ls 72 6.25 6.00 1 72 7.01) 6.?5
6
8 t t2 7.00 6.75 6.50 1't t2 7.75 '7.75 7.50
lti l6 7.60 7.25 11i 16 8. t-i 8.50 8_25
t0 8.75 8.50
T2 8.25 8.00 1.i5 1ti 2t) 9.00
20 9.50 9.25 9.00
1.10D rtl 2t) 8.50 8.25 8.00
20 10.25 10.00 9.75
16 0D Ita 20 9.00 8.75 8.5i) 1lz
20 11.00 10.75 10.;0
18 0D tl/s 9.2; 9.00
1l; 24 11.75 11.50 tt.25
10 0D t\, 24 10.0i) 9.'.l5 9.50
l:t.25 13.0t) t2.i5
24 0D r11 24 1t.25 10.75 10.;0 Lir 24

tix!.acted lfom Anrefican Sianda.d Sleel Plp€ Flanses and l lansed l'ittings ANSI Blli i- 1gti
All Dimension siven in inthes.
,These lenFhs .to nor in.hde rhe hei!.hr ot th€ poinrs. -{ poinr is thar pa.t ol a snid b.Lt b€yond ihc th.ead and mrr be chaDrlercd. round€d or sheaFl

ol pipe. but lhe lap thar scrvls as lhe male lacc musr no1 bc ltss rhar I Inch
as a mrte lacer for mate amt fcmat€ taDpe{:t joinr made in rhe 1aps. add two thickhess.s
,$ hen f.oov. is made ln the lap. add ihifkiess of piDc lor each Lap

122
 PIPING X{ATERIALS

ALLOY-STEEL STUD BOLT DIMENSIONS (Continued)

Len!|thr of Stud Bolt Lengthr of Stud Bolt

Nirminal Diam€ter NLlmber '/i Inch Male&Female Diameter Number %Inch Male&Female
I'jpe of of Rins Raised also of of Ring Raised rlso
Size UolL\ Bolls Joint:] Fac€ Toner€ Bolts Bolts Joints Face Tongue
ard Groore and Gr@ve

9U0 Pound Flansesi 1500 Pound Flangesl

4 4.25 1.25 4.00 t; 4 4.25 4.25 4.00

1i 4 4.50 1.50 4.25 4 4.50 4.50 4.25
1 4 5.00 5.00
-A
4 5.00 5.00 4.75
r'./r 4 5.00 5.00 4.75 % 5.00 5.00 4.75
rt, I 4 5-50 5.50 5.25 I .t 5.50 5.50 5.25
,/,
2 h 8 5.75 5.75 5.50 8 5.75 5.',75 5.50
21/, I 8 6.25 6.25 6.00 I 6.25 6_25 6.00
3 Is 6.00 5.75 5.50 u; 8 7.00 7.00
4 1t( 8 ?.00 6.75 6.50 t\ 8 7.75 7.75 7.50
lfi 7.75 7.50 7.25 lk 8 9.75 9.?5 9.50
6 1N t2 7.75 7.75 ?.50 lts t2 10.50 10.25 10.00
8 r.x t2 9.00 8.50 1% t2 12.00 11.50 1t.25
10 I.lr 16 9.50 9.25 9.00 1% 72 13.25 13.25 13.00
12 1% 20 10.24, 10.00 9.75 Iti 15.50 14.75 14.50
1,1 0D t,/" 20 71.25 10.75 10.50 2l; 17.00 16.00
16 0D 17i 20 11.75 lt.25 ll.0{J zlt 18.50 17.50 17.25
18 0D 1il 20 13.50 72.75 12.50 23i 16 20.50 19.50 19.00
20 0D 2 20 14.25 13.50 13.50 16 22.50 21.50 21.00
24 0D 2t/t 20 t7.75 r7.25 1?.0{J ' t 16 25.75 24.50 24.00

Lensthrof Stud Bolt

Nominal Diameter Number ,1 Inch Male&Female

Pipe oI of Ring Raised also
Size Bolts Bolts Joint3 Face Tohgre
and Gr@ve

2500 Pound Flanges'

)/, ''/4 4 5.25 6.25 5.00

% % 4 5.25 5.00
1 % 4 5.75 5.50
r% 1 1 6.50 6.25 6.00
ry, Ut 4 7.25 7.00 6.75
2 I 8 '7.50 7.25 7.00
2y,, rls 8 8.25 8.00 7.75
3 tr\ 8 9.25 9.00 8.75
4 rlz 8 10.75 10.25 10.00
5 t3,\ 8 72.7 5 12.00 tl.75
2 8 14.50 13.75 13.50
8 2 12 16.00 15.00
10 21/z 12 20.50 19.50 t9.25
12 2lt 12 22.50 21.50 21.25

Extracied from Ame.ican Standard Steel Pipe Flanses and Flansed Fittihss ANSI B16.5 - 19??.
Al1 dimension eilen in inches.
jThese lenclhs do not include the height of the points. A point is thal part of a shrd bolt beyond the tbread and may be chahlered. founded or sheared.
,Bolrlensthsforlappedjoi.tSmaybedet€rminedafollows:For1appedlapped'a
to|,jinchma1efaceonfange'addthicknessof]apand|inch;forlapped'ofemalefaceonange'addihfknesso|
s a male face; for male and female lapped joint made in the laps. add two thicknesses of pipe, but the lap thai servs as lhe male face must not be less tban il inch.
3when gr@ve is made in the lap, add lhickness of pipe for each lap.

t23
 ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

RING-JOINT GASKETS

rffi^'
l_c_l /
Redius Rr: Xa in. for ring widths % tn.
and smallerj 1{: in. for ring widths 1 rn
and larger.

Tolerances
P \avpregc pir.h diamarcr o[ ring 'q !q7
A (widrh ol ring lrr.urrd
J B ard H rhciqhr of rirrs)
C rwidih orr flriof orlag"rral ring' L0 u(r\
23" (angle) *i/2 cteg.
Rr (radius of ring) +)i',
A bead near rhp .errer rf oval "r,,r1cgon rl 'heped r:rrg'
"mall rhal ir will ,ot errtcr the groove.
Iocated.o ij I.ol ohjp.liorrablc
Table 1. Dimensions of Ring-Joint Gaskets
+ A Dlus tolerance of 3/64 in. for heights B and H isp€rmitted providins
the variation in the heisht of anv given ring does not exceed 1/64 in.
I 2 3 4 5
throughout its entire circumference.
Pitch width Height of Ring
Width on
l)iameter of FIa{ of
Rjng of Ring Ring Oct&gonal
Number Oval Ocfa,gonaL R'ng
P A t3 H C

R 11 111,42 % it" % 0.170

R12 1%u 1"t he % 0.206
R13 7n % 0.206
"1" 0.206
R14 1,% 1\" %
R15 1% lz 0.206

R16 2 %" Yta % 0.206

R17 2yi %" ),1 0.200
l:rt 0.206
R18 2% %t h,:
R19 9\" %a % 0.206
R20 2'ku ti6 11" % 0.206

R 21 0.305
',1, 0.206
R22 s% %" i16 %
R23 3),1 t\, 0.305
'\t
R24
R25
3%
4
i1, 't"
1\,i
%
%
0.305
0.206

All dimensions given in inches.

iL Jn" ot .i"e:ointflansie shal] carrv the groove number prefixed bv the letter "R''
ir,.."6. "*[ ot"i"t sask€t shal l car ry the m anufacturer's trademark, gasket nu mber prefixed by the letter "R" or "RX" and fol lowed by the material
"u.t*"
identification.
Purchasers must specjfy oval or octagonal shaped rings as deBired when ordering rings'
i,lat".tat ;a"ntiti"ailon ihall conform to the following standards unless other specified on the purchase order'
Riw Gaaket MateriaL Rins Gaeket MatertaL
Soft Iron D lvpe 304 Ste€l s304
I-ow Chrome SteeL s Type 316 Steel s316
4-6% Chrome l/& MolY Steel DF-5 Type 347 Steel s347
Type 410 Steel s410
(A NSI 816 20-1973) Flanaes
Exr racred from Ameri.an Standard Rins-Jornr Ga-kets and GroovPs
o F 5 designates A.S.T.M Spec Al82 ch"mical (-omposilron Kequ "pmPnls onlv
For application of rins joint gaskets see Table II.

1'L
 PIPING X{ATERIALS
Table 1 Dimensions of Ring-Joint Gaskets Table 1. Dirnensions of Ring-Joht Gaskets
(Continued) fConcluded)

1 3 4 J I 2 3 4 6

Pitch $iidrh Heighl rf Rirg

\\ridth oir Pitch width Height of Ring Width on
I)iameter of Flat of l)iameter of Flat of
Iting of Rirrg Ring Oclagonal Rntg of Ring Ring Octagonal
Number Oval Octagonal Riug Number Oval Octagonal Riue
d B H (: A B H a-
It 4 ,,tt R66 1811 % 0.413
26 '){. % {1.305 % '91,
R27 1t1 ,,1"
'11o % 0.3{J5 R67 18% r% 1i\u 13/4 0.780
R28 134 % "1" 0.341 R68 2034 1\" h6 ,4 0.206
lt
It
29 1r1 1\^ \ 0.206 R69 2l i1" ,,1" %
,i\"
0.305
30 4% i\, 'X, % 0.305 R70 21 % 1 0.4t5

R 3l 4_74 71" "/1" % 0.305 R71 2l t% 1i\" r% 0.730

R32 % '){" 0.3.11 R72 22 1\" %" % 0.206
R33 5x,, )', o Y" 0.206 R73 23 1l % ,ho 0.341
R 3,1 5i1^ i\t' 'I" % {J.305 R74 23 % I '71" 0.485
It ::]5 5% 7" llie % 0.305 23 r% r%u 11/4 0.879

R36 i\" '/2 1).206 lt 76 261,6 11" %" % 0.206

It 37 s% i\" ,\^ % 0.305 P"77 2t'% % % 0.413
R38 61"0 % % 'ii. 0.413 R78 27% t r1\u 1%
"(, 0.681
R39 63.1 ,,1" ,',\" % 0.305 R79 27% r% 1% 1% 0.977
It 40 6% t" 1\'t % 0.206 R80 1\" % 0.206

R41 7% i|" ,,/\" % 0.31)5 R81 %" % 0.377

R ,12 7% % I "/1,6
0.4rJ5 R82 2% |t" % 0.305
R43 1\, %" % 0.206 R84 2th ,,1"
% 0.305
P"44 ,,1" ,,1" 0.305 R85 3\A
%
ti
% 'v*
,,\"
0.341
R45 8%" i1,i 't" % 0.305 86 0.413

R46 8Xu % % "/1"

0.341 R87 31%a % '11" 0.413
R47 I %
5/\t
1 \116 0.485 R88 4% % 'i16
,,1"
0.485
R48 s% %, % 0.206 RE9 % 0.485
R49 r0"4 T" 'v'" % 0.305 R90 6% % 1Y. 0.583
R50 |\r4 % % '%a .0.4r3 R91 10% r% l\/t 0.879
RC2 I i1" "4" % 0.305
R5r ll % 1% 1Y,u 0.583
P"52 12 l\a )1" % 0.206 R93 2s% % '%" 0.485
R53 12x4 ,',1a 0.305 R94 3r% ,",1" 0.485
1\6 %
R54 12% % % 0.413 R95 33% ,',\" 0.485
.'"11"
R55 13% r% t7,1'; t"/B 0.780 R96 36 rl\o 0.58:l
R97 38 % rY'u 0.583
It 56 l5 11" %" % 0.206 R98 40% llu 0.583
R57 15 7r1, ,,1" % 0.305 R99 s% % 0.305
R5E 15 % ttA t,lo 0.583
R59 \554 i|, v," % 0.206 R 100 tt/4 r34 0.780
R60 16 1% rilo r% 0.879 R t01 :ltrz t% r% 0.879
R r02 33% 1% 1% 0.879
R61 16% ,,1" ,,1" % 0.305 R 103 :lti L% 1V 0.879
R62 161/, % % 0.413 R 104 :18 1% r% 0.977
R63 16lk 1% 0.681 n 105 40% 134 r% 0.977
R64 %a % 0.206
R65 tE"1 ,,1, ,,1" % 0.305

A1l dimensions given in inches.

This standard shows only flat bottom sroov€s, becaus€ both oval and octagonal rinss may be us€d. The former round bottom sroove
rcquires the use of an oval sasket.
Th€ eds€ of each rins joint flange shall calry th€ groove number prefixed by the letter "R".
The outer surfac€ of €ach sasket shall carry th€ manufacturcr's trademark, sasket number prefixed by the letter "R" or "RX" and
followed by the material identification.
Purchasers must sp€cify oval or octasonal shaped dngs as desjrcd when odering rings.
Material identification shall conform to the following standards unless other specified on the purchase order.
Rins Gasket Materidl IdmtiJicati.on R;nsGask?tMotPiol ldmt;.l,.ot;on
Soft Iron D Type 304 Steel 5304
law Chrome Steel S Type 316 St€el S316
4'6% Chrome %Y. Moly Steel oF-5 Type 347 Steel S347
Type 410 Steel s410
Extracted from American Standard Rins-Joint Gaskets and Grooves (ANSI B16.20-1973) Flanses.
E F-5 d€sicnat€s A.S.T.M. Spec. 4182 Chemical Composition Requirements only.

126
 ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINI]EIII\CI

Table II Application of Gaskets and Grooves to Referenced Standards*

ANSI B16.5
R
Nuflber

rEnd Flang€s ApI 6D and API 600 use caskers and Grooves lor equivalent Pipe Size ANSI 816.s or MSS SP-44 Flanges.
tR3O for Lapped Joint only.
 PIPING ]I.\TERIALS

Table II Application of Gaskets and Grooves to Referenced Standards* (Concluded)

.End Flanges API 6D and API 600 use Gaskets and'Gfooves for equivalent Pipe size ANSI B16.5 or MSS SP 44 Flanges.
ttroooo lb Flanges to API 6A are obsolete. Data for informalion onlv.

727
 ITT GRINNELL-PIPING DESIGN AND ENGIN!]ERING

SUGGESTED SPECIFICATIONS FOR POWER PLANT PIPING MATERIALS

Butt Flanges and

Prpe or Welding Socket Weld
Ma"\. Max. Tubing Fittings Fittings
Pressure Tqmp, (A.S.T.M. (Matedal (A.S.T.M. 2" and 2h" nnd
Spec.) Sp€c,) Joiflts Bohing Gaskets smaller larger
P.SJ. Spec.)

A335 A234
P22
1060
A.369 A1a2 F22 At82 F22 A2t1 WC9
FP22 wP22 21h" atd over :

fhe wall A69l Butt Welded

thid(ness 2% Ct 2" and smaller Studs-A193
isthe Socket Gr. B7
Steam only Welded ex- Monel,
4335 P11 A234 cept Welding
limiting A369
condition 1020 A182 F11 Neck Flarues Nuts-A194 nealed 4'182 F11 A2l? wc6
of max.
FP11 wPll at cormec-
A691
plessrue l%Cr tions to
flanged
A335 Pl2 equipment
A369 A234
FP 12 wPl2 A182 F12 At82 F12 A217 WC6
975
A691
lCr

Above
2Y2" r dovet:
Butt Welded
600 2" and $nall€t: Studs-A193
The wall A234
Socket Cr. B?
thickness welded ex"
Steam, is the A105
Water, only A106 cept Welding Metallic- Al05 A216 WCB
oil limiting 115 Cr.B&C WPB Neck Flanges Nuts Al94 Asbestos & wcc
& at connec- Gr,2H
co4dition
of max. wrc uons ro
flanged
pressurc
equipment

2" and over Above 160 PSI

Butt Welded Studs A193
4234 2" and smaller: Gr. B7
A53 Socket Nuts-A194
Gi. B Welded ex- Gr. 2H
Steam,
cept Weldhg Comp.
Al05
Water, 250 750 A106 WPB A105 A216 WCB
oil up to Gr. B Neck Flanges Asbestos
600 at coflnec-
tions to
flanged
equipment

2lz" and ovet: C,S. Bolts

Butt Welde-d A307 Gr. A,
4234 2" and smaller: Sq. Hd. with
A53 Socket Nuts A563 Comp.
Steam, 125 Gr. B Welded ex- Gr. A, Hex. Asbestos
Al05 A216 WCB
Water, to 450 Al06 WPB A105 cept Wetding
oit 250 Gr. B Neck Flanges
at connec-
rtons to
l'la ged
equipmenl

2Yz" overi C.S. Bolts

Butt^nd
Welded 4'307 Gr. A,
A234 2" and srrallet: Sq. Hd. nith A.216 WCB
A53 Socket Nuts AJ63 A105
Gr. B Welded ex_ Gr. A, Hex. 125 Lb.
A106 4105 cept Welding
Comp.
Water, up to 450
WPB
Asbestos Cast kon
oit 125 Gr. B Neck Flanges Flanged
at connec-
tions to
flanged
equlpmenr

128
 PIPE FABRICATION

PIPE FABRICATION
PIPE FABRICATION PROCEDURES

Since publication of the first etition of Piping Design
and Engineering and the printing of this issue, many
advances and changes have taken place in the fieldofpipe
fabrication. New piping components have been
developed, a greater variety of material compositions
have become commercially available, and the
requirements of the piping Codes have become more
demanding. All of these conditions have resulted in
variations in acceptable fabricating procedures
depending on the service conditions involved.
A comparison of various fabrication requirements in
these Codes will show awidevariation inwelding, testing
and heat treating requirements. As a result of these
variations, nouniversal fabrieatingspecification could be
compiled that would encompass the minimum
requirements of each Code for every type of material. We
have not included, therefore, any suggested specifications
for fabrication of piping materials since ihe inclusion of
these specifications could result in confusion andpossible
misapplication. It is suggest€d that the piping designer
consult with those experienced in the fabrication of the
class of materials he will employ and also review the
current recommendations of the Pipe Fabrication
Institute. This action will provide assurance that the
specified fabrication requirements will result in
procedures which are suited for the fupe of service
involved.
The following pagrs provide information with respect
to dimensional tolerances, end preparations and
fabricating details which essentially apply to all types of
nine fabrication.

129
 ITT GRI\NELL PiPl-\C; DESICiN ANI) U\(}I \ IiIJ]tI\(;

PIPE BENDING TOLERANCES

MINIMUM BENDING RADII - MINIMUM TANGENTS

Form Tolerances
When the radius of a bend is 5 nominal pipe diameters
or greater, and the ratio of the nominal diameter to the
nominal wall is 35 or less the difference between the
maximum and minimum diameters shall not normally
exceed 8olo of the average measured outside diameter of
the straight portion of the pipe. Where special operating
conditions or code provisions require an ovality less than
87o it may be necessary to use larger radii or heavier pipe
walls to achieve such requirements.
To assure compliance with these requirements the Pipe
Fabrication Institute conducted an investigation of outof-
roundness in production carbon steel and low alloy steel
bends. This investigation resulted in minimum
recommended bending radii for various ratios ofoutside
diameter to the minimum wall thickness. These limits are
shorvn in Figure 1. For the convenience of users, these
limits were extrapolated to 36" O. D. There is not
sufficient data available at present, however, to assure
reliability for large diameter bends.
The limits given in Figure 1 are for sand filled hot
bends only and are not necessarily applicable for machine
or other types of bending.

TABLE 1

Minimum Pulling and Holding Legs For Pipe Bends

Nod. Pipc Sir., loch.r !' rVl' rYz' 2U2' tw d' l0' t2' r1' r6' rd t 2t' 26' g ,2' ,c

Mio. h|liu E!4 b.[.r 6 6 6 6 E E I l0 lo !6 m 21 2a 36 $ u {E x @ a 5a

MiI, Holdhs lr4 !!A.' 6 6 6 6 I a I lo t0 lo t2 rt A 2f !o ,t x 12 15 $ tl

'L

!l!r,B 2
!€c@elrded !{lnt!@ teg4l !etu.@ AdjsceEt
ouc-of-Pl&e ?tPe Bendt

10" L2r 22" 32n

U@. llp€ Stze, Iu.hed rY' 2t!,

T 10"

Contettts of this pag taken ftom PFI Standard ES' by courtesy of the Pipe F4bication lhstitute'

130
 PIPE FABRICATION

In order to pull a hot bend projierly, minimum straight
tangents are required on either end ofthe arc for holding
and for pulling. These are given in Table 1. Longer
tangents should be used whenever possible. However, in
special cases bends with plain or bevelled ends can be
furnished by cutting back the tangents upon completion
of bending, and with the recognition that out-of-rounded
conditions may exist at the open ends.
Tangents On Pipe Bends
While it is possible to make out-of-plane pipe bends
with little or no tangent between adjacent arcs, this
praetice involves a difficult bending setup for the out-
ofplane bend due to the clearance requirements for the
holding shoes on the portion of the pipe arc already
formed. For this reason whenever adequate clearances
exist in the design, the minimum tangent (T) shown in
Table 2 is recommended between adjacent out-of-plane
bends.

Etp.ri.nc* tince 1970 in b.idiig l6rq. diln€t.r pip6 l'.v. don-

or.rrttad rh..r1.rpol.tsd r.ri6 oI toD€ ii rhit.r.a vill ior
.6.es.rily pr.vid. rh. nign.$ egscl n'css.ry {or rh6 rorh.t
limit.fion, oi ov.liry i.r.d in p.r.g.aph 4.t 1.r Sendr ro rh. r.dii
.id d.p. rhoyn. th6.€tor6, tor t€iJr in pip. ,ir.r er..r.r rt.n 2,r
inch8. tha r.jio.1 Ji.m,r6f ro miiimuR wdrl rhicli€$ tor 3 rc-
quir.d b.ndins r.diur .nd +6.ili.J ov.iiry Inr€6^i^91 limir.rio^
$ould br luhi.ct i. .qr.em.nt b.t{.6n rh. purch.io. lid rho

-!
=
ci
o
lr.l
;-

sl
L
!)
UJ
12
o-
ato

MIN. WALL THICKNESS, (IN.)

FOR MoS"r SEAMLESS ptPE MtN. WALL " NOMTNAL WALL X .e?5.
FOR MosT FUStoN WELDEo ptpE MtN. WALL . NoM[,tAL WALL - .OtO.

Flgure I
Contents of this page taken frotk PFI Standdd ES-24 by coufiesy of the pipe Fabrication Institute ,
 ITT GRINNEI,L __ PIPI\C'i DI'SIGN AND UNGINEERING

Since there are occasions when buckles cannot be

avoided, the following restrictions should apply:
(a) All wave shapes shall blend into the pipe surface in
a gradual manner.
(b) The maximum vertical height of any wave,
measured from the average height of two adjoining
crests to the valley, shall not exceed 37o of the
nominal pipe size. (See Figure 2, Note 1).
(c) The minimum ratio of the distance between crests
as compared to the height between crests and the
included valley shall be 12 to 1. (See Figure 2,
Note 2).
Buckles which exceed the above recommended
tolerances will be subjected to corrective action to bring
them within tolerance.

Application of Pipe \Wall Ruckling Tolerances

Nale I Depth of average crest to valley is

-
the sum of the outside diameters of the two
adjoining crests divided by two, minus rhe
outside diameter of the valleY'
(oD)l + (oD),,
l)cpth = - (orr)"

Nare 2 Ratio of distante between ctests to

dePth- is:

>rz
Depth (per Note l) I

Figure 2

of this p48e tdken Irom PFI Siandar.t ES'24 by cowtesy of the PipQ Fabtlcotion
Institute'
Contettts
132
 PIPE FABRICATION

METHOD OF DIMENSIONING PIPING ASSEMBLIES

In order to assure full penetration to the root of a weld, In making his assembiy, the fabricator takes these
the ends to be joined are set up with a small gap betrveen factors into account. In welds marked "W" in Fig. 1A ancl
them called root spacing. This root spacing may vary 1B it may be necessary to vary root spacing, select parts
from 0 to l" depending on the welding technique. or, if necessary, trim a component to produce overall
Shrinkage of the weld metal occurs in cooling. This required dimensions. As an alternative approach, the
shrinkage varies with rvelding process, technique, piping adjustment in dimension L occasioned by welds marked
material and pipe wall thickness. On steel the weld W in Fig. 1A and 18 may be reflected by appropriate
shrinkage usually amounts to 1/16" to l(". Consequently compensation to relevant dimensions in the pipinglayout.
the fabricator must make allowances for shrinkage. All the above mentioned variables are beyond the
All standald rvelding fittings and fianges are sub- control of the Purchasers' Engineering Department. The
ject to tolelances on terminaj dimensions (end to end, Pipe Fabrication lnstitute recommends that allowances
face to face, or.center to end, etc.). The tolerance on for u'eld gap be eliminated from the Engineer's design
overall length of flanges, as given in ANSI B16.b is drarvings, and overail dimensjons of close assembljes of
+.06" fol sizes up to and lncluding 10', and fittings or fittings and flanges be detennined on the
l: .72" fol larger sizes. ANSI 816.9 gives tol- basis of the net sum of the nominal dimensions of
erances for butt welding fittings: the component parts.
For 900 and 450 elbows and tees these are:
Size Tol. (in)
1/2,, _ B, +.06
10,, +.09
12,' - 24" I .09
26" - 30" + .12
82" _ 48" I .19

L .IG L

DIMENSION

ENT DIMENS ION

IMENSION
NCE O IMENSION
'OIMENSION

G POINT
WP

FIGURE IA
FIGURE IB
Contents of thic Wge tokeh from pFI Standard ES-2 by coufiesy of
the pipe Fabication lfistitute.

133
 ITT GRINN!]LI, PIPING DF]SIGN AND I.]NGINI]1.]1],IN(
- I

FABRICATING TOLDRANCES

The tolerances on linear dimensions (intermediate or minus 1/16" for euch 72" in diameter over 36".
overall) apply to the face to face, face to end, and end Due to the cumulative effects oftoleranceson fittings or
measurements of fabricated straight pipe and headers; flanges, when joined without intervening pipe segments,
center to end or center to face of nozzles or other deviations in excess of those specified above may occur.
attachments; or center to face of bends; as illustrated on Angularity tolerance across the face of flanges and
Fig. 1. These tolerances are not accumulative. weld end preparation and on rotation of flanges are as
Linear tolerances on "A" are ! ls" for sizes 10" stated on Fig. 1.
and under, I 3/16" for sizes 12" through 24" and When closer tolerances than those given are absolutely
I /4" for sizes over 24" through 36". necessary, they shall be subject to agreement between the
Linear tolerances on "A" for sizes over 36" are Purchaser and Fabricator.
subject to tolerances of t /4" increasing by plus or

(3E€ PARAGRAFII 2.' )

FROM IHE INOICA-TEO

FIGURE I

APPLICA?ION OF PIPE FAERICATION TOLERANCES

Contents ofthis poge take from PFI Stsndad ES-3 by co ftesy ofthe Pipe Fabi@tiott lwtltute,

L34
 PIPE FABRICATION

BUTT WELDING END PREPARATION

I'OR
Manual Shielded Metal-Arc and Automatic Submerged Arc Welding

Frc. 1

For wall thickness up through ,g' noninal

Wiih a splii back ring or without a backing ring. When the internal
misalignment of pipe rvall exceeds f" the pipe with the smaller internal
diameter should be trimmed.

Frc. 2
For wall thicknesses over 1$" through 1.0" nominal
With a flat or 10' tapered continuous backing ring.

Frc. 3

For wall tl.ickness over 1,0'/ nominal

When tbe thickness- at the welding etrd of a valve, fiitinq, or
^
nange rs greater rha-n that ot tbe pjpe aDd tbe additional thick;ess
lg:iil::.-T: outsrde drametFr, a taper weld hav{g &- slope Dot
exeeedrng J to I m&y be employed or, altematively. the ercater
oulsrde chameter ma,y be tapered, at tho same maxiiiun 6lope or
from a poinl, o.n the welding bevel equat to the O.D. of the
less,.
mating pipe. Similarly, wbcn the greater lhickness is Drovided
on l,he- inside of thp valve, fitting. or flange, it shall lie taper-
oonecl lrom tbe wetdrng end at a slope nol, exeeeding 3 to l.

135
 ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-
BUTT WELDING END PREPARATION
FOR
Manual Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc Root Pass Welding

Root Facc Spacing : 9.69'

Frc. 4
For wall thicknesses of * to 1o
With or without consumable insert rings and/or I.D. purging.
gtrz. lzlz"
Root Face Spacing : 0.00'

2-'42
A

Frc. 5

For wdl thicknesses over f, through i"

With or without consumable insert rings and/or I.D. purging.
Nore A: I.D. machidng should be performed rvhere the inside misalignment
of wall would otherwise exceed +" without insert ring useage or 11" r,v'ith
insert ring useage.

Root Face Spacing : g.gg'

Flc. 6
For wall tlicknesses over f'
With or without consumable insert rings and/or LD. purging.
When the thickoess at tbe weldire end of a valve. 6tiinq. or less, from a point on the weldinc bevel eoua-l to tbe O.D. of the
sreater thatr that of the DiDe
fla.Dse is and the additioDal thickDess
-tsper maiins oipe. Similarlv. shen itre ereat€i lhichess is Drovided
incresser the outside diametcr. i weld bavillq a slope not o! tbi iDaide of the valve, fitting,1r flange, it shall 5e tspeF
-
exceeding 3 to 1 may be empl6yed 6r, altematively-, ibe lreater bored lrom the welding end st a slope trot e;c;eding 3 to 1. i!
out€de clxuneter tlray D€ tapere4 et tbe salne lnaxlmu& $ope or

136
 PIPE FABRICATION

BUTT WELDING ENDS1 TO ANSI 816.25 AND PFI ES-l

AND MACHINED BACKING RINGS FOR BUTT WELDS TO PFI ES-l

]Iachined I.D. O.D. of Backing Ring

Schedule \ominal \Yall of Pipe "C"
\ominal \rLmber \ominal O.D. \ominal I.D. Thickness TaperedRing"DT" Straight Ring "DS"
Pipe Sizc or \fall rol"ran"n *fi ffi r"l*,""" 43 3?3 'r'ol"**" a3
3?3

2.-109 2.119

3.279 3.289

.625 4.124 -1.438

.750 .1.209 4.219

5.600 5.610
5.327
5.O72 5.082

100 7.5,16
120 7.327 7.327
r.10 7.1ri3 7.r73
xxs 7.053 7.063 7.053
160 ti.993 7.00E 6.998

80 .594 9.671 9.681 9.67r

r00 .7r9 9.{52 9.162 L452
t20 .84.1 9.23.1 9.244 9.231
r40 r.000 8.959 8.969 8.959
160 1.125 8.7f0 E.750 8.7.10

60 Ir.620 .562 1r.725 11.735 11.725

80 11.37.1 .638 11.507 11.517 t 1.507
r00 .002 .8-1-1 11.234 lt.211 1r.231
t20 10.750 1.000 10.959 10.96S 10.959
1.10 10.500 1.r25 10.740 10.750 10.740
160 10.126 1.31.2 10..113 10.423 10.413

60 .59'1 12.921 12.931 12.921

80 .750 12,646 12.656 12.646
100 .938 12.3r9 12.329 12.319
14 0.D. 120 1.094 12.016 12.056 12.046
1.10 1.250 11.771 11.781 11,771
160 1.406 1r.498 11.508 11.498

All dimensions are in inches.

.,j),h:,n thelp or the a,tual pjp..to bc fbLri.ated.is greater rhan required for minimrrm ring seating whcn machining to Dimension
''I tnc mFlal requrrad lor ma' hrnrng may ba providrLl by depoSiring $eld me(al orr ihc LD. of thc pipe in ihe arel to bp machined.
$'h.€n sclerting.a $all. thirknels for- design, allowance should be included to compensate for pernrissible manufactudng tolera,nces
on both nomrnal plpe !\ all thrckness and outside diameter, so that machining to &bove iiimensions wjll in no ca€e result iq a w;ll thickness
ress rnan lcqurred ror max)mum ocstgn condrtlons.
Note 1: Limited to seamless pipe with under tolerance on outside diameter not greater than )6,, (0.031).
 ITT GRINNELL _ PIPING DESTGN A\D ENCI\EENI\C

BUTT WELDING ENDS' (Continued)

llechined I.D. O.D. of Backing lting

Schedule Nominal \Yall of Pipe "C"
Nominal Nominal O,D. Nominal I.D. Thickness
Number Tapered liing "DT" Straighi Ring "DS'
Pipe Size or Wall r.r*."* +3
-"-- *"'- *0 000 r"re.""* +3.393
3i3 r^r.."^.-
-0.010

60 16.000 14.688 .656 14.811 14.821 r4.811

80 16.000 14.3t2 .844 r4.484 14,491 14.484
100 r6.000 13.938 1.031 14.155 14.165 14.155
16 0.D. 120 16.000 13.562 1.219 t3.827 13.837 8.a27
r40 16.000 14.124 r.488 13.412 13.452 13.442
160 16.000 12.8t2 1.594 13.171 13.181 13.171

40 18.000 16.876 .562 16.975 16.985 16.975

60 18.000 16.500 16.646 16.656 16.646
80 18.000 16.124 .938 16.319 16.329 16.319
18 0.D. 100 18.000 15.688 1.156 15.936 15.946 15.936
120 18.000 15.250 1.375
1,10 18.000 14.876 1.562 15.225 15.235 15.225
160 18.000 14.438 1.781 A.a42 14.852 14.842

40 20.000 18.812 .594 18.921 18.931 18.921

60 20.000 18.376 .8r2 18.538 18.548 18.538
80 20.000 u.s38 1.031 ld.tDo 18.165 1l'.ltc
20 0.D. 100 20.000 17.438 1.281 17.7r7 17.717
120 20.000 r7.000 1.500 17.334 17.344 17.334
140 20.000 16.500 1.750 16.896 16.S06 16.896
r60 20.000 16.062 1.96S 16.515 16.525 16.5r5

22.000 20.750 .625 20.865 20.875 20.865

60 22.000 20.250 20.424 20.438 20.424
80 22.000 19.750 1.125 r9.990 20.000 19.990
22 0.D. 100 22.000 19.250 r.375 19.553 r9.563 19.553
120 22.000 18.750 1.625 19.115 19.125 r9.115
l4{) 22.000 18.250 1.875 18.678 18.688 18.678
160 22.000 17.750 2.r25 18.240 r8.250 18.240

30 24.000 22.476 .562 22.975 22.985 22.975

4 24.000 22.624 .688 22.757 22.767 22.737
60 24.000 22.062 .969 22.265 22.275 22.265
80 24.000 2r.562 1.219 2t.427 21.837 2r.a27
24 0.D. 100 24.000 20.938 1.531 2r.280 2r.290 2r.2&
t20 24.000 20.376 1.812 20.744 20.798 20.748
140 24.000 19.876 2.062 20.350 20.360 20.350
'160 24.000 19.312 2.344 19.859 19.869 19.859

All dimensions are in inches,

Wten the l.D. of the actual pipe to be fabricated ir grealer than requfued fo! minimum tirg seating whe[ machining to Dimensiofl
..C", the metal required for machining may be plovidod by depositing weld metal on the I.D. ofthe pipe in the arca to be machined.

When selecting a wall thickness for design, allovanco should be included to compensate for permi$ible manufactudng tolerances on
both nominal pip=e wall thichess and outside diameter, so tiat machining to above dimensions will in no case tesult itl a wall thicknoss
less than requtued for maximum design conditions,
Note 1: Umited to s€amless pipe with utrde! tolela$ce on outsid€ diametet not grcatet than 1/32" (0 '031).
138
 PIPE FABRICATION

TPICAL DETAILS OE' BRANCH CONNECTIONS

For all 90' nozzle connections, preference shall be
given to the extruded type because of its increased
strength and smdoth florv iharacteristics. The selec-
tion of an extruded type nozzle is limited by a slight
reduction of the outlet wall thickness. The final
outlet wall thickness will be no less than ZbTo of lhe
run wall thickness.
Nozzle connections shall be either the welded or the
extruded type. Both types of nozzles shall be rein-
forced when required by Codes.

Extruded Nozzle

w eloec I\ozzle
Branch size is one-half of run
size or less. (See Note 1.)

Welded Nozzle
Branch size is greater than R€NrcRONC
ore-half of run size. (See Note 1.)

NorE 1: \Yhen additional reinforce-

m_ent is required by code, use a saddJe
\vhen svatlable as a commercial Droduct.
othefwise use & special designed ng
or p:rd,

rFjllet thickness "T" shall not.be

less than the smRller of la inch or 0.7
times thc minimum required wall
thickness of the branch.

139
 ITT GRINNELL. PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEEITING

BRANCII AND FLANGE CONNECTIONS

Snall Braach Connections

Preference shall be given to the F.S. Coupling con-
nections which will be furnished unless otherwise
specified.
E S, SCREWEO
COUPLING

Noro: The height of welded pads or bosses above the outside diameter of the run pipe should never be less than
required by ASA Standards for full threads or full socket depth.

Socket Weld Fitting I'.S. Welding

Neck Flange
@or welding with
or without backing
ring.)

RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
CLEARANCE BEFORE WELDING

F.S. Slip-on Flanges

Refer to applicable Code
for limits on use of Slip- Standard Construction
on Flanges.

Fabricated Lap Joint and

F.S. Screwed Flanse
F,S. Lap Joint Flange

140
 PIPE FABRICATION

ITT GRINNELL COMMERCIAL SPLIT-TYPE BACKING RING

IT1' Grirurell backing rings save up to B0 per cent on
set-up time- The alignmerrt of pigre is simplified, re.
quiriug only that the ends butt up against the nubs
which detcrmine thc proper spacing recommended by
good code welding practice. Ring tension holds the
shott nubs illustrated ring irr place and helps guide thc pipe ends into place,
giving assistance that is a necessity in the field and a
great time saver irr the shop. No tack welds are neces-
sary when these backing rings are used.
With these backing rings it is easier for operators to
produce welds of code quality. The outside face of
the ring, which forms the bottom of the welding groove,
is flat, while the inner face is smoothly contoured for
minimum florv restriction. Thus the maximum rinE
thickness is coneentrated below the root gap, permitting
the use of higher welding current for better penetmtion,
cleaner welds and higher weldirg speeds with a mini-
mum danger of "burn tbrough".
The uniformly spaced nubs ou ITT Grinnell backing
rirrgs are spot welded and melt dorvn with the weld
metal to produce complete peuetration and perfect
lusiorr. X-Ray inspection proves that their location
cannot be detected in the finished weld.
ITT Grinnell backing rings are available for pipe
sizes from 1 to 24-inch inclusive for both standard and
extra strcDg pipe.
Gap is approximately f6" l'hen ring is in place. All dimensions are ia inches.

Short Nubs Long Nubs*

Standard Fig. 1992 Fie. 1992L
Extra Strong !ig. 1993 Fig. 1993L * Rings with long nubs can be furnished on special
.,
Dbort nubs are regularly fumi€hed.
order.

Nominal Standard Packaging

Ring Diameter D Nub Diameter S Nub Leneth
IiP" Thickness width Lings Per Weight
Standa.rd Extra Strong T w Stardard Xxtra StroDg Sh*tTI"trc Carton (Approx) lb
I t3,{4 6ra % % % % 7a I.7
r% t34 19""
% %
rlz r% 1% % % % % %
1.7
2.O
2 2Yn 1t3/-
,4 % % )6 % 3.0
2% 2rt4 22tA
3 SYra 22s'42
% % %
% % % % 4.2
3% 33i(l 3134 % % % Ys
4 4r,{, 7a 5.0
35941 % % % Y6 7a
5 53,(4 4r%a % tYro
%$ % 7a 11.5
6 6r/t6 51r.4 % rvt6
8 763.44 7% rs46
%6 % 7e 25 14.0
.10 r{t6
% % 25 18.7
101.44 9% Y16 10
12 12 1r% r34s
%6 %6 % 7a 10
13% 13 13
%6 %6 7e 10 15.0
16 15% 15 r34 346
Y6 10 17.5
18 17% 77 ,& 1316 t{6 3/n
7a 10 20.0
20 ls% 19 1346 3
% % 7a 10 21.5
24 23% 23 % rYn
% % 7a l0 21.0
 ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINI'EITING
-
ITT GRINNELL CONSUMABLE INSERT RING
This consumable insert ring is used in welding a Eccentric Placement for Iforizontal Welding
variety of piping materials by the inert-gas tungsten-
When used for horizontal fired-positiorr rvelding, the
arc welding process. When used in the proper com-
consumable insert ring is placed in the eccentric
position and dimensions, this ring produces rvelds of
position:
the highest quality. In stainless steel piping for
atomic reactors weld joint perfection is of
- where
exireme importance virtually all welding authorities
-
concerned with such fabrication agree that only with the
consumable insert ring can accepta,ble welds be made.

This eccentric placement enables the ring to com-

pensate for the downrvard sag of the molten rveld
metal. It also aids in obtaining a smooth, uniform
root contour along the inside diameter of the joint.
The two photographs below show horv this consum-
able inseft ring protrudes: at left, into the groove at
the top of the pipe; at right, into the inside of the pipe
at the bottom of the pipe.

When this consumable insert welding ring is used,

considerably wider misalignment of pipe butt joints can
be tolerated than would be permissible with other
techniques. Under average welding conditions, an
ofrset of about 3l inch and a gap of + inch can be
readily welded. With expert welders, greater oflsets
and wider gaps can be bridged without defects in
the weld. -
The contour of the root-pass weld made with this
Five Primary Functions insert ring in stainless steel piping is shown below
(1) To provide the easiest welding conditions and in three positions: top, side, bottom.
thereby minimize the effecrs of undesirable- weld-
ing variables caused by the human element.
(2) To give the most favorable weld contour to resist

F
cracking caused by weld metal shrinkage and
hot shortness, or brittleness in hot metal.
(3) To produce metallurgically the soundest possible
weld metal composition with desirable proper-
ties of strength, ductility- and toughness.
(4) To eliminate on ma,ny sizes the need for sepa-
rately supplied filler metal, also the necessity of
one or two additional weld passes.
(5) To minimize concavity or sink on the lower I.D. ITT Grinnell consumable inserts are available for use
section of the interior of abuttins ends. u'ith urost all weldable quality piping materizr.ls.
 PIPE FABRICATION

STANDARD PIPE BENDS

Each bend should be checked for availability of pipe
in the required over-all leugth, arrd to determine that tion facilities.
n
over-all dimensions are rvithin the limits of transporta-

No, I
6
DEVELOPED LENGTH
QUARTER BEND-9Oo
= I.571 R
DEVELOPED LENGTH =
2 x DEVELOPED LENGTH oF NO. 5 BEND

No.4 CROSSOVER EENO

DEVELOPED LENGTH
0.828 R

No 8 DOUBLE OFFSET U BEND

I

= 6.283 R

DEVELOPED LENGTH = ANGLE

(in degrees) x R x 0.01745
No. rj BEND - 46'T0 89'

FOR DIMENSIONS . SEE NEXT PAGE

No.5 OFFSET BEND
DEVELOPED LENGTH = 6.283R + 2X
No.9 EXPANSION U BEND
(tHEtX|slFooTonlE3i)

A
o
s

No. 2 SINGLE OFFSET OUARTER BENO

DEVELOPED LENGTH = 6.12?B

No.6 SINGLE OFFSET U BEND

Et(b.,os'
Euffl\
DEVELOPED LENGTH
l*+o3o3R

= 0.785R
rn
"L(/.m No. lO
1l
1
F
DEVELOPED LENGTH
DA'AP
---- -

DOUBLE OFFSET EXPANSION 8€N0

=
'j
9.425R
I

No. 3 45' BEND

DDVELOP LENGTH = 3.142R
No.7 U- BENo- lSOo .z,z:\

DEVELOPED LENGTH - ANCLE

(hdegrees)xRx0.01745 DEVELOPED LENGTH = ANGLE
(indegrees)x8x0.0U45
N0. 3tBENo -LESs THAN 45. No.7i BEND- gfro t79' PIPE DIAMETER
No. ll CIRCLE BENO

143
 ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-

CAI,CIJLATION OI' PIPE BENDS

@iuen: R arrd a.
To rt,ntl: T and. arc. Giam: L, O and R.
n>o
T: R Lan!
2 To f.nd; AB, e, T
Arc : Angle (in degrees) and arc.
x R x 0.01745 CD:R_O
AB : \/CDr}:Tt --n,

Oipen: R and O,
,/ AAD : +^.-1 L
CD
IACB : tan-'ff
find: L, a and arc.
To la: ZACD - IACB
BC:2R -O AC :2R, tr'or ? and arc see first calculatron.

.BC
It R<O then CD:O-E and a:180o-
No. 5 OFFSET
a: cos-'
7
( I AC D + I AC B) . Other values remain the same.
BEND

L : \/-AC2- BCa : BC tan <,

Arc: Angle (in degrees) XnX0.0l?4b

Qium: R1, R2,
and O.

Giuen: R, O and, L. To f,nd.: L, a, arq,

o <2R and arc2.
Tofind: a,X and arc. BC:Rt+R2-O
BC:2R-O AC:h+nz
AD :2R .BC
: \8,+ BC,=ZA, L: \/TC' - Be: BCtano cr: COS-' ,n
Arcl :41"1" (in degrees) Xlilx 0,01745
ICAB : tao-'Bf Arc2 :4tr"1" (in degrees) XRrX 0.01?45

cc:90"-(tDAC+ICAB)
Arc:Angle (in degrees) XAX0.01?45 @iren: Ry 8.2, L and, O.
O1ff:'*Rz'
It O>2n then BC:O-2R, and a:90"-
IDAC + ICAB. Other values remain the sa,me. To f,nd; a, X and arc.
BC-Rt+n2-O
Qium: O, A a;;.d B tc : lP-+acz
To find,: L, a and P IACB : tao-t#
E:\/ETT : IACB - IACD IACD :
e stn-l ar
L: \/E +T AD: x:'VAe - Ai+E*
-A

B
CoiS.t: Arcr: 4nt1" (in degrees) XArX 0.01746
t Arc2: 41"1" (in degrees) XErX 0.01746
^o
CosP:t If O> al +R2 BC:O-(fu*82), and c=
180' - ( IACB + IACD). Other values remain the
same.

t44
 PIPE FABRICATION

LENGTHS OF ARCS FOR RADIUS 1

Degrees llirutcs Scconds

0" 0.000000 60" ' 1.047198 120" 2.094396 0' 0.000000 0' 0.000000
1 0.017453 61 1.06,1651 121 2.111848 I 0.000291 1 0.000005
2 0.034907 62 l 082104 122 2.12.9302 2 0.0005E2 2 0.000010
0.052360 63 1.099557 t23 2.146755 3 0.000873 3 0.000015
0.069813 1. 117011 124 2.164208 1 0.00116'1 1 0.000019
0.087266 66 1.134464 126 2.L81662 0.001464 0.000024
6 0. 10.1720 ti6 1. 15r917 126 2. 199115 6 0.001745
7 o 122173
6 0.000029
67 1. 169371 2.216568 7 0.002036 7 0.00003.1
8 0.139626 68 1 . 18682,1 128 .231021
2 8 0.002327 8 0.000039
s
10
0.157080
0.174633
69 | .2012 t-7 129 2.251175 0.002618 I 0.000044
70 7.221730 130 2.268928 l0 0.002909 10 0.000048
11 0.191986 7l 1.239184 131 2.286381 11 0.003200 1l 0.000053
12 0.209440 72 1.256637 132 2.303835 12 0.003491
13 0.226893 12 0.000058
73 1.274090 133 2.321288 l3 0.003782 13 0.000063
I4 0.244346 71 1.291544 134 2.338741 T4 0.004072
0.261799 1'1 0.000068
76 1.308997 135 2.356194 16 0.004363 0.000073
0.279253 76 1.326.150 136 2.3736-18 16 0.004654
17 0.29$706
16 0.000078
77 1.3.13904 r37 2.391101 17 0.004945 t7 0.000082
ln 0.314159 7a 1.361357 138 2.408554 r8 0.005236
19 0.331613 18 0.000087
1.378810 139 2.426008 19 0.005527 19 0.000092
20 0.349066 80 1.396263 140 2.44346L 20 0.006818 20 0.000097
0.366519 81 r.413717 r4r 2.460914 2I 0.006109 2l
22 0.383972 0.000102
a2 1.€r170 112 2..178368 22 0.006400 22 0.000107
23 0.401426 83 1.4,18623 143 2.495821 23 0.006690 23 0.000112
24 0.41E879 84 r.466077 144 .5132i 4 21
2 0.006981 24 0.000116
0.436332 86 1.483630 L46 2 .630727 26 0.007272 26 0.000121
26 0.453786 86 1.500983 146 2.548181 26 0.007563 26 0.000126
27 o.471239 87 1.518.13{t 147 2.565634
28 0.007854 0.000131
0.488692 88 1.535890 148 2.583087 28 0.008145
29 0.506145 2A 0.000136
89 1.553343 149 2.600541 29 0.008436 2t)
30 0.623699 0.0001.r1
90 1.670796 160 2.6L7994 30 0.008727 30 0.000146
0.541052 gl 1.588250 r51 .635417
32 0.558505
2 31 0.009018 31 0.000150
92 1.605703 152 2. it52900 0.009308
33 0.575959 93
0.000155
1.623156 153 2.670354 33 0.009599 0.000160
0.593412 94 1.640609 154 2.687807 34 0.009890
JO 0.610866 3,1 0.000165
1.668063 roo 2.706260 36 0.010181 0.0001?0
36 0.628319 96 1.675516 156 2.722714 36 0.010472 0.000175
o.645772 97 1.6S2969 157 2.740167 0.010763
38 o .663225 98
0.000179
L710123 158 2. t- 57620 38 0.011054 38 0.000184
39 0.680678 99 r.727476 159 2.775074 39 0.011345 39 0.000189
0.698132 100 L.746329 160 2.792627 40 0.011636 40 0.000194
0.715585 101 1..762783 161 2.809980 4l 0.011926
42 0.733038 41 0.000199
r02 1.780236 L62 2.827433 0.012217
43 0.750492 103
0.000204
r.797689 163 2.a4Ja87 0.012508 43 0.000208
44 0.767945 104 1.815142 rti4
46
2.462340 4/l 0.012799 41 0.000213
0.786398 106 1.832696 165 t.879793 46 0.013090 46 0.000218
46 0.802851 106 1.850049 166 2.897247 0.013381 0.000223
0.820305 107 1.867502 167 .914700
48 0.837758
2 0.013672 0.000228
108 1.884956 168 2.932153 48 0.013963
49 0.855211 48 0.000233
109 1.902409 169 2.949606 49 0.014254
60 0.872666 49 0.000238
110 1.919862 170 2.96?060 60 0.014644 60 0.000242
0.890118 111 1.937315 171 2.984513
52 0.907571 0.014835 51 0.000247
112 r.954769 172 3.001966 52 0.015126
53 0.925025 113 1.972222
52 0.000252
173 3.0r9420 53 0.015417 0.000257
o.94247a 114 1.989675 174 3.036873
0.969931 0.015708 0.000262
IIO 2.007129 L76 3.064326 OD 0.015999 0.000267
0.977384 116 2.O215a2 t76 3.071779
0.994838 0.016290 56 0.000271
1r7 2.042035 177 3.089233 0.016581
1.012291 118 2.059489 0.000276
178 3.106686 58 0.016872
1.0297 44 119 2.076942 0.000281
60 1.047198
179 a.D4r3g 0.017162 59 0.000286
L20 2.094396 180 3.141693 60 0.017463 60 0.000291
 ITT GITINNIILL PIPING DT]SIGN AND ENGINEERING
NUCLEAR PIPING
INTRODUCTION
No book on the subject of piping would be complete
without some discussion of nuclear piping. While much of
the information in this book is applicable to all piping,
many of the requirements for design and stress analysis
of nuclear piping are beyond the scope of this book. The
following discussion is included to acquaint the reader, in
general terms, with the subject of nuclear piping and the
nuclear piping Codes.
Nuclear Codes
Prior to the publication of nuclear piping Codes the
piping in nuclear power plants was generally designed
and constructed to the rules of 831.1 and additional
requirements specified by the designers to achieve the
dependability requirerl for the critical nature of nuclear
piping. Starting in 1960, a series of Code Cases
designated as "N" cases were issued to supplement B31.1
for nuclear piping. The first nuclear piping Code "B31.7
Nuclear Power Piping" was pubiished in 1969 and
was replaced in 19?1 when these piping rules were
included in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code Section III. This Code is revised semiannually
through the publication of addenda. Once every
three years a new edition of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code is published incorporating the
previous addenda. Nuclear piping must comply with
the Code requirements of the Code edition and
addenda which are mandatory on the date of the
purchase order or contract.
Section III, Division 1, contains rules for vessels,
pipiug, pumps, valves, metal containment structures,
tanks, component supports, and core support struc-
tures (Section III, Division 2 contains rules for con-
crete vessels) and is published in seven separate
volnmes as follows : concerning nuclear, material and nuclear power
Subsection NCA General Requirements
Subsection Nts - Class 1 Components
Subsection NC - Class 2 Components
Subsection ND - Class 3 Components
Subsection NE - Class MC Components
Subsection NF - Components Supports
Subsection NG - Core support Structures
Appendices - nuclear piping lie in the more sophisticated and
146
Section III, provides rules covering materials, de-
sign, fabrication, installation, examination, and test-
ing of three classes of nuclear piping which denote
three levels of quality and are referred to as Classes
1, 2, and 3. It is the responsibility of the designer to
select the class that will provide the quality required
for the intended serwice, Requirements and guidance
on this subject may be found in publications of the
Nuclear Regulatory Comrnission and the American
Nuclear Society.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
The rules and regulations of the United States Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) are published in the
Federal Register under Title l0-Atomic Energy. Of
particular interest to the nuclear piping designer is 10
CFR 50. 55a "Code and Standards" which limits the time
periods for which applicable Code editions and Addenda
for a component may precede the date of the application
for construction permit. At the time of this writing,
piping cannot be constructed to Section III rules in effect
more than six months prior to the formal docket date of
the application for construction permit.
Also of interest to the nuclear piping designer are
NRC's Regulatory Guides. Compliance with Regulatory
Guides is not mandatory; however, thev are issued to
describe methods acceptable to the NRC for imple-
menting specific parts of the Commission's regul-
ations, and to provide guidance to applicants for con-
struction permits and operating licenses.
Regulatory. guides sometimes refer to ANSI Nuclear
Standards and state that compliance with the referenced
ANSI Nuclear Standard is an acceptable method of
meeting the requirements ofthe Regulatory Guide. ANSI
Nuclear Standards cover a broad range of subjects
generation. The N45 seriesofANSI standards which deal
with quality assurance, cleaning, packaging, shipping,
handling, storage and housekeeping are some of the
ANSI N standards which are related to nuclear piping.
Design of Nuclear Piping
The principal differences between nuclear and non-
 NUCLEAR PIPING
demanding design analysis. additionai non-destructive
examination (NDE), quality assurance. and Code
inspection and stamping. The tl'pe of piping materials
and piping product forms used for nuclear piping are
essentially the same as those used lor non-nuclear piping.
ASME II1 requiles the owner. to plovide, or cause
to be plovided, design specifications for components,
(the term component inchtdes jtems such:rs vessels,
piping systems, pumps, va)ves and storage tanks),
appulten2tn(es, core srlppol.ts, or component stlppot ts.
Sepalate design specifications ale not reriuir.ed
fol palts, piping srrbassemblies, appur.tenances or
component suppofts \!hen they are inclLrded in the
design specific:rtions for the comporenrs; lro\l.ever,
applicable data in the form of dlawings in srrfficient
detail to ptovide for fabric:rtion in accordance with
the Code must be provided to the part or piping sub-
assembly manufacturer. The Code requires design
Specifications to contain sufficient detail to provide
a complete basis for construction in accordance with
the Code and must contain the functions of the items
coveled, the design requirements, the environmental
conditrons including radiation, the Code classification
of the items covefed, definition of the component
boundalies, and the material requirements including
impact test I'equirements as applicable, Design speci-
fications are required to be certified to be correct,
complete, and in compliance with the Code by one or
more registered professional engineers competent in
the applicable field of design and related nuclear
po$el plant requirements, Copies of the desigal speci-
fications, in their entirety, must be filed with the
enfolcements authorities having jurisdiction at the
nuclear plant location L,efore the components are
placed ln service and, except for parts and piping
snbassemblies, they must be available to the author-
ized Code inspector at the manufacturing site before
fabrication is started.
All loadings must be considered in nuclear piping
design including, but not limited to. pressure. $.eisht of
the component and its conienl s. pressure .l ue to.t at ic ancl
dynamic load of liquids, superimposed loads due to other
components, operating equipment, insulalion and
linings, wind and sno*' loads, vibrations and earthquake
]oads, reactions of supports. and temperature effects.
The specific combinations and values ol mechanical
loadings to be considered in conjunction with design
pressure and temperature must be desiqnated as the
design mechanical loads and includcd in the desisr,
specifications. These loadings, movements due to boih
earthquake and anchor movements, and the number of
cvcles f.o be used in analvsis must also be part of the
design specifications.
Design specrflcatrons are required to categorize the
operating conditions to which piping may be subjected as
Nonnal, Upset Enery1ent,u, Faulterl. and Zcst conditions.
These terms are fully described in ASME Ill and are
mentioned here merely to point out that the stress limits
rrhich mrrst be satisfied are different for each of these
conditions.
For Class I nuclcar piping, ASME Ill requires the
llreparation of a stress leport rvhich must include both
thc rlesign drauings and complete stress anal-vsis
calcuiations establishing that the design shown by the
rlra$ings uscrl for construction complies rvith the
requirements of the design specifications and the rules
of ASME III. Anl computer programs used ih the
calculations must be fuilf identified and described in the
stfess leport. The o*ner, or his agent, is required to
relre\r the stl.ess feport and certify that the stress
report satisfies the requir.ements of the design spec_
ification. CoDies of this cer.tificatior must be at-
tached to copies of the stress repolt and filed with the
autholized code in-spector and the enforcement au_
tholities haviug iulisdiction over the nuclear. Do$.€r
pllnt installation.
The Code includes tables of stress values for the
materials permitted lor use under the rules of the Code.
Fol Class 1 materinls the tables give allowable design
stless inteilsity vlhres; for the other Code classes the
tables give allorable str.ess values. Ilecause of the
mole vigolous design analysis requirements of Class
1. (omponents the allouable stress intensities are
higher thxn the allo$able stress values for the same
mlteriris rlhich appear. in the tables fol. the other
Code classes.
It should be noted that only those materials included in
the stress tables may be used as pressure retalnlng
malerial texcept for I in. and smaller line fittings which
may meet other special requirements) and that these
materials are to be in accordance with SA or SB
specifications which appear in Section II of the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Hou,ever, ASME III
doespermit the use of material produced underan ASTM
designation provided the corresponding SA or SB
specification is designated as being identical with the
ASTM specification for the grade, class or type produced.
Materials
Essentialiy all material, including welding and
brazing material, must be identified and certified.
Identification consists of marking the material with the
applicable specification and grade of material. heat
number or heat code or, alternatively, a symbol or code
which identified the material with its certification. The
required certification in most cases is a Certified
Materials Test Report which must include the results of
all the required tests and examination performed. There
are few exceptior:s to this requirement. At this time. a
Material Manufacturer's Certificate of Compliance may
be provided in lieu of a Certjlied Materials Test Report
for piping material 3l in. nominal size and less and non_
147
 ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERIN(;
-
plessufe retaining material which is welded to
pressure retaining material which is welded to pres-
sure retaining material. The only non-certified
material is material used for temporary or minor
permanent attachments such as nameplates, insulation
supports and locarrng lugs.
A Certificate of Compliance is the material man-
ufacturer's certified statement that the material
complies *'ith all requirements of the material sneci-
fication and the additional requirements, if any, speci-
fied by the purchaser. Results of tests and examin-
ations are not required to be included in a Certificate
of Compliance.
Fracture toughness requirements for materials are
included in ASME III. While impact testing of
nonferrous materials and austenitic stainless steels is not
required, the Code is very specific and detailed regarding
impact testing for other materials. The requirements
depend upon size and thickness ofthe material, and vary
from no impact testing requirements for small size or
thin material to very extensive requirements for thick
material. The required impact test properties are related
to the lowest service temperature to which the material
will be subjected, and the number of impact tests
required depends upon the material product form. It is
sometimes necessary for the designer to specify fine-
grained material such as SA333 in lieu of SA106 in order
to meet the impact test requirements.
To reduce the possibility of the occurence of
microfissures in austenitic stainless steel welds, the Code
requires that weld filler metal contain delta ferrite and
states the minimum acceptable delta ferrite content as
well as how the determination of delta ferrite content
must be performed. Regulatory Guide 1.31 also deals
with the subject of delta ferrite and precautions to be
taken during welding to assure the presence of delta
ferrite in completed welds.
Unstabilized austenitic stainless steels in a sensitized
condition, including AISI types 304 and 316 frequently
148
used for nuclear piping, are significantly more
susceptible to stress corrosion cracking than non-
sensitized (solution heat treated) stainless steels.
Regulatory Guide 1.44 addresses the subject of control of
the use of sensitized stainless steel covering protection
against contaminants, cleaning, solution heattreatment,
welding practices and testing for verification of non-
sensitization.
Inservice Inspection
In addition to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code Section III, the designer ofnuclear pipingshould be
familiar with Section XI "Rules for Inservice Inspection
of Nuclear Power Plant Components". Section XI
contains requirements for inspection and repair of
nuclear components throughout the life of the nuclear
plant. Although the nuclear components are constructed
in accordance with Section III, it is important for the
designer to provide the accessability and space necessary
for performing the required inservice inspections. In
addition, welds which require ultrasonic inservice
inspection should be ground flat orotherwise conditioned
lo facilitate this rype of examination.
It is important for the nuclear piping designer to have
knowledge not only of the nuclear piping Codes, but also
of piping material product forms, dimensional standards,
and piping fabrication and installation practices. If the
designer is not specific regarding items such as ovality in
pipe bends or type of branch connections, re-analysis of
the piping design may be required because the piping
fabricator used a product or fabrication detail having
stress intensification factors different from those used in
the piping anaiysis. Costly re-design and analysis can be
avoided if the designer has a thorough knowledge of the
practical aspects of piping product forms and fabrication
details, and his specifications are sufficiently detailed to
assure construction which is compatible with his design
analvsis,
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
THE DESIGN OF PIPE HANGERS
INTRODUCTION
It has become rvidely recognized that the selection
and design of pipe hangers is an important part of the
engineering study of any modern steam generating or
process installation. Problems of pipe design for high
tempemture, high pressure installations have become
critical to a point rvhere it is imperative that such
aspects of design as the effect, of concentrated hanser
loads on buildirrg siructure, pipe weight loads on
equipment connections, and physical clearances of the
hanger components with piping and structure be taken
into account at the early design stages of a project.
Engineers specializirrg in the design of pipe hangers
have established effcient meihods of performing the
work required to arrive at appropriate hanger designs.
llolvever, the engineer who devotes varying portions
of his time to the design of pipe hangers often must
gather a, considerable amount of reference data reculiar
only to the hanger calculai ions for his current projecr.
It is the purpose of this article to present a compila-
tion of all information necessary for the design of
hangers, including a technical section devoied to the
listing of piping material, weights, and thermal ex-
pansion data. Also, the discussions of the various
steps involved in designing supports, presented here in
their proper sequence, should serve as a good reference
source for the engineer who only occasionally becomes
involved in the essentials of hanger design.
The first of these steps is that of determining and
obtaining the necessary amount of basic information
before proceeding r,i.ith calculations and detailins of the
pipe supports. No design is complete unless the
engineer has had the opportunity to review the equiva-
lent of the fol)orving project data:
The pipe hanger specification, when available (A
typical hanger specification is shown on pages 1Zg
and 1?9.)
A complete set of piping drawings.
A complete set of steel and structural drawinss
including equipment foundation and boiler structure
details.
A complete set of drawings shorving the location of
ventilating ducts, electrical trays, pumps, tanks, etc.
The appropriate piping specifications and data,
which will include pipe sizes and composition identi-
fication, r'all thicknesses, and oper&ting tempereturcs.
A copy of the insulation specifications rvith densities.
Yalve and special fittings lists, which will indicate
weights.
The movements of all critical equipment connections
such as boiler headers, stearn drums, turbine con-
nectlons, etc.
The results of the stress, flexibility and movement
calculation performed for critical systems zuch as Main
Steam, High Temperature Reheat, etc.
The steps in which the engineer will apply this basic
information are as follows:
(1) The determination of hanger locations.
(2) The determination of the thermal movement of
the piping at each hanger location.
(3) The calculation of hanger loads.
(4) The selection of hanger types, i.e., spring as-
sembly, either of the constant support or variable
spring type, rigid assembly, etc.
(5) The checking of clearance between the hanser
components and nearby piping, electrical cable
trays, conduits, ventilating ducts, and equipment.
The final step will not be discussed to any gres,t
degree. Obviously, this aspect of design is governed
solely by the requirements and layouts of the individ-
ual job. Instead, attention rvill be devoted to steps
1 through 4, where the scope of good hanger practice
can be generally defined for any installation.
Recognizing that each new piping design presents
an abundance of new problems to the engineer. no
attempt is made to state fixed rules and liriits which
would be applicable to every hanger design. Rather,
the intention is to illusLrate ideas which will serve as
a guide to a simple, practical solution to any pipe
support problem.
 THE DETER]IINATION OF HANGER LOCATIONS
HANGER SPANS
Support locations are dcpcndent on pipc sizc, piping
colfiguratiol, the locatiou of heavv lalvcs and fittings,
ard thc structure that is availablc for thc sr.rpport of
thc piping.
No firm rulcs or linrits eri-qt l-hich lill positivcly
fix the location of cach support on a piping systcm.
hlsiead, thc errginccr must exercise bis ol n judgcncnt
in each casc to detelminc thc appropriatc hanger
locatton.
'I'he suggestcd maximum spans lrctlecn hangcrg
listed in table belorv reflect thc practical con-.idcra-
tions involvcd in dctcrmining support spacings on
straight runs of ,qt&udard l'all pipe. 'I'hey are nor-
mally used for the support spacings of critical systems.
'l'he spans in table bclorv are bascd on a combircd
belding and shear strcss of 1500 p-si rrhcl the pipc is lillcd
rvith s-aier and .o inch dcflcction is allorved betl'een
supports. Thcy do not apply rvhere conccltrated
rveights such as valves or heavy fittings or where
chargcs in dircction of the piping systcm occur be-
trvcen hangers.
In case of conccntrated loads the supports should
be placed as close as possible to thc load in order to
kecp bending stresses to a minimum,
\Yhere changcs in direction of thc piping of any
critical system occur betrveen hangers, it is considered
good practice to keep the total length of pipe between
the supports less than three-fourths the full spans
in table belorv.
Whcn practical, a hanger "<horrld be located immedi-
ately adjaccnt to any change iu direction of the piping.
In the sample problem, illustrated in Figure H-1
(page 160) seven supports are shoivn on the 12 inch
line, and two on the 6 inch pipe.
Note th&t hanger H-1 has lleen placed adjacent to
the valve l'cight concentratiol. The proximity of the
hanger to the valve is hclpful in keeping the load at
termiral connection A to a minimum. Also, the bend-
ing stresses induced in the pipe by the valve l'eight are
kcpt to a minimum.
The selection of the location for hanger H-2 entails a
change in direction of the pipe betrveen trvo hangers.
Nonlinal 1 lt,z 2 21: 3 31, 4 810
12 14 16 18 20 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Pipe Size
Span 7 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 19 22 23 25 27 28 30 32 33 33 34 34 35 35
150
In order to avoid crcessive ovcrhang of the pipe be-
trvecn harrgers H-l and II-2, the doclc4rcd lcrrgth of
pipe bet\\'ccn t.hose harrgcls is madc ltss than tlrrce-
fourths thc suggcstcd nrrinurm span irr table bclorv,
In considcring t,he vcrtical scction of the pipc on
which I-l-3 and H--l arc shol n. it should 6r.st bc notcd
that this sectiol of ihc pipe could bc supportcd by one
hanger rathcr thal t\\'o as irrdicatcd. 'Irvo hargcrs,
certainly, rvill prolidc grcater stability than s.ill a
single hanger. Arothcr dr:cidirg factor as to s'hcther
one harrgcr or a multiple of haugers should be uscd is
the strength of the supportilg stcel membcrs of the
stmcture. The use of tl.o hangers n.ill pcrmit the
total ri,.cr ueight to be proportioned to tir.o elcvations
of the structlrrc, avoidiug thc conccntration of all the
riser load at onc buildiirg elclation.
The location-q for hangers I-I-5 and II-6 are governed
by thc scggested maxintuur -span as lell as thc position
of the concentratcd valve s'eight. Conscquently, II-6
has been located adjacer.rt to the valve, and II-b at a
convenient location betryecn the valve and the 12
inch riser.
The location of hanger H-7 u'ill be determined by
calculation to satisfy the condition that no pipe load
is to be applied to terminal connection C. It is obvious
that by moving the hanger along the 12 foot section of
pipe, the amount of load on connection C rvill vary.
One support location exists rvhere the entire section
will be "balanced", and the load at C equal to zcro.
'Ihe calculations performed in dctermining the exact
location of H-7 are shorvn in the scction entitled "The
Calculation of llanger Loads".
Consider next the 6 inch section of pipe on which
H-8 and H-9 are shorvn. One of the requirements for
this hanger problem is that the load at terminal con-
nection B shall be zero. By placing H-9 directly over
connection B, ve can easily assure that this load will
be zero. Also, this hanger location eliminates any
bending stresses in the pipe that l'ould be caused by
the weight of the valve and vertical pipe at point B.
If H-9 could not be located at this point due to struc-
tural limitations, it I'ould be desirable to place it as
close as possible to the 'veriicel section of pipe to keep
the cantilever effect to a minimurn.
42
36
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
Hanger H-8 is located at a convenient distance be-
trveen H-9 and the intcrsection of the 0 inch and 12 inch
pipes. In this instance, the location of adequate
building structure rvill determine the hanger position.
The meihods involved in locating hargers lor this
problern are typical of those employed by thc haugcr
engineer in ihe design of pipe supports. Although the
individual piping configurations and structure layout
l'ill vary in practically evcry instance, the general
methods outlined above rvill apply for any critical
piping system.
For economy in the support of lorv pressure, Iorv
temperature systems, and long outdoor transrnis-sion
lines, hanger spans may be ba-"ed ou the allol'able total
stresses of the pipe and the amount of allorvable de-
fleciion betrveen supports.
In steam lines rvith long spans thc dcflection caused
by the rvcight of thc pipe may be large enough to cause
an accumulation of condensate at the lorv poilts of the
line. \Yater lines, unless properly drained, carr be
damaged by frcezing. Thcse conditions can be avoided
by erecting the line l'ith a dos'rru-ard pitch in such a
manner that succeedirg supports are los'er than the
points of maximum deflection in preceding spans as
shoryn:
The stresses indieated in the Chart on page 208 rnd
the Chart on page 210 are bending stresses resulting
from the weight of the pipe betl'een supports. It
should be realized that this stress must be considercd
with other stresses in the piping, such as those due to
the pressure of the fluid rvithin the pipe, the ber.rdiug and
torsional stresses resulting from thermal expansion, etc.,
in order to design the system for lolol allorvable stress.
The stresses and deflections indicated in the Charts
on pages 208, 209 and 210 are based on a single span of
pipe with free ends, and n.rake no allowances for cou-
centrated loads of valves, flanges, etc., between hangers.
The stress and deflection values shorvn in the Charts
on pages 208, 209 and 210are based on a free end be&m
formula and reflect a conservative analysis of the piping.
Actually, thc pipc line is a contiuuous structure partially
restrained by the pipe supports, and the tme stress ard
dcflection values lie betrveen those calculated for the
free end beam and a fully restrained structure.
The deflections and bendins stress valrres indicated
represent safe values for any schedule pipe from Sch. 10
to XS pipe.
For fluids other than water, the bending stress cal
be forrnd by fir,st flndi1g the added stress causcd bv
rvater from ihe Chlrts on pages 209 and 210and niulti-
plying by the specific gravity of the fluid. Add this
to the stress value of the pipe empty.
For lines l'hich are thickly insulated, find the de-
flection or bending siress resulting from the l'eight
of pipe bare and multiply by a ratio of the neight of
pipe per foot plus insulation to the rveight of bare pipe
per foot.
To illustrate the rrse of the deflection ald stres-.
charts, consider the follorvirrg examples:
Problem :
Find.: The maximum economical hanger spacing for
a 10 inch nou-insulated steam trausmission liue, 1200
fcct long, lhich rvill prolide sr.tfficient dlailage lith
minimum deflection l'ithin an allol'able bending -stress
liruit of 10,000 psi. The maximum dif{erence il elel'a-
tions of the ends of the line is 5 feet.
<{r *roi-/{+
v r!. 12 rI/ ru.
Solution: Maximum Slope
- ^
1200 {t.
Maximum Slope - 1 in In 20 ft.
From the Chart on page 208, find the intersection of
the Curve l inch in 20 feet, and l0 inch nominal pipe
size. Read left to find the allol.able pipe sprr of
40 feet.
From the Chart on page 210, the bending stress for
10 inch pipe rvith a support span of 40 feet i s 3249 psi,
which is below the allorvable 10,000 psi.
,4ns. Span - 10 ft.
Extract From
Chait on page 208
Problem :
Ffndr The maximum economical spacing to pror-ide
sufficieut drailagc for ur 8 inch s'ater filled line ij00
feet long. The allorvable bendiug stress is 6000 psi,
I DT
 ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

and the difference in elevations between the ends of the Problem:

pipe line is 5 feet.
5It. x 12 in/ft. Find.: 'Ihe maximum spacing and slope for a 6 inch
Solafion.' Max. Slope = :1in.in water filled line where the allorvable bending stress is
ft. 600 fr.
10 10,000 psi. The difference in the elevations of the
Problem: ends of the system is not limited.
From the Cha,rt on page 208, find the intersection of From the Chart on page 210, the maximum spa,n for
the curve 1 inch in 10 feet and 8 inch pipe, and read a 6 inch water filled line with an allowable bending
left to a span of 43 feet. stress of 10,000 psi is 42 feet.
From the Chart on page 209, for an 8 inch water On the Chart on page 208, read from the 42 foot span
filled line with a support span of 43 feet, the bending value to the 6 inch pipe curve. Interpolating between
stress is 8289 psi, which is greater than the allowable the slope curves 1 inch in 10 feet and I inch in b feet,
6000 psi. Therefore, the maximum span should be read the slope 1 inch in 6 feet.
based on the allowable bending stress of 6000 psi.
Referring to the Chart on page 210, the maximum das. Span : 42 ft
span for 8 inch pipe and an allowable bending stress of
6000 psi is 37 feet. Pipe is sloped at 1 inch in 6 feet. (A difference in
Ans. Span : 37 ft elevation of 7 inch between supports.)

.(/

!q!E:
ALLOWAALE LOAD AT CONNECTION A IS 50OLBS.
ALLOWABLE LOAO AT CONNECTIONS B AND C IS ZERO.
ALL BENDS ARE 5 OIAMETER 8ENDS.
ALL ELBOWS ARE L.F. ELLS.
OPERATING TEMPERATURE IS IO50' F.

aLL P|PE rS SCH. t60 A 335 Ptz,

lr'e

Figure H-1

152
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

TIIERMAT MOVEMENT CALCIILATIONS

The ne>,-t step in the design of pipe hangers involves Step I

the calculation of the therm'al movements of the pipe
at each hanger location. Based on the amount of
I vertical movement and the supporting force required,
the engineer can most economically select the proper
i type hanger (i. e. Constant Support, Variable Spring,
I or Rigid Assembly).
The determination of piping movements to a high
i degree of accura,cy necessitates a highly complicated
study ol the piping system. The simplified method
shown below is one rvhich gives satisfactory approxima-
tions of the piping movements. Whenever difierences
occur between the approximations and actual move-
ments, the approximation of the movement will always
be the greater arnount.
Draw the piping system of Figure H-1 and show all
knowa vertical morlements of the piping lrom its cold
to hot, or operating, position (see Fig. H-la). These
movements will include those supplied by the equip
ment manufacturers for the teminal point connections.
tr'or the illustrated problem, the following vertical
movements are known;
Point A 2t' up, cold to hot
Pont B -
-16't up, cold to hot
Point C * 11" down, cold to hot
H-+ - 0" , cold to hot
The operating temperature of the system is given as
1050'F.

Figure II-1a
 ITT GRINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
-
Referring to the thermal expansion table (page 7), the Step IV The next section of pipe on
coefficient of expansion for low-chrome steel at 1050' F which there are two points of

T
is .0946 inch/ft. known movement is the length
Calculate the movements at points D and E lry ,E-"I. The movement at -E was
rnultiplying the coefrcient of expansion by the vertical calculated as 1.89" dolvrr.
distance of each point from the position of zero move- The movement at "/ is equal to
ment on the riser DE; the movemeut at the terminal
55 ft. X
20 ft. X
.0946
.0946
inch/t :
inch/ft :
5.20 inches w at D
1.89 inches doun aL E
ffi point C (rltt down) plus the
amount of expansion of the
46' Ieg C-J:
Step tr
.125 inch + 3.5 ft X .0946 inch/ft
Make a simple drawing of the piping between two .46" down
adjacent points of known movement, extending the
piping into a single plane as sholvn for the portion of
the system betrveen .4 and D.

As

The vertical movement at any hanger location will A,:7)/.1.43:.72'l

+z
be proportional to its distance from the end points:
LH-7:.12t'+.46t'
a1 :5i x 320
4 AI1-7 : .58// dow:r

ar : '41" 17
Ae:l^X1.43:.58'/
+z
The vertical movement at H-l : .41't + 2'l
aH_6:.58+.46,1
tll-l- : 2.41" up 411-6 : 1.04" dowr
22 30
Az:orX3.20 Ar:aXL43:t.02tl
Az : 227" LF:7.02 1.46
The vertical movemerr!, at H-2 : 2.27tt + 2"
AF - 1.48" dowrr
2'
AH-2 : 4.27tt up as:1x1.43: 1.09"
+z
all-5:1.09+.46
AII-5 : 1.55// down
To calculate the vertical
movement at IH, multiply Step V
its distance from If-4 by Draw the section G-I{. The movement at G is equal
the coefficient of expansion. to themovement at F minus the expansion of the
40 ft X .0946 inchft Leg GF:
-- .J. /6 lncnes
AH-3 : 3.78't wp AG : 1.48// down
4 ft X .0946 inch/ft
AG :- 1.10" down

Elevation

154
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

TIIERMAT MOYEMENT CALCWATIONS (Contiaued)

The movement at, I/ is equal to the movement of the After calculating the movement at each hanger
terminal point B (t/a" up) plzs the expansion of the location it, is often helpful, for easy reference when
leg B-H: selecting the appropriate type hanger, to make a simple
table of hanEer movemeuts.

Hanger
Nurnber Movement
H-1 2.4r" ,tp
H-2 4.27tt ttp
H-3 3.78" up
H-4 0"
H-5 r-aD oown
H-6 1.04// down
AH : .0625tt up + I ft X .0946 inch/ft fr- / .58" down
aH : .91" up H-8 .06" down
Since I1-9 is located at point 11, H-9 .91" up

AH-9 : AH : .91" up

1'
A,,:
- 23. x2.01 : r.04tl
=r
All-8:1.10-1.04
AIl-8 : .06// dorvn
 ITT GRINNELL- PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

IIANGER LOAD CAI,CI'LATIONS

The thermal expansion of piping in modern high

pressure and temperature installations makes it neces-
sary for the designer to specify flexible supports, thereby
requiring considerable thought to the calculation of
hanger loads.
Turbine and boiler manufacturers are especially con-
cemed about the pipe weight on their equipment and
sometimes specify that the loads at pipe connections
shall be zero. The hanger designer must be certain
that the loads on the equipment connections of a piping
system do not exceed the limits specified by the equip-
ment manufacturers.
The majority of supports for a high tempemture
system are of the spring type. The designer must work
to a high degree of accura,cy in determining the sup-
porting force required at each hanger location to assure
balanced support, in order to select the appropriate size
and type of spring support.
We have prepared a sample problem, illustrated
in Figure H-1, in rvhich all of the hangers except 11-Z
have been located. This illustration is limited to as Figure H-2. Plan View
few pipe sections as possible but incorporates most of
the problems encountered in hanger load calculations. Note that the value Ior H-2 on this section of thc
The calculation of loads for hangers involves dividing piping system represents only a part of the total hanger
the system into conyenient sections and isolating each force at H-2. For clarity,
rve have labelled this force
section for study. A free body diagram of each section E-2'. In the calculations for the next section of pipe
should be drawn to facilitate the calculations necessary beginning al H-2, we will call the hanger force at this
for each hanger load. Most of the free body diagrams point I1-2l/. That is:
presented here are those which include as large a
section of the piping system as is practical for a simple H-/ + H-dl
arithmetical solution to the problem. +t
The solution that follows is not intended to illustrate
the only method which could be applied. Rather, it is-
intended to show a composite of various accepted
methods which, for the problem under consideration,
produce a well balanced system. Of the approaches
that could be made to the solution of any problern, there
r
will be one method that will produce the best balanced
system. Although the individual loads may vary, the
total of all hanger loads rvould be the same in every case. Also, note that we have considered the weight of the'
The first step in the solution of a hanger load problem 90'bend acting s,t the center of gravity of the bend.
is to prepa,re a table of rveights. For the pipe line The distance B is determined from the Chart on page
shown in Figure H-1, the table on page 165 has been 151 which bas been drawn for convenience;
prepared. B: Radius X.637, or 5'X.69Z : A.185t
Draw a free body diagram of the piping between
point ,4 and 11-2, shorving all supporting forces and all Step I
valve and pipe xeights (Fig. 2). We .will consider the
loads and supporting forces betrveenA, H-l and H-2 Taking moments about axis A-A', EMu-u, : 0,
acting about the axes r-rl and. y-yt. We will apply 1.81(1418) + 8(1084) 1r(H-2') :0
the three equations LM.-,, - 0: EMr-u, : 0j and
-
2567 +8672: rl(H-z',)
>v :0. H-2' : 70221b.

roo
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

Tnsrrlarion Tolrl \\i,isht tsed in

Description Weight ,Ca-Si)
\\ eighr $-ciehi ( a'icularions

12" Schedule 160 Pipe 160.3 lb/ft, 20.4 k/It 180.7 Ii/fr 180.7 lbilft
12" Schedule 100 L. lt. Dlbow. 375 lb 61.2 tb 436.2 lb 436 lb
12" 1500 h Check \-alve 3370 1b 163.2 lb 3533.2 lb 3533 lb
12" 1500 lb Gate \.alve 4650 lb 163.2 lb 4813.2 lb 4813 lb
12" 1500 tb \\.. N. Flange 843 lb 30.6 ln 873.6 lb 874 lb
12" 5 Diemeter Bend 1258 lb 160.2 lb 1418.2 tb 1418 li
6" Schedule 160 Pipe 45.3lb/It 11.5 lb/ft 56.8 rb/fr 56.8 lb//|t
6" Schedule 160 90' L. It. Elbow 53 rb t7.2 Ib 70.2 lb 70ln
6" Schedule 160 45" Ilbow 26 lb 6.9 1b 32.9 ti 33 lb
6" 1500 tb Gate \'alve 1595 lt' 80.5 lb 1676 lb

Step II Next, consider the section of pipe betrveen 11-2 and

Taking moments about axis r-xt , LM,4 : O,
1.81(1418) + 6.5(512) -7 (H-I) +e.5(3533) - i1(,4.) :0
2567 + 3523 + 33564 : 7(11-1) + 11Q4)
3e654 : 7(11-1) + 1i(.4)
I1-3 to determine the l.eight distribution, betrveen
these trvo points, of the four foot sectior of pilre and
the five diameter bend.
H-2"
I +

Step III
tV : 0,
Adding forces,
A + H-L + H-z', - 3i33 - :0
: -6577 tb -
542 1,118 1084
A + H-r + H-2',
Substituting the value of 11-2l, calculated as 1022 lb
in Step I,
A + H-r + : 6577 1b
1022
,4:5555-t/-i

Step IV
List the three equations developed in the preceding Figure H-3, Elevation View
steps:
(1-) H-z', : 1022 Step I
(2) 39654 :7(H-r) + LL(A) Step II
(3) ,{ : 5555 - A-1 III Step LMx-z', :0,
Solving Equation (2) by substituting for .4 : bb55
- 2(723) + 7.1e(1418) _ e(rl_3/) : o
H-r, l1-B' : t29B lb

39654 : 7(f1-1) + 11(5555 _ 11_1) ZM s-a' :0,

I1-1 : 5363 lb
1.81(1418) + 7
- 9(H_2") :
(723) o
Substituting for I1-1 in Equation B, :
H-2't 848llt
A : 55551b _ 5363 lb
A: l92Ib H-2:H-zt+H-2tl
H-2 - L022lb + 848 lb
rvhich is belorv the allorvable load at ,4 of 500 lb. I1-2 : 1870 lb
 ITT GRINNI'LL PIPING DESIGN AND DNGINI,DITING
-
Chart A
E IN DEGREES
pro203040506070 99 90 too 0 l2o llo t4o t5o t6o t?lc
l,l

o
l
LC

ct
,g
E ,9
I() .€
,8
=
LJ ,7
z
o
,7

.l .G
,6
I
.5
3n
trl
,'
-o ,4
.4
=
z_
.3
lrJ
(! .2
o
.l

fo 2o so 40 ro eo-zo ao eo roo ro po J6l;;"6-Jgol;*i;o

CENTER OF GRAVIW OFAN ARC

o
l
6
tt
!
o
=
IrJ
z
o
E
o
u-
o
lrJ
-o
=
=
o
o
dt

o r0 zo go 4o 50 60 70 80 90 roo lo tao t3o t4o t5o teo Fo tgo-

9 IN DEGREES

158
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

In the next free body diagram consider the 65 foot Consider the piping betrveen H-4' and II-b to deter-
vertical section of the piping system to determine the mine the weight distribution of the b diameter bend
supporting forces for I1-3" and 11-. . and the 5 feet of horizontal pipe:
It is apparent that the com-
bined forces H-3" and. H-4' ZM a-+" :0,
rvill equal 65 ft X 180.7 h/ft.
Further, both H-3tt and. H-4'
1.81(1418) + 7.5(e04)
H-5' :
- tb10(E-5l) :0
935
could be any value, provided
the relationship H-Ttt + H-4'
: 11746 lb is maintained. It ZM a-s' :0,
is not recommended, horvever, 2.5(904) + 8.19(1418)
H_4,, : - 70(H4t'):0
to select arbitrary values for 1387 Ib
these tt'o forces; instead, the
load for each hanger should H-4 : H-4t + H4" : 4518 1b + 1387 ib
be such that the elevation of f1-4 : 5905 1b
the pipe attachment is above
the mid-point of the length of
pipe supported by the hanger.
Thus, the support will be
I located above the point rvhere
\_ one could consider the rveight
Figure H-4. of the pipe column acting,
Dlevation View thereby avoiding a condition
where the location of the support Iends itself to the
(tippirrg" tendency
of the pipe when the support is
located belorv this point.
Since there is 10 feet of vertical pipe above I1-3l/,
and 40 feet of pipe betrveen H-Ztt and. H-4t,let H-Zt,
support l0 feet plus 30 feet of pipe load:
:
H-3" G0 fr + 30 ft) (1s0.7 1tlft)
H4" : 7228 Lt)
since I1-3 : H-3' + H-3"
: Figure H-6. Elevation View
and I1-3t 1298 Ib (See Fig. H-3),
H-3 : 1293 lb + 7228 lb
/1-3 : 8521 lb
s-4'. : (L0 ft + t5 fi)(180.7 tblft)
H4', : 4518 tb

tr'igure H-5.

159
 ITT GR]NNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEF]RI\G
-
It is obvious that some portion of the rveight of the
6 inch pipe betl.een the 12l'line and I1-g must be
supported by H-5" and 11-6. Therefore, be{ore
proceeding thru 11-5 and 11-6, calculate this pipe rveight
load l?1, and irtroduce it into the free body diagram
for I1-5 and f1-6.

LMu-y' : o,
.07 (33) + 2.34(341) + 4.81(70) + 5(2031) _ 5(r1_9) : 0
II_9 : 2258 lb
,M,.", :0,
. 19 (70) + 2.66 (3.11 ) + 5.03 (33)
- 9 (r1_8) + 12.78 (S49)
+ 20.73(70) - 2rR1 : 0
13387: e (r1-8) + 2r(R)
tv :0,
Rt-| H-81H-9 - 2031
- 70 - 3.11 - BB -849 - 70:0
R1 + I1-8 + 11-9 : 3394 Ib
Since I1-9 has been calculated as 22b8 lb,
:
ar + 11-8 3394 lb 2258 tb 1136 lb - :
I1_8:1136_8r
Substitutiug this value for IJ-8 in the Equation
13387:9(11-8)*2L?r,
13387:.e(1136 _ R) + 27Rl
Er : 264 lb
Since I1-8 : 1130 - Er,
11-8 : 1136 lb _ 264 1t
H-8 : 872 Ib

Figure II-7. Plan View

t/2wEtcAr tz" ELL.

Figure H-9. Plan View
FTx55.3.185
R" 264 Dimension .a is determiaed
from the Cbart on pa,qe 166.
For the sample problem. E :
.726x1.5ft:1.09ft.

r60
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

The free body diagram shorvn in Figure I{-8 extends The value, in pounds, for I1-7, is equal to the weight
from 11-5 thru the 12l/ 90" elbow. This is intended to of the piping section:
illustrate that the rveight of the 90" elbow may be
considered as supported on a beam rvhich passes thru H-7 :2t8lb + 1626 1t + 436 lb + 1235 lb
f/-, : .1DID ID
the center of gravity of the elbow and rests on the
extensions of the tangents, as shown in Figure H-g: Solving for distance X, t M" : 0
.54(436) - X(H-7) + 6(1626) + 10.91(218) :0
In Figure I1-8, EM s-s,, : 0, x(H_7) : 12369
2(449) +5(1807) + 11.5(4813)
- 15 (H-6) + 15.75(994)+ x(3515):12369
18.e1(218) : 0 X: 3.b2 feet
rl-o : cDl l lo
As a final step, check to ensure that the weight of
LM s-a : 0, the entire piping system is equal to the total supporting
3.5(4813) + 10(1807) + 13(449) -.75(994) -3.91(218) forces of the hangers plus the pipe weight load to be
- 75(H-5't) : 0 supported by the equipment connectrons:
H-5tt :26!011)
Support Force€
H-5 : H-5' + H-|'t :g3b Ib + 2610 lb TVeight of Piping System, lb Plus Terminal
Point Loads, lb
-tI-5 : 3545 lb
109.5 ft of 12" Pipe @ 180.7 lb/fr.. . .19787 .A - 192
(3) 12" 5 Dia. Bends @ 1418 lb. . . . . . 4254 Il-1 : 5363
The following diagram shows a method for arriving (2) 12" 90' L. R. Ells @ 436 lb . . . . . . 972 H-2: 1870
at the location of I1-7 which will allow zero load on 30.45 ft of 6" Pipe @ 56.8 1i/f1...... 1740 E-3 : 852r
(2) 6" 90' L. R. Ells @ 70 ft. . . . . . . . 140
connection C. Il-4 =
:
5905
.
(1) 6" 45'EII @ 33 lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Il-5 3545
(1) 12" 1500 lb Check Valve @ 3SB3 lb 3bBB
(1) 12" 1500 lb c&te Valve @ 4813 li. 4813
(1) 12" 1500 lb WN Flange @874Ih. 974 H-A : a72
(1) 6" 1500 lb Gate Valve @ 1676 1b.. 1626 H-9 = 2258
Total Weight of Piping Sysrem. . . .37212 Tolal = 377L2

2FTXl8o7' 361
l/rwercat or I2 FLAN€E= I74
-zla ELL= 1626 r;;;Fi735
Figure H-10, Elevatioa View
 ITT GITINNI'I,I, - PIPING DI'SIGN AND IJNGINI'I,]IiING
SELECTION OF THE PROPER HANGER
Selection of the appropriate type hanger for any
given application is governed by the individual piping
configuration and job requirements. Job specifications
covering hanger types, horvever, are of necessity
written in broad terms, and some emphasis is placed on
the good judgenent of the hanger engineer to ensure a
satisfactory, yet econornical, harrger system.
The type of hanger assemblies from which the
hanger engineer selects the appropriate kind are
generally classified as follorvs:
(1) Flexible hangers, which include hangers of the
constant support and variable spring types.
(2) Rigid hangers, such as rod hanqers and
stanchious.
(3) Rollers
The location of anchors and restraints is not usuallv
considered r responsihility of the hanger designer.
Since it is necessary to determine the location of anchors
and restraints before accurate and ,final stress analvsis
is possible, ihey are considcred a part oI piping design.
Flexible Ifangers
When a pipe line expands vertically as
a result, of
thermal expansion it is necessary to provide flexible
pipe supports rvhich apply supporting force throughout
the expansion and contraction cycle of the system.
Flexible hangers are of tryo types: Yariable Spring
and Constant Support.
Constant Support hangers provide constant sup-
porting force for piping throughout its full range of
vertical expansion and contraction. This is accom-
plished through the use ol a helical coil spring rvorking
in conjunction with a bell crank lever in such a way
that the spring force times its distance to the lever
pivot is always equal to the pipe load times its distance
to the lever pivot.
Fd =PD
CONSTANT
SUPPORT
Because of its constancy in supporting effect the
Constant Support hanger is used rvhere it is desirable to
prevent pipe weight .load transfer to connected equ;p-
ment or adjacent hangers. Consequently, they are
used generally for the support of critical piping systems.
Variable Spring hangers are used to support piping
subject to vertical movement, where Constant Supports
L62
are not required. The inherent characteristic of a
Yariable Spring is such that its supporting force yaries
rvith spring deflection and spring scale. Therefore,
verticrl exprrrsion of the piping cluses a corresponding
extension or compression of the spring and l,ill cause a
change in the actual supporting effect of the hanser.
The variafion in supporting forcc is equal to ihe
produr.t of the amount of verticll expansion and the
spring scale of the hanger. Since the pipe rveight is the
same during any condition, cold or operating, the
variation in supporting force results in pipe rveight
transfer to equipment and adjacent hangers and
consequently additional stresses in ihe piping system.
lVhen Yariable Spring hangers are used, the effect of
this variation musi be con,idered
VARIABLE SPRINS
HAiIGER
Variable Spring hangers are recommended for
general use on non-critical piping systems and where
vertical movement is of small magnitude on critical
systems. Accepted practice is to limit the amount of
supporting force variation tro 2b/e for critical system
applications on horizorrtal piping
To illustrate the difrerence in the effect of usins a
Vari:rble Spring as.ompared rvith a Constrnt Support
hanger, refer to the sample problem shown in Fisur"
H-I. page 160.
The load for hanger H-l was calculated as bB6B lb.
The verlical movcmenf ct H-l was calculated as 2.il
inches up, from the cold to the hot position of the pipe.
If a Yariable Spriug hanger were used at H-1, the
effect of the variation in supporting force would have
to be considered. The amount of variation can be
determined by multiplying the spring scale in pounds
per inch by the amount of vertical expansion in inches.
Iit,r exum1,le. if rhc ITT Grinrrell I.igure ts-268 Varia-
ble Sprilg hanger were considcred, the proper spring
size would be number 16 which has a spring scale of 1800
pour.rds per inch. (For convenience, neglect the weight
of the pipe clamp, rod and hex nuts. In designing
hangers for an actual pioblem, the weight of com-
ponents should be added to the calculated load.)
The amount of variation is 1500 lb/in. X 2.41 in. :
3615 lb. Standard practice is to calibrate the hanEer
in such a way lhat rvhen the piping is ar its hot posilion
the supporting force of the hanger is equal to the
calculated load of the pipe. This means that the
 HANGF]RS -\ND SIIPPOITTS
maximum lariation il supportiug force occurs l'hen
the piping is ai its cold positiou, ri-hcu stresses addcd
to the piping as I lesrrlt of r-ariatious in supporting
forces are lcss clitical.
'I'he hot load for thc r.ariable spr.irrg, then is 5363 h.
As the dilectiol of rnor.ement fi'om cold to hot is
upl'ard, the cold lord i-q 5303 tb + 3615 Ib, or 8978 lb.
Iig. H-a shot s thc pipe ard spring at the cold condition,
aird Fig. H-b lt the hot conditiorr.
Thc purposc ol the colrsidcratiorrs given to the vari-
atiorr in supporting cffcct is apparelt lten it is recalled
that the pipc rrcight docs not change throughout its
cold to hot c1'clc, lhile the srrpporting force varies.
Irr Fig. I-IJI, thc supportirrg force is equal to the pipe
\-eight. Howe\-er, i:r Fig. ll-a, the supportirg force is
897E ib lhilc the pipe *cight is 53(jB lb. The halger
trould exert au nnbalanccd force on the pipe equal to
the amount of r-ariation, or B61i Ib. llost of this
forcc r-orrld be inrposed directly orr conlection A,
rvhere limits are establishcd for the force r*hich may
be applied.
Further', safe piping design rnust be based on rolol
pipe stress rvhich includes bcnding, torsional, shear,
loDgitudiual, aud circunfcrcutial stresses. The ad-
ditiol of largc forccs resulting fronr sprirrg variations
can raLlse strcsses lrhich liil grcatly reduce the factor
of safctt' of thc entire pipilg systerr.
Figure H-b.
It is lrossible to reduce the amount of variabilitv bv
using a variable sprirrg rvhich ha. a smalJor spring scale,
as an IT1' Grinnell Fig. 98 (Variabte Spring Hanger).
. ]he /16 Fig. 98 hrs a spring scale o[ 7j0 lb,in., orre_
helf that of {he 8-268. The amounl of variabiliiv
rvould be reduced by orie-half, or 2.1I X ZS0 : l80g h.
Horvever:, it should be obvious that elven this chanEe
in
supporting force is too great for the cilical location
at H-1.
The approoriatc harrger t5.pe for H-l is a coustant
support iranger. This hanger 1\.ould be calibrated to
the calculatcd pipe l'eight. It I'ould apply a con-stant
supportiDg force, iDsuril1g conplcte support of the pipe
throughout the pipirrg cxpansion. That is, its sup-
poltilg folce lould be 5363 lb lhen the pipe l-as at
its cold position, and 5363 lb also rvhen the pipe las
at its hot po,sitior.
Hangcr I{-2 has a calculated load of 1820 h. The
vertical mol.cment at tliis location is 4,2? inches up, cold
to hot. -\lthorigh the load may be considcred slight,
the magnitude of the vertical movement is great, and a
corrsideralile amount of supporting force chalge n ould
occur if a variable spring l'cre used.
For example, the appropriate size variable spring
is a f12, Fig.9E (the 4.27 inch travel is beyond the
travel capacity of the Fig. 8-268), r,hich has a spring
scale of 225 lb/in. The amount of variation equals
4.21 inches X 225 h/in., or 917tb.
This variation, expressed as a percentage, is
947 Ib
1gi0 Ib
X 100, or greater than 50/6. Unless the hanger
engineer were rvilling to perform some rather elaborate
stress calculations to determine the effect of this
variation, it rvould be safer to apply the accepted rule
rvhich limits variability to 25/6 for oitical systems,
and rule out the selection of a variable spring in favor
of the constant support type h&uger.
The vertical moven.ieut of the pipe at H-3 rvas calcu_
lated as 3.78 inches up, and the load as g521 lb.
Irr selecting the spring type for this hanger assembly,
it should be recognized that any variation in supporting
force rvill not produce bending stresses in the piping
system. As the supporting forces at H-B and H_4 are
concurrent, no bending is produced as a result of spring
variction at H-3. Raiher, any supporting force
variation rvill merely resrrli in a corresponding load
change at the rigid hanger H-4.
The hanger type for H-B may be a variable spring
type. It is only necessary that the variable spring
have a travel capacity l'hich is some amount greater
than the calculated pipe movement of B.Zg inches.
_ Such a variable spring hanger is the Fig. 9g, thich
has a rvorking travel range of 5 inches.
As this assembly is of a riser ,,trapeze,, type, t$,o
spring units rvill be used, each supporting one_half the
total load of 8521 h, or 4261 Ib. 'Ihe appropriate size
hanger is a 115 Fig. 98 l'ith a spring scale of 540 lb/inch.
The amoult of variation per spring is 3.Zg inches X
540 lb, inch, or 2041 lb. The hot load setting for each
hanger is equal to one-half the calculated load, or
163
 ITT GITINNI'LI, PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERINTi
-
4261 lb. As thc direction of movement, cold to hot, is and movcment at this hangcr location arc so -qlight that
up$?rd,_the cold Ioad sctting $-ill be 4261 Ib + 2011 h, the sprilg varirtion cffcct can be corrsiclcrccl rrcgligibJe.
or 6302 lb. The load las calculatcd as 872 Ib, the mor.crncut as
Figures I{-c and H-d shorv the supportilg forces at .0(i ilch dorlr.r.
H-3 and H-.1 rvhcn the pipe i-q st its cold ancl its hot Thc amonnt of variability for a /8 Fig. 8-26g is
position. The rveight of riser clamps, rods, etc., are .06 irrch X 150 lbf ilch, or g lb. For prnctir:tl purposcs,
not included, for conveDience. a 9 1} charrgc in supportirrg force coulcl bc rcgkrctcd,
ard a lariablc sprilg sclcctcd for Hargcr I.I-E.
Thc selcction of hangcr typcs for stippor.ts H_1
through H-9 in the samplc problcm ilhrstrates the
CoLD LOAD = manl.corrsidcrations l.hich should bc givcn il sclccting
H-3 4?6t + ?O4t = the appropriate flcxible halgcr at each support location
650 21+ (EACH) for ary major pipirrg s1-stcrn.
In ,"p1s.1h* flcrible hangcr t1'pcs thc crrginccr sliould
consider that:

trYherelcr constatt support hangcr.s arc uscd, the

LOAD: supportilg forcc equals the pipe I.cight throughout
H-4 5905- 2X204t = its eutire exparr-siorr cycle, and no pipe l.cighl re-
tez3 {+ acttons arc imposcd at equipment conncctions
and anchors.
ToTAL SUPPORTTNG FORCE = \\'hercvcr variable spring hangers are used, the
2x63O2+ tA23 = t44ZTit elgiuccr must check to a-s-qurc that the totll laria-
Fieure H-c. tion in snpportirig effect docs rrot result iu halmful
stresses ard forces l ithin thc pipitig system.
Where piping stresses and reactiorrs are knorvn to
be close to allowable, the simplcst and, in the long
run, most economical type of flexible support is
H-3 HOT LOAD = obviously the colstant support hanger.
426ti+ ( EACH) Where piping stresses and end reactions are
knol'n to be lorv, variable sprirg hangers can be
used satisfactorily for most nor-critical piping
support, and for the support of critical systcms
ryhere vertical movements are of smlll nragrritudc.
LoAD : 5905 {+
Rigid I{angers
Rigid hangers are normally used at locations ryhcre
TOTAL SUPPORTING FORCE: no vertical movement of the pipilg occurs.
ZX426l + 59O5 = 14427.rF The design considerations for a rigid harger are pipe
Figure H-d. temperature, for selection of appropriate pipe clamp
material, and load, for selection o{ components suit-
The design load for H-B should allow for a calcu- able for the pipe weights involved.
lated cold load of 6302 1b X 2, or 12,604 lb. Pipe clamp material is usually carbon steel for
The load at rigid hanger H-4 is 1823 lb cold, 5905 tb temperatures up to 750" F, and alloy steel for teDlper-
hot. All hanger components should be designed for atures above 750' F. Malleable iron pipe clamps may
the larger load. be used at temperatures up to 450' F.
Variation in supporting forces at Hangers H-b, H-6, For piping systems of Iorv operating tempcrature,
H-7 and H-9 ilill produce reactions at connections B rvhere vertical expansion,is usually not a factor, the
and C. As one of the requirements of the problem rigid hanger assembly components are sclccted aud
under study is that weight loads at B and C.shall be designed on the basis of calculated or approximatcd
zero, these hangers must be of the constant support loads.
type. In some instances, however, the rigid hanger is used
Although it holds tme that at H-8 any hanger force in a manner rvhere it does more than merely support,
variation l'ill cause ri'eight loads at B and C, the load the pipe rveight, but acts as a restraint agailst ve$ical

L64
 HANGERS AND SUPPOITTS

piping movements. It is in thesc cases that the enqineer

should csercisc crre in lhe locnllen oi tho rigld bengcr
and the design load he uses in the selcction of com-
ponents.
The location and effect of any restraint, guide or
anchor on a high tempcrature and high pressure system
is of necessity a function of the stress a.nalyst. The
irdiscriminate placing of a restraining device on a
piping system could alter the piping stresses and end
reactions to a serious degree, changing a conservatively
designed system into one rvhich exceeds the limits of
good design practices.
The hanger engineer, though not as rvell acquainted
rvith the total stress picture of a piping system as is the
stress analyst, must usually decide if the problem is of
this "critical" nature, or whether the system under
study is such that the effect of adding a restraint for
his convenience rvill be negligible. His decision is
based on the factors of operating temperature, oper-
ating pressure, and the configuration of the system. Figure ll_e.
Recognizing that pipe design is based on total pipe
stress, he must determine rvhether the stresses produced
A: 40 feet X .0182 inch/ft.
by the addition of a rigid hanger, or vertical restraht, A- .728 inch dorvn
are crilical. (See "The Calculation of Hanger l{ovements,,, page l6t)
This article is rzol intended to present a short-cut
method for the stress analysis of a piping system. In From the Chart on Page 208, using values of 6 inch
any instance where it is not obvious to an engineer that pipe and a deflection of f; inch, read 17.b feet. This is
he is dealing rviih a non-criticai case, the probiem should the minimum distance from the riser where the first
either be revierved formally from a total stress view- rigid hanger may be placed for this problem.
point, or the decision to use a rigid hanger should be If the locations of the hangers are fixed, as they are
changed and a flexible support should be utilized. for this case, then H-2 must be a spring hanger as-
This article is intended to provide the engineer rvith sembly because it is Iocated only 12 feet from the riser.
a simple and quick method of deciding horv he can Therefore, the nearest rigid hanger will be hanger H-8,
rrost
economically treat vertical thermal movernent on a located 29 feet from the riser.
long, horizontal section of a non-critical piping system. The amount of vertical movement at hanger H-2 will
Often, his problein can be expressed in the simple
be proportional to its distance betrveen H-3 and the
terms of r,vhether he will be able to use a rigid hanger riser, and can be approximated as shorvn in Fig. H-f:
rather than a flexible hanger without, producing
obviously harmful stresses in the system.
Consider a simple example, shonn in Fig. H-e, where
the hanger engineer is confronted with the problem of
how he can best treat vertical movement resulting from
thermal expansion of the riser. The horizonlal sections
at, both the top and the bottom of the riser are of anv AH-2"17/29X.72en
considerable length. He must determine which of r,hl
hangers H-2, H-3, H-4, etc., should be spring hangers A H-2 =.43"ooWN

and rvhich rvill be rigid hangers (vertical restraints in

this instance). He must satisfy a condition that the
bending stress produced by the restraining action of the
hanger is no greater than some acceptable amount.
say, in this instance, 10,000 psi.
For an operating temperatu_re of B00o F, the ex-
pansion factor for carbon steel pipe is .01g2 inch
Der foot.
Figure H-f.
Thus, H-2 would be selected as a variable spring
hanger for .43 inch of dorvnrvard vertical movement,
and H-3 would be designed as a rigid hanger.
In the above problem the hanEer locations were
fixed. If this were not the .".", unJ th" hangers could
be placed at any convenient location subjeci to usual

165
 ITT GRINNELL
-PIPING DESIGN AND EN(I]NI'I'ITIN(;

hanger span limits, then H-2 would be placed at any rvill exert suficient force to deflect the pipe ] inch,
distance 17.5 feet or more from the riser. This rvould producing 10,000 psi berding stress. (See Fig. H-h).
satisfy the condition that a maximum bendins stress To find the lalue of force P, refer to the Chart on
of 10,000 psi would result from the restraining effect page 213. For a pipe size of 10 inches and a span of
of the hanger. If the allorvable effect rvas given as a 18.5 feet, read P as approximately 2700 lb.
higher stress, then the hanger could be placed closer This force is applied by the pipe hanger H-1, and,
to the riser; if lower, the nearest rigid hanger would be
placed a greater distance from the rrser.
If the hanger were located closer to the riser, a H-2
greater restraining force would be applied to the pipe
by the hanger. As the location is changed to a greater
distance from the riser, a lesser force is required. As
illustrated in the following sample problem, this force
can be an important factor in the design load of the
hanger.

Problem:
Gium: l0-inch Sch. 40 pipe, and allowable bending 1""
I' {, o'*"*
"-n'
therefore, must be included in the design load for H-1.
fn this instance, rvhere the piping movement is in the
dovnward direction, the force P is added to the pipe
weight to be supported by Hanger H-1. If the pipe
weight for H-l were calculated as 2000 lb, then the
design load for the hanger components is 2000 h plus
2700 lb, or 4700 lb, as shorvn in Fig. Ii-i.
To solve for Lr, refer to the Chart on page 211, and,
using values of ]-inch deflection and lO-inch pipe, read
L2 as 13 feet, the distance to the proposed rigid hanger
H-3. As discussed for H-l of this problem, hanger H-3

Figure H-g.

stress of 10,000 psi produced by the restraining effect Figure H-i.

nf +ha hqnoarc

Find: (7) L1 and L2, the distances to the nearest

rigid hangers H-1 and H-3, see Fig. H-g. (2) The
forces rvhich the hangers must apply to the pipe to ' PIPE WEIGHT:2OOO+
allorv the ]-inch and ]-inch deflections resulting from + P" 27Ooi+
the thermal expansion of the vertical pipe. ii
T OIAL = 470 0

Solution: From the Chart on page 211, using values must apply sufficient force to restrain the pipe vertically
of |-inch deflection and l0-inch pipe, read L1 as 18.5 against the force resulting from the thermal expansion
feet, the distance from the riser to the rigid hanger H-1. of the Yertical piping above H-2.
This means that at a distance of 18.5 feet, the hanger The force P which is required at H-3 can be deter-

r66
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
mined from the Chart on page 213. Using values for
lO-inch pipe and a l3-foot span, P is approximately
3800 lb. Silce this force restrains the upl'ard mole-
fe
r--
ment of the pipe, it should be checked against the pipe
rveight load to assure that the harger assembly can
exert a force equal to the diflerence of the force P and
+la6 hihd ...6;nLf t^.,1
To illustrate, assume that the pipe load at H-3 I'ere
calculated as 5000 lb. The difference betl'een the
pipe rveight and the force P rvould equal 5000 lb
3800 Ib, or 1200 lb, as shol'n in Fig. H-j.
- should be used in ordpr 1o redune rhe force P, or a
The design load used for hanger H-3 should equal
5000 lb, or pipe rveight only, in this instance. Where
the vertical movement is in the uorvard direction. and
+ PIPE WEIGHT= 50OO+
Figure H-j, FoRcE Pr3800+
1
{ Hn ronce' raoo +
the force P approaches the pipe weight load, ihe rigid
hanger will tend to unload. That is, as the pipe
expands upward the net force applied to the pipe by the
hanger becomes less. If the force P becomes greater
than the pipe rveight at the hanger, the net force on
the hanger becomes compressive rather than tensile.
When the system has expanded its full amount, the
pipe till tend to lift from the hanger, and the supporting
effect of the hanger s,ill be zero.
If thc pipe weight for the sample problem had been
calculated as 3000 lb, then the net force is 3000 lb
38001b, or E00 1b rrp* ard, as shol'n in Fig. H-k.
-
The hangcr, il this case, rr-ould not be considered as
a support for the pipe, but a vertical rcstraint against
l-igure H-k.
{ prpg wEroHt= sooo{ts
I FoRcE p = 38oolt
| ruer roRce= eoor+
uprvard movement. Therefore, either a greater span
spring hanger should be used if L2 is maintained as
13 feet, in order to provide support and allow the
piping to move uprvard ai this hanger location. Using
the values of L1 and Le as determincd iu the original
problem, the forces P at each hanger are as shorvn in
Fig. H-1.
The forces at H-l and H-3 have been discussed in
some detail, but it should also be noted that the design
3800 1+
r H-3
t 1
i .rooo
Figure II.l.
e7004*
load for H-2 should include these forces asrvell. For
this example, the design load for H-2 equals the pipe
weight plus 3800 lb, minas 2700 Ib, or design load :
pipe weight load plus 1100 1b.
 ITT GRINNEI,I, PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEEITING
-

In the preceding problems, the allorvable bending plying 29 fcct by 1.83, the span for 4-inch pipe l'ith
stress due to the restraining effect of the hanger l'as 3-iuch deflection at 3000 psi is 29 X 1.E3, or 53 feet.
given as 10,000 psi. This allolable stress l'ill, of 'l'hus, 1,, the minimum distauce to thc first rigid
coruse, vary rvith the indilidual case. Where the hanger, is 53 feet.
stress is other than 10,000 psi, use the Chart on page 211 The first rigid hanger in the above problcm rvill be
to read the minimum span, and multiply the span in H-5, locatcd 60 fcct from the riscr. The force P rc-
leet by the factor indicatcd in the Chart belorv for quired to restrain the piping vcrtically carr be detcr-
the specific strciJs. mined from the Chart ori page 213 as about 83 pounds,
using yalues of 4 inch pipe and a span of 60 feet. The
Correction Factor for Stresses Other Than 10,000 psi effect of this force rvill be considered negligible for
this problcm.
For Bending Ilultiply The vertical movements at hanger locations bet\yeen
Stress Of: Length By: H-5 and the riser are as shol'n in Fig. H-m.
2000 psi 2.24
The above results are based on an approximate
3000 1.83
but conservaiive analysis. Wherever the appropriate
{000 1.58
charts &re uscd, the values listed should assist, the
engiueer il arrivilg at an ecolomical, safe design for
5000 1.41
any rigid hanger assembly.
6000 | .29
8000 1 .12
The examples dcscribed tcprcsent situations not
frequently encountered in pipe support design, but do
10000 1 .00
point out that the rigid hanger in some instances is
12000 .91
more than a simple pipe support, and that good design
15000 .82
must allorv for all applicable corditions.
20000 .71

I llustr cltiue P roblem :

Rollers
The pipe attachment and structural attachmelt of a
hanger assembly should be such that thcy rvill permit
the hanger rod to swing to allorv for latcral novement
of the piping rvhere horizontal pipe expansion is
anticipated.
In some instances, rvhere piping expansion is slight
and hanger rods are long, the suirrg permitted by thc
pivoti[g of the rod at the upper and lorver colncctions
is sufficient, &s sho\rn in Fig. H-1.

A : 3 inches, and 3000 psi

Giaen.: 4-iuch Sch. 40 pipe,
maximum bending stress through the resira,ining
cffect of.the first rigid hanger.
Find; L, lhe distance from the riser to the first rigid
suppori.
From the Chart on page211, using values of 4-inch
pipe and 3-inch deflection, read a span of 29 feet. This
span is besed on a stress ol 10,000 psi, and, to correct
for 3000 psi, refer to above Chart. For a stress of
3000 psi, the correction factor for spans is 1.83. Multi-

lLr- AH-l.i3x3=2.4"
A H-2= 18 x3 = l.a"
A H-3. :t x3 = l-2"
AH-4.:*x3".6'l Figure H-u

168
 IIANGDRS AND SIIPPORTS

In other instances the angularity caused by the hangers located on the same long section of pipe, the
horizontal piping movements can appreciably effect effect of the total horizontal force can be serious.
the position of the piping system, and can cause harm- (See Fig. H-q.)
ful horizontal forces rvithin the piping system.

T
I zt):

L,,,.
Figure ll-o.
f Total horizontal force
In Fig. H-o, note that, of the large axial
because
piping movement and short hanger rod, the pipe is
pulled f; inch ofr elevation when it expands 6 inehes
horizontally.
The condition described also places a horizontal
force component into the piping system, For example,
assume a pipe weight of 1000 lb for the above hanger,
as in Fig. H-p.
Figure H-p.
l,oooo
The 258h horizontal force by itself may not be of
great consequence, but where there is a series of
860 Ib.
- 86 + 772 + 258 + 344:
Certainly, for any sysiem subject to horizontal
expansion, the rod angularity from the vertical will
result in a horizontal force component. The point
where this angularity becomes critical cannot be de-
fined for every ca.se, but accepted practice is to limit
tbe srving from the vertical to 4".
Where this angle is greater Lharr 4", a pipe roller
should be considered.
Pipe roller supports are of two basic types: those
which attach to overhead structure, and those which
a,re placed beneath the pipe as base supports.
It should be noted that where rollers are required,
the pipe operating tempemtures usually are suf-
ficiently high that pipe insulation is used to reduce
heat loss and for personnel protection. In these
cases a pipe covering protection saddle should be used
in conjunction with the rollers to keep the insulation
from crushing.
Where the piping is not insulated, the pipe will rest
directly on the roller. This is common practice for
the support of long transmission lines where the gas
or fluid transported is not of elevated operating temper-
| ,oooo
atures, but where the pipe run is subject to some
change in ambient temperature, as from summer to
winter variances.
For example, a pipe Iine 300 feet long subject to

TT
tl
tlttl
tftl
r5a--t---\-r5
+rnv--'--\+
TYPICAL ROLLEN HANGER ASSEMBLIES TYPICAL BASE ROLLER SUPPORTS

169
 ITT (i]tI\\ IiI,I, PIPI\G
ambient changes from 70oF to 110'F expands only
.00300 inch per foot from the lorv to high tcmperature.
){ultiplied by 300 feet, hol-ever, the total axial ex-
pansion is 300 fect x .00300 inch,ifoot, or .918 inch.
In instalccs of this nature, rollers l'ill be used, but,
the pipe covering protection saddlcs s-ill not be required.
A TYPICAL PIPE SUPPORT SPECIT'ICATION
1. Scope
Thi-" specification shall apply for the design and
fabrication of all hangers, supports, anchors, and
guides. \Yhere piping de,.,ign is such that ex-
ceptions to this specification are necessary, the
particular system irill be iJentified, and the ex-
ceptions clearly listed through an addendum rvhich
s'ill be made a pari of the specification.
2. Design
(a) All supports and parts shall confor m to the latest
lcquilemeuts of tlie ANSI Cotlc for Prcssule
Pipirrg I331.1, anil \ISS Stlndarrl Plictice
SP-i8, except rLs srrpplerncrilccl or modifictl by
thc requiremeuts of this specificltiott.
(b) Designs generally accepted as exemplifying good
engirreerirrg pnctine, using srock or production
pafts, shall be utilized rvherever possible.
(c) Accurate $'eight balance calculations shall be
made to determine the required supporiing
force at each hanger location and the pipe l'cight
Ioad at each equipment connection,
(d) Pipe hangers shall be capable of supporting the
pipe in all conditions of operation. They shall
allorv free expansion and contraction of the
piping. and prererrt exce..ive stres" resultitrg
from transferred l'eight being induced into the
pipe or connected equipment.
(e) Wherever possible, pipe attachments for hori-
zontal piping shall be pipe clamps.
(f) Wherever possible, structural attachments shall
be beam clamps.
(g) For critical, high-temperature pipiug, at hanger
locations rvhere the vertical movenent of the
piping is f inch or more, or rrhere it is neces-
sary to avoid the transfer of load to adjacent
hangers or connected €q-lipment, pipe ha)Igers
shnll be of tr
alrproved cottsttrtt sul,polt dcsigtr,
as I'I1'Grinrcll Fig. 80-\'arxl ltig. 81-H, ot eclual
An exception may be made in the instance
where the piping movement occurs at a hanger
supporting a portion of a piping riser on $hich a
rigid support is also located. In this case,
variable spring hangers may be used for any
170
DESIGN A\D I!\ CIINTiI'IIIN(;
amount of cspansion up to thc full rccommcncled
n'orking range of the spring, proliclecl the change
in supporting effect, of the variab)c spring is
addcd to ihe design load of the rigid -.upport
assenlblY.
\\'hcre transfer of load to adjaccnt hangers or
eqrripment is not critical. and rvhcre the lertical
movemeDt of the piping is lcss than f ilch,
variable sprirrg harrgors may bc uscd, providcd
the r.ariation in supportiug cffcct docs not
excccd 25fi of the calculated pipiug load through
its total vertical traYel.
(h) The total travcl for constant support h&ngcrs
nill be equal to actrral travcl pliis 20/6, It no
case s ill the difference bctrvccn actual mrd total
tralel be less than ] ilch.
(i) Constant supports shall be furnished l'ith travel
stops which shall prevent ups ard and dorvn-
l-ard movcment of the hanger. 'I'hc travcl
stops lill be factory installcd so that the halger
Ievcr is at the "cold" position. 'l'he trtrrcl stops
rvill be of such dcsigu &s to pcnnit fllture re-
engagemcnt, eYen iri lhe cvcDi the lever is at a
po,"ition other tharr "cold", l'ithout having to
makc hanger adjustments.
(j) For non-criticalr low tempera.ture systcms,
rrhere vertical movements up to 2 inchcs are
anticipated, an approvcd prccomprcsscd lariable
sprilg dcrign similrrl to I1'T (irirrrrell Irig.
13-268 nrlry bc tist'rl. \I'hel: tlrc vcttir:rtl movc-
nrcrl is grcxlcf thrrn 2 irtchc,.', l vutiairk'slrt'irtg
hrrrrgel sinrilur' 1o I'l"l' (ilirrrrcll l is. 1)8 nlry bi:
trscd. \\rhclc rno\'('rn(rl1s rLto of lt smitll Iultgtti-
trirlc, slrtitrg lrltLgels siurilrtt to I'l'11' (ilirrrrell
Irig. 82 ol light duty I''ig. 217 rnrLy bc rt-*ccl.
(k) All rigid hangers shall provide a means of
vertical adjustment af ter erectiol.
(l) \\'here the piping s1'stem is subjeci to shock
loads, such as scisniic tlisturbanccs or thrusts
imposed by the actu&tion of s&fety valves,
hanger design shall inclrde provision of shock
absorbing devices of appror.ed dc-"ign, such as
I'fT(irirrrLcll Irig. 200 shoclt riritl srlay sulr-
ltres-sor, oI equal.
(m) Selection of vibration control devices shall not
be part of thc hanger contractor's rrork. If
vibration is encountercd after the pipir.rg systcm
is in operation, appropriatc vibration cortrol
equipment sill be installed at the direction of
the engineers.
(n) Hanger rods shall be subjected to terrsilc loading
only. At hauger locations rvherc latcral or
 HANGF]RS AND SUPPORTS
axial moyement is anticipated, suitable linkage
shall be providod ro pclnrit srling.
(o) lVhere hodzontal piping movements are greater
than I irrch, or l'here the hanger rod angularity
from the vertical is greatcr than 4 degrees
from the cold to hot position of the pipe, the
hanger pipe and structural attachments shall be
offset in such manner that the rod is vertical in
the hot position.
(p) Hangers shall bc designed so that they cannot
become disengagcd by movements of the
support€d pipe.
(q) Hangers shall be spaced in accordance with
ANSI B31.1.
(r., Where plactical, riser piping shall be supported
independently of the connected horizontal piping.
Pipe support attachmenis to the riser piping
shall be riser clamp lugs. \Yelded attachments
shall be of material comparable to that of the
pipe, and designed in accordance rvith gov-
erning codes,
(s) Supports, guides, and anchors shall be so de-
signed that excessive heat I'ill not be transmitted
to the building steel. The temperature of
supporting parts shall be based on a temperature
gradient of 100" F per inch distance from the
outside surfrce of t he pipe.
IIANGER DESIGN SERVICE
Ilangers for piping 2| inch and larger, and all spring
support assemblies, shall be coi:rpletely engineered.
(a) Engineered hanger assemblies shall be detailed on
8] inch x 11 inch sheets.
Each sketch l'ill include a location plan shorving
the location of the hanger in relation to columns
or equipment.
Each sketch rvill include an exact bill of material
for the component parts making up each assembly.
(b) Each engineered hanger assembly will be individu-
ally bundled and tagged as far as practical, ready
for installation.
Hanger material for piping 2 inch and smaller shall
be shipped as loose material, identified by piping system
ouly. A piping drardng marked with approximate
hanger locations and types, and hanger sketches show-
ing typical support arrangements will be furnished..
L7r
 ITT GITINNELL - PIPING Dt slc-\ AND IIN( I I Nllllttl-\ t'

WEIGIITS OF PIPING MATERIAIS

'Ihe tairuhtion of rveights of standard piping The leight per foot of stecl pipc is subject to the
materinls has bcen arratlged for conveniertce of selection
follol'ing tolerlnces:
of data that formerly consun,ed considerable time to
develop. For specirl rnaterills, the three formulae IFICATION TOL!]RANCI'
SPEC
listed telou'lor l'eights of tubes, l'eights of coutetrts
of tubes, and rveights of piping irsulation rvill be
helpful. ASrl! A;l I ilo,,\t li,*, -i7
AS t'\l A-120 irS ri r -' i0-o. l0-o
| -
tr\reight of rube : F x 10.68 X T X (D - T) 1b/tt *";x",'
ASrNr A-1oo 33fi ii;1?1.
? : lall thickness irt irches -i:.:?"
D : outsidc diametcr in inches
.A.srr{ A-385 l?*1;9,*o* *oil",' -tui?
i' : relatile rveight factor

The leight of tube furnished in this piping data is

per
|sli i_313 r2'landurrder +$.57a, -2.57a
based ol lorv carl)on steel s'eighiug 0 2833 poultds
cubic inch. API 5L All sizes +6.57a, -3.s7o

The l"eight of l-elding tees and latcr&ls are for full

Relative Weight Factor F
size fittirgs. 'l'he l eights of rcducirrg fittings are
approrimately tbe same as for fuiL size {itiirrgs'
Aluminurn " " o'35
The leights of rvelding reducers are for ole size
Brass "" ' 1'12 reductiou, alcl are approximately correct for other
Cast Iron "'' " 0'91 reductions.

| 14 \Yeights of lah-es of the same type may vary because

CopPer.
of indilidual tnatrufacturet's dcsigtrs Listed valve
Ferriticstainlcsssteel..... 0'95 leights alc lpplorimate otrly. Specilic valve u'eights
Austenitic stainlcss steel l02 should be used rvheu available.

Steel.... ......... i.00 \l'here speciiic iusulatiort thicklesses and densit'ics

differ fron.i those shosl, refer to "Weight of Piping
Nrought iron ." 0'98 Insulatiorr" formula belolv or to Table on page 207'

Weight of Piping insulation -

Weight of contents of a tube -
Gx.3lo5:xiD-2T)2 lb/It I X.021E x?x (D + 1') Iblft
1: itisulation delisity in poutrds pcr cubic foot'
G : specific grar'ltY of contents
1' : tube lall thickrress in ir.rches ?: irrsrriatiou thickness in itrchcs

D : tube outside diameter in inches D: outside diameter of pipe in inches

t72
 HANGIIIIS AND SUPPORTS

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS 1t' ptp" r.3r'' o.D.

{/
/.4
u-r'
z
i />
F uJ
z
{i\
E=:I
E
z,\
E_=_:ir

t_i___-J

ku
Temperature Range 'tr'

Magnesia
2 Calcium
F
Combina-
tion
z
Fiber-
Sodium

Boldface iype is weight io

ffi pounds. Lightlece type beneath

weight
insulation.
is weighi factor
Insulation thicknesses and
for

z
d
MM weights arc based on average
conditions end do not constitute
Njs a recommendation for specific
ihicknesses ol materials. IiT sula-
tion weights are based on 85le
tNf.sF magnesia and hydrous calcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
A)
IA
lisied thicknesses and weishts of
combination coverine ar1 the
z
F
# ,\.
s]lms of ihe inner layer of dia-
tomacecus e&dh e,t 2l lbs/cubic
foot and the outer la,yer at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
Insuletion lveights include al-
z /tN lowancesfor wire, cement, can-
1 vas, bands and p&int, but not
special surface finishes.
To find the weighi of covering
on flanges, valves or fittings,
multiply the weight factor by the
weight per loot of covering used

@,r\ Flaneed Bonnet

on stnight pipe.
Valve weights &re &pproxi-
mate. When possible, obtain
weights from the manufacturer.
checl Cast iron valve weights are for

+€ flanged end valves; steel weights

for $'eldine end valves.

rc
* 16 lb cu. ft. densiiy.
All flanged fitting, flanged
valve and flange weights include
the proportional weight of bolts
or studs to xoake up ell joinb,

173
 ]TT GR]NNELL - PIPING DIISIGN AND ]'N (] I \ F]I,]]iINC;

l/a" ercn 1.660, o.D. WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

Wall Designation

r'2
la
{_!_/
z trt.
|.
w
{t\
z r-:-i
.4'd.
/N
f-+r
\JJ
Temperature Range "F

Nom. Thick.,In.
Magnesie
z Calcium
3
.l Combina-
iron
z
Fiber-
Sodium

Boldface type is l'eight in

2 ffi pounds. Lightface type benea,th

weight
insul&tion.
is weight factor
Insulaiion thicknesses and
for

z
SW '$eights are based on average
conditions and do not constitute
a recommendation for specific
fs-i,N$ thicknesses of mate als. Insula-
tion weights are based on 85%
$:si,sB magnesia and hydrous calcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
AI listed thicknesses end x'eights of
z T} combination covedng are ihe
sums of the inner leyer of dia-
tomaceous earth at 21 lbslcubic
L .A foot and the oute. layer at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
N
z /> Insulation weights include al-
lowances for wire, cement, csn-
vas, bands and paint, but not
special surface finisbes.-
Io find the r|erght ot covenng
on flanges, valves or fittings,
{={3 mrrltinlv the rveicht factor bv the
ueighi !er foot 6f covering used

3
@ ltl' )
on strargnt prpe.
Valve $ eights are :rpproxi-
mate. lYhen Dossible. obtain
weights from th6 manufacturer.
C&st iron valve weights arc lor
flanged end valves; steel weights
+<i for xelding end valves.
AII flanged fitting, flanged
rc valve and flange weights include
thc DroDortional lve;qht of bolts
or si,udi to make up all joints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. densitY.

174
 IIAN(-:iENS AND SITPPORTS

WEIGIITS OF PIPING ITATDRIALS r.eoo" o.D. l/2" etea

z1

at w
z
F wt^
z
{i\
L::I
: -4,L,
E
/i\
L]--,-)

\U
Tcmperoture Range "F

Magnesia
2 Calcium
F
Combina-
tion
z
tr'iber-
Sodium

Soldface type is weight in

pounds. Lightface type beneath
M$ *erght rs lvelgnE Iacior Ior
insulation.
z fnsulation thicknesses anil
strri$ weights are based on average
condiiiods a,nd do not constitute
Njs a recommendation fot specific
thicknesses of rnaterials. Insula-
tion weights are b&sed on 8570
$:1Is maenesia :rnd hvdrous crlcium
silicjte at 1l lbsliubi. foot. The
,'A listcd thiclinesses and u'eights of
z combin:r.tion covering are the
sums of the inner laver of dia-
L
/A trom&ceous earth a6 21 lbs/cubic
foot and the outcr layer at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
,N Insulation weights include ol-
z /}} lowances tor wire, cement, can-
vas, bands and paint, but not
B' .tl specjal surfr.ce fi nishes.
To 6nd the weight of covcring
on flrnges, vrlves or fittings'
,k{3 multiply the we;ght fector bl' the
we;ght per foot oi covcring used

Fr
@
li|1
on shra;qhi pipe.
valvt
mate. When"
w,lidhts lre approxi-
possible,
-obto;n
\yeiqhts from the ma,nufacturer.
Cast ilon volve $eiqhts rre lor
flcneed cnd velves; steel weights
+<J for ileldinE end valves.
All flaneed fitting, Ranged
valve end flInee weiqhts jnclude
KU tle prot,ortion;l wciAht of bolts
or siudi to make up cll ioints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. density.

t75
 ITT GITINNII],I, -- PIPING DESIGN AND I]NGINI]ERING

2" pwn zB7''o.D. WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

fr
4J-{

tu?
z
F
w
{T\
z E=:I
=
E
/T\
L_t_,
\t"J
Temperature Range "F

Magnesia,
2 Calcium
F
Combina-
iioD
z
Fiber-
Sodium

Boldfacetype is weight in
pounds. Lightface iype beneath
ffi welgnl ls wergh! laclol ror
insulation,
fnsulation thicknesses and
z d.ll1l.\$ weishts ere based on averaqe
coniitions and do not constituie
s, rccommenda,iion for
N]s specific
thicknesses of ma,terials. Insula-
tion weights are based on,857o
maqnesla and nvorous calclum
$i:N siliAte st 11 lbs/cubic Joot. The
listed thicknesses and weighis of
AI combination covering are the
z L} sums of the inner l&yet of dia-
tomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
F
.A Joot and the outer l&yer e,t
11 lbs/cubic foot.
,N. Insulation weights include al-
z /N lowances fot wire, cement, can-
vas, bands aDd paint, but not
]}', 'it special
- surface finishes.
To find the weight of covering
on flanges, va,lves or fittings,

1-{] multiply thg weight factor by the

wergnt per looc oI coverrng useo
on straight pipe.

@
|lll
Valve weishts are
mate. When- Dossible,
approxi_
obtain
weishts from the manufacturer.
C:&st iron valve v.eights a,re for
flanged end valves; steel weights

+<i Ior weldine end valves.

AII flanged fitting, flanged
valve and flanee weiehts include
F$0 the DroDortion;l weisht of bolts
or siudi to make up all joinrs.
* 16 lb cu. ft. derxity.

176
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS 2.878 o.D. 2/2" ewn

n
(J-/
z
F {!.}
z
{i\
Ei:l
//\^
l
/\
!-l__,
s*lJ
Temperature Range 'F
Magnesia
z Caicium ,

,t Oombin&-
tion
z
Fiber
Sodium

Boldface type is *'eight in

ffi pounds. Lightfece type benc&th
{,eighi is weigh6 Jactor for

&
insulation.
z Insulation 1hicknesses and
weights are based on average
conditions and do not constitute
a recommendation for specific
Nl-$s thicknesses of metedals. Insuts-
tion lveights are based on 85%
N magnesia and hydrous c&lcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
listed thicknesses and \reights of
(, combination covering are the
z r.4 sums of the inner lalrer of dia-

#,N
11
at 2l lbs/cubic
tomaceous earth
foot and the outer layer at
lbs/cubic foot.
Insulation *'eights include a1-
.lowances
z d.4 iot $1re, cemen[, c&n-
vas. bands and Daint. but not
speiial surface finishes.
To 6nd the weight of covering
on flanges, valves or fittings,
+.€ multiply the n'eight factor by the
\aeight per foot of covering used

@ oI1 straight pipe.

Valve weights are approxi-
ma,te. When possible, obtain
.t
n $eights frorr the manufacturer.
Cast iron valve weights are for

+<i flanged end valves; steel \reights

for welding end valves.
All flanged fitiing, flanged
valve and flange weights include
FSO the proportional weight of bolts
or studs to make up all joints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. density.
 tt prpn B.boo' o.D. WI'IGIITS oII I'IPI\(i }I.\TI.]III'\
3 I,S

Schedrrle No. 40 80 160

Wall Designation srd.
Thiknegs-In. .2t6 .300 .433 .600
Pipe-Lbs/Ft, r0.25 14.32 18.58
\\'rter-Lbs/Ft 3.20 2.86 2.35 l 80

4.6 6.1 E.4 10.7

a5 L.R. 90" Elbow .8 .8 .8 .8

3
i/!-
L!r' S.R.90'Iilbow .5 .5

2.4 4.4 5.4

| {h L.R. 45" Elbow .3 .3 .3 .3

:Z {r\
t*rJ Tce
7.4
.8
9.5
.8
12.2
.8
14.8
.8

A 4',4. l3 l9
ttr- Lgteral t.ri t.s
f,t-l
ri\
{-t
Reducea .3
2.9
.3
3.7
.3 .3

\JI cap
1.4 .1.8
.5
3.5
,5 .5

Tonll)er&ture Ruge 'l' 100-190 200-299 300-3$9 400-4$0 500-599 600-699 700-790 800-899 900-sr9 1C00-1099 1100-1200

Maglesia
\om. T|ick., In. 1 1 1t i 2 2 2% 3 3 3% 3%
! Calcium I}s Iit 1.25 1.25 2.08 3.01 3.01 4.07 5.4 s.24 5.24 6.65 6.65
F 3\/4
2)1 3 3 3 31,t
(ittnl)ir)a- \onr. 'Lhir,k., ln.
uon Il;s.'l't 5.07 6.94 6.94 6-94 9.17 9.t7
z
\om. TLick., Lr. 1 I 1 r% 1% 2 2 3 3 3t/4 3%
Fiber-
Sodium Ll,s,/|t 1.6r l.6r 1.61 2.74 2.74 3.9E 3.98 6.99 6.99 8.99 8.99

(jast lron Steel

Prcssure Rating Boldfece type is weight in
psl 125 250 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Dounds. Lichtface tvpe beneath
- -
,@ Scren ed
Slip-On
ot 9 9
1.5
t7 20 20
1.5
6l
l.D
6l
102

rl3
*:eight is
insul:rtion.
weight iactor for

Insulation thicknesses and

1l l9 27 38
rc based
$eiqhts are Dased on average
3 Srirs Welcling Neck 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
conditions and do not constitute
constitute
- 9 t7 l9 t9 36 60 99 a endation for sPecific
recommendation specific
N-l-s Lap Joint 1.5 1.5 1.5 thicknessesr materials. Insula,_
of materiels. Insula-
ts are based on 85%
tion \i'eiqhts
t0 19 110 20 24 38 6l r05
macnesii and hydrous
hydrous calcium
calciurn
$s<Fs Blind 1.5 11.5 1.5 1.5
siliAh at ll foot, The
11 lbs/cubic foot. The
46 t32 67 150 (nesses and weights ot
listed thicknesses of
9 26 53 9E
4 | 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.6 combination )n covering are the
r#) S.R- 90" Elbow 3.9
sums of the 're inner layer of dia_
dia-
E ,'11
L.R. 90' Elbov
30
4.3
50 40
4.3
63
4.3
tomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
foot and ihe layet
the outer laYet a,t
ic foot.
11 lbs./cubic
RN 4l 46 60 93 r35 Insrllationrn *'eights include al-
6/\ 45" Elbow 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.9 4
lo$aDces for or \\'lre,
\\'ire, ccnlent,
cen\ent, cirn-
can-
<-:: vas, bandsr and a.nd ptillt,
;!aint, but not
39 61 6l r02 151 23E
E ts' tfl Tee 5.9 5.9 6 6.2 6.9 sDecial
'To find face finlshes.
surface finrshes.
the ueight of covering
tt2 125 t55 260 410 on flanges, i, valves or nlungs,hLtings'
Ilanged Bonnet 66 10 multipltthe by ihe
factor bY
ie weight fa,ctor the
Cate 7 7.4 I 4.4 4.8 5 5.5
weight.per' foot of covering used usecl

Flanged Bonnet r2l 60 95 495 on s[rarghiI prpe.

DiDe.
Globe or Angle 7.2 7.6 4.3 4.5 4.8 5 viilhts are
Valve weight"s a.re approxl'
approxi-
rnate- When hen possible,
possrDle, oo@rn
obtain
Flanqed Bonnet 46 r00 60 70 120 I50 440 weishts from rm th6 manufaciurer.
manufacturer.
Chec-k 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.9 5.8 valve weights are for
C-"ast itonn vs,lve
flaneed end d valves; stiel weightl
steel weights
Pressure Seal 20E 235 for i'eldineE end valves.
3 3.2 All flangediged fitting, fla4ge.d
flanged
Bonnet-Cote
t35 1E0 valve and flange weiqhh jnclud€
flanse weighk jnclude
Pressure SeaI
3 'tion;l $eiEht
the proportionat $eight of boltr
bolts
Bolnet---Globe up all ioints,
o mal(e uP
or siudi to ioints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. density.

178
 IIAN(-i]'ITS AND SIIPPOIiTS

WEIGHTS OF PIPING T,{AT]'RIALS 4.ooo" o.D. 3/2" rwo

Pipe-LbsTFt
Weter-Lbs ft

Uf
z
[
t!L_.4J
,.>

z
ft
E.;f

,t\
!__ t _--t

Temper&ture Itange 'F

Nom. Thick.,In.
flegrresia
Calci[m

Combina- Nom. Thi(k., In.

tion
z

Fiber-
Sodium

typc is rvcight in
Boldface
pounds. Lightf.lce tl pe bcneath
N;lS $ eight is *eight tsctor for
insultrtion.
O Insulation thicknesses and
z
$rrtM Neights arc basecl on average
conditions :rnd do not constitute
Nls r recommendrtion for
thickncsses of materials- Insula-
tiorl lveights are based on E5%
specific

{N.is magnesia end hl drous crlcium

silicate at 11lbsr'cubi| foot. The
.-x listed thicknesses .rnd $ cishl.s of
/11 (iombinstion coverilg arc thc
z sum-. of thc iDner l:rler of di.!-
,-a tomaceous eerth at 21 lbs,'r:ubic
foot anll the outer loycr dt
11.lbs cubic foot.
,N Insulation $eights include al-
z
/9s lorvanr.cs foLLrirc, ccment, cxn-
va.., bdncls and paint, but not
* special surf ar:e {inis}rcs.
To finrl the geight of covering
on flengcs, valves or fittiIlgs,
|{ multt)l)-the \reight ftrctor bI tho
wcight per foot of covcring use,l

a @
fil
on.'truighl pip"-
\ rl\.c \\'crgr
mrte. lVhcn possible,
ts jlrc rlrpro\r-
Lrlrtxin
rveights from the m.rnulacturer.
Cast iron vslve $cights are for
flanged end valves; strlcl \leights
+<J for rvekling end valves.
All I1:rnged fitting, flangcd

* 16
rc li cu. ft. density.
valvc and flange rveights include
the ploportionll weight of l)olts
or studs to make up all joints.
 I'iT (iIII\\I]I,I, PIPING DI'SIG\ A\I) I]\(;I \ I.]1'II,I\ (i

4" ,t 4.soo" o.D. WEIGHTS OF PIPING X{ATERIAI,S

"

d)
Ltr

z
t- { ,^\
F u.e
(.) ft
E--'-I
z
g\
i dllr
-JI

\IJ
'l'empcruturf lilrngo'lr

N{agnesia -\om. 'I'hi(ik., In.

z Calcium,

(lomlrinr-
tion
z
\om.1'Iick., In.
Fiber-
Sodium

(llsi, Iron
Boldface tvpe is weight in
ffi pounds. Lightface
lveight
tlpe
is $eight factor
insul&tion.
beneath
lor
Insulation thicknesscs and
z
$fi$ weights are based on average
conditions and do not constitute
a recommends,tion lor specific
N_l_s thicknesses of materi&ls. Insula-
tion weights are besed on 85%
trl\ir,sN magnesia and hydrous cakium
silicate a,t 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
-41 listed thicknesses a.nd \reights of
z /A combinatioo covering are the
sums of the inner layer of dio-

L.L
A tomaceous earth at 2l lbs/cubic
foot and the outer ls,l er at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
N
2 E44A
/> Insulation lveighls include al-
lowa,nces lot vire, cement, can-
vas, bands and paint, but not
speeial
- surface finishes.
To find ihe reight of coverinB
on flanges, valves or {iltings,
F{3 multiply the weight ir.tor l,J'
weight per foot of covering uscd
bhe

@
r\
on straight pipe.
Valvc weights are approxi-
mate. When possible, obtain
\\'eiqhts from thc manufecturer.
lAi (hsi iron valvc wciqhts are for
Ilanged end velvcs; stiel rveights
+<f Ior n eldine end valves.

t4 ALI flanged fitting, flanged

valve and fiange weights include
the orouortionirl rveieht of bolts
or studi to mrke up all joints.
* 16 Ib cu. ft. density.

180
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

1VEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS o.D. 5

tt prpn
5.563"

\f nter-I bs7 t t

u-/
z 15.6 | t7 .7
F {a
z
{l\-" _t
1-

.4'A
t---i
,

\1"'
Tcmperature li.:r.nge "F

Fiber-
z Sodium
o
,l Combina-
tion
z

Ilo)dface iype is s-eighi in

pounds. Ligbtface t1'pe beneath
4q-$ \reight,
insulation.
is $eight f&ctor for

z Insulation thicknesses and

${r..;M \reighis arc bascd on :r.verage
conditions and do not constitute
a recommendation fot speci{ic
N-IS$ thicknesses of materials. Insula-
tion lveights are ]rased on 85%
Els'i:s mngncsia ancl hldrous calcium
siliCatc at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
4
/,4
listed thicknesses and rveights of
z combinetion covcring are the
sums of the inncr laier of dia-
|. ,41 tomaceous earth at 21 lbs,/cubic
/r4 foot &nd the outer la,r'cr at
11 lbs /cubic foot.
,N Insuhtion \reights inclrrde al-
z /?s lorvances lor \\_ire, cement, can-
ves, bands and pdini,, but not
special surface finishcs.
To lind thc rvcight of covering
on flanges, vrlves or fittings,
1-{ multipl-\' the \\eight factor bt'the
$eight per foot of coverirrg used

@
lll)
on -qtraight pipe.
Valve l'eights arc approxi-
mate. lVhen possible, obtain
weights from thc manufacturcr.
Cast ilon valve Ycights :rre for
flanged end velvesistcel $ eights
l<ql for r"eldins end valves.
ALI frrrigetl fitting, flangcd
vrJve rnd t nge rveighhs inrlude
l<,t,J the proportional weight of bolts
or studs to makc up all ioinis.
1 16 lb cu. ft. density.
6" ptpn 6.625, o.D. WIiIGII'I'S OT PII'INCI XI,\TI1RI,\LS

\\"ster--.Lbs Ift

U,tz
z
tl fn
a-j-,

z
{i\
fJ:I
E--
/\
fr-D
\JJ
'l empcraturc lhngc "F

\om. TLick., In.

l{agnesia
z
o Calcium

Conrbinr-
\om. Thilk., In.
tion
z
Fiber-
Sodirm

Boldface type is *eight in

pounils. Lightfa.e tl pe bene.rth
4d-x$ \r'.lght rs \elgnL rscrnr ror
insulation.
z Insula.tion thicknesses and

i #r-rM
weights are based on cvercge
corditions and do ltot constitute
N+S a rccommcndation for specific
thickne-.ses of meterills. Insula-
tion rveights tre bascd on 85/p
0s:s' magnesia and hydrous calcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
/41 listcd thicknesses and veights of
z /,4 combination covedng &re ihe
sums of the inner layer of dia-
tomrceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
foot rnd ihe outer l&yer at
\ 11 lbs,tubic foot.
Insulation Neights include al-
z lorvanccs for \rire, cement, can-
v:rs, bands and peint, but not
IP LI]
soecial surface finishes.
' To find the {eight of cqvedng
on flsrrges, valves or fittings,
F4l multipll the \\'ejghi fr, tor bJ- the
\\ergh! ler looi ol covcfltlg useo

v2 @ on straight pipe.
\ralvc $'eights are &pproxi-
mete. When pos-.ible, obtain
\Yeights from the manufecturer.
U Cjast iron valve \rcights arc for
flangcd end valves; stcel rveights
+<J fol rvclding cnd v:rlves.
All flnnged 6tting, flrngcd
rc vxlvc and flrnge \\'.iglris include
tlre rrror)ortionxl lv.ight of irolts
or siu,l! to mrkc up rll joints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. density.

r82
 HANGERS ,\ND SUPPORTS

WEIGI]TS OF PIPING MATERIALS 8.625" o.D. 8" prpo

$ratcr-Lbs/l t
f,,7

L!./
ta
z
! /)
x_p
z
{i}
LJI
-4\
i tr::t
di\
\IJ
Tempcrature Iiange 'F
Nom. Thi, li., In.
Nlagnesia
2 Calcium
o
F
Nom. Thick., In.
) Clombine-
tion
z

Fiber-
Sodium

Ilolclf.rce t-\'pe is rveight in

ffi p,,un,ls. Lighth, e t.vpc l,enccLh
\ cighl is
ilsulation.
\\ L,ighb Jirtor for
Insuhtion thi(knesses :lnd
7
El
sm$ rveiglrts ale besed
coDditioDs and
on average
do ot constiiuic
Nis a recommendstion
thicknesses
for
of matcrirls. hsula-
spccilic
tion Ncights arc bascd on 85!i
(x!\Nl magncsia aDd hldrous calcium
silicate it, 11 lbs/cubic foot. Tbe

z A listed thicknesses and rveights of

combination covering are the
F 4l sums of the inner layer of dia-
tomeceous earth at 21 1bs,,/cubic
foot and the outer ldl.er at
,N 11 lbs/cubic foot.
z />
c3:9E
Insulation rveights include al-
,lowances 1or \\ lte, cement, caD-
I ve,s, ba,nds and Daint, but not
sDecial
- surfecc finishes:
To find the $eieht of coverine
on flanges, vdves or fittings,
{.<3 multiply the $ ejght factor by the

t4 \eight.per foot of covering used

on sirarghl prpe,
\.alve s.ciehts are aunroxi-
mate. l\rhcn- possible, 'cjbtsin
'\rcights from the m'rnufttctluer.
t m Cast ilon valve Neiehts ere for

+<i flangcd cnd valves; stiel veights

for * elding end valves.
.\11 flanged fittins, flansed
v&lvc and lirrnge veiglrts in.lude
FSO thri troportionrl \leight of bolts
* 16 Ib cu. ft. density.
o! studs to makc up all joints.
 I'IT GITINNI'LI,_ PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINI]ERINC;

10tt ptpn ro.zbo" o.D. WEIGHTS OF PIPING X{ATDRIALS

z ,A.
{-p
z
fl.r
EJ:I
,l
F
f,1-t
L-r----,

\]J
l'empcrr,ture lirngc "tr'

Mggnesia
z Calcium

Combin&-
9 tion
z
Fiber-
Sodium

Boldfa.ce i"1'pe is $'eight ir

ffi oounds. Liehtfcce

i\eight
insulation.
-
is
tIDe
-
rveight
bcneath
Jsctor for
Insulation thicknesses and
z weiqhts are based on average
s{-F$ conilitions end do not constituie
a recommendation for specific
Nls thicknesses of materi&ls. Insula-
tion weights are based on 85%
$::i:.{} mcsncsia and hvdrous celcium
silicrte at 11 Ibs/cubic foot. The
listed thicknesses and weights of
combination covering are the
z sums of the inner layer of dia-
tomeceous earth s,t 2l lbs/cubic
.A foot and the outer layer at
11 lbs/cubic foot.

z
N Insilation weights include al-
lowances {or \tire, cement, can-
vas. bands and Daint, but not
speiirl
- surfoce finishes.
To find the veight of covering
on flanges, valves or fit[ings,
multiply the r-\'eight factor bv the
werghl per loo! or coverlng useo

,t
@ on strcight pipe.
Valvc rrcights sre rppro\i-
mrtc. Whcn possible, ol)t$in
\\'cights lrom thc manuf3cturcr.
m C{st, iro \'rh.c \\'cights are for
flauged end vrlvcsr steel $'eights
+<{ fol rveldine end valvcs.

rc .\ll ftanged fitting, flonged

velve and lluqe reislrts include
tle DroLortionll rveicht of holts
or s'uu,l! to make up all joints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. deisity.
 HA\GERS AND SUPPORTS

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATI'ITIALS rz.lilo'o.D. 12" ptpn

Schethrlc \o. 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 1G0
\\'all Dt:signation srd. XS
Thickness In. .250 .330 .406 .500 .562 .687 .8{3 r.000 1.125 1.312
Pipe-Lbs/Ft 33.3E 43.8 49.6 65.4 73.2 88.5 | 107.2 139.7 160.3
Water-Lbs/Ft 51.10 49.7 49.0 48.5 47 .0 46.0 44.0 | 41.6 39.3 34.9

ui L.R. 90" Elbow

119
3
157
3
375
3
80 l04
nw
zf\
S.R.90'Elbow 2 2

F flII L.R. 45" Elbow

60
1.3
7E
1.3
lEl
E PrT\ r32 t67
o t-+-+ Tee 2.5 2.5
360
2.5
3 g'r. 180
F: \
Latera.l 5.4
33 44 94
L Reducer .7 ,7
30 3E E9
Crp
Tempcnr.turc Rlnge 'F 100-1!9 200-299 300-399 400-409 500-599 600-699 700-799 800-899 900-9c9 1000-1099 1100-1200

Maqnesia Nom. Thick., In. 1j; 1t' 2 21/l 3 3 3% 4 4 4t/t 414

? Calaium Ilrs/Ft 6.04 6.04 t3 10.5
Y Silicate 8. 12.7 15.1 17.9 17.9 20.4 20.4

f, Combina- Nom. Thick., In. 3 3\l 4 4 411 4k

;z tion I-bs/Ft 17.7 21.9 26.7 31.1 31.1

Fiber- \om. Thick.,In. r% 1% 1rz ll/t 1% 2% 2t4 4 4 5 5

Sodium Lbs/Ft 14.20 14.20 24.64 4.64 32,fi 32,fi
Pressure RaiiDg Cast Iron Steel
psr Boldfrce t1'pe is rr,,ixht jn
,ffi
125 250 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
7l
pounrls. Lightfeco tytr b$erth
\\ crglLt js $ ciglrt futtor for
Screwed or r37 72 140 164 26t 388 E20 16ll
Slip-On 1.5 1.5

zs{i$ W-elding Neck

88
1.5
163
1.5
212
1.5 1.5
4s4
1.5
843
1.5
1919 Insulation thicknesses and
\YPiqhts rrc Lrse,l on evcrnge
- 1.5
corrclltrons crL.L ilo not constitute
Nji$ Lap Joint 1.5
I6,t
1.5
rE1
1.5
286
1.5
433
1.5
902
1.5
1573
1.5
a r FcolnmL,r
'
lxtion Jor
tLi, kI csq,s of matc|j]]s. Insuh-
stre,,itic

{3<sNN
96 r77 IIE 209 261 341 475 92a 1775 tion lreights ale brLscd on 85%
Blind 1.5 1.5 magncsia ltnd hldrous calcium
a.4 silicite at 11 lbs,/cubic loot. The
265 453 345 509 8r5
a /t S.R. 90" Elbow 5 5 5.2
669 1474 listed thir:knesses and treiqhts of
5.8 6.2 combinatiol coverinE are thc
? /11 .qums of tbe inncr hr:er of dill-
= /A L.R. 90' Elbow
375
6.2 6.2
485
6.2
624
6.2
159E
6.2
2i lbs/cubic
tonLlccous e:uth et
foot and the outer la\.er at
B,N
(J /9N 235 383 414 469 tt24 11 ll)s/cubic foot.
hsulation lcights include al-
<-::,
45' Elbow 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 ,lo\tences lol \\'lrc, coment, cllll-
E IP L{
Tee
403 684
7.8
5r3 754
7.8
943
8.3
1361
4.7
1928
s.3
vas, blrncls and Drint, but nob
spu(irl sur'facc lini-sLes.
To find the \eight of covering
Flanged tsonllet 687 1298 10r5 1420 21s5 2770 4650 o|1 fl3nHcs, l.rlvcs of ]ittinss.
1=43 7.8 4 5 5.5 7 7.2 8 multit,l.r th! \\ciglrtf.L,.toL l,.r' the
\"rAht t,rr'foot oI covc|ing uscd
, F{3 Fbnged Bonnet
Globe or Angle
808
9.4
1200
9.5.
710
5
1410 orl strll rarrL pllr(,.
Vrtve 1v;iih ts rrc er,rlori-
Flanged Borrnet 674 1160 560 720
m;rt". 1\'hpn 1,os*ilrts,,rlrtrrin
j!|J Check 9.4 9.5 6 6.5
1410
7.2
2600
8
3370
I \'eights from tirc mamufroturer.
Oest iton valve rveights are for

+<l Pressure SeaL 1975 2560 4515

fl.Lrrjje,l,, n,1 vulvrs: sterL rrciglrLs
tOt Ing Cnd

rc
Bonnet-Ga.te 6 7
\\ eLLl virLVCS.
,1ll flc r,Aed fitting, flrnged
Pressure Seal v:Ll\ crnd Ilxngc \\'ciglrts inrlude
Bonnet-Clobe proportioncl \rejg
thc l)rolrortioncl \rejght of bolts
* 16 Ib cu. ft. densrty. or studs io make up all joints.

I6D
 ITT GIiINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINODRI]{G

14" *r*" 14" o.D. WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATDRIALS

Schedule No. 10 20 30 40 60 EO 100 120 140 160

Wall Designation srd. XS

Thickness-In. .250 .312 .438 .500 .593 .537 1.093 1.250 1.406

Pipe-Lbs/Fi s6.71 45.7 54.6 63.4 34.9 106.1 130.7 150.7 170 2 r89.I
Water-Lbs/Ft 62.06 60.92 59.7 5E.7 55.9 50.0 47 .5 45.0 42.6

r54
W L.R. 90' Elbow 3.5

f4 r02 135
. {Jj S.R. 90' Elbow 2.3 2.3

Eh,
F{# L.R. 45' Elbow
100

E {i\ 159 203

I t-+-l Tee 2.8 2.8
218 340
3 4',4^ Lateral
EE- 83
63
Reducer 1.1 1.1
Ll-,
46
\jJ cap t.7 1.7
1100-1200
Temper a,ture R&nge "F 100-1s9 200-29S 300-399 400-499 500-5s9 600-699 700-799 800-E99 900-99S 1000-1099
3% 4 4 4% 4%
Nom. Thick.,In. 1% 2 2th 3 3
Magnesia
18.5 21.3 21.3
E g,il::Yi Lbs/Fi 6.16 6,16 8.3E 10.1 13.1 13.1 15.8 1E.5

Fg Nom. Thick.,In. 3 3% 4 4 4)A

.1 LOmotna-
6 ilon 1E.2 22-a 27,5 ]2.4 32.4
Lbs/Ft
3 3 4 4 5 5
\om. Thick.,In. 1t1 1la 2 2
Fiber- 25.42 25.42
Sodium 7.90 11.r8 11.18 18.00 18.00
Lbs/Ft 7.90 7,90

C".l I-. I St"l

Pressure RstiDg
2500
Boldface ivpe is rteight in
psl 125 250 150 300 400 600 900 1500
Dounds. l,iqhthce t\'pe bcneith
ireight is - \\eight lactor for
,ffi Screwed
Slip-On
o! 93 lE4 |
1.s |
96
1.5
195 235 31E 460
1.5
642
1016

1241
insulation.
Insulationr thicknesses and
and
113 217 406 weiqhts are, based on average
3$N
-
Welding Neck 1.5
110
1.5
220 254 349 477
1.5
1076
.nd do not constitute
con-ditions and
ndation for sPecific
a recommendation specific
dN-iM Lap Joint 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 materials Insula-
thicknesses of materials. lnsula"
574
tion rveiqhtsr are based on E5%
E5%
126 239 r42 267 354 437 meenesii :rnd nd hldrous crlcium
hr drous calcium
{fiw Blind 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 silic;te at 11l lbs/cubic foot.
foot Tbe
Th€
of
lesscs end \Leights ol
lisi,ed thicknesscs
o r$l 617 497 632 664 91E 1549
r jnner
2M
F
S.R. 90' Elbow
312
5.9 6.4 combin:r,tion covering are th€
covedng
sums of the: inner layer
the
ls1er of dia_
serth at 21 lbs/cub(
iomaceous eerth
dia
lbs/cubic
I -tt
rA L.R. 90' Elbow
192 767
6.6
622
6.6 6.6 foot and the outer l&Yer at
outel l&yer al
I1 lbs/cubic: foot.
fiA
zh4 45' Elbow
292
4.3
497 377
4.3
587
4.4
63E
4.6
EE3
4.8
1246
4.9
n rveights
Insulation
rr wlre,
lowances for wire, cemeni,
al-
weigbts include aL
cement, caD_
p3jnt, but
vas, bends and paint,
can
bub noi
no'
563 956 683 96E 1131 1652 2318
E It' .!l
ll---iJ Tee 8 8.4 8 8.3 8.9 9.6
ace finishes.
sDecial surface
'To find the finishes
he $$eisht
eight of covenng
coverint
vulvEs or fittings,

ru
on flanses, valves fittings
92r 905 1920 2960 4170 6425 th'
frctor bY the
Flanged Bonnet 1762
8.8
multiph: thee weight factor
Gote 7.9 8.8 4.9 6 6.3 7 8 l'eighi per fooh use(
foot of covering usect
pipe.
on straight p1pe.
ttll
*@ Flanged Bonnei
Globe or Angle 9.9 mete. When
'eichts are approxl
Valve weiqhts
eri possible,
approxl_
Possible, obtain
obtair
th; manufacturer.
3U 1010 11155 m the
weights from manulacturer.
Flanged Bonnet, EE5
Check 9.9 sls.2 $elghts are for
Cast ilonL valve weishts ro
sheel weights
flanged endt valves; sGel welght
for weldins i end valves.
+4J Pressure SeaI
BonBet-Gate
2620
ti
3475 6380
All ged frtting, frenge'
flanged frenged

rc Pressure Seal
.

Bonnet-Globe
valve cnd frcnge
the proportionrl
eights lnclude
lcnse $$eights
tionrl \eisht
\eighL.ot
m:l,ke up
or studs ior rnake
lnclud
of bolts
t)olt
uP all joints.
Jolntr
16 lb cu. ft. density
'
186
 I]ANGI]RS AND SUPPORTS

1YEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS tu'o.o. 16" prpo

A
u_/
z
f>\
F u,r
{i\
L-I
z
g\.
*
A
Tempcreture Rcngc 'F
Megnesia
z Calcium
F
Combina-
tron
z
Fiber-
Sodium

Boldfacetvpe is rveight in
ffis pounds. Lightfrce tJ.pe bcnerth
r\cight is $eight factor for
z
& lnsulaiton-
Insulation thicknesscs end
\4eights 3re bascd on cverage
conditions and do not constihule
Nlrs a recommendation for specific
thicknesses of rnateri.rls. Insula-
tion weights are based on 85/6
N magnesia and hydrous calcium
silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The

z A listed thicknesses and weishts of

combination covering ar-e the
sums of the inner layer qf dia-
|.
rA tomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
Ioot and the outer la,yer s,t
,N 11 lbs/cubic foot.
2 /F Insulation wcishts include al-
lowances for wira, cement, can-
vas,,bands &nd paint, but trot
speelat surtace nnrshes.
To find the weieht of coverins
on flanqes, valvis or fittinesl
multiplttlie weight facior by t-he
weight per foot of covering used

@ on-sIrfLrgnt prpe,
valve \4clghts are &rJDroxt-
mrte. When- possible, obtrin
weights from ihi manufacturer.
hJ Cast iron valve weights are for

+<l flanged.end valves; stiel reights

t4
IOr Wetorng eno valves.
AII flanged fitting, flanged
velve and flanee weiehts include
the proportion-el weight of bolts
or studs to make up all ioints.
* 16 lb cu, ft. density.
 ITT GITINNI'LL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINI]I'RIN('

18tt pt"" 18'o.D. WEIGHTS OF PIPING ]\{ATERIALS

\\'ater-Lbs / !'t

z
to
F
F {p
{;\
z EJ-I
-rt.,\,
B

A
--

\J-J
'f0mper.rturc llllngc "F

M&gnesia
z Calcium
o
(lombire-
) iion
z
Fiber-
Sodium

IJollhce ttfe is rcight in

nourrils. I-ielLthL e tvnc beneith
ffi ir.igl,t is- $cigl't irctor for
insul&tion.
z
ffi Insulation thi.knesses
$'eiglrts arc brscd on average
and

conilitions and do not constitute

a lccommc[(htion for spcciGc
Ssjs thiekDcsscs of mri,cri&ls. Insul&_
tion \\ciqhts ue )rased on 85/6
maqnesii nnd hrrilous calcium
Enw silicate ct 11 lbs/cul)ic {oot The
listcd thickncsscs and rveights of
combination covering erc the
z sums of the inrrct h1'er of dia-
tomaceous etith at 21 lbs/ctrbic
t-
rA foot and the outerr laYcr at
11 ]bs,/cubic foot.

z A hsuhtion Neights includc al-

lorvtnces ior
lowrn(es for $;rrc, ccmenl, ca,n-
\';irc, ccment,
vus,.l,rnrls cnrl. l,nint, Lut not
\iia r'rI sulfrcc
s1r'iirl srtl l:rcc nnlsllcs,
'to rir',1 tt,c reiglrt of coveling
on lling"s, vJv"s or fittings,
multil'll:ihe $ cight Jxctor l'J the
rreigl,h por foot oI coverints uscd
on straight l)ipe.

t
@ Vnlvc Neiglrts 3re spproxr-
mate. 1\then possil,Je, obtain
$eiehts from the msnufa,ctuler.
ltu Cast iron vllve rveights are for
fl:r,nged end vaivcs; steel \teighis

i-<i for ;et(line end valves.

All fltneed fitting, flanged
rc valve en.l flrnge \\'uights include
the uoDc,rtionirl rreiEht of bolts
or siudi to m;rke up all joints.
* 16 h cu. ft. deDsity.

188
 I]ANCERS AND STTPPORTS

TTEIGHTS OF PII'ING }I'\'IDRIALS 20- o.D. 20" ,t u

&?
z
F f^
i_:-.t
{i\
trJ:I
z
g\
E=_r

L!_'

T, rnfrrxiurc llrr,A, 'F

\om. Thirtr., In.
Magnesi&
z Calcium
o
F
Nom.l'hick.,In.
) Combir)tr-
tion
z
Fiber-
Sodium

Roldface tvpe is \\'cight in

rrounds. Lightface tl pc l-.eneath
ffi ir'eiehi is l\'eiglrt fLiclor for
in-rul&tion.
Insul&tion thid(nesscs end
z \rcights ele brsccl on average
$4-iM rrr ditions and do not constitute
a recommcn(ll.ti(nr for specjfic
N+s thichncsscs of matcri$ls. Il$ulD-
tion weighls .rrc bescd on 85?'o
trNrN! megnesia rnd lrldlous rralcium
silioete at 11 lbs,,(iulric foot. The
listed thi(ikness$ ancl rvoights of
A
/,\ combin&tion .overirg l|tc the
z sums of thc inner l:r-ver of dia-
,--l tomilceous ellrth at 21 lbs,/cubic
k
/A foot .rnd the outcr la)'e! at
11 lbs,/cubic foot.
Insulation \\cights inrlude al-
/>
,L\
lo$urces for rvirc, cement, c{Ln-
vas, barrds cn(l print, but not
speciLrl surface linishes.
To fnrd thc xeight, of covering
on flangrs, vllvcs or fittings,
multil)h thc \veight frctor bt'the
$eight l)er foot of .ovcling used

2 @
r\
on slreight pipe.

$
\-rrlvc 1\'cights rfe sptrfo\i-
mrto. \1lren possil,le, ,,l,trin
cights fiom the manufactlucr'.
Cast iron valve rreights arc for
flanged end vrlves; stcel Neights

J<{ for Nelding end vrlvos.

All flansed fittine, flanged

rc
* 16 lb cu. ft. deDsi',y.
velvc rnd Hrng" $eights in,lu.lc
thc DroDortionLrl \\eiqlrt of l,oLts
or siuJi io m.rke up rl1 joints.
 ITT GITINN]'I,I, PT?I\(i DUSI(I\ AND I'\(}IN]JUR,IN( i

24" ptpn 24" o.D. 1YDIGHTS OI' PIPING TI.A.TI'RIALS

Wai,cr*l,bsi/1,'t,

{6
z t\-
{/>
z
{i\
1-.:i
8\.
E.:-J
F
t----l-!

'-l'cn1per:rturc llLu)ge'l'
Nom. Thid<., In.
Maqnesia
2 Calcium
o
F
Combina-
f tiol
z
Fiber-
SodiuDl

Boldface tr.pe is $ciqlrt in

ffi luunds. Ligl'Ifi,.e tJ pe bineatlr
\1eight is \reisht Iactor for
insulation.
Insulation thicknesses and
z slt-|ts $cights rrc brsetl on average
co.diLions rnd do not constitute
Nls a recommendation
tLicknesses of
for
maierirls
specific
Tns,,llr-
tion rfeights are bascd on 85ol
qAsir$ mrgnesia and h1'drous c:rlcium
sili{rrte .'t 11 lbs/cubic foot. The
listed thicknesscs and lveights of
z combin:rtion covering are the
sums of the inner laver of dir-
tom&ceous earth :rt 21 lbs/cubic
foot and ihe outer laver at
N 1l lbs/rcubic foot.

Z
/> Insulation i{eights include al-
lo$anccs for wire, cement, can-
lPq vasj bands and print, but, not
specisl surfuce finishes.
tt---.u To find the rveight, of covering
on fianges, valves or fittiogs,
1=<3 multiplJ' the weight, factor by the
weight per foot of covering uscd

J
@
ff1
on straight pipe.
\'alve,neights are
mrtc. \lhen
approxi-
possible, uLtain
weights from the manufacturer.
Cast ilon valve $'eiehts :!re for
flanged end v.rlves; stlel rveights
J-<t for rrelding end valves.
fitting,
rc
,{11 flarged flanged
valve and ffrnge rvcights include
the proportional $eight of bolts
or studs to make up all joints,
+ 16 lb cu. ft. density.

190
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
\\ EIL;HTS OF PIPINU MATERIALS za" o.n 26" prcn

fr?
uj
11.
w
F
{i\
E::I
-f/\
t-'-l
rl\
r-h
\"J
Temperature Range "F

[I{Lgnesia
Cslcirrm
"
F
3 combina-
A tion
E ;r=::;-
Fiber-
Sodium

Boldface type is weight in

pounds. Lightface type be-
neath weiEht is weight factor
for insulation.
Sqr$ Insulation thicknesses and
G weights are based on average
conditions and do not consti-
#rI1$ tute a recommendation for
specific thicknesses of mate-
Nls rials. Insulation weishts are
based on 85% magnesia and
hvdrous calcium silicat€ at
{N 11
lbs/cuDrc roof,. I ne llsreo f,ntcK-
nesses and weights of combi-
nation coverine are the sums
/ ,11
of the inner laver of diatoma-
z ceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
,-11
foot and the outer layer at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
,N Insulation weights include
z
itN
eE:E
allowances for wire, cement,
canvas, bands and paint, but
D', .{ not special surface finishes.
To find the weight of cover-
ing on flanges, valves or fit-
tings, multiply the weight fac-
F<t tor by the weight per foot of
covering used on straight pipe.

@ ltl' )
Valve weishts are aporoxi-
mate. When Dossible.
-obtain
weights from- manufacturer.
Cast iron valve weishts are
I
for flanged end valves; steel
+<l weishtsforweldinsendvalves.
A-il flanged fitting, flanged

rc
* 16 lb cu. ft.
valve and flange weights in-
clude the proportional weight
of bolts or studs to make uD
all joints.
 ITT GItlNNI,ll,l, PIPIN(; DltSItlN A\D lrN( iI \ Itltlti)i( i

28" *rr, 28" o.D. WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

{F
n
u-f
7 f^
t-lJ
z
{T\
f,-JI
F
.fA
ds
{---1-r
\IJ
Temper&ture Range'F

Magnesirl
Calcitm

Combina-
tion

Fiber-
Sodium

Boldface type is weigbt in

pounds. LiEhtface type be-
neath weight is weight factor
for insulation,
Frr$ Insulation thicknesses and

&
$eishts are based on avelage
2 conditions and do not consti-
tute a recommendation for
sDeciic thicknesses of hate-
Nis rials. Insulation weights are
based on 857a magnesia ahd
hvdrous calcium silicate at 11
{N l6s/cubic foot. The listed thick-
nesses and weights of combi-
A nation covering are the sums
of the ihner layer of diatoma-
z
ti
F d,N
ceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
foot and the outer layer at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
Insulation weights include
z
/>
E!!4
allowanees for wire, cement,
canvas, bands and paint, but
not sDecial surface finishes.
tPtl
lHl To-ffnd the weight of cover-
ins on flanges, valves or fit-
tings, multiply t}le weight fac-
tor by the welg:ht pe.! root or
{=<3 covering used on stralghl PtPe.

@ Valve weights are apptoxi-

mate. When possible, obtain
weiehts from manufactulet.
C-ast iron valve weights are
m for flanged end valves; steel
+€ weishts f orweldinEend valves.
A'il flanged fitting, flanged

t4 v-alve and flange.welgnls. ln-

clude the proporuonal \,r'elgnl
of bolts or studs to make up
all joints.
792 '16 lb cu. ft. density.
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

WEIC}H'IS 0!' I'IPIN(} MATERIALS so" o.D. 30tt

"t""

t1
W
w
!f\/>
1L4J
t-
{\
LiJ
;
r_t__)
\JJ
Temperature Range "F

\lagnesia
Calcium

Com
tron

Fiber-
Soditm

Boldface ti'pe is weight in

pounds. Lightface type be-
neath weight is weight factor
ffi for insulation.
Insulation thicknesses and
weights are based on average
conditions and do not consti-
e{'J$ tute a recommendation for
specific thicknesses of mate-
N+S rials. Insulation weights are
based on 857. magnesia and
hydrous calcium silicate at 11
0;::p lbs/cubic foot.The listed thick-
nesses and weights of combi-
,-q nation covering: are the sums
/.4 of the inner layer of diatoma-
ceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
foot and the outer layer' at
11 lbs/cubic foot.
Insulation weights include
/9\ allowances for wire, cement,
z canvas, bands and paint, but
B' .{ not special surface finishes.
To find the weight of cover-
LHI
ing on flanges, valves or fit-

Fl tings, multiply the weight fac-

tor by the weight per foot of
covering used on straight pipe.
Valve weights are approxi-
GD+ mate, When possible, obtain
weights from manufacturer.
fr Cast iron valve weights are
for flanged end valves; steel
@ weights forweldingend valves.
AU flanged fitting. flanged
vaive ano nange werghls tn-
clude the proportional weight
eD+ of bolts or studs to make up
all joints.
* 16 lb cu. ft. density. 193
 ITT GITIN\I.]I,I, I'I I'I N(i I)l,lsl(l\ A\I) I'lN( it NllllltlN(l

32" *tr" Bz" o.D. WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

f.2
{U
7
w
{l\
z
tr:J
F tr-l
/T\
rrl
\IJ
Temperature Range 'F
Ma,gnesia
Calcium
z
{ uomDlna-
5 lron
: +Asbe!tos
Fiber-
Sodium

Boldface tYPe is weight- in

pounds. Lightface tYPe be-
ireath weight is v/eight laclor

ffi for insulation

Insulation thicknesses ano
weichts are based on average
conditions and do not cons"tl-
sffi tute a recommendatron ror
sDecific thicl<nesses ot
rjals. Insulation weights ano
are
maEe'

fsim based on 85q magnesla

hvdrous calcium srllcale al rr
dl:jN lbs/cubic foot The listed thrck'
nesses and werghts or comol-
nation covering are- the sums
/.4 of the inner layer ot dlaloma-
ceous earth at 21 lbs/cubrc
z foot and the outer layer at
/'11
F 11 lbs/cubic foot
Insulation weights include
N for wire, cement,
acA
/> allowances
canvas, bands and PaDt' bu!
not special surface hnrshes'
tr'.s To find the weight or cover-
tB---{t ing on flanges,.valves or "nr-
iin-es. multiPlY the weight fac-
toabv the weight pe.r
ioi-'6v--it'",idisttt loot ol
Per foot of
{.<l covering
-- used on stralgnt PrPe'
Valve-wei ghts are-aPProxi-

n
@
fi)
mate. When Possible-, oolaln
weiEhts from manutalturer'
Cast iron valve weights are
for ffanged end. valves;valves'
steel
weiehts fol weldingend
A-ll flanged fitting' flangeo
+<i valve and flange weights. ln_
clude the PropoltionaL wergnt
of bolts or studs to make uP
F+O all joints.
- 16 lb cu. ft. derl"sitY'
194
 HANGIIRS ANI) SUPPONTS

WEIGI{TS OF PIPING MATERIALS 34" o.D. 34" prrv

Water-Lbs/Ft
A
tlf
f-2
(!-/
f\
F w
Fi

z
{l\
EJ-l
-','>^
A
B

[*_lJ
Temperature Range'F

.N{agnesia
Nom. Thick., In.
Caicium

Fiber-
Sodium

Boldface type is weight in

Dounds. LiEhtface tYPe be-
ireath weighl is weight factor
fo! insulation.
ffi Insulation thicknesses and
weiqhts are based on average
conditions and do not consti-
z tute a recommendation for
slit.$ specific thicknesses of mate-
rlals. lnsulation weights are
Nj_s$ based on 85% magnesia ancl
hvdrous calcium silicaie at 11
(N lbs/cubic foot. The list€dthick-
nesses and weights of combi-
,-rl nation covering are the sums
z
/A of the inner layer of diatoma_
ceous earth tt 21 lbs/cubic
F foot and the outer layer at
F /.\ 11 lbs/cubic foot.
Insulation weights include
,N allowances for \tir€, cement,
z /D canvas. bands and paint, but
not special surface finishes.
To-find the weieht of cover-
ins on flanqes. Glves or fit-
tinss- multi;lv the weiEht fac-
tor"by the fueight per foot of
+=<l coverrng used on stralgnl pIpe.
Valve weights are approxi-
@
If)
mat€. When possible, obtain
weiehts from manufacturel.
Cast iron valve weiEhts are
for flanged end valves; steel
weiehts forweldinEend valves.
A'il flaneed fitting, flanged
+<J v;lve and flange weights in-

' 16
rc lt cu. ft. density.
clude the proportional weight
of bolts or studs to make up
all joints.
195
 ITT Gn,INNllt,L PIPIN(; l)llsI(lli ,\\I) I'l\(;l \ I'lliltl )i(i

36tt 86'o.D. WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

"trp
Schedule No. I 10 20 30 .10

Wall Designationl std. xs

tr'i"t'"* I* T:rz T lrs I .500 .625 | . /50
F o"--it.r r t T-r I 4ttl 189.6 r e. I I 236,r | 2A2,4
w.t".-Lb.VFt f425.9l 422,6 4t6.6 4r r.o | 405.1

"r'"4 1040 r380

UJ L.R.90' Elbow 12 12

692 9r3
{J} S.R. 90" Elbow 5 5

f>, 5r8 686

gtt L.R. 45' Elbow 4.8 4.8
F
{i\
f,.J-l Tee
t294 t6lo

F
.4
E-- '. Lateral
340 360
Reducer 3.6 3.6
235
cap 6 6

Temperature Range "F 100-199 200-299 300-399 100-499 500-599 600-699 ?00-799 800-899 900-999 1000-1099 1100-1200
3 3th 4 5 6
trlagnesia Nom. Thick., In.
2 2Yz
Calcium. 24.2 29.5 34.8 40.3 45.9 63.s
z srhcate Lbs/Ft 14.2 14.2 19.2
7
F^L omDrna Nom. Thick., In. 31/2 5% 6 6Yz
<
5 tion Lbs/Ft 49.4 69,3 a9.7 100.2 ll l.o r22.O

Nom. Thick,, In. 3 3 ,J 3 3 3 4% 4rt 5

=TR6;ffi
Fiber
Sodium 40.84 40.84 40,84 71.48 71.48
Lb-s/Ft 40.84 40.84 40,84 40.84

Pr€ssure Rating Cast Iron I Steel Boldface type is weight in

pounds. Lightface tYPe be-
psr 250 | r50 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
neath weight is weight factor

z
s$ Screrved or
Slip-On
480

520
1200
1.O

1300
1325 1600

1750
1.5
3350

3450
for insulation.
Insulation thicknesses and
*.eiehts are based on averagp
and do not consti-
"onditions
tute a recommendation for
6{trM Welding Neck
sDeciflc thicknesses of mate-
rlals. Insulation weights are
s$ls Lap Joint based on 85% magnesra and
hvdrous calcium silicate at 1I
I125 2275 2525 2950 4900
dfsv Biind 1.5 1.5
lbs/cubic foot. The listed thick-
nesses and weights of combi_
nation covering are the sums
/.'ll
tA) of the innet laver of diatoma-
S.R.90" Elbow ceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic
foot and the outer layet al
F
F /A L.R. 90' Elbow 11 lbs/cubic foot.
Insulation w€ights lncluoe
,N allowances for v"ire, cement,
z
/F
E4€4 45'Elbow canvas. bands and Paint, but
not special surface finisles.
it' To find the weight ot cover-
tHl'rl Tee ing on flanges, valves .or -tr!-
!ings. multiPlY tne welgn! 1ac-
Flanged Bonnet tor by the weight Per oo! or
l.<1 Gate covering used on straight PlPe.
Valve weiqhts are aPProxl-
F€ Flanged Bonnet
Globe or Angle
mate. When possible, obtain
weiEhts froru manufaeturer.
c-ast iron valve weights are
llt' ) Flanged Bonnet fo! flanqed end valves; steel
Check weiEhts ior weldingend valves.
A1l flanEed fitting, flanged
+q] Pressure Seal
Bonnet-Gate valvi and flange weights. in-
clude the proportional wergnl
@ P!essure Seal
Bonnet-Clobe
i
of bolts or studs to make uP
all joints.
16 lb cu. ft. densitY
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

42" o.fr. 42" prpq

Water-l,bs,/Ft
lr)
UI L.R. 90' Elbow

tr2 S.R. !0 Elbow

[^
d.u
F
{l}
L:J
-f\
tr-:--

\_u
T€mperatur.e Range'F
E5,,i
Nlagnesia I'J om. Thicl., In.
CalciLrm
z
F
Combin a
tion
tz
Fiber-
Sodirlm

Boldfa(e tyPe i" weieht, in

nounds. I iqhtface tYPe be-
neaih \eighl is weight factor

ffi for insulation.

Tnsulation thicknesses and
weights are based on averag€
rlTT\*
z qFL conditions and do not- cons-tr-
I lvl Weldlng Neck tute a recommendatlon ror
sDecific thicknesses ol mate_
rials. Insulation weights are
N+S based on 85ti magnesra ano
hvdrous calcitrm at 1l
"ilicate
rfl;:::is 1bs/cubiu foot. The listed thick-
nesses and weights of combr-
nation covering are the sums
of the inner layer of diatoma_
z
L4 ceous e3rth at 21 lbs/cubrc
F
z1 foot and the ouier layer ai
?. L.R. 90" Elbo*i 11 lts cubic foot.
I nsulation \!eights include
allowances for wire, cemen!,
canvas. bands and Paint, but
not sDecial surface finishes
I tP .!t To fin,t the weight of cover-
ll-rl inE on flanqes, valves or fit-
tirigs, multiply the weigtrt fac-
tur by the weight Per loot or
1.<n covering used on stralght PlPe.
Valve weiEhts aIe aPProxl-

@
fi1
Flanged Bonnet
Clobe or Angle
mate. When possible- obtain
weishts irom manuracturer.
Cast iron valve weights are
for flanEed end valves; steel
$'eiohts iorweldi ns end valves.
| ,-1Y \ A'il flanged fitting, fianged
T=u-rJ '.,alve and llange weights. In-
clude the Proportrona I welght
of bolts or studs to make
r<[J Plessure Seal
Bonnet-Globe all joints.
uP

* 16 Ib cu.It density. 197

 ITT GRINNI]LI, PIPING DI'SIGN AND IINGI\D!]IIING
THERMAL EXPANSION OF PIPE MATERIALS INCHES PER FOOT
-
^l
*l
;l
I I
I I
F
I I
;
a I
n
O
z
I
I
F]
3 ? -I
---t
:^ F-{
;l
c
.-l
al j
z tl
o
i6
.J
z ;t
I
X i
J do
U)
>o
:L- i
F
e^
61-
/;, I
O !
F
 HAN(iERS'\ND SUI'PURIS

CHARTS AND TABLES

INSULATION WEIGIIT FACTORS

To determire the leight per foot of any piping Erample. For 4" PiPe rvith 4tl nominal thickness
Insulftlon, | =.1i. rl the insulation densit'Y is
insulation, use the pipe size and nominal insulation per foot, then the insulation rveight
pounds cubic
thickness to find the insulation l'eight factor F in the
12
is .77 X 12 : 9.211b/tr.
chart shorvn belorv. Then multiply l? by the densiiy
of the insulation in pounds per cubic foot'

Thirl,n'ss
i'_ominal
Pipe Size
--t':-\ 1 l-^ , I
-n-1 2t/r"
\ominal In.ul"'ioq
3" 1" 1%" I
,

5%" 6"

.057 .10 .16 .31 .40

1
.22 .30 .39
r'/1 .051
tll .066 .11 ,1 .29 .38 ,48
.21 .37 .59
2 .080 .1,1

.36 .4ti .70 .83

2r/l .091 .19
.81
.25 .44 .68
3 .10 .17
.66 .7E .97
3% .15 .23
.63 .77 .96 1.10
4 .13 .30 .39

.34 .,)d .?\ .88 r.04 1.20

l) .15
1.34
.38 .64 .83 .97 r.13
6 .17 .27
1.17 1.36 1.75
8 .17 .6ri .80
t.t2 1.32 1.76 1.99
10 .,13 .93

1.23 1.52 1.7 4 1.99 2.24 2.50

t2 .50 .68 .88 1.07
1.34 1.81 2.07 2.34 2.62
14 .5r .70 .90 1.11
1.74 2.0r 2.29 2.58 2.88
.57 .78 l.0r t.21 1.49
1.ti4 1.92 2.2r 2.51 2.82 3.14
18 .ti-1 .87 1.t2 r.37

1.79 2.09 2,40 2.73 3.06 3.40

20 .70 .96 1.23 1.50
2.10 2.44 2.80 3.16 3.54 3.92
24 .83 1.13 1.77

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITIES OF THREADED HOT ROLLED STEEI,

ROD
CONFORMING TO ASTM A.-36

Nominal Rod 1/z 3/+ % 1 1r/s 1l+ 7Yr 13/+ 2 21/4 21/2 3 3Y4 3h
Vz
Diameter, in.
Root Area of .889 1.293 1.'i 44 2.300 3.023 3.?19 4.619 5.621 6.720 ?.918
.068 .126 .202 .302 .419 .552 .69 3
Thread, sq. in.
Max. Safe Load, 20?00 21200 33500 41580 50580 60,18C 11240
lbs. at Rod 610 1130 1810 2',tt0 3770 4960 6230 8000 11630 15?00
Temp. of 650"F

199
 ITT GIIINNI']LI, P]PING D]']SI(IN AND IINTIINDEITING
-

DEFLECTION OF EMPTY PIPE,

STANDARD WEIGHT, CAUSE D
BY LOAD BETWEEN SUPPORTS_
BASED ON SINGLE SPA.N WITH
FREE ENDS.
^,#++
w.lVElGHt ll{ Poul{OS PER LlflEAR lt{oH
0 = oiiilrce BETwEEI{ HAt{GERs lll ll{cxEs
E = OOULUS OF ELASTICITY
I - o EIt oF |I{ERTIA

l!r!
I
z

DEFLECTION - INCHES

r*I$,"**i:rft*iJjjsLr"fri{fu:trliiJif"{}k.;r,"i:';i#h1iiirl:ii;}:}xf*}i$""l;f,{lt.l:fi"i;:fsiiiiLrili"'1"#Jffi
tor dlainage.
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

BENDING STRESS IN EMPTY PIPE,

STANDARD WEIGHT, CAUSED BY LOAD
BETWEEN SUPPORTS - BASED ON
SINGLE SPAN WITH FREE ENDS,
^ w 1!

W = WEIGHT IN POUNDS PER LINEAL INCH

,[ . orsrarcr BETTvEEN HANGERs rN rNcHEs
Srr = SECTION MoDULUS

F
LU
LU
LL
I

z.
o-
a

MAXIIVUM BENOING STRESS PSI

-

201
 ITT GITINNIII,I, . I'IPING DT']SICIN AND ]'NGINEEIIIN(i

BENDING STRESS IN WATER FILLED

PIPE, STANDARD WEIGHT, CAUSED
BY LOAD BETWEEN SUPPORTS
_
BASED ON SINGLE SPAN WITH
FREE ENDS.

wle
"=

W = WEIGHT lN POUNOS PER Lll{EAR lttcH

OISTA'{OE SETTVEEN HANGERS II{ INOH€S
-E- '
Sm' SECTIOX ITIODULUS

I
z
3

a:333
e E sps MAXIMUM BENDING
;
;
; o oo
; @

STRESS- PSI
F@

202
 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

MINIMUM DISTANCE TO FIRST RIGID HANGER

, : \-i@;s:lo,ooopsi
" ---- 1ss
I'ipe Size
Deflcc-
I r/7 t).1 2 2k 3 3t., + 6 8 10 t2 1.1 IE 20

% 1.5 50 5.5 0.0 65 73 80 3.5 95 10 11 5 l3 1.1 i5 16 17

% 0.5 70 7; 3. ir c.5 10.5 tl l2 I3 16 5 18. 5 20 2l 22 .5 23.5 25

'/+ 8.0 90 rJ.5 10.4] 11 .5 13 l1 10 20 22 .5 2+i 27 .5 29

I 9.0 10 tl t2 I3.5 15 16 17 205 23 26 2S 23.5 33.5

1% 10 11 .5 t2 13.5 l5 16. 5 2l 22 .5 2t, 29 37 .5 39.5

rt, ll t2 .5 135 l5 195 20.5 23 25 28.5 32 34.5 36 3t.5 .11 43.5

305 .1.1.5
1r; t2 13.5 1l .5 l6 195 21 22 24.5 27 37 39 12 47

2 13 14. 5 15.5 t7 19 2l 22 .5 26.5 29 10 41 5

2\ r5.5 20 22 23.5 2iJ 30.5 39 425 4-l o .17.5

21/, ll.5 16 \7 I'J.5 2l 23 .5 26 .5 2!5 32 11 5 50 5{t

15 17 18 20 22 21 5 2t) 28 385 49 52.5 55.5

3 t9 21 23 25 .5 27 .5 29 325 40 4C 5l 55 61

3t' 1.7 19 20.3 25 27 .5 29.5 38 1E.5 5g 63 66

4 20 .5 22 21.5 27 29 .5 31.5 .{0.5 5() i 63 67 70.5

4!'t 19 2t .5 23 26 2E .5 39.5 43 19.5 55 60 Li3 67 t-l 75

5 20.5 24.5 27 30 33 37 .5 {1 .5 52 ii3 66 70.5 79

5% 21 5 285 39.5 435 47 .5 01 66 69.5 83

0 22 26 .5 30 36 38.5 09 72.5 77 .5 82 86.5

203
 rTT GRINNELL PIPING DESIG{ Al',rD', uxgxxlltt}ig
-
BEAM DINIENSIONS
w.iq ht
r-'v-
\n
,omi^dl
1lb
I
I
I

Pd {r ' lldns' lot llonee

TW
ta
:a
ta 2
Americdn
Sionddrd
chonncls
\n l
I lle I la% I s38
t4% | 873

L(a \ r27 ta/, I ss8

I 136 t41/. II 063
142 l5% I 063
l

r"';11:'i:ttr'i;:r"":
|
*l::' ;::l: *t*' !"tt{ *l'""' *tl: tso ts,a L I izs
I lss I ls.^ 1188
s.r 2%
5 I8.5 5
',r+ iL tez I l5'/. I 1248
rre ls% I l3l3
4-l
3
75 I
| .25 6 25 6 .456
184 ls% I 378
5.0 l1/z .25 2'h
rz I sv. I
-l I zo 3os I I93 1 rs% I438
I'h I sz. 378 zo2 ls% I I.s03
6.0
7.7 2% I I I .3s8
2a 67' 2ll l5% 1 563

4 | I zs I e'2, 1 .lo: I ztg l tsz. 1623

5.{ s.5 21A
^ l3t
b 181 433 228 l ls7, l I688

'1.25 l; I 3'I3 lss le I ssa

Iao IaT. I
4e3 I 237 ls% I
7 |
I 748

5
10.0 3
.3 r3 I ra I e'2. 1 oea
I ;;l? | sor
.428

67 14.?5 3y1 I se I e'2. 1 eoa

I qs1: .s63
5 313 I ez I I s:g
e'2. cn I ?,/. L628
9.0 \ zr \ 5r4 .340
,^ | se jei,J
'" 9i:
ffi I I ?i iiit i
314
6
12.5
.375 25 \ s',/, ;;;
8.2 l1/r
":, t7.25 3% I 2e I s%
133 l8 433| Iz8L8tI 87s
6 l0.s 2 .375
i5.3
J3s l8
l4s l8 ::i: I l:: lllll *;
fl
13.0 2,h

;s i;r
7 .375
l4e llo
zt\
20.0
10 1:1 ll: iii tll
7
9.8

t2.25
"" '37s 18.4 4 66 I i;;:
I lo%
i i;i
l3:
7f, I
8% J
.6ss
.686

,r, \
.438 72 .808
at 8v, \ .751
l{.75
\_
23.0 77 I loz. I
I ro% I
868
.998
18 l;? Br. \ .83I
89
100 Itox I rrta
!*1,"1 t0
25.4
.50
Il2 I ro7. I 1248 tt1/
ll../.
.83I
.9Il

-1;F
I I
r3?s
I
,%
I
3?5 35.0 .400
I ll4 tt th .99 r
-ln\av'
l3r36 l6'/'
ltr^l,,l_
.465
8,A .615
L | 6% 540
at/. .685
l4o l8 .516 199 at/. .740
I3.4 2% 3s.0 l5% lrsso la8'l. ,)r \ 82 I .795
9 15.0 zyz .438 12
51L
I I .64r
-^ I s6 I .935
40.8
ls3 llo .576
I lI2 I3 .865
20.o 50.0 5'/r
.688
ls8 lro .64I
\27 I3 .985
I 6s I l2 .606
I taz t3,/r L095
r5.3 2%l 12 | 72 \tz .6? I
5th l?s l12% .736
176 I .682
20.0 I5 I 8s I l2r. .?96 184 9 .772
"" \ 5%
I s2 I r2". Irn I
i\"t_
.438 .856 .872
IO
25.0 | 99 lrzvl .921
I loo 1Z
I 106 I tzy. .986
)l | \)o 1Z .885
30.0
I rzo I tz't' l 106
.688 I 120 12'/t
l{
.930
I 133 I 12% 1.236 .900
20.7 I 16I I
lsr
lzYl
I 12% I
1486
1716 I| l:3
150 t4,/t
L020
l.t3s
t2
I
25.0 s0

30.0 :. .813 3
3
.383
.453
Llo \ .747
e4
llo | .s27
roz
20 38 lb%l .JlJ lr{ llo%l .932
33.9 3'A lg le I .528 27 ras lla I .e?s
.938
4s l8 | .593 160 l14 I l.o7s
15 40.0 3'/, .625 s:lsl6sg rz7 l I4', I Lt90
r, tjl lru
50.0 3'/.
7s.e ? I+ Il6s llo I
I
.718 I lo8 I lo% .?so
I .8?5
74 I It6 I lo% ij .8?s
42.7 4 s0.0 7%
?8
'\2 | .?18 I 124 I to7, .s3o
\ 24
r0o.0
J
7 !/. 84 12 | .774 ?nll3zlloT'il.m
'- I rrz lts I lo6s
4s.8 4 .625
J I4v, I .688
18
sr.s
I ros.e r% Ll25
87
l[v' | .748 I leo Ils I ltss
4%
I| rqyt | | 2lo I lsY. I l3l3
sg I|
103 .813
120.0 8
{Y.
 HANGERS SUPPORTS

F
trl
ulo
LL^
I

z.a
o-7
U)

FORCE 'P" BASED

N SPANS OBTAINED
IN CHART ON PAGE
168 AND SCH 40 PIPE
FOR OTHER SCHEDULES
OF PIPE, MULTIPLY "P"
BY THE RATIO OF THE
MODULUS OF THE
SCHEDULE PIPE TO THE
SECTION MODULUS OF SCH
40 PIPE.

x :
5
o
o o {o('o
o o oooo
a (t
o
o !o(oo
o o oooo
o o o oooo a a 3a 33:333
333333
FORCE lbs.
-
 ITT GITINNELI, PIPING DT]SIGN AND ENGINI'EIIIN(I
-

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM

THERMAL EXPANSION OF PIPE MATERIALS (Standard Barometer 14 696 Psi)
INCHES PER FOOT

Intermediate Gauge Pressure'

Temp. Alloy Steels Aluminum lb/sq in.
(57 Thru Copper Brass
"F
97. Cr Mo)

,.0275 0?87
-.0373
0
-200 0247
5

-IDU -.0231 -.0310 10

0190 -.0244
-100 -.0183
-.uL Io
0137 20
-50 -.0132
25
0 -.0079 -.0081 -.0104 30
50 -.0022 -.0023 -.0030
0.0000 40
70 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
.0022 .0034 .0035 .0046
100

,0058 0091 ,0093 0123

150
,009 4 0151 .0L52 0200 60
200
.0132 0208 .0214 .0283
250 ?0
.0171 .0267 .027 6 .0366
300

0327 0340 ,0452

350
400
I .0210
03 88 .0405 .0539
80

450
i .0250
.02e2 ,0449 .0472 .0628 90
|I .0335 .0512 .0540 .0717
95
500
.0810 100
550 0379 0574 .0610
150
0424 0639 .0680 .0903 200
600
.0753 250
650 0469 ,0703
300
700 .0514 .0?68 .0826
350
750 ,0562 0834 .0902 400
800 .0610 .0900 .09? 8 450
.1056 500
850 .0658 .0967
900 .0707 .1037 .1135
600
950 07 56 .1105 .1216 650
1000 ,0806 .r\75 .1298 ?00
?50
1050 .U6DA 800
1100 .0905
850
1150 0952 900
1200 1000 950
1000
1250 ,1053 1050
1300 .1106

1350 .-LIOO
1400 .1205
 GI,]N]i] RAI, T.\RLES

TEMPERATI'RE BY COLOR
In moderate difiused daYlight
930'Ir laint Red 1275"F l{edium 0}rcrrY tiio.l' Salmonl 1830'F Lemon

107;-r'| lllood llcd 1137;i'l' Ohert 1' 1630'F Darl' Orangee 197;'t' Light Ycllorv
I725"F Oruge 2200'! N hite
1175'F Dalk CherrY 1.1J0'F I} ight CircrrY
r Sealing Ileat. ! Frce Seeling Ileat

BTU CONTENT AND THEORETICAL AIR REQUIREMENTS

FOR COMBUSTION OF VARIOUS FUELS
Air lt{xluircd Gas (Continued)
Coal and Coke BTU for 0omllusl ion, (l&s,0hio 1025 10.70
cu [t l)ef Natural
per llr
lb fuel X"iu.rt C*, P--rvLvatria. . ' 1025 11
.1.
.70
51o 91
OilGas... 5.00
12,500 125.7 RetorL 0o.rl G!,s..... 510
13.500 l.4ti .5
8,300 t1. I Air ltequired
12,900 146.8 Fuel OiIs RTU foI C.lombustion,
per srl cu ft :rir per
gal fuel
I}'f U for Cornbustion'
1312
Dcr cu lt cu ft aif Per 130,000
1370
(i,orv )ict cu ft gas 138,500
) 1395
111,000
Anthracite Produccr Gas .. '. 125 1 .05
1+5,000 1.131
Bilurninous I'rodu(rcl- (;rs. . . . . . . 1+0 1.21 1.18,500 1468
Bluc \\'ltcr (ias. 280 226 L52,000 1498
Cirburl'ted \!xter Grj '195 4.37 79,500
Cohe Oven Grs. 320 5.19 127,800
)i rtural Gss, California . . .
-.. . 1085 11.26
135,200
N.rtural Gas, llid-ContiDentrl .. E70 9.17

I{EAT LOSS FROM I{ORIZONTAL BARE STEEL PIPES

li'fL pcr Hour per Linear !'oot lmbient Air Tetnpe|rture 80' F' be used'
may
pipes the follorving lel:iliorr
To calculate the loss in fuej auc tu trcat loss irrrougn rrorzo.t.r U"re
Fuellostpe]'hou]'()b,gal,orcuft):ffiiencyo|Boiler

Temperaiure Difference 'F Pipe to Atr

Nominal
Pipc Size,
.r00
inchcs
1,120 1,,+82 1,929 2,469 3,1r5 3,882
55 r36 394 581 820 ,1,E25
1,381 1,835 2,391 3,064 3,869
67 167 30,1 4E3 7r6 1,013
4,809 6,002
884 1,252 1,709 2,275 2,967 3,805
82 206 373 4,778 6,04.1 7,517
1,103 1,565 2,139 2,851 3,722
102 255 4ti.1

1,780 3,217 1,242 5,4'18 6,894 8,673

115 289 526 841 1,252
3,013 1,022 5,260 6,761 8,562 10,700
1.11 355 6,r7 1036 1,5-16 2,199
3,61'J 4,C't5 6,330 8, t-11 10,317 12,90,1
168 123 12.10 1,853 2,639
1,373 5,850 7,6ii3 9,863 12,507 15,651
202 508 030 1493 2,231 3,186
.1,968 6,6.19 8,7 i'1 11,222 1.1,236 17,822
3tl 228 1691 2,533 3,61tt
4,051 5,570 7,458 9,7E0 12,599 15,988 20,022
612 1892 2,E36 24,659
9,16r 12,022 15,500 19,680
5 310 742 2312 3,1i2 4,965 6,83.1
23,317 29,267
4,100 5,870 8,075 10,8-18 1,1,248 19,763
6 364 920
11,O24 18,.136 23,801 30,261 37,955
8 464 1178 I 2169 3506 5,280 7,570 10,'1.13
t2,912 r7,355 22,a33 29,500 37,525 47,089
10 i rl7 | 2iil,8 .1318 6,512 9,350
44,402 55,7 42
20,505 2{i,993 3.1,89r
12 671 1699 I 3137 5086 5
7 ,tJ7 11,031 15,213
22,330 29,1t'2 38,059 4a,352 60,7 47
11 729 1810 | 3118 E,388 t2,o22 10,718

18,949 25,439 33,551 43,346 55,091 6S,237

16 82.1 6309 0,5.10 13,682
21,297 28,60,r 37,7.t1 18,771 61,953 77,a87
18 925 707tj 10,70E 15,368
23,540 31,638 ,11,768 54,056 68,738 86,364
2A 1021 7815 t 1,E38 17,003
20,253 24,t17 37,817 ,19,955 64,620 a2,244 103,342
24 1213 9303 15,652

207
 ITT GRINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND DNC'iI\T]ERIN(i

WIRE AND SHEET-METAL GAUGES

(Dianeters ard ihick esses in decim&l pafis of an inch)

U.S. standard
Birmi qham flre
St,rPL $ LIe ga,ug€,. gsugc for sheet
or \\ ashburn, rd saux. (-B \\'.C l
-(l,rr steel \!ire stccll .180 lb
(for steel wire) per cu ll
0.500
0.4900 0..169
0..1615 0..$E
0..1305 0. -l0ti
0.460 0.3938 0.454
0.425 0.375
0.410 0.3625 0 .3.+,1
0.365 0 .3310 0.380
0.340 0.312
0.325 0.3065
0.300 o.227 0.281
1 0.289 0.2830 0.219 0.266
0.258 0.2625 0.284 0.2391
0.259 o.212 0.250
o.229 0.2,137 0.234 o.2242
0.2253 0.238 0.207
0.204 0.204 0.219 0.2092
0.182 0.2070 0.220
0.201 0.203 0.1943
0.162 0.1920 0.203 0.1793
6 0.180 0.199 0.1t8
0.144 0. 1770 0.197 Q.Ii2 0.1644
0.128 0.1620 0.165 0.1495
8 0. 1'18 0.1s4 0.150
I 0.114 0.14E3
0.1350 0.134 0.191 0.141 0.1345
10 0.102
0.188 0.125 0.1196
0.0s1 0.1205 0.120 0.1046
1I 0. 109 0.185 0.109
0.081 0.1055 0. 182 0.094 0.0897
0.072 0.0915 0.095 0.0747
0.083 0.180 0.078
0.064 0.0800 0.070 0.0673
0.0720 0.072 0.178
to 0.057
0.175 0.062 0.0598
0.051 0.0625 0.065 0.0538
o.t72 0 .05{i
17 0.045 0.0540 0.058 0.0,178
0.04s 0.168 0.050
18 0.040 0.0475 0.0438 0.0418
0.0410 0.0.12 0.16,1
19 0.036 0.161 0.0375 0.0359
0.032 0.0348 0.035
20
0.157 0.0344 0.0329
0.0317 0.032 0.0299
2l 0.0285
0.0286 0.028 0.155 0.0312
22 0.0253 0.153 0.0281 0.0269
0.0226 0.0258 0.025 0.0239
0.022 0.151 0.0250
2+ 0.0201 0.0230 0. 148 0.0219 0.0209
0.0179 0.0204 0.020
25
0.146 0.0188 0.0179
0.0159 0.0181 0.018 0.0164
26 0.016 0.1,13 0.0172
27 0.0142 0.0173 0.13' 0.0156 0.0149
0.0126 0.0162 0.014 0.0135
2a 0.134 0.01.11
0.0113 0.0150 0.013 0.0120
0.012 o.\27 0.0125
30 0.0100 0.0t4d
0.120 0.0109 0.0105
0.0089 0.0132 0.010 0.0097
0.009 0.115 0.0102
0 .0080 0.0128 0. 112 0.0094 0.0090
.0071 0.0118 0.008 0 .0082
33 0
0.007 0.110 0.0086
0.0063 0.0104 0.00?8 0.0075
0.0095 0.005 0.108
35 0.0056
0.106 0.0070 0.0067
0.0050 0.0090 0.004 0.0066 0.0064
30 0.103
0.0045 0.0085 0.0062 0,0060
0.0080 0.101
38 0,0040 0.0s9
39 0.0035 0.0075 0.097
{} 0.0031 0.0070
0.0066 0.095
41 0.092
42 0.0062 0.088
43 0.0060 0.085
44 0.0058 0.081
0.0055
0.079
46 0.0052 0.077
0.0050 0.075
48 0.0048 o.072
49 0.0046 0.069
50 0.0044
 GDNERAL TABLES

DRITL SlZ ES
\unrl,rer and Letter Sized Drills Fractional Drill
-_. l_r14.. -{rea, Sizes Av.rilable
rli,., Area, I)id., DIze I ;n. sq xr.
Size sq rn,
ul. sq lD.
.00755 .231 .0430 Ltj r6{ s frorLI
.0135 .000143 40 .0080 L(" to 1r+
EO
39 .0995 .O0t'77 B .238 .0.1,10
7g .0115 .000i65 .21'2 .0{00
.00020I 38 .I015 .00810 I ,"s irom
Lr'-lz;-r',
78 .0160
37 .1040 .00850 n .216 .0-r75
r 2r+',
77 .0i80 .00025,1
.00893 .u .250 . 0+'J Lo
.00031+ 3ti . 1005
.0200
.00950 r' .257 .0519 ijv_2r*,
!s's frurn
.0210 .0003+6 35 .1100 .0535 to B,
.l110 .00968 .201
.0225 .000398 H .26ti .0556
33 .1130 .01002
73 .0210 .000453
.000'191 .1t6U .0r055 I .2i2 .05E0
.0250 .0l130 J .0601
7l .0260 .000531 3I .1200

30 . 1285 .01298 K .2E1 .0020

70 .0280 .000615 L .290 .0660
.000672 29 .1360 .01152
69 .02925 .01550 XI .2s5 .0ri83
.000755 2E .1'105
68 .0310 .01629 N .302 .0716
.0320 .000805 27 .14.10 ()
ti7 .01ti97 .316 .0784
.0330 .00085ri ztJ .1,170
iiti
.01755 .323 .0820
.0350 .000s62 25 .1495 .086ti
65
21 . t620 .01812 a .332
64 .0360 .001018 It .339 .0901
.00107i; .15.10 .01863
63 .0370 .01935 .318 .0050
.0380 .00 r 13.1 22 .1570
62
2l .1590 .01985 T .358 .1005
til .0390 .00r195
.02039 U .368 .1063
.0400 .001257 20 . t{i10 .11I6
60 .02162
59 .0410 .001320 I9 . 1660
.386 .1170
l8 .1695 .02258
.0420
.0430
.001385
.001.15 t7 .1730 .023,18 x .397 .1236
Y .404 .1278
56 .0465 .00170 1ri .1770 .02.161

.o2512 .413 .13-10

.0520 .00213 15 .1800
55
.0550 .00238 I{ .1820 .02ri03
.00278 L3 .1850 .02685
53 .0595
52 .0635 .00317 t2 .1890 .02E05
51 .0670 .00352 Ll .1910 .0280s

.00385 .1935 .029'1

50 .0700
.00419 . 1960 .0302
49 .0730
.0015.1 . rs90 .0311
48 .0760
.00"184 .2010 .0316
.0785
.00515 .2040 .0327
46 .0810

.00528 .2055 .0332

45 .0820
.005E0 .2090 .0343
.0E60
.00622 .2130 .0356
.0890
.0935 .00686 .22t0 .038'1
.00723 .2280 .0409
4I .0960

TAP DRILLS FOR ANSI

AMERICAN NATIONAL
PIPE TIIREADS
WOOD SCREWS
Threads Size of Size of
Diametet, Threads Dianleier, Tap Drill
Number Number lnch per inch Pipe Tap
rncn per inch
'tY3z
t0 0.190 l3 %
0 0.060 t2 % %
1 0.073 28 1l 0.203 |r42
26 t2 0.216 t1 %
2 0 .086
0.0r9 o.212 l0 234
3
4 0. 112 22
1.1
16 0.268 I % riln
%
8 1 r%
; 0.125 20
it
18
20
0 .294
0.320 8
6 0.13E
t6 24 0.372 7 1v rr4
7 0. 151 r% lztiz
8 0.164 2 214
9 0.t77 l4

209
 TAP DRILL SIZES FOR IINIFIED AND
AMERICAN SCREW THREADS
Str(rss Arca,

'L'liis irrfolrn.rlnr|\ urL' extj.lrfLe(l fronr ]\mer-

0.0.1ti9 0.0018 .';.,i,',,4 I r''ri' l r.r'l \rrr' r,i':,r' <"teu
0
1
.000)
.073)
80
64
NI'
NC 53
%
0 0505
0.0ri25
0 002tt
0.0027 ri,",'i tr't ltr.r', \\1"'
',',''-
I!l
'', i'll;l; i
073) 72 NF lla u, tlrr 't l'rt,.l S\rrrl'rL
1
2 .0Etj) 56 \ (,1 0.0730 0 .0036
:.,'.,.;-.',,,;,,i. ', :,1, ,, -r! ' ,' u I' rlrn.tr rsr'rr'
'ti'h
b+ Nt' 4U 0.0730 0.0039
,,,,,f tl', r"r",l ,'t rl'' -:trr'F 'le
2 0E6)
{5 NC) 45 0.0820 0 . t)0-18
t"''ai'" ",,'.,' '
3 .099) 0.0E00 0.0052
3 .009) 56 Nl' ,1,1
0.00ii0 ttt,tttt,. of toleranccs ancl allo.anccs
42 0.0935
4 .lt2) 40 NC
4l 0 .0960 0.00i15 ,','l',':.,'.,", .r,cf1'" i i'r rrlr"l' 'lis-
.18 NF ,r rlrr"''r 'ror' rn" l "r'
'ii'*l'l'1, "i':,,"".
4 .1.12) 0. l0l0 0.0079
40 NC 37
5 .125) 0. 1065 0.0082
A.F 36
.r25) d ir' rl'"
I \,2 \, ir'd 3A rr"r"n rrl'rr'lr .\"
5 0.1130 0.0090
r38) NC) 33 Cl1''-..'
..
,10 NF 32 0.1160 0.0101 """ ,.,.,,: -'r,,,t .,.t rnJ r'.' f lu r'rl
:.r38) 0. r3ti0 0 .0139
8 i. rii4) 32 NC 2g
0 01.'6 tLrr:rrds oIlY.
N.tl 2t 0.1{05
i.l6'rl
(.1$0;
36
21 NC 23 0. t5{u 0.0i7r C'3...' ll{r r|l 3B \?r' rl'o ''inl.'lr'l tlr"
2R. "J
10 20 0.l610 0.0199 i ' r". r'r$
5tlliilLru : rrL r' " ' 'u
(.190. 32 N.t'
10
Nfl l6 0.1770 0.0210 |
i,,r,,.;'el tl,re* "'nr"
t2 ( .2l rj. 2+ 0.0257
t2 (.2rtj 2a NIT 1J 0. iiJ50
0.0269 ,*
Ch-.".2 ar. I3 s l nrrir' 1,fr"rr'
r"' uld
0.IE90
* ,,i .,, r, L^r" .r" ,.url' r"' rr'r' rr" l
N I'IT 12
12 (.2 r6 0.20{0 0.0317
20 U)i 6
t! CJ
0.2187 0 .0362 ,'rnd €rtcrnai ti'realls
t1 28 U.\F 0.0377
32 N.U.t' 2 0.22r0
%
5/s 18 UNO 0.26r0 0.0522
A oi h,.." lr-c-,rr L.us'-l 'n,iil""oJJ
5/s 2.t UNF I o .2720
0.2812
0.0579
0.0ti22 binrtjon. Clxs+s 1 1r!l ,+ Irorn 1'

,k 32 N ]t!' strr,lr rJ \\ tre dr.cr'rttuLueo'

l6 UNC o"'{t 0.3.riio 0.0773
% (J 0.3320 0.0876
i/'i lc rl''r;'.)' rii:liil
UNF l.\ r'"1 2\ p"ovi scm* rllow-
'/8
i.3
2+
32 1\- LF
U
0.3.137
0.36t0
0.0929
0.10ii0
-
'
CL"se"
r.'" 'h!r'|
''4 l4 UNC z,/at 0.390ti 0. rrES ",""i
,,'
7t6 20 UNI'
UN C)
2;A 0.4219 0. i374 T"' l;,i'-l;ll. i,'"'iii.1". ""'"'' "-
12 0.1'l!6
Clas'c- 2l:n'1 2U pr"riJ" r""rrrr's
lrt i3 NO 2ia 0.4219 rFi'h
lz 20 UNF 2ea 0.4531 0.1597
0. lE16
''" .'. .'L "rcrtl r"r'g'r'"ml b'l -
UNC 3ta 0.48i14 ".',:i't"*,t
'! 12 \%z o.2256 iDg Pra{itice'
0.5312
II UNC or l5
' "-lili \ l,n l lR I'ra\ile.lolF"trr'''
% 0.6.106 0.3340 Cla*ns I
3rt 10 UNO 1%! 0.4612
I UNC 0.7656 3,"u;
%
8 UNC %
6W
0.8750 0.6051
0.7627
i;;',:lT,,,'ii
',\,:'13'
1
114 7 UNO 0.9844
1.0000 0.7896 ';t'"
fit,rPPlications'
8N 1
r% 8
tr(1 1.1094 0.9084 Clas"rs 3A crrl 3l{ p''viJ- i"]":i,Til"rf"::
r% 7 UNC 0.9985 lirn"s lh" t"lerar a I(
1% 8 8N vn 1 . 1250
1.1538 for special close iiL xpplrcrltrons'
UNC 113/.64 1.2031
1l's 6 .2319
8 8N 1% t .2500 1
Clcs.ns 2 an'l 3 nroli r r"l' r'ln'Ps hu no
l3/4
tlh 6 UNC t txl 1.3281 1.40.11
1.4899
- ,llo$xlc.' ' "rr h 'i' ( '"'{ z $:rs 'on-
l|/t 8 8N l3/8 1.3750
:i'i;|'; b:i,,,;'- r f" s"r "rur ,r"'rriL e an'J
t% 8 8N tlh 1 . 5000
1.E983 ( i:br 3 $i l' JIrltfi'!\rm3r^r) ./u-o ul
1% 5 UNC 13i,44
t% 2.0 t-1)2 i:i""'. f'","',i'.; 'i,' r'r'']'' "i'rl "t"s" 6t'
1% 8 8N 2.1t07 aPPLicl1tiors.
8N l"/+
r% 8 2 .4971
2 4h UNC 12"/r2
r% 2.7665 Lnril "'rch tirn' cs r'loolins,\'r' bpen
2 8 8N
2t(, 3.2404 u,iin1'ri-r',,11 tl'"..':'i :.'t' llll[";f ifl;
214
4%
8
4
UNC
8N
UNC
2tA
2%
3.5519
3.0976
1.4352
!l* j:l LHi:l lll i,ii'i'' "li"''.** ",-"
"
8N 234
2y 8 ,1.9326
214
2% ta
l,
UNC
8N
UNC
2%
2%
5.41ti4
5.9ti59
3 t_4 2% 6.4957
3 lq 8N
3% 8.3268
3\4 Ira
la a/a 8.950.1

wi'
fi:"f,*tYX'".}
%" - 13 coa-

,i",:T"nft:%k;; Kilil;'".tffgift'33T1.:;iiT
NC 5r;ier,,r. i,
UNC I nii,d \rrior'rl (
j or! .oarse
,.^ Hi F Rl',Ti"illiff''lT"
S*i".
ijilln"ii*"J
NF NatioDal Fine
 GENERAL TABLES

SAFE LOADS FOR ALLOY STEEL

CHAIN SLINGS,IN POUNDS

Single Double Sling

Chain Branch Horizontal Angle
Size, Sling -
Inches at 45o angle at 30o angle
at 90o angle at 600 angle I I

1/R
r12
-[lAlal^
3,250
6,600
11 zso
11
5,650
,400
19,500
4,550
9,300
15 900
32s0
6,600
11 ,250

16,500
s/R 16,500 28,500 23,300
39,800 32,500 23,000
23,000
'7 28JsO 49,800 40,600 28Jso
18

67,100 54,800 38,75 0

I 38,75 0
77 9oO 63,000 44,500
1.1/8 44,5 00
99,500 81 ,000 5?,500
r-rl4 57,500

I i 6,000 94,000 67,000

1-3l8 67,000
i 38,000 112,500 80,000
1-112 80,000
t't2,000 140,000 100,000
1-3l4 100,000

and Reporter'
Additional data can be found in OccuPational Ffetv {aJth
publisned by The Bureau of Nalional Ailairs' wastungton' u'r '

zrr
 SAFE LOADS FOR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL
WIRE ROPE SLINGS. IN TONS (2OOO LBS.)

Trao-Leg Btidle or Basket Hitch

Single Leg
45 Degees 0 Degrees
Vertical* 0 Degees
Veftical Choker
Rope
Digtueter
HT s MS HT s MS HT s MS HT S ,lts -:-
(in.) s MS HT s MS

Wire Rope Core (Illy'RC)

6 X 19 Ctdssifrcation Collstruction with lttdependent
25 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 29 1B 1:t 1.7 13 12
3B 1.3 12 1.2 92 92 92
4.0 38 35 3.3 3.1 23 23 22
2.3 2S 1.6 1.6 1.6 45 4.4 43 5.1 48 3,6 34
112 2.2
25 2.5 72 63 6.0 62 59 52 42
5.0
5la 3.6 3.4 3.0
3.6
2.5
1o.o 9.8 aA a1 8.5 73 7.1 69 53 49
5.1 4.9 4.2 3.6 3.6
99 9.3 7A 7! 65
314
69 48 43 4.4 14p l3O 110 12.0 1',1.0 9.5
12.O 9.O
7la 6.6 5.5
6.3 18.0 17.O 14.0 6.0
,f
15.0 121 13.o 10.0 8.5
9.0 8.5 72 6.3 6.3
19.0 17.O 't6.0 140 13.0 | 1.O 10.0
1
1 1la 1i.0 10.o 9.0 79 79 79 225 20.O 18.0 16.0

h)ire Rope Care (IhtRc)

6 X 37 Azssification Construction with lndependent

28 26 22 24 23 19 20 18 t6 14 13
.:
1114 14 13 1l 9J 9.7 91
2€2623 24 21 1A 17 15
.:
17 15 12 12 12 34 30 26
29 25 20 18
1 3la 13
14 14 40 36 32 35 3t 2a 23
27
1 112 20 18 16
19
14
54 50 42 47 43 36 38 35 30 25
13t4 27 25 21 19 19
686/.56 59 55 48 4a 45 40 34 32
2 34 32 28 24 24 24
86 80 74 69 59 61 57 4a 43 40 :r.
2114 43 ,rO 34 30 30 30 68

Iope' The of bend should not be smaller than five _F

be.used to plolect the radius
*lf slinss are used to handle loads wlth sharp cornets. pads oI saddles should
cr'o*"' t'itch ratins should be used'
d: il;.H;#i;"';pf iittre raoius oi"be-n[ ii srnal"'l "
S = Socket or swaged terminal attachment
MS = Mechanical sleeve attachment
HT = Hand-tucked splice attachment

Tableisbasedonadesignfacloroftiv€,slinganglesfolmedbyoneleganda'verticalLinethroughthecranehook,andrrnifofmloading.rolthleelegbddle!-
mutriply safe load l.,rn!,, ,o, ,*o ,"g o""li ffiJi'l i *o t* rt* teg bridle slings' multiplv bv 2'0'
National Mfairs, washington' D' c
Health Reporter, published by The Bureau of
Additional data can be found in occupltional safety
a.nd
 {IENEI] \I, 'IABLES

SAFE LOADS FOR EXTRA IMPROVED

PLOW STEEL WIRE ROPE SLINGS'
IN TONS (2000 LBS.)

Two-Leg Bri(lle or Basket Hitch

0 Degees

6 X I9 C.lassificatiotl Construciott
23 2.4 2.1 1,0 1 a 'f.5 1.4 1.3
1.5 1.4 13 1.',l 1.1 1.1 3.o 2a 25 2.3
38 3.5 3.3 21 2-5 2.3
'2 2.5 19 19 ',19 5.4 5.0 4,6 4J 4.3 4S
33 3.5
2:1 2.3
a2 78 73 7.1 6A 6.1 5.8 55 49 4.1
4,1 3.9 3.5 29 23 29
9.7 8.3 71 6.8 59 5.6 43
5'9 5'6 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 12.O 11.0 9.6 100 8.3
8.O 7.6 6,4
-3 5.6 5.6 16,0 15,O 13.0 14.O 13.0 11.0 11.0 11,O 9,0
8.0 7.6 6.4 5.6
20.0 20.0 17.0 17.O 17.O 143 14.0 14.O 124 10.0 9.8 8.3
10.0 9.8 8.3 72 72 7.2
219 18.0 17 .O 14.O 13.0 12.O 10.0
-3 13.0 12.O 10.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 26.0 24.O 20I 23p 17.0

6 X 37 Classification Constructton

32 30 2a 26 23 23 21 la 16 15 13
16 15 13 11 11 11 26
27 25 19 18 15
19 18 13 13 13 38 36 30 33 31 26 21
23 21
15
16 16 46 42 36 4[3631 33 30 25 1A
23 21 18 ',16

62 56 54 49 42 44 40 35 31 2a 24
31 28 24 21 21 21 48
57 52 40 37 32
103732 2a 2a 2A 80 74 64 @6455 45
49 46
35 35 98 92 80 85 80 69 69 65 57 40
49 46 40 35

to plolect the Iope' The latlius ol b en'l sho uld not be smallel tha[ five times
T -:- : s are useal to handle loads with shalp col ne$, pads ot sadalles sho uld be used
; .;#;ilh";;;iittre raaius or rcni is smatler, a choker hitch ratins should be used'

- ;lcket or swaged terminal attachment

{ . !rechanical sleeve attachment
- - -and'tucked sPlice attachment
line thlough the clane hook' al1d unifolm loadine' FoI thle€
leg b dle slings'
.rLo i baseal -sffis angles folmeal by one leg and a-vertical
on a alesign factor ot tive, sling by
bi t 5 ana for iour leg bridte slings, multiplv 2,0.
*= -t ,"i"-f*i fi",itr-f"r two leg bridli
Bureau of National Affairs, washington' D c'
,!r-:.:nal found in occupational safety and Health Repoder, published by The
clata can be

2L3
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 GENERAL T.\.BLES
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 ITif (iR]\\ I!I,I, PII'I\G DI|SIGN

FOR DIAMETERS
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES
IN UNITS AND FRACTIONS
Circum.
Lr ll53 Irl
r! I :,i r+ . lr;ri Tolll 37
1'/|6
l3 341
i:it 1i ll62.3ol15.160l
Ys

rr I3 e76l 'aj
r,; | 56.7{ lj 1165 131.15.5531
'ls
I
76 1167 elll{s
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ur6 .589049 38 | 4 4301 li I
r
1170.87116

1k % 8 l)73 7El+0 731

%
l; lr70 71117 1

% r7.1751
r\ ll71r ;L
,6 8.05033 ,16
Lr 167.201 I I ll82 'r7lf7
6;117
%
5sl541l ,;
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rXz i .07$92
r"1188 6ll+8 6e1
1 .17810
rrk % 1191 751{11.0871
t.27627
% llrl.83l{9 -1t01
rii
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1
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% 4.2201
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2W r3
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31 1108 13 % %
% llr .7e3 12 . t737 %
rs/ra 7s l1t0.75 % %
li1:1,
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y2 1122.72 %
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I
l6 u25.le % %
%l % 114.607 sl lr27 68 % %
% 115.033 % %
"41 ,8 1130.19 %
,i6 ll5.466 %
nul
l9 )5
r 4.1372 31132.73
% |.767r 2 l1b.g04 Y2
,46 rs lr35 30 % %
e16 lt 6.349 4.3335
\6 ss 116 800 .1.5299 %
,r ll37.89 % %
% rYra 3s lt40 50 % %
l t\6'|17.257 11.7262
1k 1143.14 % lt
r., 117.721 4.9226 % 5s l14b.80 %
% %
tyt6 1316
l18.I90 5 .1r89
% ]|118 .4')
%
\%6
% 118.665
Lr$ 119 147
5.3153
15.5116
%
ri l8 lr 51 .20 tn %
 GENERAL TABLES

AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES FOR DIAMETERS

IN UNITS AND FRACTIONS (Continued)
Dia.I Arca Die. Dia.
Dir.
26 32 38 lr l3-r l l l9 381 50

,\ ill0 5,llL00 1( llr11 ti %

176.7r
8r6 861101 .31 r1 lt r10.1 )lt 13C 0i %
E2 )1
'ln
823.21 101 . r8ll1i6 ,i 19C3.1

1.1 14 11161. 120.951 130 801 t4

t1
5,A 5i t( 1r7r . 15ti{
1572
tA
%
% 11 trt7e. '/+
1.!
ib l lE6. 7.1 15ti. t4
74

,rr.,- 33 39 11194. 5'10 I 60 .221 79 o71

r5 122.91 1599. 160 614
11202.
:". \1 Eri8 31110+. ,1 11210 1608

tn 1i 871 E5 10,t 851 r

!, 11217.

I
1a t81 t/, 1626
1|1 11 105. 1t225 .

lr
|,z
;/t
f.i
:.i
:'r
1233.
Jl241
163,t
16,13
.

lx 901 .261106.421
r
s li 248. t25.271 1652.

,t0 1125(l 1661. r44 51

"1.\ r
s Ll26{ 1670.
\
+ 11272 680.0
%\ 3 16E9.l 145.601
% s lt28o.3

11
:1 1707 .4
tA ,4 t.i
% 184.961
% 12E.41
% 1A

29 l|l],2 l] l01l. 41
%
% 975 9l 110 711 % l2l 501

,1 !)82.8,11111.1 ili
11 11352 .
)1 187.31
%
ti 111 910 !( 1360. 1781.
168 86r
12 .31 % 131 .10I 50.011
% % 1 11361) .

010.8 7A 1377. 31.554 1E00 I

tA I,A

1017 0 42 1385. 1809

rr 113e3 1819.
lli'\,.
1025 0 189.281
170 .,131
1032.1 ,1 t102. 1828.

li; 03c.2 3A
114t0 . r837. 1E9.67

I r, 1.71.2r
t% t4 1046.3
ss
li 418 133 51
1427. 133 9l
,1 1053 5
|;: % 1060.7 % lr433.
'%
tn % 1068 0 1443 . 1876. I

1075 2 43
1082 5 % 35.481 1895.4 5,1 331
% 35.E71 1905.
1097.1 % 1gI'1. l55 .l r

% lg24
', 11104 5 93 60r
t4 193.1 \71.751
% 1111 .8
1943.
% l r19.2 %
1a 1126 7 t 1053.
 FOR DIAMETERS
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES
IN UNITS AND FRACTIONS (Continued)
Area l('ircum Dia.
92
*'.,]l, 19.11194.77911 68 74 I4SUU.lJlrJz
4/6
%
71l 1s )< 114315 .871
.4|1232
131195 t )l
i;l % l4s2s .e1233 263
tA
%l % 11344 5 233
lr7
/:.1 ' , 14359 .2 234 .0't9
ss 2;3 2')1 %
% 14373 8 234.141 lb1o.-) 4
ltl y4 1bt21,.2253 684 %
e2.611s7.13511 %
ftl
,rl 04.91197.5281t %
7s 15137 I125+ %

63
75 14417.91235.61 81 1s153.o 25'l 469
18 15168 912s4. 1 .81273 711
29 61198.3131 1{
% l42.olls3.706l %
rz 11417 .41231i . I'3s 15184.9 25s.2;4 8.S1274.104
ya lssaz .z)psa . ls2oo.8J255 647
%
n\rr, too % 16013.21274 .

%
%
166.91199.49111 % % lnor,
ri li*ni iii i" r8 16030 41275.
11 \1506 .7' 2iJ1 . Y4 €O17.61275.675
%
%
* l+szr .rlzzs.

26 lr$6.5J238 761
ls .11276 853
% i' liisi ilzsn ,;o % \52t'7
% l'3r3
.11258
.31258 .
16090

% 14566 412tse .

'/,+.
% 14581 3123e. % lss29 11258.789
',"
| , , ls3+s 6125s.181 l, 1615r.11278.031
t,: )1
t;
145s6 .3\240
1461i.4 2,10
bs 1s3ff1 81259 57-l % 16168 81278.424

li:
tn
s.4 .11626.4\241 t1.7
% 11641 51211.51o
?8 15394 31260 359
14 16186 21278 816

89
7l 77 1,1656.6 241 903 83
%
"* l: % ',% lioii *jzCI
tj6u
%
)/4 %
14686.91212
'l^ |
16 14702.11243.081 % %
%l %
t4
'il )4
r
i 14717 31243.4 Y2
2l
91 !b 11732 ;1243 74
%
,:l % %
l8
14717 .8\211 .
11?63.11211 6s2
%
% %
/ul %
84 90
66
% ,8
% % %
% %
% %
% %
%
%
% e16lL 1, 14128 21227 765
%
% %
,4 .14870.71247 %
%
s9 1120e.70lll 34 14156.8122s 5i1 % .
% 7A %
rz llzto ov+lL ?s J4r7l 11228 944 14886 .21247 . %
%
z9 l4cot 71248 1 85 9r lc5o3.91285 885

x 11917
.21248.57! t
li, r.6{i5 | % 11228.51230.51
y1 11932 .71248 .9r1 %
3.4

\'"
t( % 287.848
\,: s8 4257 1231
i zlztz.+sol 'i ,4 1979.5250.1.49 15758.3 268.evv 165e3.5
j;;l;i;;nll] iiit stis' t"z % \stz;.t',zog .sgz
3/4 66rr.5'Paa.241
li:
I i'' rs alzr:.2:o l %
11995.2250 .512
42a6 3 232 085
s,1.

%:oro.gzso.gls % jeozo.a zsa oa+

2L8
 G]]N]IRAL TABLES

ENDS
TABLE FOR GAUGING I{ORTZONTAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS-FLAT

|aD : Percentage of Total Diameter of Tank

%C : Percentage of Total Capacity of Tank

%p
%D 9,1. 1738
17.590 50.5 50.634 82.839 89.2
0.1 0.0053 01'f49 23 .2 89..1 94.3310
234 .0 51.271 83.051
0.2 0 .0152 11 .4 6 3060 17 .806 51
E3.263 89.u 9,1 'lui 4
(i.,t08i 236 r8.022 51.907
03 0.0279 52.0 52 .513 77 .a 83.476 89. E 9.1.6-12{)
0.l 0.0129 11 8 6. (i320 23 IJ 18.210
90.0 9,1.795{i
0.7970 21.0 13.4s7 53. 181 78.0 83.688
0.5 0.0ri00 12.0 78.2 83.899 so .2 9+.9"177
12.2 6 53.0 53.8r.2
0.6 0.0788 'J{i30
51..450 74.4 8,r. 108 90.4 95 0985
0.7 0.0f)1r2 ?.1305 21.4 18.8S2
90.6 95.2+75
21.6 19. 110 5.1.0 55.087 78.6 81.317
08 0 . 1212 126 7.29110
21 19.3:t0 78.8 8,1.525 90.8 9.5 39t55
09 0. 111(i 12.8 7 .1036
250
8
19.551 55.0 79.0 84 733 91 .0 95 5,llt
1.0 0.1(ilr2 13 .0 7. ti3{r0 95.6369
7 . 8110 25.5 20.103 50.989 792 8,1.940 9t .2
1.2 o.2223 57.621 .4 85.146 91.4 95.8304
0.2t00 13.4 7.9840 20.0 20.061 56.0 79

58.251 ?9.6 85.351 91.6 95.9721

l.ti 0. 3,r19 13.6 L 1580 26.5 2L .222
91.8 96. 1131
2t.745 57.0 58.884 79.8 85.556
18 0.,t077 13.8 8.3330 27 .O
22.353 57.5 59.510 80.0 85.762 92.0 96.2520
20 0 4773 14.0 8 5094 27 .5
80.2 85.965 922 96.3894
28.0 22.923 58.0 60. i.l0
22 0.5501 1,1.2 8. ti8ii7
28.5 23 .494 00.767 80.4 86.168 92.4 96.5251
2.1 0.ti207 I.1.4 8. E65i 92.6 96.6592
29.0 24.O72 59.0 61.396 80.6 86.370
2.6 0.7001 1'1.6 9.0.140
59.5 62.023 80.8 86.571 92.8 96.7918
2.8 0.7886 14.8 I .221t' 29.5 24.651 96.9229
.233 60.0 62.645 81.0 86.771 93.0
3.0 0.87.12 15.0 L4060 30.0 25
.2 97.0517
30.5 25.818 00.5 63.268 81.2 E6.970 93
3.2 0.962i) t5.2 9.588
81.4 87. r09 93.4 97. 1789
3. 1 0533 L t' t'2 31 .0 26..r07 61 0 63.890
97.3048
'1
26.996 61.5 64.509 81.6 87.367 93.6
3.6 1.1.170 15.ti 9.956 81.8 87.563 93.8 97.4285
10.14r 32.0 27 .589 62.0 05.131
3.8 1.2432
62.5 65.746 82.0 E7.760 94.0 97.5503
4.0 1.3418 16.0 70.327 32.5 28.18,1
07.0703
33.0 28.781 63.0 66.362 a2.2 87.954 91.2
4.2 1.412C 16.2 10.515 88.149 944 97.7E8{
10 703 29.330 03.5 66.975 42 .4
4.1 1.54ti1 1(i.,t 82.6 88.343 94.6 97.90+-1
3,r.0 29.981 6.1.0 67.588
46 1 .6515 1ti ti 10. E92
6.1.5 68.198 82.8 88.535 94.8 98. 1086
4.E 1.7j11).1 16.E 11.082 34.5 30.587 98.1307
35.0 31.192 65.0 68.808 83.0 88.727 95.0
5.0 1.8093 17.0 11.273
35.5 31.802 69.413 83.2 88.918 95.2 98.2.106
1.8914 17 .2 11 .465 95.4 98.3485
36.0 32 .412 66.0 70.019 83.4 89.108
2.095{i 11.657 98.4539
2.2116 17.0 11 851 33.025 70.620 836 89.2rl7 95.6
5.6 670 .2r9 83.8 89.485 958 98.557r
58 2.321) 12.0-10 37.0 33.638 71
t'
34.254 71.816 840 E9.673 96.0 98.6582
6.0 2 .4,\97 18.0 12.210 37.5 98.7568
38.0 34.869 68.0 44.2 89.859 96.2
6.2 2 .57 t5 18.2 12 .437

38.5 35.491 68.5 73.004 84.4 90.044 96.4 98.8530

b.4 2.6952 18.4 12.633 90.224 96.6 98.9,167
39.0 36. 110 69.0 73.593 E4.6
6.6 2.a2Il 18.6 12.831
69 .5 4.182 84.8 90 .412 96.8 99 0375
6.8 2.9.+83 18.8 13.030 39.5 36.732 7
?0.0 71.767 850 90.59.10 97.0 99.1258
7.O 3.0771 19 .0 13.229 40.0 90.2114
40.5 70.5 75.319 a5 .2 90.7754 97 .2
7.2 3.2082 rtJ .2 13 .429
41.0 38.604 71 .0 75.924 85.,1 90.9560 97.4 99.2939
7.4 3.3408 19.4 13.630
7t.5 76.506 85.6 91.13.19 97.6 99.3733
7.6 3.4749 19.6 13.832 41 .5 39.233 99.4499
39.860 72.0 77.O77 91 .3133 97.8
7.8 3.6106 19.8 14.035 42.O
98.0 99 .5227
20.0 14.238 425 40.490 72.5 77 .647 86.0 91.4906
8.0 3.7.180
73.0 78.215 86.2 91.6670 98.2 99.5923
E.2 3.8869 202 14.41-1 43.0 41. 11{i
78.778 86.4 91.8420 98.4 99.6581
84 4 0276 20 .4 14.649 43.5 41..749 73 .5
44.0 42.379 74.O 79.339 86.6 92.0160 98.6 99.7200
8.6 4.1696 20.6 M.454
44.5 43.011 74.5 79.897 86.8 92.1890 98.8 99 .7777
8.8 4.3131 20.8 15.060 99.0 99.8308
2l .0 15 267 45.0 4ts .644 75.0 80.449 87.0 92.3010
9.0 4.4582
75 .2 80.670 87 .2 92.531,1 99. 1 99.8554
9.2 4.60,r5 21.2 45 .5 44.274
460 44. 913 75.4 80.890 E7.4 92.7010 99.2 9S.8788
2r .1 15.ti83
92.8695 99.3 99.9008
.6 15.892 45.550 81.108 87.6
9.6 4.9015 21
81.325 87.8 93.0370 99.4 99.9212
9.8 5.0523 21.8 16.101 47 .O 46.188

16.312 47.5 46.819 76.0 81.543 88.0 s3.2030 99.5 99.9400

10.0 5.2044 22.O 99.9508
16.52,r 48.0 47 .457 76.2 81.760 88.2 93.3680 99.6
10.2 5.3580 93.5315 99.7 99.9571
10.4 5.5126 22.4 16.73? 48.5 48.093
49.0 48.729 93.6940 9S.8 99.9848
10.6 5.6690 22.6 16.949
99.9 99.9947
22.8 17. 161 49.5 49.366 76.8 93.8551
10.8 5.82tt2 94.0152 100.0 100.0000
11.0 5.984E 23.0 17.376 50.0 50 .000 77 .O

2r9
 I1'T GRI\NELI, PIPINT] DESIG\ T\ND r]NGINI'FJRI\G

WEIGIIT PER FOOT OF SOLID STEEL ROUNDS

\\'eightsshowIr&refo|s()lxlIoLllrC1speIfoot()flellg1h''fodetel.miethe\r.eigh1
footoftheI.l).fromttre*'eigtrtpe,iuuioiir'"ri'il..,,qrr,'"igr'l"ar'ebasedonst.eel*'eighiIrg0'2833pourldsp
of other metals see relxlive \{eight factors on 1'g 177
Diam., IVeisht,
Weishl, inches lnches pounds

16.6E8 96.120 gV\ 2l 1177.5 28 2093.3 -

2112.0 %
,#\ t7.532
18.398
98.136
100.17
Y-rq
%
1191.ti
1205.1-
%
% 2130.9 %
7,'. ) 1219.9 % 2149.8 %
1S.285 702.22 '46
t234.2 % 2168.7 v, 3364.9
% '/2
Y:l 20.1S2 r.04.30
1x46
i.7 r248.6 % 2187.8 % 3388.7
27.t20
22.O70
106.39
108.51 % \ 1263.1
12i7.7
%
%
2207.O
222t).2
%
%
3412.5
3436.3
wl o.t27a 23.039 110.65 rYra %

,rl 0.1669 24.030 112.81 10

l"'N
1292.3
1307.0
29
%
2245.5
2964.9
36
%
3460.5
3484.6
o.2712 25.O12 114.99 %
IY % 2244.4 % 3508.7

I*
1321.8

*l
Yxl 0.2607
0.3155 T^\ 26.O74
27.118
117.19
119.4r
/t
rn6

t:.
1336.7
t..
l2
% 2303.9

2323.6 |
3532.9

3557.0
o.37 55
v\ 2a.202 121.\7 %
I| t", 1366.8
t%
78
|t% '.4
"{i 3581.5

i*l 0.4407
0.5111
ial
29.297
30.414
123.92
126.20
128.50
"s
?4
%
'/"+ 1381.9
1397.1
t'"
3606.0
3630.8
';\ 31.550
\,, 74t2.5 lso 2403.0
t^- 3655.2
tA 123
0.6675 130.83
133.18 ,6
294.37
257.49 l'3 7427.n % 242it.r l"'r
l{a
3680.1
3704.9
Y"l 0.7536
{^\ 301.42 1443.3 % 2443.1

| 'r'
135.55 %
0.8448 rYt6 304.98 |* 1458.9 % 2463.5 3729.7

i\ 0.9413 137.94

I r474.5 1,4 2483.8 ll Y"

ln
308.56 Y",
140.34 %
1.0430
1.1499
"rr\ 37.549
38.810 t42.77 r'/a 312.75 1490.2
1506.1
%
%
2504.2
2524.7 \*
3779.7
3804.8
i\tl 7.2620
'%l
40.09r
4r.397
t45.22
747.7\)
%
fi^
315.78
319.41 l\% t522.O % 2545.2 ll% 3830.3
1.3794

1.5019 42.719 150.19 323.O7 ,#\ 1537.9 31 2565.9

2586.7
ll* %l 3855.5
3881.0
lg
;) 7.6297 ^r#\ 44.066 152.70 N6 326.7 5
330.46
1554.0
1570.1 % 2607.5
'll 3906.5
45.432 t55.24 % 2628.4 ,"1 3932.0

:l
\34:6 1.7627 1586.4 %
214 46.819 757.79 Y\6 334.18

:)\ 48.227 160.37 % 337.92 1602.7 %

%
2649.3
261-O.1
UI 3957.8
3983.3
% 162.97 341.69 1619.1 7^3. I
49.658 4009.1
"/s
% 345.47 n\ 1635.6 % 269r.6
nl
\Vr6
st n\ 51.106
52.578 164.22 %6

t/t
349.29

,u'"
1652.r

1668.8 32
% 27 t2.a
I
4035.0

4061.2
1 2.6700 v, 170.88
,46
353.12
356.9ti
\
1685.5 rA "n*l 4087.3
Yt6 3.0142 %6
173.56
360.83
{) t702.3 % % 4113.5
3.3793 % t76.27 % % 4\35.7
% \Yt6 178.99 r7t6 364.72 % 1719.2 %
%6 3.765r
r736.2 2820.2 % 4165.9
181.73 % 368.62 % %
4.1720 % 60.244 2842.O % 4192.4
184.49 ryt6 872.57 926.22 % 77 53.2 %
4.5997 1Yt6 61.839 2863.8 % 42).4.9
376.51 938.70 % 1770.4 %
187.28 %
t7; 5.0481
5.5176
%
'ts/tn
63.454
65.092 190.09 ro/ra 951.24 % 1787.6 % 2885.7 % 4245.4

l^u 5 66.751 192.91 t2 963.89 26 1804.9 33 2907.7 40

%
427l.S
4298.8
6.0074 976.60 % 7422.4 % 2929.1-
6.5187 X6 68.431 195.76 % 1839.8 % 2951.9 % 4325.7
%
lr* 7.0504
7.6032
% 70.130
7r.851
198.64
201.51
%
%
989.42
1002.3 % 1857.4 % 297 4.1 Ya 4352.5

1875.0 % 2996.4 % 4379.4

1015.3
lY; a.777
8.7716
| IT 73.595
75.356
204.12
207.36
%
%
4\7.20
425.60 1028.3
| .j. r892.8
1910.6
%
%
3018.8
3041.4
%
%
4406.6
4433.8
l7; 9.3870
10.023
\ Tl, 77.t40
74.942
210.3r
2r3.28
%
%
434.06
442.55
1041.5
to64.7
l% % 3063.9 % 4461.0

3086.6
| .''' 10.680
\; 80.768 276.27 13 451.23 r.068.0 34
% 310S.3 %
r1.358 82.614 2t9.29 % 459.97 1081.4
l"',r(); 3132.r U
12.Osi- | ?), 84.480 222.32 % 468.77 1094.9
|
%
% 3155.0 l7a
lr;
t: % 477.b4 1108.4
12.777 86.370 225.34
% 3178.0
| ., 4598.6
1t22.1
13.517 228.46 % 446.62
t\ r: % 3201.1
| '{2 4626.2

tn
1135.8
I r:. ).4.278 ll 1%6 %
%
495.66
504.81 1149.6
ll Yt
% 3224.2 4654.1
4681.9
th 15.061
15.864 l\ rx % 5t4.O2 1163.5 % 3247.5
 GENERAI TABLES

Weisht, Diam., WoieLt, Diam.. Dram., Weisht, Diam., Weieht, Diam.,I lveieht, oi"-.,lw"igr't, I
Diam., Weieht,
rnches eounds
I ]

42 4709.fr 4s)4 6541.5 8,675.1 641.1 11,108 72 13,841 7s% 16,875 87rs | 20,210
I
941,4 23,844 |
% 4738.0 % 6575.5 % 8,713:2 % 11,151 % 13,8S0 % 16,928 | 20,268 % 23.907 I
% 47 66.2 % 6608.5 % 8,751.3 % 11,194 % 13,938 % 16,982 %
3,6
| 20,326 % 23,971 |
% 4791.5 % 6641.8 % 8,789.3 % 11,238 % 13,986 % 17,035 | 20,384 % 24,034
|
I
'/2 4822.7 50 1,4 8,827.7 65 11,281 tl 14,034 80 17,088 t, I
3;
zo.q+z 95 24,097 |

3l I| 20,559
% 4851.2 % 6708.4 ,6 8,E60-9 % 11,324 % 14,083 77,t42 2o,5or % 24,16t I
% 4879.8 % 6712.1 % 8,90,1.11 % 11,368 % 14,131 17,195 % 24,224 |
,14 4908.3 % 61-7 5.7 % 8,943.;l % 11,411 % 14,180 77,219 ,4 | 20,618 % 24,288 |
I
43 4936-9 % 6809.4 8,982.1 tA 11,455 73 14,229 % 17,303 88 | 20,677 I
% 24,351 |
% 4965.8 % 6843.1 % 9,0:0.8 ,i 11,499 % 14,277 17,356
17,410
:,4 1 20,786
tt I zo,zs+ %
%
24,415
24,479
|
% 499'{.4 % 6876.7 % 9,059.6 % 11,543 % 14,326 % |
% 5023.2 % 6910.7 9,09E.7 % 11,5E7 % 14,37 5 17,464 % 20,8s3 % 24.543 |
| I

% 5052.5 51 6944.7 % 9.|17.4 66 11,631 % 81 17,518

51
| 20,91.2
t/,42 96 24.607 |

3l || 21,03r
% 5081.4 % 6978.7 % 9,176.5 % % 14,473 % 77,572 20,971 % 24,67r I

% 5110.6 % 7013.0 % 9,21ti.0 % 11,719 % t4,522 17,627 % 21.85 |

% 5139.9 % 7017.4 % s,255.1 % 11,763 % 14,572 17,681 Ji | 2r'oeo % 24,300 |

44 % 7041,.7 59 9,294.5 11 11,807 14,62r % 17,735 8e

y8
| ,r.tnn % 24.864
I
|

% 519E.7 % 7116.0 % 9,333.9 % 11,852 % 14,671 17,785 |

1.1 |
2r,2os % 24,929 |

% 5228.2 7150.4 % 9,373.4 % 11,897 % 14,72\) % 17,844 2r.268 % 24,993

% 5257.8 % 7185.1 % 9,4r2.8 % 11,941 % \4,770 % 3; | 21,428 % 25,058
I

% 14,820 82 17,953 )/4 | 21,38a 97 25,122

% 5247.4 52 7279.7 % 9,452.6 67 11,986
% 5317.0 % 7251.4 % % 12,031 % 14,869 % 18,008 %
3/4
| 21,447 % 95,187
% 5346.9 % 72ti9.4 % 9,532.1 % 12,075 % 14,919 % 18,063 I
'tt | 21,507 % 25,252
% 5376.E % 7324.4 % 9,572.3 % 72,r20 % 14,969 % 18,118 21,567 % 25,3t7

45 5406.7 % 7359.5 60 9,612.0 % 12,165 15,019 1,4 18,173 eo | % 25,382

% 54:t7.0 % 7394.5 % 9,652.1 % 12,210 % 15,069 18,228 Ys | "t.un
21,687
rZ I 2r,1- 48
% 25,447
% 51t) t- .2 % 7129.5 % 9,692.3 % 12,256 % 15,119 % 18,283 % 25,512
% 54\)7.2 % 7464.4 % 9,732.7 % 12,301 % 15,170 18,338 t1 | 2r,8oa % 25,574

% 5527.7 7 500.2 % 9,773.2 68 12,34{t % t5,220 83 18,394

_l
r2 | 21,868 98 25,643
% % % 9,813.3 % 12,392 % 15,270 18,449 | 21'92s
'/8
3A
% 25,708
% 5588.6 % 7 570.9 % I,E54.r % 12,437 % 15,321 % 18,505 | 2r,985
7s zz,oso
% 25,774
% 5619.2 % 7606.6 9,894.5 % 12Aa3 % 15,371 18,560 % 25,840
% ]
I
46 5649.8 % 7642.3 61 9,935.3 % 72.529 76 15,422
54 || 1.8,672
% 18,676 91 | 22.111 % 25,905
tA 5680.4 % 7678.0 % 9,976.1 % 12,574 % 15,473 Y8 | 22,172 % 25,971
% 5711.3 % 7 t'l4.O % 10,017 % t2,620 % 15,524 3l | 1e,728 li | 22,232 % 26,037
% 5t- 42.3 % 7i 49.7 % r0,058 % 12,666 % % 1 18,784 31 | 22,2s3 % 26,103
I

% 5773.2 7785.8 % 10,099 69 % 15,626 84 | 18,840 ,l5 | 22.354 99 26,169

% 5E04.5 % 7821.8 % 10,140 % 12,758 % 15,677 % | 1s,8s6 I 22,415
3,4 | 22,476
% 26,235
% 5835.4 % 7858.2 % 10,181 % 12,804 % 15,728 Y.a I rs,ssz % 26,301
% 5866.7 % 7894.2 10,222 12,850 % 75,779 3/e | 19,009 1; | 22,588 % 26,368
% %
I
rZ
rs |119,121
5898.0 % 7930.6 62 10,264 % 72,457 77 15,831 1s,065 % 26,434
% 5929.6 % 7967.0 % 10,305 % 12,943 % 15,882 rs | :z,oor % 26,501
% 5961.2 % 8003.7 % 10,347 % 12,SS0 % 15,934 J+ 119,178
\a | 22,722 % 26,567
% 5992.5 % 8040.1 % 10,388 % 13,036 % /a | 19,234 J3 22,784 % 26,634
I |
% 6024.4 55 8076.8 % 10.430 70 13,083 % 16,037 85r 19,2S1 1/4 |
58 |
22,846
% 6056.0 % 8113.5 % 10,172 % 13,130 % 16,089
r+6 | 19,3a8
3/4 |
22,907
22,969
% 6088.0 % 8150.5 % 10,514 % 13,t77 % 16,141 119,405
% 6119.6 % 8187.3 % 10,555 % t3,224 % 16,193 l/8 | 19,462 %| 2z,oz1

4a 6151.9 % 4224.3 63 10,597 % 13,271 7a 16,215 r," I19.519

I
93 | 23,093 I

5; l1e,s76 X
%
ta |I 23,218
6183.9 % 8261.4 % 10,639 % 13,318 % 16,297 23,155
% 6216.2 % 8298.8 % 10,682 13,365 % 16,349 /1 | t9,633
% 6248.1 % 8335.8 % 10,724 % t3,412 % 16,401 | 19,690 3,4 23'280
|
% 6280.8 8373.2 % 10,766 7l 13,460 % 16,453 86 I 19,748
I
Y2
./a |
L

23,342
% 6313.1 % 84r0.6 % 10,809 % 13,507 % 16,506 )4 | Le,8o5 | 23,4O5
% 6345.4 % 8448.0 % 10,851 % % % l 1s,863
34 | 19,920
3/4"
| 22,467
'% 23,530
% 6378.0 % 8485.7 % 10,894 % 13,602 % 16,611
|
49 6410_6 % 8523.5 64 10,937 \A 13,650 79 16,664 \4 | !s,s78 I
94r/4 | 23,593
I

% 6443.6 % 8561.2 % 10,979 % 13,698 % 16,717 9/s I 20,036 | 2\,6ss

,i 6476.2 % 85S8.9 % lt,o22 % 13,7 46 % 16,769 3l | 2o,os4 r/4 | 28,7].8
% 6509.2 % 8637.0 % 11,065 % 13,791 % 16,822 '% | 2o,t sr % zs'zzt
| |
 ITTGITI\NIit,I, PIPI\Ii

RATES
EQUAI,IZATION OT' PIPE DISCI{ARGE

%
14 l. I 1 1 l';
'-* 16 30 ri0 t8 .liil 39 632 1867 11525 2'11{ t3292
21 .l
2!7 l{07 7lo 11133 6240
7.7 1-1 I 2E 4l I t-1 120
1e,i lr 0r r?5 531 2923
2.
2.
3 6L o. rj t3 19 3ti 5ii li rar, lt'tL 335 l53l
1635
10 1. 2.01 3 t 7. i1 -1 3l
Ili 809
4 ool Fr
j
2.9 8. ?1 29 151 443
1 42 18 7.
151 -l IL t5 26
I 223
t) 86 16
6.8131 1. 2 721 1.52
1l 129 24

2
2,
244
384
104
164
46
71
24
3?
1t i 5.8
11 9.2 4.
2.
3.0
t9i
2.D ;;i'; l5 29
19
52 81
52

111 5. ll 19 30
668 286 65 30 116 7. 6.2
3. 7. I3 2l F
968 4t4 94 44 123 111 1.6 2.
3

4 1336
2377
67! 130
231
60 32 116 10
18
3.
6. 2.4
3.8
'1
1.8 ',,
2.
1. 3.
2.
5.
3.
15
8.
5.
6 1689 362 29

20 1.1
'1
5.6 : 2. 1. 2.
68 t.
8 7490 r08 74 10il 2. 1.
1.
10 13849 t't2 77 I 6.

EXTRA STRONG WALL

of a larger pipe under the same he&d' Thus
size required to equal the delivery
The iabulateil velues show the mmber^oJ piqes of one

' f$i:i-J,'*1*!'#'H"jr*i"t;;** ,iflf"tln:;ril,*',1'j lfr:".1"*.1$-:"J1il5.',\.'ji'i';:s l: 3i

'l'jin"ia"
ai""'"' r

DISCIIARGE RATES
EQUALIZATION OT' COPPER TUBING

Tube 214 31/4

Size, %
in. 250
1.8
-- 8.8 la 23 46 7t) L21 180
99
%
t.0 2.5 4.8 8.2 13 13 68
,10 55
%
2.4 2.O 3.3 I 5l 10 1i 27
% 28
1.7 1 2.6 9.0 14.I 20
4.9 8.3 t7
1
8.6 3.6 1.8 L 1.5 3.1 1I
1%
114
L7
26 2.6 1.5 l 2.O 3. -1 5..1

1.7 2.7 3.9 5.,1

21 11 6.4 3.1 2.L
1.6
2
2Y2 90 46 19 9.4 6.4 | 3.6
1.5 2.O
30 8.s I 6.6 2.7 1.4
3
3r/4
140
206
7L
104 44 rz I 8.2 2.3 1.6

1?111 2.0
4 2a4 146 61
 GENERAL TABLES

SAFE LOADS ON STEEL PIPE COLUMNS

Allorvnble Concentric Loads in KII'S (1000 ib)
STANDARD \Y'ILL PIPE
Nominat Pipe Size and $'all Thickness inches
Etrective Efiectiv(
Lensi,h, t2 Lenslh,
fr ft
0.3:2 0 375

140 200 ,46

13rl 198 211
8
13{i 196 212
10
13:l 194 21D
12 13
1l 19 129 r90 237

23 30 125 187 231 200 1li

16 237 la
t4 2t) 27 162 231
18
17 116 17E 227 254 296 2t)
20 222 25r 293 22
22 15 2l 110
19 104 167 217 245 289 24
24
26
161 2t2 2.!Ll 2ii.l 26
154 20ti 235 2t0 28
2t3
r47 200 2:9 2i5 30
30 139 193 2:3 2t-O 32
32 t31 186 217 204 34

179 210 258 36

36
171 203 252 38
38 163 19tt 2'16 40
40 154 1tis 2:)9
42
179 231
44
171 224 46
46 7$2 216
48
20E 50
50 199 52
52 190
54
50
56

NorE: Yalues below heavy line are for //Eo tatios sreater than 120'

EXTRA STRONG WALL PIPE

Nominal Pipe Size and 1\iall Thickness inches
l4
0.218 0.500 0.500 0.500

I8 325 6
323 8
lt 320 10
I 317 t2
313

16 4l 252 309 344 16

18 36 216 304 339 18

20 32 210 299 391 20

22 29 232 2S3 329 386 22
25 221 286 323 381

26 216 279 317 376 26

28 207 271 310 370 98
30 197 263 302 363 30
32 1E6 254 294 356 32
245 245 348

36 163 234 276 341 36

38 224 267 332 38
40 213 257 323 40
42 246 314
4 235 304 44

46 294 46
48 284 48
273
52 261 52
54

Norr: Yaluea below hesw liDe a.e for l/,&e ratios great€r than 120.

223
 I1'T GRINNI.]LL PIPINCI D]ISIGN AN]) ENGINEERI\C

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD TAPER TIIREADS

irformalion is abstracled from Ihc \maricxlr Nariunal Slerrdard

PiDe Tbread- ANSI 82.l whi.h ha- bcan csrrbhjbed to cover
TMPERFECT THEEADS DUE
pii. rhrpad'for variorLL prrrporc\. This:rarrdsrd wt! orte of thp
hri e"tal,li.hed arrd rs als6 rhe muir comm,'nlv rr-ed O'her
rhreaJins. randard- ir'.ludc Ameri.an Pel r,,lerlm I nolilrlly StB nd-
ard- No. i.t, 6 \ arrd iL, \al,i.h cover oil field I'rb'rl!r marerial
su,.h as lirre pipe and .a.-ing Ibrerd. Lirra pipe.rhreld' h5v" Ihe
same form i,rd raper an Amerlcsir Nall"r'31 Slalrdard rlpe
Tbreads, -{.NSI 82.1.
,\ll in inches
dimensions
a -\lso lenqth of thin ring gage and lelrgth from gaeing notch
to small e A of plug gage.
a -q.ho pilch di&neter &t g.r.ging notch (halr(l-tight pla'ne)'
OF THREAD ] IN ]6
MEASURED ON DIAMETER o lurgth oi plug gage.
,Uso
o Thc lpnr:'1, L5 from rl," "nd oi rl ' r'ilo 'lPrernrirrcs rlt' planp
bcr'"r,,r rhp'l,rc,,l r,,r rs irnl''rf'' t rl th" rr'5r' lh' rte\l
'rhi"h ptsrfp, rr rl 'rr"or \r rrri Itl:tir^ rl" "o'le f"rrtcd
,"" ii'*,,4-
bv ,rr. rhrpr'l ". , Psrs I'rcr"rrs lr," c\lirrJ'f Iurr irrg IhF e\r'"rrrl
s,lrface of the pipe. Lb : L, - 2P.

t \rn$-\uvr lcror ruri.rl SpF.rficuriorts arp f iseiIj,or'Jirn"nsions

0 \rrcn'h
'u ihr.. rl.r"-,ls 3jincl,"s und snrrll"r'
',,.1"-uo
are: :iz; 2 r,.inch 2.ii:,6.1r -i2.3 i,.1,33l7l1r'

PLUG GAGE TO ENTET

UNTIL NOTCH 15 fTUSH
WITH fIRST IHREAD
STANDARD TOLERANCE
IS : ONE THREAD

DINIENSIONS

Diam.
of Length Lengih
Pipe T-
Lt
D
0.405 0.2ffiq | 0.3800 0.11t 1 0.1E98
0.2907
0.540 0.40r8I 0.5025 0.1667
0+07R 0.6375 0.1667 0.2967
0.675 0.3909
0.840 0.5337 0.791s 0.21,t3
1.050
0.5457 I 1.001E 0.2113 0.4029

1.2563 0.2609 0.3017 0.5088

1.315 1.2136 0.5329
1.6013 0.2609 0.3017
1.660 0.3017 0.5496
1.7961 1.3,f13 0.2609
1.900
2.3163 0.2601) 0.5826
2.375 2.7006 0.8875
2.875 0.9500
3.4156
3.500 0.2500 1.0000
3.9156
4.000
0.2500 1.0500
4.500 0.2500
8 t.2625
0.2500
6.625 8 r.4625
0.2500
8.625 8 1.6750
0.2500
10.750 8 1.8750
0.2500
12.750 8
13.9156 0.2500 0.4337 I 2 6937
14 0.D. 14.000 8
15.9156 0.2500 0.4337 | 2.E837
r6 ().D. 16.000 8
17.9156 0.2500 0.4$7 I 3.0837
18.000 8 0.4337 | 3.2837
19.9156 0.2500
20.000 8 0.2500 0.4337 13.6837
23.9156
24.000 8
 GF]NET? \.T T,\BLES

AMERICAN NATIONAI, STANDARD STRAIGI{T THREADS

Ldormeliori is abstr:rcted irom i,he ,\;:-:ricau Netional Standard Pipe Thrceds,

ANSr l]2.1
l straight thread grger :tre useri to grge mechanical joint, straight pipe threads'
* Americen Nrtional Slotr.lxrd taper ],ipe thre3(l plug gagss 3re used io_ ga,ge
.'ri,igl -. p'p" rhrp:rd. rr, ,n'rt, irg- sir' il' -grgir'e-n,rclr eomirrx flu"h,rith the
c,lco .t the thr''.r'l "r s llr rl, l' 1l nr ul "lrc_nlcr, Il 'hrmlereq. allowrng z
ldierance oi one &ud one hrlf t].llns lar8e or small
The actu:rl pitoh ciiameters oi the tappe,l hole E'ill be slightly srna,ller than the
velues given.

BASIC DIMENSIONS
I'itcl t)irr eter

StrAiglrt Pipe
Threads * in I'ipe Straight Pine Tlrreads Straight Pipe Threads for
Couplings (Prcs- F,,r lTechariic!,] Jointst Locknut Connections
sure Tight Joirts) (!'ree Fitting) (Loose Fitting l{echanical Joints)
\ominai
Threads Tnternel ti\l( rn3l lnlernal Errternal Intemsl
fiPu
Dlze Per I'itch ot
In. Inch '1'hread llax I xfin \Iax NIin \1ax tr{ax NIin I{in
% 27 0.0370 0.3782 0.3713 c.t748 0.3713 | 0.3782 0.37.18 0.3840 0.380s 0.3808 0.3863
% 18 0.0556 0.r$5r 0. +8.17 0.1899 0..1847 0.-1951 0.4899 0.5038 0.'19Ett 0.5125 0.5073
% 18 0.0556 0.6322 0.6218 0.(i270 0.6218 0.6322 0.6270 0.6409 0.6357 0.6496 0.6444
% l4 0.0714 0.7851 I 0.7717 0.7784 0.7717 0.7E5r o.7784 0.7963 0.7896 0.8075 0.8008
% 0.0714 0.9956 i 0.9822 0.98E9 0.9822 | 0.9956 0.9889 r.0067 1.0000 1.0179 l 0112
I rr)4 0.0870 1.21rj8 I1.230; 1.2386 r 2305 | 1.2468 1.2386 1.2064 t.2523 r.2739 1.2658
rrl LlY2 0.0870 1.5vr5 | 1.5752 1.5834 t.5752 | 1.5915 1.583.1 1.605r r.5970 1.6187 1.6106
,'/2 trll 0.0870 r.8305 | 1.R112 1.8223 r 8142 | 2.3044
1.8305 |.8223 1.8441 1.8360 1.8576 1.8495
2.3234
2 Ill,4 0.0870 2.3011 | 2.2aar 2.2963 2.2881 I 2.2963 2.3180 2.3099 2.3315
2t4 8 0.1250 2.ii39 2.7505 2.it'22 2.1505 2.7735 2.7622 2.7534 2.78\7 2.8129 2.8012
3 8 0.1250 3.-1002 3.3768 3.3885 .j.3768 I 3.4002 3.3885 3.4198 3.,10E1 3.4393 3.4276
3% 8 0.1250 3.9005 3.8771 3.8888 3 8771 | 3.1005 3.8888 3.9201 3.9084 3.9396 3.9279
4.3988 -1.3754 4.3871 +.37s4 | 1.3988 -1.3871 4.,1184 .1.4067 4.4379 4.4262
4 8 0.1250
5 8 0.r250 5.4493 5..1376 l 5.4610 5.4493 5.4805
6.5372
5.4688
6.5255
5.5001
6.5567
5.4841
6.5450
8 0.1250 6.5060 0.4943 16.5I77 6.5060
8 8 0.1250 8.5313 8.5196 8.5508 8.5391
10 8 0.1250 10.6522 10.6405 10.6717 10.6600
l2 8 0.1?50 12.6491 12.6371 12.6686 12.6569

GENERAL INFORMATION

The symbols recommended for use in designating the NPSI: American National Standard internal straight
various types of pipe threads are as follows: pipe tbreads (Dryseal)
NPSM: American National Standard straight pipe
NPT: American National Standard taper threads threads for mechanical ioints
NPSC: American National Standard straight pipe NPSL: American National Standard straight pipe
threads in pipe couplings threads for lochnuts and locknut pipe threads
NPTF: American National Standard taper pipe NPSFI: American National Standard straight pipe
threads for pressure-tight joints for use threads for hose couplings and nipples
without lubricant or sea,ler * NPTR: An.rerican National Standard taper pipe
threads for railing fittings.
NPSF: American National Standard straight pipe
threads for pressure-tight joints for use + I..iubricant may be used in making up these joints
lvithout lubricart or sea.ler* (Dryseal) when desired,

225
 tTT []lU \\l.lLi, l:,lI'l\( I

BRITISE STANDARD TAPER THREADS

lniorrrn,ru r "l'-'r.r'',,1 trom lIn Rririqh Engino"riog

S i.1rJ\ \\!".iirion llPp.rr \o. 2l-lrr3R'
Whitworth 55' forru of thrcad.
Total taper: )i inch Pcr toot.

IIand Tigltt
Pitch I'itch Diemeter Engrgemeot l'e-
oI .il"gi"',irlgof i$;crr Ii\t''rrrrl
Approriimrte Thn,erl I'lrterrr:LlThread l Jrirl I'rrcfrrrLl
oD. D I Threrds Lr
0.25.15
.,t0(t3 0]l&'t 013t14
.5313 0.052(l 0.3947
.6375 0.0;26
051?8
,31:i3 0.071.1 - 0.571,1
1.0i125 0.07I,t 0.65111
1.3-138 0.0909 0.7500
1.6S75 0.0c09 0.7500
1.90ii3 0.0909
0.0$00 2.2883
0.0909 2.9013
0.0909 3.401Il
0.01109 3.E91S
0.090{} 4.3918

0.0909 53918
0.011t9 6.3e13
0.1000 7.3860
0.1000 8.3t60
0.1000 9.3360
0.1000 10.3360
0.1250 11.3700
0.1250 12.3700

All dimensions in inches

NORMA' ENGAGEMENT FOR TIGHT JOINTS

(Lcngth of PiPe Enterine Fitting)

ThF lpnsth of rngagam.nt bptwepn. male and

Iemale rhr.ads ro 'nrk. liP.hl lorn'- rs l"rcao on
ih. rh'.".1. bning manhincJ ro rha Amprrcan
ii"ri"ra tor pip" ;t'*adq or t h' \PIbr'sndafdror
iine ;i;; rhr;xll" rnd has bo"n r-'rahl\sh"d trom
i".i.'"ira. pt""r ical\ orkrng 'ondir iuns For
"",t.'m.l3lc and q:rll lhrckn^sscc
various sizps, rt rc
;;;"*;;.;,; annlt difror"nr to"qurs in ordPr to
;-;-ii'; l;"s'i' or "nscs'menis lisred in the
rable. ln consi,l".ing rhF lFng1h ol engrg'menr
for s"rp*ed "omt:rnron flangFsrhrs lahla ''oP' nol
Shoulder tyPe Railing fitting ;;oii .i";; ;h";'is, c"mcniwill depond. upon 'he
American Standard thread assembly r,i. pe of joinr, pr^s'ure cooditioos aod lhe n_Flgnr
and API line fitting threeds
drainE.ge oI the flanges.
pipe thretuls

211 3r.1
* 15 16 I7 16 llsi

All dimensions in inches

226
 GENERAL TABLES

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMIJLAS
Oblique-Angled Triangle

For Radius, ,{E : 1 AB:c BC:a

FG: sina AG: cos a AC -b BD:K
DE : tat a BC : cot a AD:M DC:n
AD : sec a AC : csc a
Given FormLrlas
srn a
sin2o*coszo:1 cos o A,B,a I C,b,c
sec2o:1*tan2a I h-
. : cos a A B,C,a lt," i,a :r, - rjrn ! B +c' ^i i{'
csc2a:llcoL2a cot q, .- b, c,
la' : 6r * c2 -2bccosA; orh - csin.4;
srn o [n=ccosA; n-b-m; &' = h1 +tu'

a,c,A I C, B,b sinc = sin4 x ; ;B - 1so" - (d +c);

1
$no
..sinB
I cot o
Vt - sin'a 1+ten'a
orE__Two values for C, B, and b arc
Bln 4 1- cosx a 1 possihie.
ian o
V1 - sin' o .A
V1 - "i":- I sln
t
cot a tan o
stn a,
A
a,b, c cos
t
.i.
.unt
Right Triangle
c, +b2 - a,
____26 62 + b2 - c2
a,b, c I n,n i n--
B ^ - 2b-

+b2: & a2
h
l:tan,4 -cotB l-eot.A: tanB
ba
9 : s6sg 9: A:
ca-.io4
csc secB

!: : :
cb "o"4 "1n6 !:
sec. cscB

227
 I'fit' (inI\\l,ll,l, PIPI\(l l)ltsI(l\ '\\D llNclINl'll'lltTN( I

NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF ANGI,ES

Sin Cos Cot Sin r-' I
Cot

0' 00' oooo 1.0000 .0000 )0" 00' 11" 00' .1903 .9816 . rs4 73'oo',
0020 .0000 .0029 313.8
I
50 It) .1937 .9ill l .11)74 I
i.otiii ir0
10 L
00;lE l7l.9 40 20 . i1)ti,-) .9805 200{ l.9E1) l0
20 0058 r .0000 l5
00E7 1.0000 .00iJ7 I1.1. ti 30 30 .l91J+ .07!9 .2035 i
l .1) :ii-l
30 .20ii5 -1.8{3 20
0.ltl199 .0116 85.91 20 .2022 .9793
40 0116 .201)5 l0
50 01.15 0.9999 .0116 I rjS.75 l0 50 .2051 .9737

57 .2tJ i3'00' 12" 00' .2079 0781 2l2i] .1.705 78 00'

1" 00' 0175 999iJ .0175 -1.{i3E 50
10 .210s 215(i
LO 02{)+ 1)91)E 020l 1l). 10 in)
l.;7.1 l0
,12 lL 20 .213(i 117611 2130
20 O2:J|J it(.197 '10 .5I I 30
30 30 .2161 1)7ti3 2217 -1
30 02ri2 9997 .02ti2 38.11)
.029I 34.37 20 40 .21{)3 .1)7;7 2217 +.{19 2t)
40 0291 999{i 22 r-8 4.390 l0
t1]95 .0320 31.24 10 50 .2221 .9750
50 0320
2309 .1.331 77' 00' j
2" 00' 0319 .999-l 0311) 28.6{ 88" 00' 13" 00' 2250 97-14
1U 22la 9737 2339 4.2r-5 q0
t0 0378 .91)U3 0378 20.13 50 .10
21.51 40 20 230ri 9730 2370 4.2t1)
20 0107 .991)2 0.107
22.90 30 30 2331 1)72-t .2.101 4.165 30
30 0436 .9U90 0-137
4.113 20
2t.17 20 40 23ri3 !)717 .2 t:J2
40 0lri5 .9989 0-+66
23t I 9710 .2.ltr2 4.061 I{)
l0 50
0.104 .01188 0+il5
" 20.21 t9 .9?03 2193 4.011 7G'00'
3" 00' 0523 .998ti 0521 I 19.03 87" oq 14" 00' 21
2ij21 3.9ri2 50
10 0552 .99E5 0553 r8.07 50 10 211t' .0ri96
.t0
20 O5IJI .9983 05E2 r7 .17 40 20 2I7tJ .9089 2555 3.1)11
3.8ri7 30
30 0610 .9981 0612 1ti.35 30 30 2;0{ .96E1
.9ti7l
2586
r7 :1.821 20
40 0610 .9980 00.11 15.60 20 40 2532 26
3.77b 10
50 06ii9 .997E 0670 I 14.92 10 50 2500 .9007 2ii.18

14.30 86' 00' 16'00' 25E8 9059 .2679 3.1'32 t5" 00'
4' 00' 0698 9C76 0690
10 2iil6 9052 .271t 3.0t9 50
10 O72 t- 9974 0729 13.73 50 .10
0758 13.20 40 20 2t)+1 9644 .2712 3.6-17
20 9971 gii30 .27i3 3.60{i 30
0785 .9969 0787 12.7r 30 30 2tt r-2
30 40 2700 9ti28 .2805 3.siir; 20
08I4 .99ti7 0810 12.23 20
40 50 2728 9621 .2836 3.526 IO
50 0843 .99ri4 0846 I 11.83 I{J
3.4E7 74" 0A'
6" 00' 0872 9002 .0875 11 . ,13 86" 00' 16'00' .27 56 9613 28tr t-

10 .2 t-84 9605 2899 3..150 50

10 0901 9959 .090.1 I1.06 50
2931 3.112 40
0!157 .01)3,1 10.71 40 20 .24t2 9590
20 0921)
30 .28-10 9588 2962 3.376 30
30 094r8 995.1 .0963 10.39 30
3.340 20
10.08 20 40 .2E68 9580 299.1
40 0987 9951 .011'J2
3026 3.3rJ5 10
9.788 .2896 9572
50 1{Jl6 99.1E
i .1022 1U

2924 9563 3057 3.2r-l ?3'00'

6' 00' .10-15 9C+5 .10i1 L 514 84" 00' 17" 00'
30t9 50
10 .1074 9942 .1080 1]'255 50 10 2952 9555
3121 3.201 40
20 .1103 9939 . 1110 9.010 40 20 2979 95.16
9537 3153 3.172 30
30 .1132 993ti .1139 a.7i7 30 30
40
3007
3035 9528 .3r85 3.1.r0 20
40 .1161 9932 I .11i'9 3.556 20
9520 .3217 3.10t 10
50 .1190 !929 .1198 8.345 10 50 3062

83" 00' 18'00' 3090 9511 3219 3.078 72' 00'

7' 00' .1219 9925 I22a 8.144 3281 3.0i17 50
7.953 50 10 3118 9502
10 .1248 9922 1257
3145 9492 3314 3.018 .10
9918 12E7 7.770 4U 20
20 .1276 30 .3173 9483 33.16 2.989 30
9914 13r7 7.596 30
30 .1305 40 .3201 9474 3378 2.960 20
9911 1346 7 .429 20
40 .1334 .ts228 9465 3.111 2.932 10
50 .1363 9907 1376 7 .269 t0 50
19" 00' 3256 .9455 34,13 2.501 71" 00'
8" 00' 1392 9903 1405 7.115 82" 00' 2.877 50
10 3283 .9446 3476
10 1421 9899 1,135 6.968 50
3508 2.850 .10
6.827 4U 20 3311 .9436
20 1449 989'1 1465 3511 2.821 30
6.691 30 30 3338 .942tt
30 1478 .9890 1495 .357 4 2.798 20
6.561 20 40 33ii5 .9417
40 1507 ,9886 r521 . s407 .3607 2.773 10
6.435 10 3393
50 1536 .98S1
20" 00' 3420 9397 3640 2.747 70' 00'
9" 00' 1564 987? 1534 6.314 81' 00' 3673 2.723 50
50 10 3448 9387
10 1593 9872 1614 6.197 3706 2.699 40
6.084 40 20 3475 .9377
20 1622 s868 1644 3739 2.675 30
30 30 3502 ,9367
30 1650 s863 3529 .9356 3772 2.651 20
1703 5.871 20 40
40 1679 9858 .9346 3805 2.b28 10
1708 9853 1733 5.769 l0
2L" 00' 3584 9336 3839 2.605 69' 00'
10' 00' 1736 9848 1763 80' 00' 2.583 50
10 3611 9325 3872
10 1765 98.13 1793 9315 3906 2.560 40
rJ838 5.485 40 20 3638
20 1794 1823 9304 3939 2.530 30
5.396 30 30 3665
30 \a22 9E33
20 40 3692 9293 3973 2.5t7 20
40 1u5t 9827 1883 5.30S 4006 2 .496 10
10 50 3719 9283
50 1880 9822 1914 5.226
22', 00' .3746 .9272 ..1040 2.175 68' 00'
1944 5. 1{5 ?9' 00'
11'00' 1908 .9816
Cos Sin Cot Tan
Cos Sin Cot Tan

228
 GENDRAL TABLES

NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES (Continued)

Lrot
Sin Cos Tar Cot
5116 ti.l94 1.5+U b7" oo'
22' 00' u2i2 40.10 68' 00' 10 5l7l .E371 6536 1.530 50
10 9261 ,107i! 2 .455 50 20 1.520 .10
20 3E00 9250 4108 2 .431 :tU 30 55I9 .E339 6619 1.5r1 30
30 3827 9239 4L12 2.111 30 .8323 tio01 1.501 20
40 3854 9224 417it 2.351 20 50 55ii8 .E307 0703 L .492 l0
50 3881 921ri 42r0 2.375 .t0 00 .5592 8290 67+5 r .4E3 56" 00'
23'00' 3!07 9205 42 t5 2.350 6?" 00' l0 .5tt16 8214 6737 1..173 50
l0 3034 919+ 4279 2.337 50 20 .56-10 82;8 ii830 1..1$4 ,10

20 3961 9182 ,13 14 2.318 4U 30 .506-+ 8211 1.455 30

30 3987 9r7 | 4318 2.300 30 40 .5ri88
.5i 12
8225
8208
6910
6959
I .4-10
1.'137
20
10
,10 4014 9159 4383 2.282 20
50 .101i 91{7 14r7 2.2t1 t0 61112 i002 l '128 66" 00'
i0 .57rio EI75 7046 1.419 50
24" 00' 4007 9r35 4152 2.2.1tJ 66" 00' 20 .57E3 8 r58 7089 1.411 40
l0 409.1 tJ t21 44E7 2.229 50 30 .5ii07 8lt1 7133 1.402 30
20 4120 9I 12 1522 2.2LT l0 40 .5831 8r24 7177 1.393 20
30 411t- 9100 2 .194 30 50 .585.1 E107 722r 1.385 l0
40 4173 1)0E8 1592 2 .l t-7 20
36" 00' .5t78 E090 7265 I.37{t 64" 00'
5{J 4200 9075 4628 2.161 10
t0 .500r 8073 7310 1.308 50
26" 00' 4226 9003 4663 2.115 66' 00' 20 .5925 805ri 7355 1.360 40
10 4253 9051 4699 2.128 50 30 .5948 8039 7'100 1.351 30
20 42i9 9038 1734 2.tt2 40 {0 .5972 E021. 7415 1.3r3 20
30 4305 9026 4770 2.097 30 50 .5995 800,1 7490 1.335 10
40 4331 90r3 4806 2.081 20 37" OO' .6018 79Eti b3" 00'
50 4358 900.t 48.11 2.0ii6 10 l0 .60+1 7969 7581 1.319 50
26" 00' 4384 8988 4877 2.050 64' 00' 20 .6065 7!)51 1'627 1 .311 40
10 4.110 4913 2.035 50 30 .6088 71J34 7673 r.303 30
20 4436 8962 4950. 2.020 40 '10 .6I l1 79i6 7720 1.295 20
30 44tr2 8949 4980 2.006 30 .6134 7898 1.2E8 10
40 4488 8936 5022 1.991 20 38" 00' ti I57 7880 1.280 62" 0U
50 45I4 8923 5059 1.9t'7 10 10 6180 7862 7860
20 6202 7844 7907 1.265 40
21'Oo', 45-10 89r0 5095 1.963 63' 00' 30 6225 7E26 795.1 L257 30
10 8897 1.949 50 40 6248 7E08 E002 1.250 20
20 4592 8884 5169 1.935 40 50 62i L 7790 8050 | .212 10
30 4ti1/ 8870 5206 1.$21 30
40 4643 8857 5213 1.907 20 39" 00' 0293 7?71 8098 1 .235 51" 00'
50 4ri69 8813 5280 1.894 IO 10 ii3I6 7753 8146 1.224 50
20 6338 7735 81'J5 r .220 40
28' 00' 4695 8829 5317 1 .88I 62' 00' 30 6361 77ItJ 82r3 1.213 30
10 1720 8810 r.868 40 6383 7698 82'J2 1.206 20
20 8802 5392 40 50 6-106 7679 83-12 1.199 10
30 87E8 5430 r .842 30 40" 00' ti428 7ti6{) 8301 r.192 60" 00'
40 4771 54$7 1.E29 20 IO 6450 8{11 1.185 50
4823 87ri0 5505 1.816 10 20 6172 7ri23 8l9I I. I78 ,10

29' 00' 4848 8746 1.804 61' 00' 30 619+ 7604 8541 1. 171 30
l0 487 4 8732 r.792 50
,10 8591 I t6.1 20
20 4899 87r8 5619 1.780 .10 50 6539 75tiii 8612 1.157 10
30 4924 8704 1.7b7 30 4L 00' 65tir 8093 1.150 49" 00'
40 4950 8689 509ri 1.75ri 20 10 d583 .7 52a 8744 1. t+-1
4975 8675 L.744 .t0 20 6ri0.1 .7509 8796 1.r37 40
30 6626 .7 490 88{7 1.130 30
30' 00' 5000 8fi60 1.732 60" 00' 40 6618 .7470 88119 1.124 20
l0 5025 8646 5812 |.720 50 50 6670 .7.151 8152 1.117 10
20 5050 8631 5851 1.709 40 42" 00' 669I .7.131 90{J4 1. 111 4E- rJo',
30 5075 8616 5890 1.698 30 10 67r3 9057 1 r0l 50
40 5100 E601 5930 1.686 20 20 6734 9110 1.098 40
50 8587 5969 1.075 10 30 9163 1.091 30
31" 00' . olou 8572 6009 1.664 59' 00' 40 6777 9217 1.035 20
10 8557 6048 1.653 6799 .7333 927 r 1.079 10
2\) .5200 8542 6088 1.643 40 43" 00' fi820 7314 v325 1.u72 47" 00'
30 .5225 8526 6128 1.632 30 10 6841 7294 9380 r . 006 50
40 .5250 8511 6168 1.621 20 20 6802 9435 r.000 40
50 .5275 8,196 6208 1 .611 10 30 6884 72'o1 9.190 r .0i.1 30
32" 00' 5299 8.180 {i249 1.000 68' 00'
,10 6905 l 0{8 20
50 6$26 72t1 9601 1.0J2 10
10 5324 84ri5 6289 1.590 50
44" 0{J ti947 .7I93 uti57 1.036 46" 00'
20 5348 8{50 6330 1.580 40
10 6$67
30 8,r34 6371 1.570 30
9713 1 .030 50
20 6988 .7153 9770 1.024 40
40 5398 8-f18 6112 1.560 20
50 5122 8103 6.153 1.550 l0 30 7000 .7133 9827 1018 30
40 7030 . 112
t- 9884 1.012 20
33" 00' .5446 .8387 .6494 1 . 5-10 67" 00' 50 7050 . t'092 9912 1.006 10
46' 00' .70;1 .70r- | 1.0000 1.000 46' 00'
Sin Cot Tsn Sin Cot an
 I{ARDNESS COMPARISON
'lcnsilc 10mnl,3000 10nru 500Iig
10r,1m,3000 Slrengt h Yickc$l Strensth
of StecL
Di,rm.
Irdeni., l{I-\ lrrl' rrt., lllll\ Dl'lt I of steel
psi X1000

9.r0 t{i1 84 79
68
920 159 83 78
6E
67 900 {30 1t0 u2 76
880 .1.85 1i)3 81 75
ti6
66 860 .t 90 1-l!) 2.20 80 74
ti5 810 '1 115 l+6 79 72

65 820 5.00 l{3

t-22 6.1 800 l -10 2.23 1-7 70
76 68
2.30 il3 63 780 5.10
5.15
137
t3l 2.30 t-+ 66
698 03 700
Ir2 5.20 r3L 1-3 65
2.35 ti82
i20 128 2.3:t 72 64
070 61
60 ;00 5.30 121) i1 63
2.44 0.-r3
2.40 70 62
ti38 59 tit0 329 12+
2 .45 ()27 59 070 321 5..10 t2t 08 00
319 .15 118 2 .15 67 59
020 0rio 5

57 309 5.50 116 102 65

2 .30 601
1I't 2.50 6+ 55
2 .55 56 297 5.55 100
55 289 5.00 112 99 63
55 2a4 109 97 62
2.60 555
t07 2 .55 96 00 52
2.65 51

264 105 2.$O 93 59 105 51

2.70 52
259 5.80 103 9I 57 103 | 50
2.75 41)5 52
217 101 90 56 10r I 50
2.80
285
477
,t6l
50
5.90 9U 2.65 89 55 s9 I 49
,lll 221) 87
290 47

t)5 46 217 2.70 86

2 J29 85 32
3.00 .115 4b 210
43 120 202 E} 5t
3.05 101
2.75 83 50
3. i0 3E8 42 {01 1115
188 82 49
3.15 40 3ES

375 1E0 81 48
3.20 363 39
3E 363 175 2.80 80 47
3.25 3s2 ;9 45
330 311 37 350 170
36 339 16it 78
3.35 331
2.45 77 13
3.40 321 3+ 1(i0
"127
33 310 t56 76
3.45 311 i5 4l
3.50 302 32 30i, 150
3.55 293 31 29ii l.t5 2.90 i4 39
30 28t' l{1 i3 38
3.60 281 2.95 i2 37
3.65 2 t-7 29 219

274 133 71 35
3.70 269 28
27 263 t29 3.00 70 3.1
2n2 69 33
3.80 255 256 12(,
218 t22 08 31
3.85 248 21
2tr 118 3.05 67 30
3.90 21r 100 23
06 2a
3.95 235 s9 22
2l
115
Il0 310 65 26
4.00 i 221| s8 25
4.05 223 97 20 105
3.15
tr_1
ti3 23
4.10 i 217 96 18 103
ti2 2l
4.15 | 2r2 9ri t7 100

3 .20 61
4.20 | 207 95 98
60
4 25 1202 9+ 96
3 2it 59
4.30 11)6 93 95
4.35 192 92 93
3.30 57
4.40 lRi 9l 91
56
4.45 | r83 90 89
55
450 | r;,J 89 87
310 5+
a55 lL;+ 88 85
53
4U0 lr;0 87 8.1
52
4 tji I I lio 86 82
81 3.50 50
4.70 | 103 E5
 GENERAL TABLES

PROPERTIES OF COMMON MATERHLS

Weight
lb/cu ft
Timber, U.S. seasoned,
Moisture l5 20% by
1leight
Ash, rvhite -red . . . . . . 40 7,600
Birch..... 32 9,560
Cedar, white red. 22 3,030
Chestnut. . 4l
Cypress... 30 3,960
Fir, Douglas .qpruce. . . 32 2,920
Fir, Eastern . . . . . . . . . . 25
Hickory... 48 10,420
Xlaho any .
llaple,hard.......... 43 7,840
Nlaple, white. . .. .... . 33
f)ak, chestnut. . . . .... 54
Oak,live. . 59
Oak, red, bhck. . . .... 41 7,270
Oak, white. :tii 7,7 50
Pine, Oregon. . . ......
Pine, red . . 30
Pine, white. . . . . . . ... 26 2,720
Pine, yellow, lorrgJezr,f . 11 4,280
f ine, yellolv, short-le&f 38 3,570
Redwood, California. . 26 4,1rjo
Spruce, white, black . . - 2t' 1,940
Teak, African........ 62
Teak,Indian. . ....... 48
Walnut,bhck...-....
Wa,laut,s/hite.,...... 26

Specific Gravity
Gases (Air : t)
Air, 0'lC-760 mm. . . . 0.0807 1 .00
Ammonia. 0.0478 0.59
Carbon Dioxide...... 0.1234 1.53
Carbon Monoxide. . .. 0.0781 0.97
Gas, Illuminating. . . . . 0.028 0.036 0.35 11.45
Gas, Natura,l......... 0.038-{.039 0.47-0.48
Hydrogen..,........ 0.00559 0.068
Niirogen. ..,. ,...... 0.0784 0.97
Oxygen..,.,......... 0.0892 1.10

Metals Tensile Strength, psi

Aluminum,2s...,.... 169 13,000- 24,000
Aluminum, broDze... . 481 100,000
Brass, Tacopper Tazlnc
80 20 536.3 73,000
70 30 523.8 76,000
60 40 521.3 80,000
50 50 511.4 83,000
Bronze
copper 95 io 3070. .I 552 .0 50,000 145,000
tin 5 to2lYa..J
Copper, cast, rolled. . . 32,000 60,000
Iron
Graycastiron...... 450 18,000- 24,000
Malleable. . . . . . . . . . 461 25,000
WrcughtIron...... 480 42,000- 52,000
Lead................ 710 3,000
Monel. .............. 160,000
Nickel . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,000

231
 WEIGI{T IN ],tsS,/FT3 OI' AIR AT VARIOUS PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES
Rcprintcd from "Compres.cd Air Deta." Courl"sy of C^lnprosscd Air Mrgzzioe.

Gauge Pressure (s,bove atmosphere)

rf Air
0

.0900 1.010 1.16511.31

-20 .0882 .1 .1485 .2 .7 47 08J 1.139 1
-100 .086,|.11 .1.155 .2
10 .1 .1,125.1 .716
20 .139;.1 .701

30 .0811t.1 .687
40 .0795 .1 r3381.1870 .673
50 .0780 .1 13101.r3311 .660
00 .07G4.1 .649
70 .07 .635

80 .1738 .622
90 .0 .1707 .611
100 .071 .1676 .599
110 .1645 "589
120 .1018

130 .067 .1500 .570

1'10 .1565
150 .1541 .552
175 .1482 .531
200 .L427 .511

225 .491
250 .0941 .1
275 .054 .0910.1 .458
300
350 .0491 .415

400 .0621 .3S1

.150 .36S
500 .041,1 .351
.333
600

Thed,,r,qiryforrnyc-rsurrrl.r.rry,.u.,JrtionsofpressrrreandlFmppratureisAqualtotlreproductofsa,(th.spe.ificgr:rvilyofthe
rir at thp parri'ular coodr(loos ol presiure ano lemp'r&lure
relared t,r [r;c air), iin,es the der'sitv ot

SPECIFIC GRAVITY S. OF GASES RELATED TO FREE AIR

(t'ree air : Air at I atmosPhere and 60'F)
Gravity Gas Specific Gravity
Gas Specific
-s (Air = 1) s (Air : 1)
Acetylene.......,......,... 0.899 Ilydrogen Sulphide.......... 1.190
Arr,.....,...........,..... 1.000 Methane. . . .
Methvl Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . .
0.544
L.744
Ammoni&. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.590
Arqon. , , . 1.378 N atural Ges 0. 57-0.71
ttllst-t lrrnace lias.,......., 1 .000 Neon...... 0.696
Blue Water Ga,s. 0.530 Niiric Oxidc .. .. ........... . 1.038
Carbon Dioxide............. l.530 Nitrogen. - . . 0.970
CarboD Nlonoxide........... 0.967 Nitrous Oxide. r .522
Cerburetcd Water Cas...... 0.6.10 Oil Gas..... 0.480
Chlorine. . 2 48ii Lrxyger!.,, 1.105
Pintsch Gas.... -.. .........
.

Co{rl -lletori Gas........... 0.,120 0.840

Coke -Oven Gas. .. ........ 0 380 Producr:r Gas, Coal......... 0.870
Dichlorodifl orometharle F-12. 4.250 Propilne.. , 1.560
Ethr]ene................... 0.96S Refinerv (;rs:
Ethyl Chioride. 2.2(t0 D\ibbs..... 0.s60
Helium..... 0.138 lloudrie. . . 1.510
Acid.,,....,.,
Hydrochloric 1.260 Sulphur Dioxide. 2.213
Hydrogen..,,.,...,.,....., 0.06s6

232
 GENERAL TABLES

TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
Fin.l eiven value in mi.l.lle columni if in degrees Centigrade, load Fahrcnheit equilalent in risht hand column; if in deerees Fahrenheit, read
CeodsreJc erui!alrr' r. lerr har, l ''lrrnrr"
C (' !' C T CJ F I'- I C F
-3 I 77.0 3li 100 2t2 {t; 8oo 1472 843 1550 2 22 1260 2SA0
-2i3 78.r ,13 132 stl) t{ir0 li49 1560 2a10 r266 2314 4190
-20t
-26:
Jia
-4.14 -2 s il
23
lio.0
l:l.-l
:19 i'rg ?rii
13a 2lrB
438
.143
32' L 1;0r.t
dJO 15:6
lt5{
li60
li;o :ssrJ
1580 2at-6
r271
t2i7
2320
2$A
4208
4226
-257
-251
-.lJa
424
-.! I i 29 a4.2 ti0 11O | 284 '-t---t---- 866 1590 2a91 t2a2 2340 4211

- 2-t6 1 30 E6.0 0i) ,ro | 15.r S;0 15C2 fiaa 2972 1288 2350 4262
-ll
1
6 E7.l 71 "o,
160 I 32O foo 8r0 tib0 ai7 1(i10 2930 r293 2360 42E0
-2.10 0 ,J2 19.6 7i 170 334 400 a;0 1J9E SS2 1A2A 2914 1299 2374 .1298
-:3.1 .JSA (i 9l.4 62 180 356 1;1 68' 1616 Etiii 163A 2946 1304 2S8A 4316
-229 I I 93.2 194 :li+ 1t-7 894 r$u4 ii93 1640 | 2s84 1310 2394 43:14
2.!;t -J;A
- 218 Stia I I 35 95.0 93 2AA 392 482 9AA i 1652 8il9 teso I zooz 1316 2.!A) 4352
-!l: : :l 36 gti ii 99 21A 410 4Ea 910 rC t-O 90.1 16ti0 3i20 r321 241O 1370
-20i -JlA s 95. {i 493 ,90 l6rJE 910 td70 3038 1327 2120 4388
-:lol -.,.10 .ia IOO..1 499 ,J0 1706 916 ld60 3056 1332 2/t30 4406
- 190 3JO 3 I 10? 2 100 212 4t3.6 601 94O 1i24 921 1690 30t-1 1338 2140 4424

- r90 J10 .1 I l0+.0 510 950 1i42 927 17AA 3092 13.13 2450 4442
1E4 -,J00
,294
; 1! loi. ri
I
9ti0 | t-AO \J:12 1714 :trlt)
1i2A
1349 2460 4460
- 179 107.0 r04 nuo I ort
230 146
5:l 970
gEA
r7 t-, 93fi
r7J0
:lt2a 1354 217O 4474
-173 2;3 il59. il ti
l l09.!l
ltl.!
110
116 2/+o 161
527
532
lt-94 9.13
949 1744
3146
3lA4
r360
1366
2480
2490
4496
4514
-109 - 11
I
-168 -2ta {5.1 7 ) 45 1i3.0 r2l 250 42 i38 1000 rr32 954 1750'3142 1371 25AA 4532
-162 -264 - ilJ6 L l.t.li 127 26A 500 51:l lrt, I 1rJ50 9ti0 1760 il20t) t377 2514
-254 t tli 3 .li 110. 6 t32 ,;o 5la 549 irrz, i 1rJ6E 966 17i0 3218 13E2 2524 4568
-151 2),0 -400 I I 1IE.4 r3E 28A 536 55-1 lOJ' 1666 971 17E0 32:16 l38E 2530 4586
-r'16 -3f: .1 1?0.? 14u 29A 5,54 560 1O.1O 1904 977 1790 3254 r3s3 26& 4604

-140 ;i(i4 10.0 i0 1::.0 149 30o | 572 10n0 7922 982 1800 3272 1399 4622
13:t jll6 106 ti1 r:3.8 l5-1 sta 591) 571 t06a 1910 9!iii 1810 3290 l:104 2560 4640
-r29 a0a -3:S ll.1 n2 195.0 160 320 60u 577 1070 t95A 993 182A 3308 1410 25iA 465E
- 193 - 194 - 310 11 .7 1,27 _4 166 s30 626 582 1084 ) rg t'6 999 1E30 :1326 t4I6 2584 4676
118 - 164 211: t2.2 54 r29.2 \77 31O I b14 588 1090 1994 1004 1840 3344 r121 2591) 4b94
,nn I uu"
I
112 271 l:.f. nn 131.0 177 593 11AA 20t2 1010 1850 3:162 t427 26A0
-107 -164 -256 13.3 132 .8 182 i6o I c8o 599 1114 20:t0 1016 1800 3:lao 1,4:12 2614 473\)
- lLl I - 164 13.9 ti7 t3.l.0 llJb 37O I 698 604 1124 201a 1021 r87' 33{}8 t43E 2.i20 4748
-96 - 114 -::0 )1.1 13ri.4 1S3 s8o I 716 ti10 11SA 2066 102i 1880 :1416 1443 9634 4766
-90 130 -202 15.{l 59 136.2 r99 3n 734 616 1144 2Oa4 1032 1890 3131 1449 2640 471J4
|
- 124 l8+ 15.{i 00 1.10.0 201 t)a | 752 {t21 1164 2lO2 1038 , 1900 3452 1,454 2650 4802
_79 - 1ta - 166 tLr.I u1 141.E 210 /,10 | 770 627 116A 2l2t) 7043 1910 3470 1,160 2660 4E20
-73OIJ 1AA
- lilE l1i.7 ti2 143.6 216 120 | 78E 632 1174 2l3a to4\) 1920 3488 r466 2670 4838
_ 90 130 ri.2 63 l:15.4 22\ 13, | 8oo 636 1184 2156 1051 19iJ0 3506 1471 2880 4856
-v2 -84 -ll2 17.ti 64 147 .2 221- uo I a24 643 1194 2ri 4 1060 | 1940 3521 t177 2690 487 4

57 ia ll:i.3 65
lE.9 66
149.0 232 io | A60 649 12AA
121A
27\]2 1066
r0t-7
I 1950 3542 14E2 2700 4892
51 6A 7t) 1;O.E 23E 460 | "n" 654 2211) 1960 3560 1488 2',/ 10 4910
40 na 5a 19..1 67 152.6 21:l 17O I E7u 660 129A 222a lO t-7 1t70 3578 1493 2720 4928
40 1A 40 20.0 68 154.4 249 48O I s96 666 1234 2216 IOa2 1980 3596 1.199 2',t30 4S46
3A 22 20.6 09 156.2 254 19O | 9r4 1244 22€4 r0s8 reeo 36r4 r504 2740 496,1
]
29 2A 4 2l I 70 158.0 260 ,* | n"t t)77 1254 2282 7093 2000 3622 1510 2760 4942
2J 1A l4 !1 7 71 r59.E 266 J7lr | 950 682 1284 2:lt)0 7099 2A1A 3650 r516 2760 5000
22 i2 161.6 2t-I J?l] | s6E 6EE 1274 2318 tlo4 2420 366E 1521 2770 5018
22 73 163.4 2 t-7 bso | 956 693 128A 2336 Tlto 2a3a 3686 1527 2780 5036
- 17.6 a 32 2:l 3 71 165.2 242 stto 699 1294 2354 1116 2A4A 3704 1532 9790 5054
11004
23 I 107.0 288 650 ll\22 i04 13AA 2372 1727 2050 3722 r538 2800 5072
\7 .2 I 33.8 I 76 l{tE.l{ lala ll2i
,';, llo4o
21 293 710 2:1.10 20(i0 3740 1543 2810 5090
Iti.7 I 35.6 25 77 170.6 2$9 'uo ll0s8 7t0 1324 240A lt:12 207a 37;8 r549 2820 510ti
16.1 a 37.4 il5 6 Ii-2.4 304 580 11076 721 13SA 2426 llSti 2080 r554 9830 5126
4 39.2 26 I 79 ),74.2 310 6e0 727 134A 2444 1143 20s0 3791 1560 2810 5741
lr0e4 )
15. O 6 .0
:11 2li 7 EO 176.0 316 600 )lll2 732 1354 2462 1149 12100 3812 r566 2850 5162
11.1 42.E 2i 61 177.6 321 .jto lTtJU 738 1a60 2161) 7754 ) !|tA 3830 2880 51E0
13.9 7 44. (i 27 6 a2 r79.6 327 tizO l114tt 74:l 1570 2494 1100 i2t9d 3848 t577 9870 5198
13.J 8 4(i.4 83 1rJl.4 332 .Bo l\166 749 1380 2518 \766 | 2130 3866 1582 2E80 5216
12. u I 4E.2 2iJ 9 18J.2 338 640 754 13eO 25:t4 1171 | 21/0 3E84 1588 2890 5234
lrrE4 |
12.2 1A 50.0 29 I a5 lli5.0 3.13 650 11202 760 14OO | 2552 1177 2t 60 3'.tO2 1593 2900 5252
11.7 11 51.iJ 30 86 rIJ6.E 349 66A 1220 766 1|ta I )570 1182 Pl,rd 31r:ll 1599 2910 5270
11. r t2 5;1.6 30 c l6a_ 0 35.1 67tJ l23E 71-7 1 42O ) 25t.1tj Iltil.i 2rr, :i93ri 1604 29m 5288
10.6 3l I a8 190.4 360 68A 1256 777 14SO | 2606 I193 PrE' 3U;6 161{J e$o 53iJ6
10.0 r4 57 .2 3l 7 1,92.2 366 6ta 1274 742 l.UA | 2624 lTgtt 21t0 3974 1616 29/!O 5324
9.4 59.0 32 90 194.0 7AA 1292 788 145A | 2642 1204 2200 3tg2 1621 2954 5342
8.9 60.8 32 91 r95.E 377 71A 7370 793 U6A | 266A r2IO 2atA 4rtq t627 2964 5360
IJ.3 17 62.6 33 92 197.6 3IJ2 72A l32a 799 1t7A | 267r\ l2lti ) 2p2a l4o2a r632 2970 5378
7.4 ti4.4 3:) 93 199.4 388 73tJ t346 Eo4 I riso 2696 1227 1 22SA 4046. 1638 2980 5396
7.2 l9 6ii.2 94 201.2 393 7,10 1364 810 1490 2714 1227 | 22.1A 4OU 1643 2990 5414
6.7 2A 6E.0 35 95 203.0 399 75A 7342 816 1500 2732 I
\232 | 2250 4082 1649 gAn 5432
6.1 21 69. E 35 96 204.8 404 760 1400 82r t5t0 275D 723a | 2260 4100
5. {i 22 7r.6 36 I 97 206.6 410 770 )7174 827 1;20 276a 1243 | 2270 4r1a
5.0 7:1.4 36 'i 20rJ.4 4rt 780 l\436 1332 t53O 2786 1249 1 2980 ) 1136
838 16@ )| 2AU
2:J
24 7 5.2 37 2 99 210.2 421 7 7454 7254 12290 14t54
 ITT GRINNT]LL . P]PING D]ISIGN AND ENGINEFJRING

PRESSIIRE CONVERSIONS
Final qiven value in middle column; if in feet of *-ater, reed PSI equivalent in left, hand columo; if in PSI; read feei of wat€r in dghi
hand column. Valucs based on w&ter at 65'F.

Feet, of Feet of Feet of tr'eei of

PSI Water PSI Water PSI W&ter PSI \Vater
IIead Head Head Head

0.43 1 | 2.3t 26.42 61 140.91 52.41 | 121 279.51. 78.40 | 181 418.11
0.86 2 | 4.62 26.85 62 143.22 52.84 | 122 28t.82 78.84 | 182 420 .42
1.30 s | 6.sB 27 .29 63 145.53 53.28 | 12s 284.13 79.27 |
|
183 422.73
4
6 |I
9.23 27 .72 147 .84 53.71
54.15
| 124 286.44
288.75
79.70
80.14 |
181
185
425.04
427 .35
2.16 11.55 28.15 65 150.15 I 125 I I

2.59 6
I

| 13.86 28.58 66 t52 .46 54.58 I 126 291.06 80.57 | 186 429.66
3.03 7 | 16.17 29 .02 154.77 55.01 | 127 293.37 81.00 I 187 431.97
3.46 8 | 18.48 29 .45 68 157.08 55.44 I 128 295.68 81.43 | 188 434.28
3.89 I | 20.75 29.88 69 159.39 55.88 | 129 297 .99 81.87 | 189 436.59
4.33 10 I 23.10 30.32 70 161.70 56.3i I 130 300.30 82.30
|
1s0 438.90
I
4.76 11 25 .41 30.75 71 164.01 56.74 | 131 302.61 82.8 | 1sl 44t.21
5.20 27 .72 31.18 72 166.32 57.18 | 152 404.92 83.17 | 1e2 443 .52
13 30.03 31.62 '/3 168.63 57.61 | 1s3 307 .23 83.60 | 1es 445.83
6.06 14 32.34 32.05 71 170.94 58.04 | lsl 309.54 84.03 I 1s4 448. 14
6.49 34.65 32.48 76 173.25 58.48 | 135 311-85 84.47 | 196 450.45
I
6.93 36.96 32.92 | 76 | 175.56 58.91 I 156 314.16 84.90 196 452.76
7 .36 17 39 .27 33.35 | 77 | \77.87 59.34 | 137 316.47 85.93 197
7 .79 18 41.58 33.78 | 78 1180.18 55.77 | 138 318.78 85.76 198 457.38
8.22 19 43.89 34.21 I 7s 1182.49 60.21 | 139 321.09 86.20 199 459.69
8.66 20 46.20 34.65 |tl 80 I 184.80 60.64 I 140 323.40 86.63 240 462.00
I
9.09 21 48.51 35.08 | 8.1 | 187.11 61.07 I 141 325.71 87 .07 201 464.31
9.53 22 50.82 35.52 | 82 | 189.42 61.51 | 1/,2 328.O2 87.50 202 466.62
L96 35.95 I 8s 1191.73 61.94 | 1/t3 330.33 87.93 203 468.93
10.39 24 55.44 36.39 | 84 I 194.04 62.37 I 144 332.64 88.36 204 47 r .24

10.82 26 36.82 | 85 1196.35 62.81 | 145 334.95 88.80 205 473.55

I

L\ .26 26 60.06 37.25 86 198.66 63.24 | 146 337 .26 89.21 206 475.46
11.69 27 62.37 37.68 87 200.97 63.67 | 147 339 .57 89.66 207 478.17
12.12 28 6,1.68 38.12 88 203.28 64.10 | 118 341.88 90.10 208 480.48
12 .55 29 66.99 38.55 89 205.59 64.54 | 1.49 344.19 90.53 209 482.79
12.99 30 69.30 38.98 90 207.90 64.97 | 160 346.50 90.56 210 485. 10
I

13.42 31 7t.7r as .42 91 zto.21 65.40 | 161 348.81 91.39 | 211 487 .4l
13.86 73.92 39 .85 92 212 .52 65.84 I 169 351.12 91.83 | 212 489.72
t4.29 3S 76.23 40.28 93 214.83 66.27 | 153 353.43 92.20 | 213 492.03
34 78.54 40.72 2t7.14 66.70 | 154 92.69 I 214 494.34
11.72
15.16 36 80.85 4t.r5 96 219 .45 67. 14 I 156 358.05 93.13 | 215 496.65
I

15.59 36 83.16 41.58 98 22L.76 67.57 1 166 360.36 93.56 216 498.96
16.02 37 85 .47 42.O1 97 221.07 68.00 | 167 362.67 93.99 217 501.27
16.45 38 a7 .74 42 .45 98 226.34 63.43 | 158 364.98 94.43 218 503.58
16.89 39 90.09 42.48 99 228.69 68.87 | 169 367 .29 94.86 919 505.89
508.20
43.31 100 231.00 69.31 | 160 369.60 95.30 220
40 92.40
I

17.75 41 94.71 43.75 101 233.31 69.74 | 161 371.91 95.73 221 510.51
18. 19 42 97 .02 44.18 109 235.62 70.17 1 162 a7 4.22 96.16 222 512.82
18.62 43 99.33 44.61 10s 237 .93 70.61 | 163 96.60 223
19.05 44 101.64 45.05 104 240.21 71.04 | 164 378.84 97.03 22.1 5\7 .44
19.49 16 103.95 45.48 106 242 .55 71.47 | 166 381.15 97 .46 225

19.92 46 106.26 45.91 106 | z+q.so 71.91 | 166 383.46 97.90 226 522.06
20.35 47 108.57 46.34 10f | 247.r7 72 34 | 167 385.77 98.33 227 524.37
4ti.78 108 1219.48 72.77 | 168 388.08 98.76 228 526.68
20.79 48 110.88 528.99
2t.22 49 113.19 47.21. 109 | 251.79 73.20 | 16s 390.39 99.20 229
21.65 60 115.50 47 .64 110 | 254.10 73.64 I 170 392.70 99.63 930 531.30

256.41 74.07 171 395.01 100.00 231

22.09 61 117.81 48.08 111
232 535.92
r20 . 12 48.5r 112 258.72 74.50 172 397 .32 100.49
48.94 115 261.03 74.94 173 399.63 100.93 233 538.23
22.55 53 122.43 ,i01.94 540.54
124.7 4 19.38 114 263.34 174 101.36
23.39 61
176 404.25 101.70 236 542.45
23.82 t27 .05 49.81 115 265.65 75.80

50.24 116 267 .96 76.23 176 406.56 702.23 |

I
236 545.16
24.26
24.69
66 129.36
131.67 50.68 117 270.27 76.67 177 408.87 102.66 I'1 psl
238 549.78
133.98 CI.II 118 272.58 77 .rO 178 411.18 103.09
25.12 413.49 103.53 239 552.09
25.55 136.29 51.54 119 274.49 179
120 277 .20 17 .97 180 415.80 103.96 | 240 554.40
25.99 60 138.60 51.98

234
 GENERAL TABLES

PRESSURE CONVERSIONS (Continued)

Fincl eivenvaiuc iD middle colurnn; if ir feeL ol \rater', rcarl I'SI ccluiv;rleDt irr lelt ha[d columnl if in PSI, read feet oI rvater in right
hand coiLrmn. \'atucs blsrd orr \\rrt1'.rl ti5" F.
Fect of I tl,t"t
leet of Feet of Feet of
PSI PSI I I llead PSI PSI
llcud I Hcrd IIe.rd
104.39 241 550.71 113.06 261 I ri02 91 . 155.'J-l 364 83r .60 303.22 700 1617
104.E3 242 559.02 113.l9 262 160i].22 l5il . 1{l 3t5 813.15 31,1.05 ?25 1(i75
r05.20 243 5ril .33 Il0.91i 2it:) 623.70 160.27 370 E51.70 32.1.88 750
';i5
i733
105.6!) 244 5ii3. (i1 l l$. 12 275 (t35.25 I ri2 . .15 375 806.25 335.i2 1790
106. r3 505.9; 121.29 2s0 L 6.16.80 10+. 6I 330 877.E0 800 1E48

106.5ri 2j6 568.20 123 .15 2si ass. rs

2!)0 J 6{i9.90
1ti6. 7iJ
r6E.94
3u5
gta
E09.35
900.90 368.20
825
854
1906
i964
roti.99 2j7 125.62
107.43 21E 572.E8 r27.7E 2t5 6Et.15 r71.11 s9t I t2.45 379.03 2021
107.86 2t|9 57o.19 12C.95 90a I 693.00 r73.27 40t) 924.00 389.86 900 2079
103.29 2i0 30i | 70.1.55 184. 10 ./125 981.75 400.70 925 2r37
'ii.50 l
r08.73 251 57it.81 r3{.28 31A 7r0.10 195 . 0t) 454 10-10 411.54 95A 2195
109.16 252 582.t2 r3it..16 Jli I 72:. C5 205 .77 4i5 r097 92.45 9i5 2252
109.50 t2n3 58t.43 .l3E.62 sta I i3c.20 2r6.58 500 .133.18 1000 2310
110.03 25.1 586.74 1-10.79 ,t2J I 750.75 .12
22 t' 525 1213 ti49.7 1540 3465
110.,+6 255 589.05 142.95 350 7ii2.30 238.25 550 1271 866.3 9040 '1620

110.89 256 591.3ti r45 . 12 s35 I 773.85 2{9.09 1328 1300 3000 6930
111 .32 257 593. ii7 117.28 S/tt-) 1785.i10 259.90 600 1386
111.76 253 595.98 149.45 3.15 I 79rj.95 270.73 6i25 1414
112. 19 25t 5t)8.20 r51.61 350 E08.50 281.56 650 1502
It2.tr2 260 600.rio 153.78 355 L 820.05 292 .40 1559

PROPERTIES OF WATER AT SATURATION PRESSIIRE

T€mpefctule, Srturxti(nr Pressure, Dcnsiry, Density, Conversion, Absolute Viscosiiy,
".F' psi (abs) tbi,It3 lb,'g.Ll fi oI $ ater/psi lb/sec. ft
32 0.0885 62.12 8.3,16 2.307 0.001203
.10 0.1217 62.43 8.3,17 2.307 0.0010'12
50 0.1781 62.41 8.344 2.307 0.000E80
60 0.2563 62.37 8.330 2.309 0.000753
70 0.3631 62.30 8.330 2.311 0.000657
80 0.5069 62.22 8.3r9 2.3r5 0.000579

00 0.{i9E2 62.12 8.305 2.318 0.000513

100 0.9492 62.00 8.289 0.000460
110 |.275 61.8'1 8.2ri8 2.328 0.000415
120 1.692 61.73 8.253 2.333 0.000376
130 2.222 61 .51 8.228 2.340 0.000313
110 2.889 61.39 8.208 2.3.16 0.000316

150 3. 718 61.20 8.182 2.353 0.000290

160 4. t'41 ii1.01 8.157 2.360 0.000269
170 5.S92 60.79 8. 128 2.369 0.000250
180 7.510 60.57 8.098 0.000233
rg0 9.339 00.35 8.069 2.386 0.000218
200 11.53 60.13 8.039 2.395 0.000205

2to 14.12 5S.88 8.006 2 .405 0.000193

2t2 14.696 59.81 7.S97 2.408 0.000191
220 17.10 59.63 7 .973 2.415 0.000181
230 20.78 5C.38 7.939 2 .425 0.000171
210 21.97 59.10 7.002 2.436 0.000163
250 29 .82 58.82 7.86'1 2.448 0.000154

45 .42 58.09 7 i67 2 .479 0.000136

300 67.01 57.31 7.662 2.513 0.000124
350 134.6 55.59 7 .132 2.591 0.000108
400 1'.773 2.684 0.0000874
450 122.6 6.892 2.793 0.0000806
500 680.8 ,19.02 6.554 2.938 0.0000672
550 1045 45.47 6.133 3.139 0.0000605
600 42.37 5.665 3.399 0.0000538
650 2208 37.31 4.98E 3.860 0.0000470
700 3094 27 .10 3.623 5.314 0.0000269

235
 ITT GRINNULL-PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

DECIMAL EQUWALENTS
DECINIAI"S of a FOOT
€ €
s 5', 9" 11"

0 0.0000 0.0833 0.1667 0.2600 0.3333 0.4167 0"6000 0.6833 0.6667 0.7600 0.8333 0.916? 0
I 0.0013 0.0846 0.1680 0.2513 0.3346 0.4180 0.5013 0.5846 0.6680 0.7513 0.8316 0.9180 1 0.015625
w 0.0026 0.0869 0.1693 o.2626 0.3369 0.4193 0.6026 0.6869 0.6693 0.?626 0.8369 0.9193
'4)
0.031260
3 0.0039 0.0872 0. 1706 0.2539 0.3372 0.4206 0.5039 0.5872 0.6?06 0.7539 0.8372 0.9206 3 0.046875
0.0052 0.0886 0.1?19 0.2662 0.3386 0.4219 0. 6062 0. 6886 0.6719 0.7662 0.8386 0.9219 '/t6 0.062600
5 0.0065 0.0898 o.fi42 0.2565 0.3398 o.4232 0.5065 0.5898 0.6732 0.7565 0.8398 o.9232 5 0.078125
%, 0.0078 0.0911 0.L746 0.2678 0.3411 0.4246 0.50?8 0.6911 0.6746 0.?678 0.8411 0.9246 3,iz 0.093760
7 0.0091 0.0924 0.1758 0.2591 0.3424 o .4258 0.5091 0.5924 0.6758 0.7591 0.8424 0.9258 7 0.109375
'/B 0.0104 0.093? 0.r71L 0.2604 0.3437 0.4277 0.6104 0.6937 0.6771 0.7604 0.8437 0.92?1 ,s 0.126000
I 0.0117 0.0951 0.1784 o.2rit7 0.3451 0.4284 0.5117 0.5951 0.6784 0.7617 0.8451 0.9284 0.140625
Ysz 0.0130 0.0964 0.179? 0.2630 0.3464 o.4297 0.6130 0.6964 0.679? 0.?630 0.8464 0.9297 ,i) 0.156260
I] 0_0143 0.0977 0.1810 0.2643 0.3477 0.4310 0.5143 0 .5977 0.6810 0.7643 0.8477 0.9310 l1 0.171875
36 0.0166 0.0990 0.1823 0.2666 0.s490 o .4323 0.6990 0.6E23 0.7666 0.8490 0.9323 3l:6 0.18?600
0.0169 0.1003 0.1836 0.2669 0.3503 0.4336 0.5169 0.6003 0.6836 0.7669 0.8503 0.9336 13 0.203125
% 0.0182 0.1016 0. 1849 0.2642 0.3616 0.4349 0.6182 0.6016 0.6849 0.?682 0.8616 0.e349 % 0.218760
15 0.0195 0.1029 0.1862 0.2695 0.3529 0.4362 0.5195 0.6029 0.6862 0.7695 0.8529 0.9362 l5 0.234375
% 0. 02080. 1042 0.18?6 0.2?08 0.3642 0.4376 0.6208 0.6042 0.68?6 0.7708 0.8642 0.9376 )'i 0.260000
17 o.0221 0.1055 0.1888 0.2721 0.3555 0.4388 0 .5221 0.6055 0.6888 0.772r 0.9388 17 0.265625
th 0.0234 0.1068 0.1901 0 _2784 0.3668 0.4401 0. 6234 0.6068 0.6901 0.1734 0.8668 0.9401 % 0.281260
19 o.0247 0.1081 0.191,1 o.2747 0.3581 0.4414 0 .5247 0.608i 0.6914 o.7747 0.8581 0.9414 l9 0.296875
s/s 0.0260 0.2?60
0. 1094 0. 1927 0.3694 0 .4427 0.6260 0.6094 0.692? 0.?760 0.8694 o.9427 s/s 0.312600
2l 0.0273 0.1107 0. 19400.2773 0.3607 0.4440 0.5273 0.6107 0.6940 0.7773 0.8607 0. 9440 21
t/"2
0.328125
rt42 0.0286 0.1120 0.1953 0.2786 0.3620 0.4463 0.6286 0.6120 0.6963 0.7786 0.8620 0.9463 0.343760
0.0299 0.1133 0.1966 o.2799 0.3633 0.4466 0.5299 0.6133 0.6966 0.7799 0.8633 0.9466 0.359375
% 0.0312 0.1146 0.1979 o.2412 0.3646 o.4479 0.6312 0.6146 0.69?9 o.74L2 0.8646 0.9479 % 0.376000
25 0.0326 0. 1159 0.1992 0.2826 0.3659 o.4192 0.5326 0.6159 0.6992 o.7426 0.8659 0.9492 25 0.390625
t34z 0.0339 0.1172 0.2006 0.2839 0.3672 0.4606 0.6339 0.6L72 0.7006 0.?839 0.8672 0.9506 tY,* 0.406260
27 0.0352 0.1185 0.2018 o.2852 0.3685 0.4518 0.5352 0.6185 0.7018 o.7452 0.8685 0.9518 0.421a75
%6 0.0366 0.1198 0.2031 0.2866 0.3698 0.4631 0.6366 0.6198 0.7031 0. ?866 0.8698 0.9631 % 0.43?600
29 0.0378 0.1211 0.2011 0.2878 0.3711 0 .4544 0.5378 0.6211 0.?o44 0.7878 0.8711 0.9544 29 0.453r25
nh 0.0391 0.1224 o.2067 0.2891 0.a724 0.466? 0.6391 o.6224 0.7067 0.7891 o.4724 0.966? 0.468760
0.0404 0.1237 0.2070 0.2904 0.3737 0.4570 0.5404 0.6237 0.7070 0.7904 0.8737 0.9570 31 0.484375
% 0.1260 0.2083 o.2917
0. 041? 0.3760 0.4683 0.5417 0.6260 0. 7083 0.7917 0.8?60 0.9683 % 0.600000
33 0.0430 0.1263 0.2096 0.2930 0.3763 0.4596 0.5430 0.6263 0.7096 0.7930 0.8763 0.9596 0.515625
196 0.0443 0.L276 0.2109 0.2943 0.3776 0.4609 0. 6443 0.62?6 0.7109 0.?943 0.8776 0.9609 t74 0.631260
0.0456 0.1289 0.2122 0.2956 0.3789 0.4622 0.5456 0.6289 o.7122 0.7956 0.8789 o.9622 0.546875
% 0.0469 0. 1302 0.2136 0.2969 0.3802 0.4636 0.6469 0. 6302 0.?136 0.?969 0.8802 0.9636 Ys 0.662600
0.0482 0.1315 0.2148 0.2982 0.3815 0.4648 0.5482 0.6315 0.7I48 0.7942 0.8815 0.9648 0.578125
rsa 0. 0496 0.1328 0.2161 0.2996 0.38S8 0.4661 0.6496 0.6328 0. ?161 0.7995 0.8828 0.9661 rsiz 0.693760
39 0.0508 0.1341 0.2174 0.3008 0.3841 0.461-4 0.5508 0.6341 0.7174 0.8008 0.8841 0. s674 39 0.609375
% 0.0621 0.1364 0.2188 0.3021 0. 38640.4688 0.6621 0.6364 0.7188 0.8021 0.8864 0.9688 % 0.626000
4l 0.0534 0.1367 o.2201 0.3034 0.3867 0.4701 0.5534 0.6367 0.7201 0.8034 0. 8807 0.9701 4I 0.640625
2tAz 0.0647 0.1380 0.2214 0.3047 0.3880 o.4714 0 .6647 0.6380 0.72L4 0.8047 0.8880 0.9?14 214 0.666260
43 0.0560 0.1393 0.2227 0.3060 0.3893 0.4727 0.5560 0.6393 0.7227 0.8060 0.8893 o.9727 0.671875
t% 0.0673 0.1406 o.2240 0.3073 0.3906 o.4740 0.6673 0.6406 0.7240 0.8073 0.8906 0.9740 0.687600
0.0586 0.1419 o.2253 0.3086 0.3919 0.4753 0.5586 0.6419 o.7253 0.8086 0.8919 0.9753 15 0.703125
2342 0.069s 0.L432 0.2266 0.3099 0.3932 0.4766 0.6699 0.6432 0.7266 0.8099 0.8932 0.9766 234 0.718760
0.0612 0.1445 o.2279 0.3112 0.3945 o .4779 0.5612 0.6445 0.7279 0.8112 0.8945 o.9775 17 0.734375
% 0.0625 0. 1468 0.2292 0.3126 0.3968 0.{t92 0.6625 0.6458 0.7292 0.8126 0.8968 0.9?92 % 0.760000
49 0.0638 0.1471 0.2305 0.3138 0.3971 0.4805 0.5638 0.6471 0.7305 0.8138 0.8971 0.9805 49 0.765625
25h 0.0661 0.1484 0.2318 0.3161 0. 3984 0.4818 0.5661 0.6484 0.7318 0.8161 0.8984 0.9818 254 0.781260
0.0664 0. 1497 0.2331 0.3164 0.3997 0.4831 0.5664 0.6497 0.7331 0.8164 0.8997 0.9831 51 0.796875
r%6 0.06?7 0.1610 0 234!| o.3!77 0.4010
.4a44 o 0.667? 0.6610 o.7344 0.4177 0.9010 0.9844 0.812600
0.0690 0.1523 0.2357 0.3190 0.4023 0.4857 0.5690 0.6523 0.7357 0.8190 0.9023 0.9857 0.828125
0.6703 0.6636 0.73?0 0.8203 0.9036 0.9870 2/"2 0.843760
2Yr2 0.0?03 0.1636 0.2370 0.3203 0.4036 0.4870
0.0716 0. 1549 0.2383 0.3216 0.4049 0.4883 0.5716 0.6549 0. 7383 0.8216 0.9049 0.9883 0.859375

% 0.0729 0.1662 0.2396 0.3229 0.4062 0.4896 0.6729 0.6662 0.7396 0.8229 0.9062 0.9896 % 0.876000
0 .o7 42 0.1576 0.2409 0.3242 0.4076 0.4909 o.5742 0.6576 0.7409 o.8242 0.9076 0.9909 0.890625
0.0?66 0.1689 0.2422 0.3266 0.4089 o .4922 u.0 tDD 0.6689 o.7422 0.8266 0.9089 o.9922 29(z 0.906260
0.0768 0.1602 0.2435 0.3268 0 .4102 0.4935 0.5768 0.6602 0.7435 0.8268 0.9102 0.9935 59 0.921875
114a 0.937500
r5 0.0781 0.1616 0.2448 0.3281 0.4116 0.4948 0.6?81 0.6616 o.7444 0.8281 0.9116 0.9948
61 0.0794 0.1628 0.2461 0.3294 0.4128 0.4961 0.5794 0.6628 0. 7461 0.8294 0.9128 0.9961 61 0.953125
3r4 0.0807 0.1641 0.2474 0.3307 n /l1n 1 0.497 4 0.6807 0.6641 o.7474 0.8307 0.9141 0.9974 3t4 0.968750
63 0.0820 0.1654 o.2447 0.3320 0.4154 0.4987 0.5820 0.6654 0.7447 0.8320 0.9154 0.9987 63 0.984375

236
 GENERAL TABLES

METRIC CON\TERSION TABLE

Convert 3.7643 metors to Convert 15'-6146" to meters

0 0.0000 fcct, inches end frrctious
0.1984 3.76-13 mctcrs l5' :4.5720 meterc
Vrzs
0.3969 3.6556 : 1211 : .163513 meters
626"
Yaa 0.5953 t0& ZO m* 15, 6Z*, : J3E51B meters
0.7937
0.9921
107.95 : 412 in.
Ttza
3,(4 1.1906 .75 : t4r'
-4
7.42s
1.3890 3.7643 meters : tZ' +%r

INCIIIJS AND FITACTIONS-[,IILLIX,tETERS

Millimeters Inches Inches Millimeters Inches LMillimcters

% 3. 1750
2yt6
2%
52.3876
53.9751
% 103. 188
101.i t'5
6%
6tA
153.088
155 575
% ,04 JS8 255.588
4r:A 8% 206.375 257 .176
% 4 t-tr25 2yt6 55.562ri 4t 106.303 6yt6 157. 163 8%6 207 .963 254.763
% i}.3500 2% 57 1501 4% 107.950 t:),i 153.750 8% 209.550 260.351
Yra 2t/t6 58 737d 4"1e 109.538 61ls 160.338 8Yt6 211. 138 261.938
% L 5250 214 60. 3251 1'/s 111. 125 63.j 161 . 925 8% 212.725 263 .526
% 1i. 1125 2!la 61.9126 4\6 112.713 6yt6 163.513 846 2t'1.313 265. 113
% 12 7000 2\/t 03 .5001 1)1 114.300 6% 165. 100 81/4 215.900 266.701
Yra u.247 5 65.0876 4r 115.888 6Y6 166.688 8ry'.6 2r7 .48a 268.288
% 15 8750 2% 66.6751 4% t17.4t'5 6% 168.27 5 8% 219.075 269.876
1\6 I t- . 4t325 2tyt6 68.2626 1tyt6 119.063 169.863 81t4 220.663
61Yt6 271. .463
% 19.0500 2% 69.8501 1% 120 650 $% 171.450 8% 222.250 273.051
tYt6 20.6375 2tyt6 71.'1376 4\yj6 122 238 6rYt6 r73.038 8tyt6 223.838 27.1.638
% 22 2250 2% 73.0251 4% 123.425 6% 174.625 8% 225.425 276.226
1s/ra 23.8125 2tYra 74.6126 1ty't6 125.4r3 6t"/t6 176.213 8t/6 227.013 277.8t3
25.4001 3 76.2002 5 127.000 7 177.800 228.600 279 .401
lYn 26.9876 314 77 . r'87 t- 5%6 128.588 TYra 170.388 9Xa 230. 188 llYn 280.988
1% 28.5751 3% 79.3732 5% 130.175 7% 180.975 91.4 23]..775 lrrA 282 .576
13,(a 30. 1626 3%6 80.9027 b\6 131 763 t-Yt6 182.563 93/t6 233.363 t1:' 284.163
1% 31.7501 3ti 82 .5502 5% 133.350 7% 184.150 e% 234.950 rryl 285.75r
1'/t6 33.3376 84. 1377 134.938 7y'ta 185.738 95/t6 236.538 t7"/t6 287.338
I'A 34.9251 a5.7252 53/4 136.525 7 r.6 187.325 9rA 234 .125 Ilzls 288.926
\n6 3{i.5126 3716 a7 .312i 5%6 138.113 77 188.913 s\6 239.713 I1716 290.513
1% 38.1001 3:4 88.9002 514 139.700 7rA 190.500 9r/r, 2,11.300 11r,4 292.IOI
1Yt6 39.6876 3!16 90 .1a77 5%6 141 . 288 192.088 er{6 242.888 71Y16 293.688
1.% 41.2751 3% 92.O7 52 142.875 7% 193.675 s% 214.47 5 11% 255.276
11Yt6 42.8626 StYtr 93.6627 5ryt6 144.463 71t16 195.263 9\t 6 246.063 t71yt6 296.863
r% 44.4501 3% 95.2502 5% 146.051 7 3/t 196.850 s% 247.650 1t% 298.451
Ityt6 46.0376 3t94 96.8377 5t%6 t47.63E 7t3/t6 198. '138 9ryf, 2$ .23a lttyt6 300.038
1% 47 .6251 3% 98.1252 149.225 t'% 200.025 s% 250.825 rr'% 301.626
115/a 45.2126 3r016 100.013 5ty't6 150.8 r3 7t,/,t 201.613 91X6 252 .413 Ilt"/16 303.213
2 50.8001 101.600 6 152.400 8 203.200 10 254.001 12 304.801

FEET INTO METERS

Feet Meterg Feet Meters Feet Meters Feei MeteN Feei MeteN Feei MeteN Ieet MeieIs
I 0.3048 16 4.8768 9.4488 46 14.021 61 18.593 23.165 91 27.736
2 0.6096 17 5.1816 9..7536 47 14.326 62 18.898 77 23.470 92 28.041
3 0.91,14 18 5.4864 10.058 48 14 630 19 .202 23.774
78 93 28.346
4 t.2t92 19 5.7912 10.363 49 .14.935 64 19.507 79 24.079 94 28.650
1.5240 20 6.0960 l0.668 50 15.240 19.812 80 24.384 95 28.955
6 1.8288 6.4008 36 10.973 51 66 20. r17 81 24.689 96 29.260
7 2.1336 22 6.7056 3t- 11 278 52 15.850 20.422 82 24.994 97 29.565
8 2.4384 23 7.0r04 38 l1 582 53 16. 154 68 20.726 83 25.297 98 29.870
I 2.7 432 24 7.3t52 39 1r.887 16..159 69 21.031 84 25 .602 99 30. t74
10 3 0480 25 7.6200 40 12.1.92 16.764 70 21 336 25.907 100 30.480
l1 3.3528 26 7 .9218 41 12 .197 56 17.069 71 2t .611 86 26.212
12 27 8.2296 42 t2.402 lt'.374 72 21.946 87 26 .317
13 3.9624 28 8. 534,1 13. r06 73 22,250 88 26.822
14 4.2672 2S 8.8392 41 13.411 59 r7.983 22.555 89 27 .126
4.5720 30 9. 1440 13.716 00 18.288 22.860 90 27 .432
 ITT GRINNI'LI, PIPING DESIGN AND I'NGINI'I'IiIN(i

CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply To Obtaitr Multiply To Obtain

Absolute viscosity BTU,/minute

(poise) 1 Gram/second centimeter
0.556 Oalories (Kg)/Kilogrant
BTU/pound
Absolute viscosity Oubic inchcs
(centipoise) 0.01 Poise Bushels 2150..1
35 21 Liters
Acceleratio due 4 I'ecks
io gravity (9) 32. 17 4 Feet/second' a2 Quorts (dry)
980 6 Centimeters/second'
Cables 120 Fathoms
acres 0.4047 H€ctares
10 Square Chains Calories (gm) 0.003$68 tsTU
43,560 Square Feet 0.001 Oalories (Ks)
4017 Square XIeteN 3.08E Ioot pounds
0.001562 Square flilcs 1.558 X 10-6 IIorse po$,er hours
4840 Seuere Yards 4185 Joulcs
160 S{uare Rods 0..12ti5 Ifilogram meteN
L1628 X r0 6
liilowatt hours
Acre.feet 43,560 Cubic Feei 0. 0011628
325,851 cs.llons (US)
1233. '19 Cubic f{eterc Cal (gm)/sec/cm'/'Cl
1,233,4S0 Litels cm 212.13 BTU/t{r/ft'l'F/ft
Acre-feet/hour 726 Cubic fcet/N1inute Calories (Kg) 3.968 BTU
5430.86 Gallons/N'tinute 1000 Calorica (gm)
3088 Foot pounds ,
angsiroms l0s )Ietels 0.001558
.1185
tlorse pol!er nours
Joules
Areg 0.01 Hectares 42tr.5 Iiilogram meters
1076.39 Square Feet 0.0011628 Kilowatt houN
o .0247 r 1.1628 Watt houls
Atmospheres 76.0 Cnls of Hq at 32" F Ca]ories (I{g) /Cu meter 0.112'1 BTU/Cu foot at 0' C
29.92r Inches of IIe at 32' F
33.9.1 Feei. of \\'alcr tt 62' F Cal (Ks)/IIr/lI'/'C/N{ 0 671 BTU/Hr/ft'/'F/foot
10,333 Iics. Squar. meter
14.69ti3 Pounds/Squrre inch Calories (Kg)/Iig 1.8 BTU/pound
1.058 Tons/Square foot
1013 15 Xlillibars Calolies (Xg)/minute 51 '13 Foot pounds/second
235.1408 Ounces/Squarc inch 0 09351 Horse pov'er
0.06972 Kilow.rtts
Bags of cement 94 Pounds of cement
Carlts (diamond) 200 N{illigram
Barrels of oil 42 Grllons of oil (US)
Centares (Certiares) 1 Square m€ters
Berrels of cement 376 Pounds of cement
Centigram 0.01 Grams
Barrels (irot leg&l) 31 Callons (US)
or Gallons (US) Centiliters 0.01 Liters

Boerd feet 144 X I in.' Cubic inches Oentimetels 0.3s37 Inches

0 032808 Feet
Boiler hoNe power' 33,479 BTU/hour 0.01 fleterc
9.803 Kilowatts 10 flillimeters
34.5 Pounds of w&ter evaPo_
rated/hour at 212'F CcntimcteN of Hg
at 32'F 0.0r316 Atmospheres
BTU 252.016 Calo cs (gm) 0 4461 Fcet oi rvater at 62' F
0.252 Calories (Kg) 136 Kgs/Square meter
777.51 Foot pounds 27.45 Pourds/Square Iuot
0.0003927 Horse power houm 0. 1934 rourcls/squere r cn
1051.2 Joules
107.5 Kilogram meters Centimeters/second 1.963 Feet/minute
0.0002928 Kilowatthours 0.$28r Feet/second
0.030 Iiilometers/hour
BTU/Cu foot 8.89 C.rlories (Kg),rCu meter 0. ti )Ieters/minute
32" F 0 02237 fliles/hour
"t 0.0003728 llil€s/minute
B"rU /Hr/rt'/'F /rt 0.00.113 Cal (gm)/Sec/cm'?l"C/
cm Ccntimet€rs/second' 0.03281 Feet/second'
1.49 Cal (Ks)/Hr/v'1/"C/
Meter Centipoise 0.000672 PouDds/sec fooi
2.42 Pounds/hour foot
BTU/minute r2.96 Foot pounds/second 0.01 Poise
0.02356 Homc power
0.0r757 Kilowatts
Chains (Gunter's) 1
* For thickness less ihan 1 in. use actual thickness in decimals 66 Feet
100 Links
of an inch.

238
 GENERAL TABLES

CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)

Multiply To Obtain Multiply by To Obtain
Cheval-vapeur I N{etdc horse Dower Cubit 18 Inches
Kilogranr meiers/second
0.98632 Horse power Days (mean) 1440 Minutes
24 Houls
CircuLar inches 106 Circular mils 86,,100 Seconds
0. 7854 Square inches
785,400 Square mils Days (sideresl) 86,164.1 Solar seconds
Circular mils 0.7854 Square mils Decigmms 0,I Granrs
10-6 Circula,r inches
7.854 X 10-5 Deciliters 0.1 Liters
Cubic ceniimeters 3.531 X 10-' Cubic feet DecimeteB 0.1 Meters
0.06102 Cubic inches
106 Cubic rneters Degrees (angle) 60 Minutes
1.308 x 10-6 Cubic yards 0.01745 Radians
0.0002642 Gallons (US) 3600 Seconds
0.001 Liters
0.002113 Pints (liq. US) DegreeB F Uess 321 0,5556 Degrees C
0.001057 Quarts (liq. US)
0.03s1 Ounces (fluid) Degrees F 1 lplus 460] Degrees F -above
alrsolut€ u
Cubic feet 2432O Cubic centimeiers
1728 Cubic inches Degrees C 1.8 lplus 32] De$ees F
0.02832 Cubic mete$ I lplus 273] Degrees C above abso-
0.03704 Cubic yards lute 0
7 .48052 Gallons (US)
28.32 . Litels Degrees/second 0.01745 Radians/secoad
59.84 Pints (liq. US) 0.1667 Revolutions/minute
25.92 Quarts (liq. US)
0.002778 Revolutions/oecond
2.296 X 10 ! Acrc feet Dekagrams 10
0.803564 Bushels
Grame

Cubic feet of water 62.4266 Pounds at 39.2" F Dekaliters 10 Literg

62.3554 Pounds at 62' F DekameteN 10 Meterc
Cubic feet/miauto Cubic centimeteN/sec Diameter (circle) 3. 14159265359 Circumference
o.1247 Gallons (US)/second (approx) 3.1416
o .472 Litels/second (approx) 3.14
62.36 62'F
Pounds \r'ater/min at
7. 4805 Galons (US)/minute tapprcx./
10,772 Gallons/24 hours Diameter (circle) 0.88623 Side of equal square
0.033058 Acre feet/24 hours o.707r Side of iiscrib6d square
Cubic feet/second 646,317 Gellons (US)/24 hours Diameters (sphere) 0.5236 Volume (sphere)
448.831 Gallons/minute
1.98347 Acre feet/24 houls Diaro (major) X diam
(minor) 0.7854 Arca of ellipse
Cubic inches 16.387 Cubic centimeters
0.0005787 Cubic feet, Diameiert (circle) 0.7854 Area (circle)
1.639 X 10-6 Cubic meters
2.143 X 10-5 Cnbic yards Diameter, (sphere) 3.1416 Su ace (sphere)
0.004329 Gallons (US)
0.01639 Liters Diam (inches) X RPM o.262 Beli speed ft/minuto
0.03463 Pints (liq. US)
0.01732 Quaits (liq. US) Digits o.75 Inches

Cubic meteN 106 Cubic centimeters Drams (avoirdupois) 27.34375 Grains

Cubic feet 0.0625 Ounces (avoir.)
61,023 Cubic inches L.77lU5 Grams
1.308 Cubic yards
264.2 GaJIons (US) Fathoms tr'eet
1000 Liiers
2t13 Pints (liq. US) Feet 30.48 Ceniimeters
1057 Quarts 1liq. US) t2 trnches
0.3048 Meters
Cubic ya,rds 764,600 Cubic centimeters + Yards
27 Cubic feet 0.06061 Rods
46,656 Cubic inches
0.7646 Cubic rneters Feet of water at 62 0.029465 Atmospheres
202 Gallons (US) 0.88162 Inchesof He at 32o F
764.6 Liters 62.3554 Pounds/souire foot
1616 Pints (liq. US) 0.43302 Pounds/s<iuareiach
807.9 Quarts (liq. US) 304,M Kilogram/sq metcr
Cubic yards/minute 0.45 Cubic feet/second Feet/miDute 0.5080 Centimeterr/second
3.367 Gallons (US)/second 0.01667 Feet/second
12.74 Liters/second 0.01829 Kilo4et€rs/hour

239
 ITT GRINNDLL - PIPINC,i DIISIGN AND IrlNGINltltltIN(;

CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)

Multiply To Obtaitr Multiply by To Obtain
Feet/minute 0.3048 N{eters/minute Grains/gallon (US) 17. 118 Parts/million
0.01136 Miles/hour 142.86 Pounds/millioo gallons
(US)
Feet/second 30.48 Centimeters/second
1.097 Kilomcters/hour 980.7 !Jno"
0.5921 Knois 15.43
18.29 X{eteIs/minute 0.001 Kilogl'ams
0.6818 Miles/hour 1000 X{iliigrams
0.01136 Miles/minuie 0.03527 Ounces (avoir.)
0.03215 Ounces (troy)
Feei/second' 30.48 Centimelers/second'? 0.002205 Pounds
0.3048 Nletcrs/second'
Grums/centimeter 0.0056 Pounds/inch
Flet of a hexagon 1.155 Distance across corners
Grams/cubic centimeter 62.43 Pounds/cubic foot
Flat of a square 1.414 Dists,nce across cor[ers 0.036r3 Pounds/cubic inch
4.37 Grains/100 cubic ft
Foot pounds 0.0012861 BTU
o.32412 Calories (gm) Grams/liter 5a .417 Grsins/gallon (US)
0.0003241 Caiories (Kg) 8.345 Pounds/100 gallons (US)
o.062427 Pounds/cubic foot,
5.05 X r0{ Horse power hours
1000 Parts/million
1.3558 JOUteS
0.13826 Xilogram meters Gravity (g) 32.174 Feet,/second,
3.766 X 10-7 Kilowatt hours 980.6 Centimete.s/second!
0.0003766 \l-ati hours
Hand 4 Inches
Foot pounds/minute 0.001286 BTU/minute 10.16 Centimeters
0.01667 Foot pounds/second
3.03 X 10-6 Horse porver HectareE
0.0003241 Calories (Kg)/minuie 107,639 Square feet
2.26 X 10-5 Kilowatts 100 Ares
Foot pounds/secoDd o.o77L7 BTU/minute Ilectograms 100 Grams
0.001818 Ilorse porver
0.01945 Calories (Kg)/minute Hectolitels 100 Liters
0.001356 Kilowa,its
Furlong ,10 Rods llectometers 100 Metels
220 Yards
660 Feet Hecto\vatts 100 W:rtts
0.125 Nttiles
0.2012 Kilometers Hogshead 63 Gallons (US)
23a.1759 Litels
Gallons (Imperial) Cubic inches I{orse power 42 .44 BTU/minute
4.543 Liters 33,000 Foot pounds/minute
1.20095 Gallons (US) 550 Foot pounds/second
1.014 Nfetric horse po*er
Gallons (US) 3785 Cubic centimete$ (Cheval vapeur)
0.13368 Cubic feet 10.7 Calories (Kg)/mio
231 Cubic inches o.7457 Kilolvatts
0.003785 Cubic meters 745.7 Waiis
0.00.1951 Cubic yards
3.785 Liters Horse power (boiler) 33,479 BTU/hour
8 Pints (liq. US) 9.803 Kilowatts
4 Quarts (liq. US) 34.5 Pounds of water evapo-
0.83267 Callons (Imperial) rated/hour at 212" F
3.069 X 10-6 Acre feet
Ilorse power hours 2546.5 BTU
Gallons (US) of water 641,700 Calories (gm)
at 62" tr' 8.3357 rounds oI w:t ter 641.1- Calories (Kg)
1,980,000 Ioot pounds
Gallons (US) of water/ 2,684,500
minute 6.0086 Tons of water/24 hours 273,7 40 Kilogram meters
0.7455 Kiloivatt houN
Gallons (US)/minute 0.002228 Cubic feet/second Watt hours
0.13368 Cubic feetlminute
8.0208 Cubic feet/hour Inches 2.51 CentimeteB
0.06309 Liters/second 0.08333 Feet
3.78533 Liters/minute 1000 NIils
0.0044192 Acre feet/24 hourc 12 Lines
Points
Grains 1 Grains (evoirdupois)
1 Grains (apothecary) Inches of Hg at 32" F 0.03342
1 Grains (troy) 345.3 Kilograms/square meter
0.0648 Grems 70.73 Pounds/square foot
0.0020833 Ounces (iroy) 0.49117 Pounds/s<iuare inch
o.0022857 Ounces (avoir. ) 1.1343 tr'eet of w;ter at 62' F

240
 GENERAL TABLES

CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)

Multiply To Obtaitr Multiply
Inches ot Hg at 32' I r3 .611{ Inches ol \raier at 02" F Kilowatt hours 860,500 Calories (gm)
7.85872 Ounccslsquare inch 860.5 Crlories (Kg)
2,655,200 Foot pounds
IDches of waier at 62" F 0.002.155 Atrnosphcres 1.341 Horse power hours
25.37 Xilogran$/squdre mcter 3,600,000
0.5771 Ounces/stluarc inch 367,100 Kilogram meters
5.1963 Pounds/square foot 1000 Wei.t hours
0.03609 Pounds/squale inch
0.073.{7 Inches of llg at 32" If K ots I Nautical miles/hour
1.1516 Miles/hour
Joules 0.00094869 BTU r.4932 Kilometels/hour
0.239 Calories (gm)
0.000239 Ca,lories (Kg) I-eagues 3 N{iles
0.73756 Foot pounds
3.72 X 10-? Ilorse po\,i'er houm Lines 0.083-33 Inches
0.101s7 Xilogram meters
2.778 X 10 7 l{iloiYatt hours Links 7 .92 Inches
0.0002778
I Wult secoDd Liters 1000 Cubic ceni,imeters
0.03531 Cubic fect,
Kilograms 980,665 Dynes 6r.02 Cubic inches
2 205 Pounds 0.001 Cubic meters
0.001102 l'ons (shori) 0.001308 Cubic y:rrds
1000 Clrams 0 .2612 Gailons (US)
35.271 Ounccs (avoir.) 0 .22 Gallons (Imp)
32 . 1507 Ounces (troy) 2.114 Pints (liq. US)
Kilogrnm mctcrs 0 009302 BTU 1.057 Quarts (liq. US)
8.107 X 10 t
2.311 Caiories (gm) 2.2018 Pounds of water at 62' T
0.0023.1,1 Calories (Kg)
7.233 Fooi pouDds Liters/minute 0.0005886 Cubic feet/second
3.653 X 10 6 Horse poiver hours 0.004403 Gallons (US)/second
L 80ii Joules 0.26418 Gallons (US)/minute
2 .721 Y. tO-6 Xilowatt hours
0.002724 lvatt hours 100 Centimeters
I(ilograms/cubic meter 0.06243 Pounds/cubic foot 3.281 Feet
39.37 Inches
Kilograms/meter 0.6720 Pounds/foot 1.094 Yards
0.001 Kilometers
Kilograms/sq centimeter 71 .223 Pounds/sq inch 1000 Millimeters
I Nletdc rtmosphere
Meters/minute 1.667 Centimeters/second
Kilogram/sq nreter 9.678 X 10 6 Atmosphercs 3.281 Feet/minute
0.003285 Fcet of \reler at 62' F 0.05468 Feet/second
0.002896 Inches of Hg ar 32" F 0.06 Kilometers/hour
0.2048 Pounds/square foot 0.03728 lliles/hour
0.001422 Pounds/square inch
0.007356 Centimete;s of IIg at llcters/second 196.8 Feet/minute
32" F 3.2E1 Feet/second
Kilometers/hour
Kiloliters 1000 Liters 0.06 Kilometers/minute
N{iles/hour
Kilomei,ers 100,000 Centimetels 0.03728 NIiles/minute
1000 I{eters
3281 Feei l{icrons 10-6 Meters
o.62L1 I{iles 0.001 X{illimeters
1094 Yards 0.03937 N{ils
Kilometers/hour 27.7a Centimeters/second 0.001 Inches
54 68 Feet/minute 0.0254 Nlillimeters
0.9113 Fcet/second 25.1 Nlicrons
16.67 Nteters/minute
0. 6214 tr{iles/hour 160,934 Centimeterc
0.5396 Knots 5280 I'eet
63,360 Irrches
KilometeIs/hr/sec 27.t-8 Centimeters/sec/sec 1.609 Kilometers
0. 9113 Feet/sec/sec 1760 YDrds
o.2774 N{eters/sec/sec 80 Chsins
320 Rods
Kilowatts 56.92 BTLi/minute 0.8684 Nautical miles
14,250 Foot pounds/minute
i3t'.6 Fooi pounds/second Miles/hour 44.70 Centimeters/second
1.341 88 I'eet/minute
1+.3.1 Calories (Kg)/min 1..167 Feet/second
r000 W&tts 1.609 Kilometers/hour
0.8684 Knots
Kilowath hours 3413 BTU 26.42 Metels/minute

24r
 ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)

Multiply by To Obtain Multiply by To Obtain
Miles/minute 2682 Centimcters/second Poncelots 100 Xilogram meters/second
88 Feet/secold 1.315 Horse power
I .609 Kilometers /minuie
60 Miles/hour Pounds (avoirdupois) 16 Ounces (avoir.)
256 Drams (avoir.)
Milliba,rs 0.000987 Atmosphere 7000 Grains
0.0005 Tons (short)
Milliers 1000 Kilogra,rns 453.5524 Grams
1.21528 Pounds (trov)
Milligrams 0.001 Grame 14.5833 Ounces (irov)
0.01543 Grains
Pounds (troy) Grains
Milligrams/liter 1 Parts/millioo 240 Pennyweights (trcy)
12 Ounces (troy)
Milliliters 0.001 Liiers 373.24t77 Grams
o.822a57 Pounds (avoir.)
Million gals/24 hours | .54723 Cubic feet/second 13.1657 Ounces (avoir.)
Millimeters 0.1 Centimetels 0.00036735 Tons (long)
0.03937 lnches 0.0004114:| Tons (short)
39.37 Mils 0.00037324 Tons (metdc)
1000 Microns F 0.0f604 Cubic feet
Pounds of water at 62"
Miner's inches 1.5 Cubic feet/miaute 27.i'2 Cubic inches
0.120 Gallons (US)
Minutes (angle) 0.0002909 Radians
Pounds of water/min at
Nautical miles 6080.2 Feet 62' F 0.0002673 Cubic feei/second
1.1516 MiIes
Pounds/cubic foot 0.01602 Grams/cubic centimeter
Ounces (avoirdupois) Drams (avoir. ) 16.02 Kilograms/cubic meter
437.5 Grains 0.0005787 Pounds/cubic inch
0.0625 Pounds (avot.)
24.349527 Grs,ms Pounds/cubic inch 27.68 Grams/cubic centimeter
0.9r15 Ounces (troy) 27,6& Kiloerams/cubic meter
,728 Pounas/cubic foot
Ounces (fluid) 1.805 Cubic inches
0.02957 LiteIs Pounds/foot 1.488 Kilograms/meter
29 .57 Cubic centimeters
0.25 Gills Pounds/inch 178.6 Gm,ms/centimeier
Ounces (troy) 480 Grains Pounds/hour foot 0 .4132 Centipoise
20 Pennyweights (troy) 0.004132 rolse gfams/sec cm
0.08333 Pounds (troy)
31.103481 Glams Pounds/sec foot 14.881 Poise grams/sec cm
1.09714 Ounces (avoir.) 1488.1 uenllporse
Ounces/square inch 0.0625 Pounds/square inch Pounds/square foot 0.016037 Feet of water at 62' F
1'732 Inches of ;ater at 62' F 4.882 Xilograms/square meter
4.39 Centimeters of water at 0.006944 Pounds/square inch
62' F 0.014139 Inches of IIg at 32' F
o . 12725 Inches of Hg at 32' F 0.0004725 Atmospheres
0.004253 Atmospheres
Pounds/squsre inch 0.068044 Atmospheres
2.30934 Feet of water at 62' F
Palms Inches 2.0360 Inches of Hg at 32" F
Parts/million 0.0584 Grains/gallon (US) 703.067 Kilosrams/square meter
0.07016 Grains/gallon (Imp) 27 .9r2 Tnchis of waier at 62'F
8.345 Pounds/million gal (US)
Quadrants (angul*r) 90 Degrees
Pennyweights (troy) Grains 5400 Minutes
Grams 324,000 Seconds
0.05 Ounces (troy) |.75r Radians
0.0041667 Pounds (troy)
Quarts (dry) 67 .20 Cubic inches
Pints (liq. US) 4 Gills
Ounces (fluid) Qua s (liq. US) 2, Pints (liq. US)
0.5 Quarts (liq. US) 0.9463 Liters
28.875 Cubic inches 32 Ounces (fluid)
473.r Cubic ceniimeters Cubic inches
946.3 Cubic centimeters
Pipe 126 Gallons (US)
Quintal, Argentine i01.28 Pounde
Points 0.01389 Inches Brazil 125 .54 Pounds
Castile, Peru 101.43 Pounds
Poie€ o.0672 Pounds/sec foot, Chile 101.41 PouDds
242 Pounds/hour foot Metric 220 .46 Pounds
100 Ceniipoise Mexico roL .47 Pounds

242
 GENERAL TABLES

CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)

Multiply by To Obtain Multiply by To Obtain

Sheets Square miles 27,878,400 Souare leet

Quires 2.590 S<iuare kilometers
Radints 57. B0 Degrces 259 Hectarea
3438 Minutes 3,097,600 Square yards
206,625 Seconds 102,400 bqu&re rooa
0.637 Qu&drants 1 Sections

Radians/second 57.30 De$ees/second 0.01 Square centimeters

0.1592 Reiolutions/second 0.00155 squafe rncnes
9.549 Revolutions/minute 1550 -qLlare mrls
1973 Circular mils
Radians/second! 573.0 Revolutions/minutet
0. 1592 Revolutions/secoud' Square nils Circular mils
0.0006452 Square millimeters
Reams 500 Sheets 10--6 Square inches
RevolutioDs 360 Degrees Square yerds 0.0002066
4 Quadrants Square feet
6.283 Radia,ns 0.8361 Square meteN
3.228 X 10 ? Square miles
Revolutions/minute DeErees/secoDd
0.1047 Radians/second Stere I Cubic meters
0.01667 Revolutions/second
Stone Pounds
Revolutions/minute' 0.001745 RadianB/second' 6.35029 Kilograms
0.0002778 Revolutions/second'
Degrees/second Tons (long) 1016 Kiloqrams
Revolutions/second 360 2240 rounos
6.283 Radians/second
60 Revolutions/minute r.l2 Tons (shori)

Revolutions/secondt 6.283 Radians/second' Tons (metric) 1000 Kiloarems

3600 Revolutions/minute'? 2205 t,ounds
1.1023 Tons (short)
Rods Feei
Yards Tons (short) 2000 Pounds
32,000 Ounces
Seconds (angle) 4.848 X 10-6 Radians 907. 185 KilogIams
0.90718 Tons (meiric)
Sections I Squaxe miles 0.89286 Tons (long)
Side oI r square 1 .4142 Diameter of inscribed Tons of refrigeration 12,000 BTU/hour
circle 288,000 BTU/24 hours
7.1284 Diameter of circle wiih
equal srea, Tons of water/24 hours
at 62' F 83.33 Pouads of water/hour
Spaa I Inches 0.16510 Gallons (US)/minute
I .3263 Cubis feet/hour
Square ceniimeiers 0.001076 Square feet
0.1550 pduare inches 0.056s2 BTU/minute
0.0001 Dquare melers 44.26 Foot DouDds/minute
100 Square millimeters 0.7376 Ioot lounds/second
0.001341 rtorse Dower
Squere feet 2.296 X 10-6 Acres 0.01434 C,a,loriris (Kg) /minute
929.0 Squa,re centimeters 0.001
lM leuare incbes I Joule/second
0.0s29 Dquare me,iers
3.587 X 10-3 Dquate Ees Wa,tt houN 3.413 BTU
0. 1111 S{ua,re yorde 860.5 Calories (gm)
0.8605 Calories (Kg)
Square inches 6.452 Square ceutimeters 2655 Foot Dound6
0.0069,14 Squs,re feet 0.001341 Hor,se power hours
645.2 Sq:uare millimeters 3600 JOtUeS
1.27324 Cfrcular inches 367.1 Kiloqram meters
7,273,89 Circular mils 0.001 Kilo;a,tt hours
1,000,000 Squa.re mils
Watk/squa.re inch 8.2 BTU/square foot/
Square kilometers 247.r Acres Dinute
10,760,000 Squarc feet Foot pounds/sq ftl
1,000,000 Squarc metels iunute
0.3861 Square miles 0.1931 Horse power/square foot
1,1s6,000 Squa.re yards
9L.44 Centimeters
Square metels 0.0002471 Acrcg Feet
Inches
10.764 lQuare feet, 0.9144 Meters
1.196 DQUare v&rqs
1 C6ntare! 0.1818 Rods

Square rniles 640 Acrcs Year (365 days) 8760 Hourg

244
 ITT GITINNDLL PIPING DESICiN AND I'\CI:{EERING
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
Tbe lollowing lo.Inulds ore used i the computotiod ol the vclues i lt€ lerritic
steels DC.I' be dbout 5% l*s, atrd the du.stelitic stdi:r-
showa in tbe toble: less steek qbout 2 qreoter thdn the vqluos shown in this tdbl€
which dle bd5ed on weigbts lor. ccrbon steel.
t wetght ol pipe per foot (pounds) = 10.6802(D-0
weight oI wqte! p€! Ioot (pou!ds) = 0.3405dt * scbedule nurBb€rg
square feel outside surface per toot 0.2618D
= Stoadcrd weight pipe dnd schedule 40 ale the sdtre j! dll sizeg
Bquore feet iDside surroce p€! loot = 0.26f8d
inBide qred (squdre inches) : 0.785d tbrcugh lo-indr; tlom l2-!rch lhrough 24-inct, Brdndord weight pipe
d!€d o( meldl (squdre idches) bds d wdll thiclcress ol %-i:rch.
moment oI irledid (inches.)
= 0.785(P-d?)
= 0.049r(D.-d.) Enro strolg weight pipe old schedule 80 ale the sdme in dll sires
thtough 8-inch; flom f-inch through 24-inch, extrq sttong weight
Bec{ior Dodulus (iDcbeBr) pipe hqs d wdu lbicktess of %-inch.

rddius ol gyrotioE (inches) Double extrq strorlg w€ight pitr€ hos no coresponding schedule
nueber.
1{- = qreq oI metol (aquore irches)
d = iNide dio'neter (idches) d: ANSI 836.10 sl6el pipe schedule lun$€rs
D : oulsid€ didmete! (inches) b: ANSI 036,10 st€el pip€ lomirql woll dickness designdtiod.
Fa = lodiu3 of gFatiotr (ircbes)
t = pipe woll thicloess (inches) c: ANSI 836.19 Btainless steel pif'e Bcbedule ruEbers

|to!rinql
aite gchedule lrcll ingide sq tt sq lt 1|'eight Etorled teclion rddiua
PrPe
thick- diqtn-
iasido rnetdl out!ide weight ol wdter
irside ol modu- qrrq-
outtide lurnbera p€r Il,
neaa, elet, surldce, sudqce, perll, ineliid, lua, tion,
didmeter,
c b i|r. in-
cq. i.. 3q. iD" pe! li perlt lbt ina in.3 i'r"
iD.

10s 0.049 0.307 0.0740 0.0s48 0.r06 0.0804 0.r86 0.032r 0.000€8 0.00437 0.t27r
% 40 std 40s 0.068 0.269 0.0568 0.0720 0.106 0.070s 0.215 0.0246 0.00r06 0.0052s 0.1215
0,405
80 80s 0.095 0.215 0.0364 0.0925 0.r06 0.0563 0.3r5 0.01s7 0.00122 0.00600 0.1146

l0s 0.065 0,410 0.1320 0.0970 0.r41 0.1073 0.330 0.0572 0.00279 0.0r032 0.16s4
% 40 std 40s 0.088 0.364 0.1041 0.1250 0.141 0.0s55 0.425 0.0451 0.00331 0.01230 0.1628
0.540
80 xs 80s 0.I19 0.302 0.0716 0.15t4 0.141 0.0794 0535 0.0310 0.00378 0.01395 0.154?

ss 0.065 0.?10 0.396 0.1582 0.220 0.1859 0.538 0.1716 0,0I197 0.0285 0.2150
7a r0s 0.065 0.545 0.2333 0.1245 0.177 0.1427 0.423 0.l0rr 0,00586 0.0173? 0.2169
0.675 40 srd 40s 0.091 0.493 0,1910 0.1670 0.L77 0.1295 0.568 0.0827 0.00?30 0.02160 0.2090
80 xs 8os 0.126 0-423 0.1405 o.2173 o.t77 0.1106 0,739 0.060s 0.00862 0.02554 0.1991

0.065 0,710 0.3959 0.1583 o.220 0.1859 0.s38 0.171 0.0I20 0.0285 0.27s0
r0s 0.083 0.674 0.357 0.rg-74 0.220 0,1765 0.671 0.1s47 0.01431 0.m4t 0.2692
% 40 ;;; 40s 0.109 0.622 0.304 0.2503 0.220 0.r628 0.851 0.13r6 0.01710 0.0407 0.2613
0440 s0 XS 80s 0.t47 0.516 0.2340 o.320 0.220 0.1433 r.oB8 0,1013 0.020r0 0.0478 0.2505
r60 0.187 0.466 0.1706 0.383 0.220 o.1220 1.304 0.0710 0.02213 0.0s27 0.2402
xt(s 0,294 a-252 0.lxs9 0.504 0.220 0.0660 1.714 0.0216 0.02425 0.0577 0.2t92
0.065 0.920 0.565 0.2011 0.215 0.2409 0,684 028A2 0.02{51 0.0467 0.349
l0s 0.083 0.884 0.614 0.2s21 0,275 0.23t4 0.8s7 0,2661 0,02970 0.0s66 0,343
t/ 40 J; 40s 0.113 0.424 0.533 0.333 0.275 0.2t57 1.t31 0.2301 0.0370 0.0706 0.334
,.050 80 xs 80s 0.154 0.742 0.432 0.435 o.215 0,1943 L,414 0.1875 0.0448 0.0853 0.321
0.218 0.614 0.2s6r 0.5r0 0.215 0.1607 1.937 o.1284 0.0527 0.1004 0.304
xxll 0.308 0.434 0.14?9 0.t18 o.275 0.1r3t 2-111 0.0541 0.0s79 0.1104 0,2840

5S 0.06s 1.I85 t.r03 0.2553 0.344 0.310 0.868 0.478 0.0500 0.0760 0.443
l0s 0.109 r.097 0.945 0.413 0.344 0-2872 1.404 0.409 0.0757 0.ll5l o,428
I 40 ;;; 40s 0.133 r.049 0.864 0.494 0.344 0.2746 1.679 0,374 0,0874 0,132s 0.421
t.3t5 80 80s 0.I79 0.957 0.719 0,839 0.344 0.2520 2.t72 0.31r 0.r056 0.1606 0.407
r60 0.250 0.8r5 0.s22 0.838 0.344 0.2r34 2.444 0.2261 0.1252 0.19m 0.387
xxs 0.358 0,599 0.2818 1.076 0.344 0.1570 3.659 o.t22t , 0.1105 o.zt37 0.361

0.065 1..530 1.839 0.s26 0.434 0,401 r.107 0.7s7 0.1038 0.1250 0.56{
r0s 0,109 t-442 1.633 u.531 0.434 0.378 1.805 0.1cl 0.1605 0.193{ 0.550
1% 10 s;; 40s 0.140 1.380 1.496 0.669 0.434 0.361 2.213 0.548 0.1948 0.2345 0.540
t.660 80 xs 8os 0.191 1.27A 1.283 0,88r 0.434 0.335 2.997 0.2418 0.29r3 0.524
t60 0,250 1.160 1,057 1.107 o.431 0.304 3.765 0.458 0.2839 0.342 0.506
xxs 0.382 0.896 0.631 t.534 0.434 0.2346 o.2132 0.341 0.411 0.472

t% 0.065 t-770 2-461 0.375 0.{97 0.463 1.214 1.067 0.1s80 0.1663 0.649
r.900 r0s 0.109 r.682 2.222 0.613 0.49? 0.{40 2.085 0.962 0.2469 0.259S 0.634

244
 GENERAL TABLES
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued)
noEircl
prpe 3ir( schedule *qit ingide aq It Eg lt weight momolll reclion rcdius
lulrber' thick- didlll- ilside rnetql
oulside inside
weight oI wcte!
outside oI rnodu. 9Yrs-
nea& perIt. per
dioEeter Burlcrce, audsce, It, inertio, lua, UoD"
b c aq. rn. sq. !n"
in. iD. irl. Frft per It ir!.3 iE,

10 srd 40s 0.145 1.610 2.036 0.799 0.49t 0,421 2-7tS 0.882 0.310 0.326 0.623
80 xs 80s 0.200 1.500 r.767 1.068 0.4s? 0.393 3,631 0.?65 0.391 0.412 0.605
rh 180 0.281 1.338 1.406 1.429 0.497 0.350 4.859 0.608 0.483 0.508 0.581
.1.@ xxs 0.400 1. r00 0.950 t.885 0.497 0.288 6,408 o.4t2 0.568 0.s98 0.549
0.525 0.850 0.567 2.247 0.49? 0.223 7.7 t0 0.246 0.6140 0.6470 0.5200
0,650 0.600 0.283 2.551 0.497 0.157 8.678 0.123 0.6340 0.6670 0.4980
0.065 2.245 0-472 0.622 0.588 1.604 0.315 0.2652 0.817
t0s 0.109 2.t57 0.776 0.622 0.565 2.638 1.582 0.499 0.420 0.802
;; srd 40s 0.15{ 2-067 3.35 l,075 0.822 0.5i1 3.653 r,455 0.666 0.56r o.787
2.375 80 xs 80s 0.218 1.939 2.953 t.411 0.622 0.508 5.022 1.280 0.868 0.73I 0.766
150 0,343 1.689 2.240 2.190 o.622 0.442 7.444 0.s7I 1.163 0.979 0,729
xxs 0,436 1.503 t.774 2.656 n-622 0.393 9.029 0.769 t.312 I.104 0.703
0,562 1.25I t.229 3.199 o.622 0.328 10.882 0.533 t.442 t.2r40 0.6710
0.687 1.00I 0.781 3.641 o.622 0.282 12.385 0.341 r.5r30, 12740 0.64t0
0.083 2.709 5.76 0.728 0.7s3 0.709 2.475 2.493 0.710 0.494 0.988
los 0.120 2.635 1,03S 0.753 0.690 3.531 2.36t 0.988 0.68? 0.975
;; ;; {0s 0.203 2.469 4.79 t.704 0.753 0.646 5.793 2.076 1.530 1.064 0.947
2% 80 t(s 80s 0.276 2.323 4.24 2.254 0.753 0.608 1.837 1.925 1.339 o.921
2.875 160 0.375 2.t25
':'- 3.55 2.915 0.753 0.556 10.0t 2.353 0.894
xrs 0,552 1.171 2.464 4.03 0.753 0,464 13.70 r.067 2.872 1.998 0.8{4
0.675 1.525 1.826 4.663 0,753 0.399 15.860 o.192 3.0890 2.1490 0.8140
0.800 t.275 t,276 5.2t2 0.753 0.334 17.129 0.554 3.2250 2.2430 0.7860
0.083 3.334 8.73 0.89r 0,916 0.873 3.03 3.78 I.301 0.714 1,208
10s 0.120 3,260 8.35 t.274 0.916 0.853 4.33 3.61 t-822 1.041
;; -.. 40s 0.216 3.068 7.39 2.224 0.916 0.803 7.58 3.20 3.02 t-724 1.164
3 80 xs 80s 0.300 2.900 3.02 0.s16 0.759 10.25 2.864 3.90 2.226 1.136
3.500 t60 0.437 5,42 4.21 0.9I6 0.687 t4.32 2,345 s.03 2.A78 1.09{
xxs 0.600 2.300 4.15 5.{7 0.916 0.502 18.58 1.80r 5.99 3.4S 1.047
0.725 2.050 3.299 6.317 0.916 0.537 2t.487 1,431 6.S010 3.7ts0 1.0140
0.850 1.800 2.543 7.073 0.916 0-471 24.057 1.103 6.8530 3.9160 0.9840
0.083 3.834 1.021 1.047 1.004 3.47 5.01 1.960 0.980 r.385
3h l0s o-t20 3.760 I l.l0 1.463 1.04t 0.984 4.91 4.81 2,756 1.378 1.372
4n 40 tii {0s 0-226 3.548 9.89 2.680 1.04, 0.929 Lll 4.25 4.19 2.394 1.337
80 r<s 80s 0.318 3.36d 8.89 3.68 t.047 0.881 12.51 3.85 6.28 3.14 1.307
ns 0.636 2.728 5.845 6-721 1,047 0.715 22.850 2.530 s.8480 4.9240 1.2100
0,083 4.334 14.?5 1.152 1.178 r.t35 3.92 6.40 2.81t 1.249 1,562
l0s 0.120 4.260 t4-25 1.651 1.178 1.115 6.17 3.96 t.762 1.549
0.t88 4.124 13.357 2.547 1.178 1.082 8.560 5.800 5.8500 2.600! 1,5250
;; 40s 0.237 4.026 12.73 3)1 1.178 1.054 10,79 1.29 3.2I 1.510
1 80 80s 0.337 3.826 I1.50 4,41 1.t78 1.002 14.98 4.98 9.61 4.21 t.477
4'Jco 120 0.437 3.626 r033 r.178 0.949 r8.96 1.45 11,55 5.18 r.445
0.s00 3.500 9.621 6.283 1.178 0.915 21.360 4.160 12.71t0 5.6760 r.4250
r80 0.531 3.438 9.28 6.62 t.r78 0.900 22.51 4.02 t3-27 1.416
ro(s 0.671 7.80 8.10 1.178 0.825 27.54 3.38 15.29 6.79 1.374
0.800 2.900 6.602 9.294 1.178 0.759 31.613 2.464 16.6610 7.4050 r.$80
0.s2s 2.650 5.5I3 r0.384 t.t78 0.694 353r8 2.3S1 17.7130 7.8720 1.3060
5S 0.10€ 5,345 22.14 r.868 1.456 1.399 6.35 9.73 6,95 2,498
r0s 0.134 5.295 22.02 2.255 1.456 1.386 7.?7 9.53 8.43 3.03 r.920
;; ;;; 40s 0.258 5.047 20.01 4.30 l.{56 1.321 t4.62 15.17 r.878
80 xs t:: 0.375 4.813 I8.19 6.ll 1.456 1,260 20.18 7.89 20.68 7.43 1.839
5.56' t20 0.500 4.563 16.35 7.95 1.456 l.l9s 27.04 7.09 z5-71 9.25 1.799
0.62S 4.313 14.6t 9.70 1.456 1.129 32.95 l.?60
':o r;; 0.750 4.063 t2.91 11.34 1.456 r.064 38.55 5.62
30.0
33.6
10.80
t2.r0 1.722
0.875 3.813 ll.4t3 12.880 1.456 0.998 43.810 4.951 36.64s0 r3.1750
1.000 3.563 9.966 14.328 1.455 0.933 47,134 4.232 39.lll0 14,0610 1.5520
 ITT CiIiINNIII,I, PIPINCI DESI(I\ AND ]iJNGIN]'I'ITIN('
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued)

pipe siz€ gchedule wdll inside sq It sq It weigrht radiua

thick- didm- inside rbet(rl
outside inside weisht ol modu- qYra-
p€r It, per Ii,
sudcrc inertio, Ius, lion,
sq. rn. sq. llr.
pe! Il per lt lbt tb irl"a in.3
b
0.109 6.407 32.2 2.231 t.734 t.677 5.37 r3.s8 u.85 3.58 2_304
IOS 0.134 6.357 3t.'1 2.733 1.734 1.664 9.29 13.74 14.40 4.35 2.255
0.219 6.187 30.100 4.410 1.734 1.620 rs.020 r3.100 22.6600 6.8400 2.2700
40 st; 40s 0.280 6.065 28.89 5.58 L734 1.s88 18.97 12.5r 2A.V 8.s0 2.245
6 80 xs 80s 0.432 5.761 26.0'7 8.40 r-734 I.508 28.57 11.29 40.5 12.23 2.195
t20 0.562 5.501 23.',|',| 10.70 t.734 1.440 36.39 r0.30 49.6 14.98 2.153
160 0.718 5.189 21,I5 r3.33 t.?34 1.358 45.30 9.16 59.0 17.81 2,104
xxs 0.864 4.897 18.83 15.64 1.734 1.282 53.r6 8.17 66.3 20.03 2.060
1.000 4.625 16.792 t7.662 t.734 l.2ll 60.076 7.284 72.1190 21.7720 2.0200
1.125 4.375 15.025 19.429 t.734 1.t45 66.084 76.5970 23.t244 r.98s0
0.I0s 8.48',7 55.5 2.916 2.258 2.201 9.91 24.07 26.45 6.13 3.01
10s 0.14s 8.329 54.5 3.94 2.258 2.180 13.40 23.59 35.4 8.21 3.00
0.219 8.r87 s2.630 5.800 2.258 2.Is0 rs.640 22.900 51.3200 11.9000 2.S700
I 20 0.250 8.12s 51.8 6.58 2.258 2.t27 22.38 22.48 s7.7 I3.39 2.962
8.625 30 0,27',| 8.071 51.2 2.258 2.u3 24.70 22.t8 63.4 14.69 2.953
40 ;;; 4;; 0-322 7.981 50.0 8.40 2.258 2.089 28.55 21.69 72.5 t6.8I 2.938
60 0.406 7.813 47.9 r0.48 2.258 2.045 35.64 20.79 88.8 20.58 2.909
80 80s 0.500 7.625 12.78 2.258 L996 43.39 I9.80 105.7 24.52 2.874

100 0.593 7.439 43.5 I4.96 2.258 1.948 s0.87 18.84 tzt,4 25.t4 2.847
I20 0.718 7.I89 40.6 17.84 2.255 I.882 17.60 140.6 32.6 2.807
I 140 0,812 7.001 38.5 I9.93 2.258 I.833 I6.69 Is3.8 35,7 2.777
8.625 160 0.906 6.8I3 36.5 2r,97 2.258 1.784 74.69 15.80 38.5 2.748
1.000 6.625 34.454 23.942 2.258 t.734 81.431 14.945 177.t320 4r-0740 2.7r90
Ll25 6.375 31.903 26.494 2.258 1.66S 90.114 13.s38 190.8210 44.2020 2.68t0

5S 0.r34 10.482 86.3 4.52 2.8rs 2-744 15.15 3',7.4 63.7 I I.85 3.75
l0s r0.420 85.3 5.49 2.815 2.728 I8.70 36.9 76.9 14,30 3.74
0.219 10.312 83.52 1.24 2.8I5 2.10 24.63 36.2 r00.46 18.69 3.72
20 0.250 10.250 82.5 8.26 2.8I5 2.683 28.O4 35.8 113.7 21.16 3,7r
2s.57 3.59
30
40
60
iixs 4;;
80s
0.307
0.365
0.500
10.136
r0.020
9.750
80.7
78.9
74.7
10.07
r I.9l
I6.10
2.8I5
2.815
2.8r5
2.654
2.623
2.553
34.24
40.48
s4.74
35.0
34.I
32.3
137.S
I60.8
2t2,0
29.90
39.4
IO
10.750 s0 0.s93 9.564 71.8 18,S2 2.8r5 2.504 64.33 31.1 244-S 45.6 3.60
100 0.718 9.314 68.1 22,63 2.815 2.438 29.5 246.2 53.2 3.56
120 0.843 9.064 64.5 26,24 2.8r5 2.313 89.20 28.0 324 60.3 3.52
0.875 9.000 63.62 27.t4 2.815 2.36 92.28 27.6 333.46 62.04 3.50
140 1.000 8.750 60.r 30.6 2.815 2.391 104.r3 26.1 68.4 3.47
160 r.125 8.500 56.7 34.0 2.81S 2.225 u5.65 24-6 399 74.3 3.43
r.250 8.250 53.45 37.31 2.81S 2.18 126.82 23.2 42A.r7 79.66 3.39
1.500 7;150 47.15 43-51 2.8I5 2.03 r48.I9 20.5 478.59 89.04 3.31

0.156 12.438 tzt.4 6.17 3.34 3.26 20.99 52.7 122.2 I9.20 4.45
10s 0.180 12.390 120.6 1.tl 3.34 3.24 24.20 52.2 140.5 22.V3 4.44
;i 0.250 12-250 1r7.9 9.S4 3.34 3.21 33.38 sl.l 191.9 30.1 4.42
4.39
30 0.330 I2.090 1I4.8 I2.88 3.34 3.17 43.71 45.7 248.3 39.0
;; 0.375 r2.000 113.1 14.58 3.34 3.14 49.56 49.0 279-3 43.8 4.38
40 0.406 11.938 ul.9 ts.74 3.34 3.I3 s3.53 48.5 300 47.1 4.37
-s 80s 0.500 1r.750 I08.4 l9-24 3.34 3.08 65.42 47.0 362 s6.7 4.33
io 0.562 11.626 106.2 2r.52 3.34 3.04 73.I6 46.0 401 62.8 4.31
t2,750 80 0.687 r1.376 t0I.6 26-O4 3.34 2.9'18 88.5I 44.O 74.5 4-27
0.750 I1.250 99.40 28.27 3.34 2.94 96.2 43.1 510.7 80.1 4.25
100 0.843 11.064 96.1 3r.5 3.34 2.A97 07.20 4I.6 562 88.1 4.22
0.875 11.000 95.00 32.64 3.34 2.88 10.9 41.i 578.5 90.7 4.21
r20 t.000 10.750 90.8 36.9 3.34 2.4t4 25.49 39.3 642 I00.7 4.t7
t40 I.t25 10.500 86.6 4l,r 3.34 2.749 39.68 37.5 70r 109.9 4.13
1.250 10.250 82.50 45.16 3.34 2.68 35.8 755.5 118.5 4.09
160 1.312 10.126 80.s 47.1 3.34 2.651 34.9 781 t22.6 4.07
 GENERAL TABLES
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued)

nonbol
FiF aize Bcbedule wqll ibsid€ :q lt 6q fl weight moEr€al
itrside !n€tql weight 6ection tqdius
outsr'de rluErbsrt lhick- dicm- outeide inaide ol wqter ot
p€! Il. nrodu- 9yro-
eter, audqce, audcce prer It, in6rtia,
sq. iIt. aq. iD" tbt lu& Uo|1,
in. b c in. tE" p€r lt p€rlt ID in.a in.3 ItL
0,156 r3.688 r47.20 6.78 3.58 23.0 63.7 r62.6 23.2 4.90
r0s 0.188 13.624 r45.80 8.t6 3,67 3.S7 27.7 m.r 194.6 27.8 4.88
0.2r0 13.580 144,80 9.10 3.67 30,9 62.8 2t6,2 30,9 4.87
0.219 13.562 144.50 9.48 3.67 32.2 225.1 32,2 4,87
l0 0.250 13.500 I43.1 10.80 3.53 36.71 62.1 36.5 4,86
0.281 13.438 141.80 l2.ll 3-52 4t.2 61.5 285-2 40.,1 4.85
2n 0.312 13.376 140.5 13,42 3.67 3,50 45.68 60.9 314 44.9 4.81
0.344 13.312 139.20 14.76 3.67 3.48
l4 ;; ;;; 0.375 13.250 r37.9 r6.05 3.67 3-47
50.2
54.57
60.3
59.t
344.3 4S-2 4.83
14.@0 40 373 53.3 4.82
0.437 t3,126 135.3 18.62 3.67 3.44 63,37 58.7 429 6t.2 4,80
0.469
i; 0.500
13.062
r3,000
134.00
132.7
19.94
2t.21
3.57
3.67
3-42
3.40
67.8 58.0 456.8 65.3 4.79
;; 0,593 t2.814 129.0 24.98 3.35
72.09
84.91
484 69.1 4.?8
562 80.3 4.7 4
0.625 12.750 tzr.7 26.26 3.34 89,28 55.3 589 s4.1 4.73
80 0.750 12.s00 t22-7 31.2 3.67 3.27 106.13 53.2 687
100 98.2 4.69
0.937 12,12A 3.57 3.17 130.73 50.0 825 117.8 4,63
120 1.093 ll,8l4 109.6 44.3 3.67 3,09 r50.67 47.5
r40 930 132.8 4.58
1,250 11.500 103.9 50.1 3.67 3.0I t70,22 45.0 tt21 146.8 4.53
160 1.406 ll.l88 98.s 2.929 r89.t2 42.6 l0l7 159.6 1.48
0.16s t5.570 192.90 8-21 4.19 4.10 28 257 32.2 5.60
l0s 0.188 15.624 191.70 9,34 4,19
i; 0.250 15.s00 188.7 12,37 4.19
4.09
4.06
32
42.05
83.0
81.8
292 36,5
20 384 48.0 5.57
0.312 15,376 t85.7 15.98 4.I9
30 ;; 0.375 15.250 182.5 18.41 4.19
4.03
3.9S
52.36
64s8
80.s
79.r
473
562
59.2
t6 40 xs 0.500 15.000 t78.7
70.3 5.53
24.35 4.19 3.93 82,77 732
r6.0@ 60. 0.656 r4.688
91.5 5,48
169.4 31.6 4.19 3,85 107.50 73.4 933 116.6 5.43
80 '.0.843 r4.3ll. 160.9 40.r 4.19 3.75 136.46 69.7 ll57
r00 1.031 144.6 5.37
13.938 r52.6 48.5 4.19 3.65 164,83 r365 170.6 5.30
120 1.2t8 13.564 144.5 s6,6 4.19 t92,29
r40 62.6 194.5 5.24
1-437 13.126 135.3 65.? 4.19 3.44 223.64 58.6 I760 220.0
160 5,17
12.814 129.0 '12.1 4.19 3.35 245.11 1894 5.12
5S 0.165 t7.670 245.20
l0s 0.188 r? -624 243.90
9.24 4.71 4.63 l3l
t^^
106.2 368 40.8 6.31
r0.52 4.71
;; 0.2s0 t7.500 240.3 13,94 4.71
4.61
4.58
105.7 4t7 46.4 6.30
20 47,39 104.3 549 61.0 6.28
0.312 t7,376 237.l 17.34
^'. 0.375 17.250 233.7
4.71 4.55 59.03 I02.8 678
20,76 4,71 4.52 ?0.59 101.2
l8 30 0.437 t7.t26
807 89,6 6,23
230.4 24.t\ 4.71 4.48 82.06 99.9 93I
xs 103.4 6.21
0.500 17.00 227.0 27.49 1,71 4.15 93.45 98.4
)8.000 io 0.562 16.876
1053 117,0
60
223,7 30.8 4.7 | 4-42 104.75 97.0 1172 t30.2
0.750 16.500 2I3.8 40.6 4-7r 4-32 138.U 92,7
80 0.937 16.r26
168.3 6.I0
204,2 50.2 4-7r 4.22 r70.75
r00 88.5 1834 203.8 5.04
r.r56 r5.688 193.3 61.2
t20
4.7 L 4.1I 207.95 83.7 2I80 242.2 5.97
1.375 15.250 182.6 71.8 4.71 3.99 244.t4 79.2 2459
140 1.s62 14,876 27?.6 5.90
173.S 80,7 4.71 3.89 274,23
160 75.3 2750 306 5.84
1.781 r4.438 163.7 90.7 4.7 | s.78 308.51 71.0 3020 336 5.77
0.188 | t9.634 1302.40 1I.70 5.24 | s.l4 40 131.0 s74
l0s 0.218 | re.s64 J300.60 57.4 7.00
s.24 | s.rz
| lg.soo j 2ss.6
l0 46 t30,2
;.. 0.2s0 15.51 5.24 | 5.11
6.99
20 52.73 129.5 757
0.37s I l9.2so | 2sr.o 23,t2 s.24 J 5.04
75,7
20 30 xs 0.s00 7S.60 126I) I l14 lll.4 6.94
20.000 40
| le.0o0 | 283.s 30.6 s.24 | 4.97 104.13 122,A 1457
0.s93 | rs.sr4 | 27s.0 36.2 s.24 J 4.93 122.91 120.4 1704
145.7 6.90
60 0.sr2 J 18.376 I 26s.2 48.9 s.24 14.8r
1?0.4
I66.40 225?
0.87s | 18.2s0 | 26r.6 52.6 s.24 4.78
225.1 6.79

s.24 || 4.t0
s0 r78.73 1t3.4 2409
1.031 I 17.s38 I 2s2.? 61.4
240.S 6.77
r00 108.87 109.4
r.281 | 17.438 | 23S.8 5.24
2772 277 -2 6;12
75.3 | 4.S7 ls6,l0 103.4 3320 332 6.63
 ITT GRINNELI, PIPING DI'SI(iN ANI) I,]N(iI\I'IITING
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued)

nonrinal
achedule wall inside rq It sq It weight ilotnent rqdius
pip6 siz€ inside rnetdl weiEht
aumber' thicL- dicm- oubide ingide ol 9Yrci-
oulstde per tt, ' Uo!,
neaa, etet, aud(ice, sUdOCe, per lt, inertid, lur,
in.
aq !n" aq in. pe! ll per lt tbf iu-. in.
i!. b

120 1.500 17.000 227.0 87.2 5.24 4.45 296.3? 98.3 3760 376 6.56
20 4.32 341.10 92.6 4220 422 6.48
140 I.750 r6.500 2I3,8 100.3 5.24
20.000 III,5 s.24 4,21 379,01 87.S 4590 45S 6.41
1.968 16.064 202.7

0.I88 2t.624 367.3 12.8S 5.76 5.66 44 rs9.1 69.7 7.71

l0s 0.218 2r.564 365.2 I4.92 158.2 885 80,4 7.70
i; 0.250 2I.500 363.1 I?.18 s.63 58 157.4 r0l0 9t.8 7.69
20 ;i; 0.375 21.250 3s4.7 25.48 5.76 81 153.7 1490 I35.{ 7,65
30 xs 0.500 21.000 346.4 33.77 5.76 5.50 150.2 I953 t?7.5 7.61
0.625 20.750 338.2 41.s7 5.43 143 146.6 2400 2t8.2 7.56
22 0.750 20.500 330.1 50.07 5.76 5.37 170 143.1 2829 257.2 7.52
22.000 60 0,875 20.250 322.r 58.07 5.76 5.30 197 139.6 3245 295.0 7.47
80 I.125 19.750 306.4 73.74 5.17 251 t32.8 4029 7.39
100 IS.250 291.0 89.09 5.04 303 126.2 4758 432.8 7.31
r20 1.625 18.750 276.r 104.02 5.76 4.9I 354 119.6 5432 493.8 7.23
140 1.875 t8.250 261.6 tI8.55 5.76 4.78 403 113.3 60s4 550.3 ?.ls
160 2.t25 I7.750 247.4 132.68 5.76 4.65 451 t07.2 602.4 7,07

IO 0.250 23.500 434 18.65 6.25 63.41 188.0 l3l6 109.6 8.40
20 std 0.375 23.2s0 425 27.83 6.28 6.09 94.62 r83.8 l9{3 161.9 8.35
xs 0.500 23.000 415 36.9 6.28 6.02 125.4S 180.1 2550 8.31
30 0.562 22.876 4ll 41.4 6.28 I40.80 l7s.I 2840 237.0 8.29
0.52s 22.750 406 45.9 6.28 5.95 I56.03 tl8.2 3140 26t.4 8.27
40 0.687 22.626 402 s0.3 6.28 5.92 I7I.l7 t74.3 3420 285,2 8.25
0.750 22.500 398 54.8 6.28 5.89 186,2d t72,4 37r0 309 8.22
;: 0.218 23.56{ 436.1 16.29 6.28 188.9 It52 96.0 8.41
0.875 22.250 388.6 63.54 6.28 5.83 216 168.6 42S6 354.7 8.18
24.000
60 0.968 22.084 382 70.0 8.28 5.78 238.11 165.8 4650 388 8.15
80 r.218 21.564 365 s7.2 8.28 5,65 296.36 158.3 5670 413 8.07
100 1.53r 20.938 344 t08.1 6.28 5.48 367.40 I49.3 68S0 571 7.96
120 1.812 20.376 326 126.3 6.28 5.33 429.39 141.4 7S30 652 1.47
I40 2-062 19.876 310 142.1 6.28 5.20 183.13 134.5 8630 719 7,19
160 2-343 19.314 293 159,4 6.28 5.06 541.94 t2'L0 9460 788 7.70

0.250 25.500 510.7 I9.85 6.81 6.68 67 221.4 1646 126.6 9.10
IO 0.3t2 25.376 505.8 25.18 6.8I 6.64 86 2t9.2 2016 159.7 9.08

;i; 0.375 25.250 500.7 30.19 6.81 6.61 103 211.1 2478 190,6
250.7
9.06
9.02
20 0.500 25.000 490.9 40.06 6.81 6,54 136 2t2.4 32SS
26 6.8I 6.48 r69 208.6 4013 308.7 8.98
0.62S 24.150 481.I 49.82
28.N0 24.500 47t.4 59,49 6.8I 5.41 202 204.4 47 44 364.9 8.S3
0.750
461.9 69.07 6.81 5,35 235 200,2 5458 419.9 8.89
0.875 24.250
78.54 6,8r 6.28 267 1S6.1 6149 473.0 8,85
L000 24.000 452.4
443.0 87.91 6.81 6.22 299 r92.1 6813 524.1 8.80
I.125 23.750

27.500 594.0 21.80 7.33 7.20 74 257.3 2098 149.8 9.8I

0.250
27.t4 7,3s 1.t7 s2 255.0 2601 185,8 9.79
l0 0.312 27.316 588.6
std 0.375 27.250 32.54 7.33 7.13 tIl 252.6 3105 22t.8 9.77
2?.000 43.20 7.33 7.07 t47 244.0 4085 2S1.8 9.12
20 XS 0.500 572.8
2A 562.0 53.75 7.00 183 243.4 5038 359.8 9.68
30 0.625 26.750
28.000 64.21 7.33 6.94 2t8 238.9 5964 426.0 s.64
0.750 26.500
74.56 6.87 253 234.4 6865 490.3 9.60
0.875 26.250 541.2
530,9 84.e2 7.33 6.8r 288 230,0 7140 552.8 9.5S
r.000 26.000
94.98 7.33 6.71 323 8590 613.6 9.51
1.125 25.750 520.8

683.4 23.37 7.8S 7.72 79 2S6.3 2s85 172.3

0.250 29.500
7.85 7.69 99 293,7 3201 213.4 10.50
l0 l0s 0.312 29,376 671-8 29.19
30 7.85 lI9 291.2 3823 254,8 10.48
std 0.375 29.250 672.0 34.90
30.000 7.85 7.59 158 2A8.2 5033 335.5 t0.43
20 xs 0.500 29.000 650.5 46,34
0.625 28.750 649-2 57.68 7.85 7.53 196 281.3 62r3 414,2 10.39
30
 GDNEIt,\I, IfAI]LES
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued)

woll inside sqn weight

pipe size inside
lhick- inside
per Il. 9vrd'
in, in. sq. in. sq. in.
per Il rbf lb in.l
b in.
40 0.750 28.s00 637.9 68 92 7.85 234 737l 491.4 I0.34
30 0.87s 28.250 620.7 80.06 7.85 7.39 272 211.B 8494 566.2 'I0.30
30.000 1.000 28.000 615.7 91.11 7.85 7.33 3t0 267.0 s5s1 639.4 10.26
].l25 27 .7 SA 604.7 102.05 7.85 7.26 347 262.2 10653 7t0.2 ta.22

0.250 3 t.500 779.2 24.93 8.38 8.25 85 337.8 196.3 t r.22

l0 0.312 3 r.376 '7?3.2 31.42 8.38 8.2r t06 335.2 38St 243.2 11.20
Srd 0.37s 31.250 766.9 8.38 Li8 12'7 332.5 4656 2S 1.0 1 1.18
2A xs 0.500 31.000 7 54.7 4S.48 L38 8.ll 168 327.2 6140 383.8 n.14
32 30 0.625 30.750 742.s 61.59 8.38 8.05 20s 32].9 7 578 473.6 I1.09
32.0AA 40 0.688 30.624 736.6 67.68 8.38 LO2 230 3I S.0 8298 518.6 I1.07
0.750 30.500 730.5 73.63 8.38 7.38 250 316.7 8990 561.9 I L05
0.875 30.250 7t8.3 85.52 8.38 7.92 291 10372 648_2 l t.0l
i.000 30.000 706.8 97.38 8.38 7.85 331 306.4 u680 730.0 10.95
1.125 29.750 10s.0 8.38 7.',/9 371 301.3 13023 814.0 10.92

0.250 33.500 88t.2 26.50 8.S0 8.77 90 s82.0 3773 22t.9 I1.93
l0 0.312 33.376 874.9 32.9S 8.90 4.74 u2 379.3 4680 2',15.3 lLst
srd 0.37s 33.250 867.8 39.61 LS0 8.70 135 376.2 ss97 329.2 l1.89
20 XS 0.500 33.000 855.3 52.82 8.S0 8.64 179 370.8 7385 434.4 It.85
34 30 0.625 32.750 841.9 65.53 8.90 8.57 223 365.0 9t24 536.7 I1.80
34.000 40 0.688 32.624 835.9 72.00 L90 8.54 245 362.1 9992 587.8 I1.78
0.750 32.500 829.3 78.34 8.90 8.51 266 10829 637.0 I1.76
0.875 32.2s0 816.4 9 t.0I 8.90 8.44 310 354.I 1250I rL12
L000 32.000 804.2 103.67 8.S0 8.38 353 s48.6 141t4 830.2 11.67
1.125 31.750 79t.3 lr 6.t3 8.90 8.3r 39S 343.2 I5719 924.7 1t.63
0.250 3s.500 989.7 2g.Il 9.42 9.2S s6 429.1 4491 249.5 t2.64
l0 0.3I2 35.376 s82.9 34.35 9.42 s.28 119 426.1 556s 30s.r
std 0.375 35.250 s75.8 42.41 L42 9.23 143 423.I 6664 314.2 12.59
20 xs 0.500 35.000 s62.1 55.76 9.42 9.I6 IS0 4t7.1 8785 488.I 12.55
30 0.625 34.750 948.3 69.s0 9.42 Ll0
36.000 236 411.1 10a72 604_0 12.51
40 0.750 34.500 934.7 83.01 3.42 9.03 282 405.3 I28S8 716.5 12.46
0.875 34.250 920.6 96.50 9.42 L97 328 399.4 14903 827.9 12.42
1.000 34.000 907.9 109.96 9.42 8.90 3?4 3S3.6 1685t 936.2 12.38
L I25 33.750 894.2 123.19 9.42 8.89 4ts 387.9 18763 t442.4 t2.34

0.250 41.500 1352.6 32.A2 t0.s9 10.86 rt2 586.4 t26

7 339.3 14.73
srd 0.375 4l.250 1336.3 49.08 10.99 10.80 i67 57S.3 t4627 506.1 14.71
20 xs 0.500 41.000 1320.2 65.18 r0.99 10.73 222 s72.3 t4037 668.4 14.57
42 30 0.625 40.750 I304.1 81.28 I0.99 10.6? 276 565.4 t'7373 827.3 I4.62
42.000 40 0.750 40.500 r2aa.2 97.23 10.s9 10.60 330 558.4 20689 985.2 14.59
1.000 40.000 1256.6 128.81 10.99 to.47 438 544.8 27080 t28S.5 I4.50
1.250 39.500 t225.3 160.03 I0.99 I0.34 544 531.2 33233 t582.5 t4.41
1.500 39.000 I194.5 190.85 10.99 10.2I 649 517.9 39181 186s.7 I4.33
 INDEX

Page
A Page

Absolute Viscosity. 68 Carbon Monoxide, Ftoperties of. . -.... 231

Acids, hoperties of 231 Ce<lar Timber, hopedies .of. ........231
Air, Properties of. 231 Center of Gravity 46
Air Requirements for Combustion of Fuels ....... 207 Center of Gmvity of Bends . . ........ 158
Air, Weight of . Center of Gravity of Elbows . ........ 158
Alcoho1, hoperties of ..... 231 Centigrade, Conversion to Degrees Fabrenheit. . . . . . 233
Allowable Stress Range. 4\ Centroid. ... 17,46
Alloy"Steel Stud Bolt Dimensions. 122 Chains and Ropes, Safe Ioads for. . . 211215
Aluminum, Properties of. . . . 231 Charcoal, Propefties of . . . . . ........231
American National Wood Screws 209 Chemical Content of Steels . . ........102
A.P.I.-A.S.M.E. Unfired hessureVessel Code . . . . . . viii Chemical Resistance of Piping Materials. . . . . . . . . . 107
American Soew Threads, Tap Drill Sizes . . .. .. .. . 210 Chestnut Timber, Properties of ........231
A.S.M.E.BoilerCode. . . . . . viii Chlorofom, Properties of .... .......231
AN.SJ. Pipe Threacls, Tap Drills for . 209 Circle Bend 39
A.S.T.M. Chemical Requtuements . 102 Circles. Areas and Circumferences of. ........... 216
American Standard Straight Thrcads . 225 Circumferences of Circles . . . ........216
Anerican Standad Taper Threacls 224 Circumferential Stress ..... 3
American Wire Gauge. . . . . . 208 Coke" Properties of .......231
Ammonia, Properties of . . . . Code RequLements ....... viii
Anchor Forces 5 Cold Springing .......... 5

Anlhracite,Prcperties of. . . . 231 Columns, Pipe, Safe toads ... .......223

Arc, Length of, for Radius I . . . 145 Combination Insulation . . . . . .... l'73-19'7
Commercial Split-Type Backing Rings. . . . . . ... .. 141
.

Area of Circles 216

Ash Timber, Properties of . . . . Comrnon Shape Comparison . 18
Common Shapes ......5,1732
B 90o Tum. 20
Hooked Z Shape 20
Backing Rings. .., 137,141'142 Z Shape. . 2l
Bolting Materials. '....... 105 U Shape - Equal Tangents 22
Beam Dimensions """" 204
Bending, Minirnum Tangents . . . .....- 132 U Shape - Tangent s. "\= z 23
Bending Moments . . 4,18,52,54 122
Bending, Radii .......'..132 f
U Shape - Tangentr. r'-t= 3 24
Bending Stress ... 3,4,5,52,54 I!"
Bending Stress in Empty Pipe ...'....200 U Shape - Tangenh. +: 4 25
Bending Stress in Water Filled Pipe . , . . . 202
Bends, Pipe - Calculation of. ........lM ... 26
Bends, Stanclard Pipe . . . . . . ,.'.....143 Ushape - Single Tangent.
l*gs. . ..
.

27
Birch Timber, hoperties of . . .....,..231 U Shape - Unequal
U Shape - Equal Legs ...... 28
Birmingham Wire Guage ....208 U Shape - Modified 28
Bituminous, Propedies of . . . ........231 Two Plane U Shape 29
Branch Connections, Typical Details. .. .. . .. . 139,140 Two Plane U Shape with Tangents. 30
Brass, Properties of ...'...231 -
Three Dimensional90o Turns .
Brick, hoperties of .......231 Concrete,Propertiesof. . . . 231
Brinnell Hardness .. .....230 Constant Support Hangels. . .
.
t62
British Standard Taper Threads .......226 Consumable lnsert Ring 142
B.T.U. Content of Fuels . . . . ........207 Conversion Factors 238
Bronze,Propertiesof ...... ...... -. 231 ConYersion Factofi, Flow of Steam. 76
Brown & Sharpe Wire Guage .. ...,...2O8 Copper,hopertiesof .. .... .
Butt Welding End Prepantion . ....'.. 135 Copper Tube Discharge Rates, Equalization of . . . . . 222
Butt Welding Ends. .......137 Cork, hoperties of 231
Correction Factor for Stresses . 168
c Corrcsion, 107
.
Calcium Silcate Insulation . . .... 173-L97 Cosine Functions of Angles. . 228
Calculation of Pipe Bends.... .......144 Cotangent Functions of Angles 228
of
Carbon Dioxide. Properties ,.......231 CraneChainand RoDe . . . . . 211

250
 Page Page

Cylindrical Tanks, Horizontal, Gauging . . . . . . . . . . 219 Flow of Waler. ,..... 68,69,70

Cypress Timber, Properties of ........231 Force applied at llanger . . . . . . ...,..205
Coal ard Coke, Properties of . .,...... 231 Fuels, Air Requirements for Combustion of .... .. , 2Q7
Fuels, B.T,U. Content . . , .. ...,....207
D Functions of Angles, Natural. .......,228
Darcy Equation Flow of
- Fluids. 68
G
Decimal Equivalents. : . . . . . ........236
Decimals of a Foot .... 199,236 Gas, High Pressure in Standarcl Pipe . . 69 ,79
DeflectionofEmptyPipe... ........ 200 Gas, Illuminating, Propefties of . ....., 231
Deflections. .... 151 Gas, Low Pressure in Standard Pipe. .. 69,77
Design of Expansion Bends . . 34 Gas, Natural, Properties of .. ....,... 231
Design of Pipe Hangers . . . . . ......,.149 Gases, Properties of .......231
Discharge Rates, Equalization of ......222 Gasket Materials .......... 106
Double Offset Expansion Bend 38 Gaskets - Ring Joint ,.-.,.124
Drill Sizes ..209,210 Gasoline, Properties of . . . . . . ...,.,,231
Drills, Tap, for A.S.A. Pipe Threads -.. . 2O9 Gauging Hodzontal Cylindrical Tadcs .........,. 219
Gauges, Wires and Sheet Metal. .,....,208
E General Tables .,,,......206
Glass, hoperties of .,,....231
Earth, hoperties of 231 Granite, Properties of. . . .. .. ....... 231
End heparation for Welding . . 135 Grooves - Ring Joint ...124,L25
Engagement. Normal Pipe Thread . 226
Equalizationof Discharge Rates. . . . . ; 222 H
Equivalent Length of Copper Fittings
Equivalent Length of Wrought Steel Fittings. . . . . . . 68 Hangers and Supports. .
.... .,.,,...149
Etler , Properties of 231 Ilanger Design Service ..... .,......171
Expansion and Stresses. , 167 Hanger I-oad Calculations . . . ,.,,....156
Expansion Bends. 34 IlangerSelection. ........162
Expansion Bends. 34 Halger Spans ...........150
Double Offset . 38 Hanger Weight Balance Calculations .... 156
Circle Bend 39 Hardnes Comparison. . . . . . .,....,.230
Expansion U Bend . 40 Heat Loss from Pipes - . . . . . . . . , , . . . 207
Expansion U Bend -Tangents=2ft. 1l Heat Transfer Through Pipe. . . 80
Expalsion U Bend Tangents = R.
- 42 Hickory Timber, hoperties of . ..,....231
Hooked lZ" Shape 20
Expansion U Bencl -
Tangents = 2R .
Expansion U Bend Tangents = 4R .
43
Hoop Stress
- 44
of . . . . ........231
Double Offset U Bend ..... 45 Hydrogen, Properties
Expansion Factor 11
Extra Improved Plow Steel Wfue Rope. ... .... ... I
Extruded Nozzles 139 Improved Plow Steel Wire Rope. .,..., 212
Inside Area of Pipe . , 1t,12,244
F Insulation, Weight Factors. . . ........ L99
Falrenheit, Conversion to Degees Centigfade. . . . . . 233 Iron, hoperties of. ....... 231
Fa fng Equation - Flow of Fluiils 68
Fir, Douglas Spruce, Timber,hoperties of . . . . . . . . K
Fir, Eastern, Timber, Properties of 231 Kerosene, hoperties of. . . . . ........231
Fitting Materials 104 Kinematic Viscosity .,,.. 68,72
Flaage Cormections 140
Flange Materials 104 L
Flanges -WeldingNeck. . . . . 140
Slip-on .. . 140
kp Joint Flaage . 1N
Irad , Properties of 231
Screwed. . 1ln I*ngth of fuc for Radius 1 . . . . 145
kp Joint . r40 Lignite,Propertiesof . . . . . . 23r
Flat Split Welding Rings . . .. . . L4t Limestone, hoperties of. . . . 231
Flexibility Factor 8
Line Inertias . 46
FlowofFluids . 68,69,77,78,79 Liquids, Propedi€s of. . . . . . . .......231
Flowof Gases. ... ..... 77.79
FlowofSteam ... 68,69,74,76

25L
 Page
p page
Columns.
I-oads on Steel Pipe .......- 223 Pine Timber, Properties of. . . ........231
Stress
l,ongitudinal .......- 3! Pipe Bends, Calculations of . . ........144
Lye,Soda,Propertiesof.... ........ 231 Pipe Bending, Standards . . . . ..... 130-132
Linear Tolerances 13},l3l , l3Z Pipe Columns, Loads on . . . . ........223
Pipe Corrosion .--.......107
M Pipe Discharge Rates, Equalization of . . . . . ... - -. 222
Method of Dimensioning Welded Assemblies. .. 133 Pipe Fabrication ...-.-..- 129
Magnesia Insulation .... 173-197 Pipe Fabrication Procedures . ....-.-. 129
Mahogany Timber, Properties of. ......231 Pipe, Heat l-oss From. .....2O7
Marila Rope. ...........214 Pipe, Heat Transfer Through . 80
Maple Timber, Properties of . ........ 231 Pipe Materials .....-..... 103
Masonry, Properties of . . . . . ........231 Pipe Materials Specifications . .......- 128
Matedal Selection ........ 103 Pipe Materials, Weights of . . . . . ...--.172
Pipe and Tubing .......103 Pipe, Minimum Wall Thickness. -.....2,81
FittingsandFlanges....... ...... 104 Pipe Properties ........11,244
Bolting.. ...........105 PipeThread Engagement,Normal. .. . . . . . ... .. . 226
Gaskets.. ........... 106 Pipe Thread Symbols . . . . . . ........225
Maximum Spacing Between Pipe Supports . . . .. .. . 150 Pipe Threads, Tap Drills for. . . .......2O9
Metal Area ofPipe. .....11,244 Pipe Wall Thickness - Determination of . . . . . . . - 2,81
Metals, Properties of ...... ........ 231 Plow Steel Wire Rope. . . . -......-..211
Metric Conversion Table . . . . . . ......23j Pressure Conversion ......- 244
Milk, Properiies of. .... .. . 231 hessure Drop. .......... 68
Minimum Bending Radii . . . . . .......132 Pressure Stress .,........ 6
Minimum Distance to First Rigid Hanger . . . . . . . . . 203 Pressure - Temperaturing Ratings of
Minimum Tangents for Bending -......132 Plain End Pipe ...... 81-101
Minimum Wall Thickness .... ...... 2.81 Prestressing 5
Moduli of Elasticity and Torsional Rigidity . . . . . . 6,34 hoduct of Inertia 47
Molasses, Propedies of . . . . . - -...... 231 Properties of Common Materials. ......231
Moment of Inertia - Line Element 48 Properties of Pipe .. . 11-16,244
Moment of Inertia of Pipe. . . ......11,224 hoperties of Saturated Steam . .-.....206
Moments,Bending. ....... 5,17,52,54,61 Properties ofwater .. .... . 235
Monel, Properties of. . . . . . . ....-...231 Pressure-Temperature Ratings of Flanges,
Multiple Plane System ..... 56 Fittings, ValYes . ....... 113
Multiple Plane Systems Containing Circular Arcs. . . . 62
o
N Q Value Expansion Bends
Nichrome, Properties of . .. .
.. -... . 231
-
Nickel, Properties of . . . . . .
........231 R
Ninety DegeeTum 20 Radial Stress. 3
....... 32
Ninety Degree Turns - Three Dirnensional. Radii, Minimum Bending ... ..... 130-132
.
Nitrogen, Properties of. . . . ........231 Radius of Gyration ...-...244
.
Nomenclatue and symbols . 2 Red Wood Timber, Properties of ......231
.
Nozzles, Extruded .-.....139 Relatiye Weight Factor... .........- I72
Nozzles, Welded ...-.-...139 Restrained Bends. 34
Nuclear Piping ....... 146-148 Resultant Fiber Stress . . . . . ........ 4,5
Number 8 Bend. .......-. 45 ReynoldsNumber ...... 68,72
Number9Bend.... . . . . . 40,41,42,43,44 Rigid Hangers. ..........164
Number 118end.... 39 Ring-Joint Gaskets. ...-...124
Nurnber 10 Bend. 38 Rockwell llardness -......230
Nylon Rope ....215 Rockwool, Properties of. . . . .-...--.231
Rollers.. ..... 168
o Rope, Malila ... 214
Oak Timber, hoperties of . . . ..... . -. 231 Rope, Nylon. ...........215
Oils, hoperties of ........231 Rope, Steelwtue .. .... 212,213
Oxygen, Properties of. . . . . . .,...... 231 Ropes, Chains, Safe l,oads for . ....211215
Rubber Goods, Properties of. -.-....- 231

252
 S page
Page
Safe toads for Chains and Ropes ... .. .. - 211215
--. Tanks, Horizontal Cylindrical, Gauging .......... Z1g
Sand, Propefties of .. - -.. . 231 Tap Drills for U.S.A.S. PipeThreads . . . . 209
Sandstone,Propertiesof..... . -..... 231 Tap Drill Sizes for ScrewThreads. . . . - . 21,0
Screwed Flanges ..--.....140 Taper Tbreads, American Standard. .... ZlO
Screws, Wood, American National ...,. 209 Standard.
Section Modulus of Pipe . . . .
Taper Threads, British .-....226
......11,244 Teakwood,Propertiesof ... ...... - - Z3l
Selection of Matedals. .... . ....,... i03 Temperature by Color . . . . .
Pipe and Tubing
......-.207
....... 103 Temperature Conversions . . . ....,...233
Fittings and Flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Thermal Expansion Data. . . . ... 7.198"206
Bolting.. ........... 105 Thermal Movement Calculations. ...... 16l
Gaskets.. ........... 106 Thread Engagement, Normal Pipe Thread . . . . . . . . . 226
Selection ofProper Hanger .. ........162 Threads, American Standard Straight ........... 225
Shear Stress ....3,4 Tlueads, American Standard Taper.
Sheet Metal Gauges .......208 -...224
Ttueads, British Standard Taper. ......226
Shellac, Properties of . . . . . . -.......231 Ttuead Symbols, Pipe. . . . . .
Silver, Properties of
........225
.-.....231 Tfuee Dimensional 90o Tums . 32
Sine Functions of Angles ... ........228 Timber, hoperties of .......
Single Plane System
,,.....231
52 Tin, Properties of ........ Z3l,
Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs . . . . . . 54 Tolerances, Linear. . . -..13e-132
Slipon Flanges .......... L4O Torsional Rigidity of Ferrous Materials .......... 6
Socket Weld Fitting... ....140 Trigonometric Formulas . . . . . .......227
Solder, Properties of ...... ........ 231 Tubing Materials ......... 103
Solids,hopertiesof. . ... .. .-......231 Turpentine, hoperties of ... ........ Z3l
Solution of Equations .... ...... 60,66 Two Plane U Shape 29
Specifications - Power Plant Piping Materials . . . . . . 128 Two Plaae U Sbape with Tangents 30
Specific Gravily ofcases .... ,......232 Typical Pipe Support Specification. ....170
Split Type Backing Ring . . . . ........I41
Spruce Timber, hoperties of . ........231 U
Steam in Standard Pipe. . . . . . . ..69,74,76 U Bend
Steam, Sarurated. Propeties o[ ...-.-.206
Steam Velocities ......... 68
Expansion q
Steel, hoperties of .......231 Expansion - ft..
Tangents = 2 41
Steel Rounds, Weight of . . . . ........ 220 Expansion - ..
Tangents = R 42
Steel, Wire Gauges. .......20g Expansion - .
Tangents = 2R 43
SteelWire Rope Expansion-Tangents=4R .
......212.213 Double Offset.
44
Straight Threads, American Standard ........... 225 45
Stress, Bending, in Empty Pipe. U Shape - Equal Tangents . . . .
..-....201 22
Stress, Bending, in Water Filled Pipe . . . . ZOz
Stress Calculations U Shape - Tangents. !r : 2 23
Single Plarc System
L,
U Shape - Tangents. !r = 3
52
Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs ... . 54
Multiple Pl.ane System ..... L"
)t)
Multiple Plane System Containing Circular U Shape - Tangents. !.:. = 4 25
Arcs.... .......-. 62
Strcsses . . 3
U Shape Single Tangent 26
StresslntensificationFactors. ...... 8,9,10 U Shape Unequal Legs 27
Stress Values, Allowable . . . . gl U Shape - Equal Legs ..... z8
Stubs Steel Wire Gauge. . . . . 208
U Shape - Two Plane. . . .-.. 29
U Shape - Two Plane with Tangents. 30
Sway Brace 170 Unified SrewThrcads. . . . . 2t0
US. Standard Sheet Metal Gauge 208
T Unrestrained Bends
Tablesof Common Shapes .. .......17-33
Tangent Functions of Angles . . -......22g v
Tangents, Minimum for Bending. ... l3O-132 Variable Spring llangers . . ... ..,....162
Drop.
Velocity and heszure ......... 6E
Velocity of Steam ...... 6g,69

253
 Page Page

Velocity ofWater 68 weight of Solid steel Rounds. ........220

Viscosity,Absolute 68 Weights of Piping Materials . . .... - 172,244
Viscosity,Kinematic 72 Welded Nozzles. ......... 139
Vickers llardness. ........23O Welding Neck Flange . . . . . . .......'. 140
Welding Rings - Commercial Split Type ......... 141
w Welding Rings - Consumable Insert ....142
.
Walnut Wood, hoperties of . .... .... 231 Wirc Gauges ....208
Washbum & Moen or Roebling Wire Gauge. . .. ... .
208 Wire Rope ..212,213
......
Water in Copper Tube .....69,73 Wood Screws, American National. .....2O9
-
Water in Standard Pipe . . . . . .....69,70 Woods, Properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... - 231
.
Water, Ploperties of. . . . . . .....231,235
Water Velocities ......... 68 z
.
Weight Balance Calculations ........ 156 Zinc, Propedies of. ....... 231
Weight ofAir ...........232 Z Shape. . 21
Z Shape,Hooked. 20

264
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books (handbooks)

Author Published by

Piping Handbook Sabin Crocker McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals
Kent's l\4echanical Engineers, Handbook
Vol. l- Power
Vol. ll - Design, Shop practice
Marks' Mechanical Engineers, HandbooK
Welding Handbook
l\4etals Handbook
SAE Handbook (annual)
Heating, Ventilating, Air Cond. Guide (annual)
A.S.R.E. Refrigerating Data Book
American Gas Handbook
Machinery's Handbook
Handbook of Chemistry & Physics
Handbook of Fire Protection
Handbook of Welded Steel Tubing
Seamless Steei Tube Data
Bending Seamless Steel Tubing
Thermodynamic Properties of Steanr
Thermodynamic Properties of Air
CompressedAir Data
Cameron Hydraulic Data
Cameron Pump Operators Data
Standard lVanual on Pipe Welding,2nd Ed.
Marine Piping Handbook
A.l.S.C. Handbook
The Corrosion Handbook
Ovid W. Eshbach
: R. T. Kent, Ed.-in-Chief John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lionel S. Marks, Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co.. Inc.
American Welding Society
American Society of l\4eta ls
Society of Automotive Engineers
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning Engineers
'American Society of Refrigerating Engineers
American Gas Journal, Inc.
Erik Oberg & F. D. Jones The Industrial Press
Charles D. Hodgman,
Ed.-in-Chief Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
Crosby-Fisk, Foster National Fire Protection Association
Formed Steel Tubing Institute
&amless Steel Tube Institute
Seamless Steel Tube Institute
Keenan & Keyes John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Keenan & Kaye John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
F. W. O'Neil, Editor Compressed Air Magazine
Shaw & Loomis, Editors Ingersoll-Rand Co,, Cameron pump Division
Ingersoll-Rand Co., Cameron pump Division
Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning C,ontractor
National Association
Edw. P. Goehring Cornell Maritime press
American Institute of Steel Construqton
Herbert H. Uhlig John Wiley & Sons, lnc.

Books (textbooks)

Strength of Materials Part I Elementary Theory

& Problems S. Timoshenko D. Van Nostrand & Co., lnc.
Strength of Materials Part ll Advanced Theory
& Problems S. Timoshenko D. Van Nostrand & Co., Inc,
Design of Piping for Flexibility with Flex-Anal
Charts H. A. Wert and S. Smith Blaw-Know Co., Piping Division
Piping Stress Calculations Simpl if ied S. W. Spielvogel McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.
Design of Piping Systems
The M. W. Kellogg Co.
 BTBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)

Books (textbooks) (Gontinued)

Author Publi$ed bY

Hydrau lics R. L. Daugherty McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

Elementary Mechanics of Fluids Hunter Rouse John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings and Pipe Technical Paper 409 Crane Co.

Materials and Processes J. F. Young John Wiley & Sons, Inc,

@mpilation of Available High Temperature American Society for Testing Materials

Creep Characteristics of Metals and Alloys and
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Hot Water Heating and Radiant Heatinq and
Radiant Cooling F. H. Giesecke Technical Book Co.
Heat Transmission W. H. McAdams McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.
Logarithms and Squares C. K. Smoley C. K. Smoley & Sons

Principles of Chemical Engineering Walker, Lewis. McAdams

& Gilliland Mccraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.
lnternational Gitical Tables Clarence J. West McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.
Corrosion: Causes & Prevention Frank N, Speller Mccraw-Hill Book Co.. Inc.

Periodicals {trade magozines)

Title Publi$ed bY

Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., lnc.

Combustion Combustion Publishing Co., Inc.
Compressed Air Magazine Compressed Air Magazine Co.
Heating. Piping & Air Conditioning Keeney Publishing Co.
Heating and Ventilating The lndustrial Press
Materials and Methods (ex. Metals & Alloys) Reinhold Publishing Corp.
Marine Engineering & Shipping Review Simmons-Boardman Publishinq Co.
Oil and Gas Journal Petroleum Publishing Co.
Power McGraw-Hill Publishing Co:, Inc.
Power Engineering Technical Publishing Co.
Steel (weekly) Penton/lPC Inc.
Welding Design and Fabrication Penton/lPC Inc.
Trans. ASME (8 Pub. Per Year) American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASME, Applied Mechanics, Journal (4 pub. per yr.) American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Mechancial Engineering American Societv of Mechanical Engineers
Journal ASNE, (quarterly) American Society of Naval Engineers
Metal Progress American Societv of Metals
The Welding Journal American Welding SocietY
Refrigerating Engineering American Society of Refrigerating Engineers
Ref rigeration Abstracts (quarterly)
American Society of Refrigerating Engineers
Civil Engineering American Society of Civil Engineers
Trans. ASCE (annual) American Society of Civil Engineers
Journal AWWA American Water Works Association
lndustrial and Engineering Chemistry American Chemical Society
Industrial Radiography American Industrial Radium & X-Ray Society
AGA Proceedings (annual) American Gas Assocation
ASTM Proceedings (annual) American Society for Testing Materials