SRT 1C - Slide - Collection PDF

s
SRT 1C-AP
1xSTM-1 SDH Radio Link System
SLIDE COLLECTION
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
Copyright (C) Siemens Mobile Communications S.p.A. 2003
V.le Piero e Alberto Pirelli, 10
I-20126 Milano
Issued by MW OP MS
S.S. 11 Padana Superiore, km 158
I-20060 Cassina de’ Pecchi MI
Technical modifications possible.

Technical specifications and features are binding only insofar as
they are specifically and expressly agreed upon in a written contract.
Siemens
Status of the Slide Collection

STATUS OF THE SLIDE COLLECTION
– Current: Issue 2, May 2003

– Previous:
III
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
Siemens
IV
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
SRT 1C Siemens
LIST OF SLIDES
Page
SRT 1C
Introduction
Contents
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Overview
Main Features 2
SDH Network Segments 3
STM-1 Frame 4
Blocks of STM-1 Frame 5
STM-1 features 6
STM-1 two dimensional representation 7
Section OverHead bytes 8
SOH bytes 9
SOH bytes 10
Framing Bytes 11
STM Identification byte 12
Regenerator Section BIP-8 Byte 13
Orderwire bytes 14
User channel Byte 15
Data Communication channel bytes 16
Data Communication Channel 17
Multiplex Section Bip-24 Bytes 18
Byte M22 19
Byte M23 - hitless switch 20
Byte M23 21
Automatic Protection Switching Bytes 22
Byte K2 23
Synchronization 24
S1 Byte 25
Quality Levels 26
Clock Sources 27
Spare bytes 28
Far End Block Error Byte (MS-FEBE) 29
Line SOH 30
Multiplex Section Termination 31
NetViewer & TNMS 32
AU-4 and C-4 33
STM-1 Composition 34
Virtual container position 35
V
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
Siemens SRT 1C
Tributary Unit Composition 36

TU-3 37
Tributary Unit Groups 38
Composition TUG3-VC-4 39
Tributary Unit Groups 40
Virtual Containers Order 41
Virtual Containers 42
Table 43
Example 44
SDH Network Main Equipment - Terminal and add-drop Mux 45
SDH Network Main Equipment - DXC-TU: digital cross-connect, tributary unit 46
SDH Network Main Equipment - DXC-AU: digital cross-connect,
administrative unit 47
SDH Network - example 48
General Aspects
Radio Relay Systems 2
SRT 1C general 3
Frequency range 128 TCM 4
Frequency range 64 TCM 5
New Functional Approaches 6
New Functional Approaches 7
SRT 1C Main Rack 8
SRT 1C features 9
System Type 10
Block diagram at transmission side of the system with N:1 configuration 11
Block diagram at reception side of the system with N:1 configuration 12
BB Subrack Type A 13
BB Subrack Type B 14
Card functions 15
64 TCM-4D 16
Technical Characteristics 64 TCM - Transmitter characteristics 17
Technical Characteristics 64 TCM - Tx main characteristics 18
Technical Characteristics 64 TCM - Receiver characteristics 19
Technical Characteristics 64 TCM - Rx main characteristics 20
128 TCM-4D 21
Technical Characteristics 128 TCM - Transmitter characteristics 22
Technical Characteristics 128 TCM - Tx main characteristics 23
Technical Characteristics 128 TCM - Receiver characteristics 24
Technical Characteristics 128 TCM - Rx main characteristics 25
Digital service channels and auxiliary capacities 26
Switching 27
Power Supply Characteristics 28
Absorptions 29
VI
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
SRT 1C Siemens
ATPC Option 30
ATPC diagram 31
ATPC Control Loop 32
Terminal configuration - General block diagram 33
Repeater Configuration - General block diagram 34
N+0 Terminal operating principle 35
N:1 Terminal operating principle 36
N:1 terminal with tributary protection Tx path 37
N:1 terminal with tributary protection Rx path 38
1+1 expandable to N:1 terminal without tributary protection operating principle 39
1+1 expandable to N:1 terminal with tributary protection operating principle 40
1+1 frequency diversity terminal operating system 41
1+1 Hot Standby terminal operating system 42
SRT 1C Configurations - Functional Blocks 43
SRT 1C - External interfaces 46
Terminal with Multiplex Section Termination 47
Terminal without Termination of the Multiplex Section 48
Terminal with 1+1 not expandable protection (with MST) 49
Terminal with 1+1 protection (without MST) 50
N+1 Terminal (with MST) with integrated multiline hitless protection 51
Repeater 52
SRT 1C Configurations - 2+0 without MST 53
SRT 1C Configurations - 2+0 with MST 54
SRT 1C Configurations - 1+1 NE without MST 55
SRT 1C Configurations - 1+1 NE with MST 56
SRT 1C Configurations - 3:1 NE with MST 57
SRT 1C Configurations - Repeater 58
Layout and Configurations - N:1 Terminal 59
Layout and Configurations - N:0 Terminal 60
N:1 - N+0 Terminal Equipment - main rack 61
N:1 - N+0 Terminal Equipment - exp. rack 62
Layout and Configurations - N+0 Repeater 63
Rx Tx path inside the repeaters 64
Bypass card inside repeaters 65
Repeater Equipment 66
Repeater Equipment 67
1+1 NE Terminal Configuration 68
Tributary Protection - N:1 terminal 69
Tributary Protection - 1+1 NE terminal 70
Switching Control 71
Switching Criteria 72
Switching Procedure 73
VII
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
Siemens SRT 1C
Switching Procedure 74
Modulator main functions 75
Modulator interfaces 76
Modulator block diagram 77
Modulator technical characteristics 78
Modulator Unit 79
Transmitter functions 80
Transmitter block diagram 81
Rx/Demodulator unit 82
Rx/Demodulator interfaces 83
A-type main receiver block diagram 84
“A-type” space diversity receiver block diagram 85
Blocks diagram of the B type receiver 86
Demodulator block diagram 87
Demodulator technical characteristics 88
Demodulator Unit 89
Tributary card 90
Line SOH and Trib SOH 91
Line SOH and Trib SOH 92
EOW card description 93
POL 94
Alarm Unit Description 95
Master Oscillator 96
Controller card description 97
MCF unit 98
RS Controller card 99
RX Distributor card 100
TX Distributor card 101
Repeater By-pass card 102
Hitless Switch
General 2
General 3
General 4
Elastic Store - operating principle 5
Elastic Store - graphic representation 6
Elastic Store - graphic representation 7
Elastic Store - features 8
Elastic Store - examples of different delays 9
Elastic Store - example of application 10
Hitless Switching in SRT 1C 11
VIII
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
SRT 1C Siemens
Management system architecture

General 2
Controller 3
Slave Units 4
MCF 5
Functional Description 6
Control Section 7
Control Section Interfaces N:1 terminal configuration: Main Rack 8
Control Section Interfaces N:1 terminal configuration: Exp. Rack 9
Supervision Section 10
External Connections
Radio sub rack 2
BB sub-rack - 1+1 NE Terminal and Repeater 3
BB sub-rack - N+1/N+0 Terminal and Repeater 5
BB sub-rack - N+1/N+0 Terminal and Repeater 6
Indicators connectors and test points on the equipment frontal part

Rack Visual Indicators 2
Controls on the Modulator 3
Controls on the Transmitter 4
Receiver/Demodulator - A type 5
Receiver/Demodulator - A type 6
Receiver/Demodulator - B type 7
Receiver/Demodulator - B type 8
BB Unit Front Panel 9
Repeaters: main rack 10
Repeaters: slave rack 11
Not expandable 1+1 Terminals 12
N+1/N+0 Terminals 13
Control/Alarm unit - 1+1 NE Configuration 14
Alarm Unit 15
SOH service unit 16
Tributary Unit 17
Rx Distributor/Tx Distributor 18
RS Controller 19
IX
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
Siemens SRT 1C
Fault Location and Service Restoring

Normal operating conditions 2
Alarm conditions 3
Lamp panel 4
Alarm indications - Transmitter and Modulator 5
Alarm indications - Receiver and Demodulator 6
Standard intervention procedure 7
Standard intervention procedure 8
Location of the faulty unit (1) 9
Transmitter and receiver/demodulator 12
Spare Transmitter Unit - Alignment procedure 13
Spare Receiver/Dem Unit - Alignment procedure 14
Adjustment of a LO frequency 15
Adjustment of a LO frequency 16
Performances
Generalities 2
Generalities 3
Data Provided (1) 4
Data Provided (2) 5
example 6
Perfomance Monitoring Window - Quarter 7
Perfomance Monitoring Window - Day 8
Quarter History 9
Quarter History - recording procedure 10
Measure of the RF RX power 15
Measure of the RF RX power 16
Measure of the RF RX power - example 17
X
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
SRT 1C Siemens
Download Procedure
Generalities 2
Download window 3
Connection Information 4
FTP Client Configuration 5
Selection of unit 6
Types of file 7
Controller download 8
Transferring option 9
Download info 10
Saving the set profile 11
File naming 12
Renaming rules 13
Commissioning
A type receiver
Equalization of path difference 2
Phase equalization - Test bench 3
Phase equalization - Procedure (1) 4
Phase equalization - Procedure (2) 5
Amplitude equalization - Test bench 6
Amplitude equalization - Procedure 7
Equalization of the IF frequency response 8
Equalization of the IF frequency response - Procedure 9
B type receiver
Contents 2
Overview 3
Connection between PC and Receiver unit 4
User Profiles 5
User interface menu 6
Measurements 7
Measurements - Parameters 8
Commands 9
Commands - Parameters 10
Configuration 11
Configuration - Parameters (1) 12
Configuration - Parameters (2) 13
Alarms 14
Diversity Equalization 15
Diversity Equalization - Parameters 16
Slope equalization 17
Unit Manufacturing Data 18
Save Data functionality 19
XI
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
Siemens SRT 1C
SCE Program 20
SCE Program - example of IF response curves 21
Instruments for equalization 22
Compensation of the Static Delay 23
Compensation of the Static Delay - measure bench 24
Reference scheme for the equalization procedure 25
Blocks diagram of the B type receiver 26
Compensation for the Static Delay - Procedure (1) 27
Compensation for the Static Delay - Procedure (2) 28
Compensation of the slopes and evaluation of the levels to be compensated 29
Compensation of the slopes and evaluation of the levels to be
compensated - Procedure (1) 30
Compensation of the slopes and evaluation of the levels to be
compensated - Procedure (2) 31
Compensation of Amplitudes 32
Compensation of Amplitudes - Procedure 33
Compensation of Amplitudes - Verification 34
Compensation of Amplitudes 35
XII
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003
© 2004 Siemens AG
SRT 1C
Introduction
Contents
SDH Overview
SRT 1C General Aspects
Hitless Switch
Management System Architecture
Indicators connectors and test points on the equipment
Fault Location and Service Restoring
Performances
Download
© Siemens, 2003
Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy
Overview
Main Features
CCITT recommendations G.707, G.708 and G.709
easy access to tributary signals and simplified

multiplex/demultiplex operations
simplification of insertion/extraction functions for tributaries

into/from an aggregate stream (drop/insert) and permutation
of digital streams (cross-connect)
harmonization of two plesiochronous hierarchies, European

and American, creating a worldwide standard
automatic centralized management of the transmission

network
Page 2 © Siemens, 2003

SDH Network Segments
Multiplex Section
Regeneration Section
Path
MS
RS1 RS2 RS3 RS4
RADIO RADIO RADIO

ADM ADM

STM-1 Frame
Synchronous Transport Module (level) 1
Base signal of SDH
Bitrate: 155.52 Mbit/s

Blocks of STM-1 Frame
Section overhead block (SOH)

Useful signal block (Payload)
Pointer block (PTR)
270 Bytes
9 261
3 SOH
9 ROWS
1 POINTER PAYLOAD
5
SOH

STM-1 features
Frame duration: 125 µs

Frame repetition Frequency 8000 Hz
Transmission Capacity of a single byte: 64 Kbit/s
The bytes are transmitted row-by-row, beginning with the first
row and first column
CSTM-1 = 8 × (9 × 270) × 8 × 103 = 155,520 Mbit/s
number of bits
overall number of frame frequency
composing each byte
bytes in each frame

STM-1 two dimensional representation
270 Bytes
9 261
3 RSOH
aÆ bits composing
each single byte
1 ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT bÆ bytes occupied

AU-4 by "AUOH
c Æ bytes
available for the
5 payload
MSOH d Æfrequency of
the STM-1 frame
CAU-4 = 8 × (9 + 261 × 9) × 8 × 103 = 150,912 Mbit/sec
a b c d

Section OverHead bytes
ATPC /
FAST BER
Reserved Bytes in
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 WS WS accordance with
ITU-T G.707/708
3 ROH B1 M SCS E1 WS WS F1 WS WS
Bytes for Media
D1 WS D2 WS WS D3 WS WS specific use
AU POINTER
Bytes for National
B2 B2 B2 K1 WS WS K2 WS WS use
D4 WS WS D5 WS WS D6 WS WS Bytes for Future

5 International
MOH D7 WS WS D8 WS WS D9 WS WS Standardization
D10 WS WS D11 WS WS D12 WS WS
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 WS WS
9 Skip

SOH bytes
A1, A2 Æ frame alignment bytes
Jo : Æ STM-1 identification
B1Æ parity byte for regenerator section BER monitoring
B2 Æ parity byte for multiplex section BER monitoring
M22Æ used for ATPC/FastBer
M23 (SCS) Æ Switching Control Signal
E1Æ regenerator section order-wire, for omnibus/express voice channel
E2Æ multiplex section order-wire, for omnibus/express voice channel
F1Æ user channel for temporary data/voice channel connections for

special maintenance

SOH bytes
D1-D3 Æ Data Communication Channels for regeneration section

(DCCr)
D4-D12 Æ Data Communication Channels for multiplexing section

(DCCm)
K1, K2 Æ automatic protection switching signalling (multiplex section)
S1 Æ SSMB: Synchronization Source Marker Byte
Z1, Z2 Æ spare bytes not yet defined
M1Æ FEBE (Far End Block Error) byte

Framing Bytes
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
¾ These six bytes have a fixed bit sequence and are used as frame
alignment signal for one STM-1.
A1 = 11110110
A2 = 00101000

STM Identification byte
J0
¾ Every STM-1 frame is assigned an identification (ID)

number before being multiplexed to an STM-N.
¾ During demultiplexing, the identification is used for

determining or checking the position of the individual STM-1
in the STM-N.

Regenerator Section BIP-8 Byte
B1
¾ The B1 byte transmit a parity code, which is used for bit

error monitoring on STM-1 regenerator sections.
The B1 byte is transmitted only in STM-1 #1 of an STM-N.

Orderwire bytes
E1 E2
These two bytes provide service channels and can be used for
voice communication (64 Kbit/s) in each case
¾ The E1 byte is used as a voice channel between regenerators and

multiplexers (OMNIBUS channel)
¾ The E2 byte is used only as a voice channel between multiplexers

(EXPRESS channel)

User channel Byte
F1
¾ The F1 byte is reserved for the network operator and can be used as
64 kbit/s auxiliary channel (e.g. data communication via PC). This byte
is transmitted in STM-1 #1 of an STM-N signal.
F1
MUX F1 MUX

Data Communication channel bytes
D1 D12
These twelve bytes are provided for the transport of monitoring and
control data in a network management system
¾ D1...D3 are used for the communication between TMN and multiplexers
and regenerators respectively
¾ D3…D12 are handle only the communication between TMN and multiplexers

Data Communication Channel
DCCr : RSOH Æ D1, D2, D3 (192 Kbit/s)
DCCm: MSOH ÆD4..D12 (single message flow)
MCF (Message Communication Function): Provides level 1, 2, 3,

4 of OSI stack. Necessary for the supervision system
ADM STM
SRT SRT STM
ADM
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section Regenerator Section

DCCR DCCR DCCR
Multiplex Section
DCCM

Multiplex Section Bip-24 Bytes
B2 B2 B2
The B2 bytes transmit a parity code used for bit error

monitoring on multiplex sections. All B2 bytes are defined
for transmission of an STM-N signal.

Byte M22
Used for ATPC (Automatic Transmitter Power Control) function
Hop trace Identifier
Activation Fast BER

Byte M23
hitless switch
- Frequency diversity
- Completely error free switch from the working to the stand-by

channel
- Very low switching time
Powerful mean to counteract selective fading and to provide high frequency

diversity improvement

Byte M23
M23
SCS : Switching Control Signal (64 Kbit/s channel)
The RS Controller provides the necessary switching

information by means of a dedicated byte of RSOH
System Types
N+0 [N=1…8]: no protection
1+1 N. E. : SCS not used
N+1 [N=1…7]: multilinea protection

Automatic Protection Switching Bytes
K1 K2
¾ The entire K1 byte as well as bits 1-5 of the K2 byte can be

used for an automatic, bi-directional 1+1 switchover to a
standby line.

Byte K2
Important alarm like Loss of Signal (LOS), Loss of Frame (LOF) and
Loss of Pointer (LOP) cause AIS (Alarm Indication Signal) to be
downstream transmitted.
0 0 0 no problem
1 1 1 MS-AIS Æ problem on the multiplexing section
1 1 0 MS_RDI Æ remote alarm
RADIO RADIO
ADM ADM
MS_AIS detection
LossÆ insertion of MS-AIS

Synchronization
S1
S1: SYNCHRONIZATION SOURCE MARKER BYTE
Used for:
• Fast exchange of synchronisation messages between NE

• Indication of a failure to the remote-end NEs and support
of autonomous reconfiguration processes
• Avoiding timing loops when ring structures are introduced

S1 Byte
PATTERN OF BITS 5÷8
0000 quality unknown

0010 PRC QL1 (quality Level 1)
0100 G.812 Transit QL2
1000 G.812 Local QL3
1011 SETS QL4 (G.81s)
1111 F do not use for synchronisation

Quality Levels
Quality Level Frequency Stability
Q1 1x10-11
Q2 1x10-9
Q3 2x10-8
Q4 4.6x10-6
Q5 unknown quality

Clock sources
PRC G.811
SSU SSU G.812T
G.812 G.812 G.812 G.812

G.812
G.812 G.812
Transit clock
Local Clock

Spare bytes
Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2
These bytes are provided for future functions.

Far End Block Error Byte (MS-FEBE)
M1
The M1 Byte is inserted and transmitted in an STM-N

signal only after the first two Z2 bytes Æ 1xSTM-N
Frame

Line SOH
Line service interface unit SOH: BB card
Used for the line service channels management. Provides

access to 64 Kbit/s channels.
– WST (Way Side Traffic) 2Mbit/s auxiliary traffic
– Nx64 Max 7 channels available on radio side

Multiplex Section Termination
A system can be configured via software:

With MST (able to manage MSOH)
Without MST (trasparent for MSOH)
MULTIPLEX SECTION
REGENERATOR REGENERATOR
SECTION SECTION
RSOH RSOH
MSOH MSOH

Net Viewer & TNMS
DCCm
RADIO RADIO RADIO

ADM ADM
NV
+
TNMS
LAN

AU-4 and C-4
270 Bytes
9 261
VC-4
AU-4
3 ROH
J1
9 ROWS
1 AUOH B3
PAYLOAD
C2
5 G1
MOH
F2 C-4
H4
Z3
Z4
POH Z5
J1: Channel identification (path identifier)
B3: Parity byte for BER detection in the channel
C2: Indication: channel equipped/not equipped/not used CVC-4 = CAU-4 – CAUOH = 150.336 Mbit/s
G1: Channel status message for the transmitter
F2: Subscriber messages
H4: Indication of various connected frames (for special payload CC-4 = CVC-4 – CPOH = 149.760 Mbit/s
signals)
Three bytes (Z3...Z5) are reserved for future applications

STM-1 Composition
149.760Mbit/s 150.336Mbit/s 150.912Mbit/s 155.520Mbit/s
LOAD
C4 VC4 AU-4 STM-1
POH AUOH SOH

Virtual container position
9 bytes 261 bytes
SOH
STM PAYLOAD
POINTER
9 LINES
SOH
VC-4
SOH
NEXT STM-1 FRAME

POINTER
SOH

Tributary Units Composition
POH
TU-3 Æ 49.536
Mbit/s
TU-3 + VC-3 + C-3
PTR POH TU-2 Æ 6.912

Mbit/s
TU-2 + VC-2 + C-2
TU-12 Æ 2.304
PTR Mbit/s
POH
+ VC-12 + C-12
VC-11 is alternative
TU-12 PTR POH to VC-12
+ VC-11 + C-11
PTR

TU-3
TU-3 PTR 85
H1
3 H2 763 764
H3 0 1 2 3 TU-3 PAYLOAD 83 84
9 ROWS
1 84
1
5 PAYLOAD
PAYLOAD
P
O C-3 VC-3
Fixed Stuffing Bytes
H
CC-3 = 8 × (84 × 9) × 8 × 103 = 48,384 Mbit/s

CVC-3 = 8 × (9 + 84 × 9) × 8 × 103 = 48,960 Mbit/s
CTU-3 = 8 × (3 + 6 + 85 × 9) × 8 × 103 = 49,536 Mbit/s
Tributary Unit Groups
Before being inserted in the higher-order container the TUs

are combined into a group.
TUG-2
• 1 TU2 Æ 6.912 Mbit/s
• 3 TU12 Æ 3 x 2.304 Mbit/s
TUG-3
• 1 TU3 Æ 49.536 Mbit/s
• 7 TUG 2 Æ 7 x 6.912 Mbit/s
VC4
• 1 C4 Æ 149.760
• 3 TUG-3 Æ 3 x 49536 Mbit/s

Composition TUG3-VC-4
H1
#1
H2
H3 H1
H2 #2
R H3 MP
H1
#1
H2 #3
R H3
#2
R
#3
H1 H1 H1
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
R R #1 #2 #3
POH
R R R
#1 #2 #3
255
R Æ Fixed Stuff 261

Tributary Unit Groups
A STM-1 signal may contain:

– 1 VC-4
– up to 63 TU-12
– up to 21 TU-2
– up to 3 TU-3 VC-4
TU-12 TU-2
TU-3

Virtual Containers Order
VC of a higher order (VC-3 & VC-4)

Field defined in one single STM-1 frame (125 µs)
VC of a lower order (VC-2, VC-11 &VC-12)

Field defined in a multiframe composed of 4 STM-1 frames (500 µs)

Virtual Containers
VC-4 Æ 150.336Mbit/s (suitable for 140 Mbit/s)
VC-3 Æ 48.960 Mbit/s (suitable 34 Mbit/s or 45 Mbit/s)
VC-12 Æ 2.240 Mbit/s (suitable 2 Mbit/s)

Table
Container C-11 C-12 C-2 C-3 C-4

# Byte 25 34 106 756 2340
Bit Rate (kbit/s) 1600 2176 6784 48384 149760
Virtual Container VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3 VC-4

# Byte 26 35 107 765 2349
Bit Rate (kbit/s) 1664 2176 6848 48960 150336
Tributary Unit TU-12 TU-2 TU-3

# Byte 36 108 768
Bit Rate (kbit/s) 2304 6912 49152
Administrative Unit AU-4

# Byte 2358
Bit Rate (kbit/s) 150912

Example
STM1 AU4 VC4 C4

49,536 149,760
3x 48,960 48,384
150,912 150,336 49,152
TUG3 TU3 VC3 C3
7x 6.848 6,784
6,912
TUG2 TU2 VC2 C2
2,240 2,176
3x 2,304
TU12 VC12 C12
1,664 1,600
All values in Mbit/s VC11 C11

SDH Network Main Equipment
Terminal and add-drop Mux
These multiplexers, the main application of which is in the access network,

perform the function of traffic collection in distribution area, by filling up the
STM-1 stream with the tributaries coming from the various subscriber areas.
PC Ext. Order
Ext. Sync TMN
Wire
F Q
INTERFACES
STM-1 STM-1
Add/Drop MUX
STM-1 STM-1
VC-12 VC-3 VC-12
2 Mbit/s 34/45 Mbit/s TRNSMUX

34/45 Mbit/s

DXC-TU: digital cross-connect, tributary unit
The function of DXC-TU consists in cross-connecting the VC-12, VC-3 inside the
STM-1 type stream or, in general the STM-N.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
INTERFACES
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1 STM-1
SWITCHING MATRIX
STM-4 STM-4
VC-3 VC-12
VC-12 VC-3
2 Mbit/s 34/45 Mbit/s

DXC-AU: digital cross-connect, administrative unit
The function of DXC-AU consists in cross-connecting the VC-4 type virtual

container inside the STM-1 or STM-n type streams.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
INTERFACES
STM-1 STM-1
N-STM-1 N-STM-1
STM-4 STM-4
N-STM-4 SWITCHING MATRIX N-STM-4
STM-16 VC-4 STM-16
N-STM-16 N-STM-16
VC-4
140 Mbit/s

SDH Network
example

SRT 1C
General Aspects
Radio Relay Systems
¾ Synchronous Radio Trunk Æ Backbone application

¾SRT1
¾SRT1C
¾SRT1F
¾ System Radio Access Æ Local rural application

¾ SRA1
¾SRA1S
¾SRA1N
¾SRAS3
¾ SRAL (System Radio Access Low Capacity)

• Capacity 2Mbit/s, 2x2Mbit/s, 4x2MHz, 8x2Mbit/s, 16x2Mbit/s
• PDH

SRT 1C general
New generation of High Capacity Digital Radio (HCDR)

developed by Siemens
Compatible with the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Transmission capacity equal to 1xSTM-1 for each carrier with

the interchangeable interfaces: 1xSTM-1 Electrical interface or
1xSTM-1 Optical one
Modulation
• 128 TCM-4D
• 64 TCM-4D

Frequency range
128 TCM
Equipment denomination RF range Modulation format Equipment P/N
802-315/01, 702-315/01,
SRT 1C/6L 5.9-6.4 GHz 128 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/01, 702-315/01,
SRT 1C/6LL 5.6-6.2 GHz 128 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/10, 702-315/10,
SRT 1C/7 7.1-7.7 GHz 128 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/15, 702-315/15,
SRT 1C/8 7.7-8.5 GHz 128 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/15, 702-315/15,
SRT 1C/8U 7.9-8.4 GHz 128 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/25, 702-315/25,
SRT 1C/13 12.75-13.25 GHz 128 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/30, 702-315/30,
SRT 1C/4 3.6-4.2 GHz 128 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/30, 702-315/30,
SRT 1C/4L 3.4-3.9 GHz 128 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/30, 702-315/30,
SRT 1C/5 4.4-5 GHz 128 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02

Frequency range
64 TCM
Equipment
RF range Modulation format Equipment P/N
denomination
802-315/05, 702-315/05,
SRT 1C/6U 6.4-7.1 GHz 64 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/20, 702-315/20,
SRT 1C/11 10.7-11.7 GHz 64 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/35, 702-315/35,
SRT 1C/4 3.6-4.2 GHz 64 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02
802-315/35, 702-315/35,
SRT 1C/5 4.4-5 GHz 64 TCM
705-315/01, 705-315/02

New Functional Approaches
Trellis Coding (TCM) and Viterbi soft-decoding
Digital Signal Processing using VLSI (Very large-Scale Integration)

to obtain a "full-digital" modem
Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) to reduce interference,

avoid up-fade problems and reduce residual BER in nominal
conditions
Microwave Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) linearizer

New Functional Approaches
RF linearizer
IF Space Diversity Combiner based on a weighted strategy using both

Maximum Power and Minimum Dispersion Algorithms according to the
different propagation conditions
"Early Warning" Multiline Hitless switch

SRT 1C Main Rack
Subrack with 2 Transceivers

(high)
Subrack BB
- type A (20 slots) for N+1/N+0, expandable terminals
- type B (12 slots) for 1+1 not expandable terminals
and for repeaters
Subrack with 2 Transceivers

(low)

SRT 1C features
9 Height Æ 2200 mm
9 Width Æ 600 mm
9 Depth Æ 300 mm

System Type
Equipment Type A
– Terminal N:1, with/without MST (Nmax=7)
– Terminal N+0 with/without MST (Nmax=8)
– Terminal 1+1 expandable N:1 with/without MST
Repeater
– Up to 8x(1+0)
Equipment Type C
– Terminal 1+1 heterofrequency, not expandable, with/without
MST
– Terminal 1+1 Hot-standby, with/without MST

Block diagram at transmission side of the system with N:1
configuration

Block diagram at reception side of the system with N:1
configuration

BB Subrack Type A
1. Line Ws/SOH
Ws/SOH services
2. EOW
3. Controller
4. MCF
5. Tributary C (Protection)
6. Tributary C
7. Tributary A
8. Tributary A (Protection)
9. Rx distributor
10. PSU for MCF
11. Tx Distributor
12. Tributary D (Protection)
13. Tributary D
14. Tributary B / Occasional
15. Tributary B / Occasional (Protection) or
Master Oscillator (Protection)
16. Alarm Unit
17. RS Controller
18. Master Oscillator or Synch. Distributor
19. Tributary services chs.
chs. A, B (*)
20. Tributary services chs. C,D (*)
(*) Currently the tributary service function is

not available
9 Equipment Type A

BB Subrack Type B
1. PSU for MCF

2. MCF
3. Controller / alarms (for not exp. 1+1
terminal system) or controller (for
master repeaters) or By pass DCCR (for
slave repeaters)
4. Alarm unit
5. EOW
6. Line WS/SOH services
7. Tributary SOH services (function
currently not available)
available)
8. Tributary 1 (Protection
(Protection)) or connection
unit (by pass)
9. Master Oscillator
10. Tributary 1 or connection
11. Connection unit
12. Connection unit
9 Repeater
9 Equipment Type C
Card functions
Tributary Unit Æ Drop/Insert function

The Tributary Interface units process signals at the input of the radio system.
Controller Æ It provides hardware and firmware needed to manage the
system and to provide the appropriate interface towards a local operator and
a TMN Network
RS Controller (Radio Switching) Æ It evaluates the information necessary
to manage the switching operation, i.e. main channels and stand-by channel
status analysis and information interchange by using SCS (Switching
Control Signal)
Alarm card Æ It collects the alarm information to be sent to RS Controller in
order to evaluate the switching operation conditions, i.e. "Early Warning"
information, low and High BER alarms, loss of Signal, Loss of Frame and
AIS detection.
Transmit and Receive Distributors Æ They allow the interconnections
from and to the stand-by channel on the basis of the SCS information.
Master Oscillator Æ It provides NEs clock functionality in compliance with
ITU-T G.81s specifications.
Line SOH Æ It provides service channels or way-side traffic channels.

64 TCM-4D
Tx-Rx IF 70 MHz
IF circuit input/output impedance 75 ohm
RF circuit input/output impedance 50 ohm
IF/IF amplitude/frequency response <=2 dB in 70 ± 16 MHz
IF/IF group delay Not applicable (BB equalised delay with Digital Group
Delay Equalizer)

Technical Characteristics 64 TCM
Transmitter characteristics
Equipment Standard PTx (to the

Standard PTx (to the Tx
denomination and output flange of the
output connector)
code branching filter)
SRT 1C/4
30.5 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 29 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/35
SRT 1C/5
30.3 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 28.5 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/35
SRT 1C/6U
30.3 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 29 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/05
SRT 1C/11
29 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 27 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/20

Tx main characteristics
ATPC range 10 ± 1.5 dB
RF monitoring output level 0 dBm ± 5 dB
IF input level -5 dBm (+1, -2 dB)
OL MON (LO monitoring) level (external attenuator included) -11

dBm ± 5 dB
OL MON level (for SRT 1C/4-5 only) -13 dBm ± 5 dB
LO frequency stability
• between 5 e 40 °C <= ± 20 ppm
• between 0 e 50 °C <= ± 30 ppm
• between -20 e 50 °C <= ± 50 ppm

Receiver characteristics
BER 10-3 Threshold

Equipment Single Single Combined
denominatio channel channel channels Up-fading
n and code
(25°C) (5°C…40°C) (25°C)
SRT 1C/4
≤ -75 dBm ≤ -74.5 dBm ≤ -77.5 dBm ≥ -10 dBm
802-315/35
SRT 1C/5
≤ -74.5 dBm ≤ -74 dBm ≤ -77 dBm ≥ -10 dBm
802-315/35
SRT 1C/6U
≤ -75 dBm ≤ -74.5 dBm ≤ -77.5 dBm ≥ -10 dBm
802-315/05
SRT 1C/11
≤ -74 dBm ≤ -73.5 dBm ≤ -76.5 dBm ≥ -10 dBm
802-315/20
¾ At branching filter input

Rx main characteristics
OL MON (LO monitoring) level (external attenuator included) -11

dBm ± 5 dB
IF output level -5 dBm ± 1 dB
Rx RF level range within which the IF output is kept to nominal

level from -15 to -80 dBm
• between 5 e 40 °C <= ± 20 ppm
• between 0 e 50 °C <= ± 30 ppm
• between -20 e 50 °C <= ± 50 ppm

128 TCM-4D
Tx-Rx IF 70 MHz
IF circuit input/output impedance 75 ohm
RF circuit input/output impedance 50 ohm
IF/IF amplitude/frequency response <=1 dB in 70 ± 13 MHz
IF/IF group delay Not applicable (BB equalised delay with Digital
Group Delay Equalizer)

Transmitter characteristics
Standard PTx (to

Equipment Standard PTx (to
the output flange
denomination and the Tx output
of the branching
code connector)
filter)
SRT 1C/4-4L-5
30.5 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 29 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/30
SRT 1C/6L-6LL
30.3 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 29 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/01
SRT 1C/7
29 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 27.5 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/10 standard
SRT 1C/7
29 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 26.5 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/10 special
SRT 1C/8-8U
29 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 27 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/15
SRT 1C/13
28.3 dBm (± 0.25 dB) 26 dBm (+1, -0 dB)
802-315/25

Tx main characteristics
ATPC range 10 ± 1.5 dB
RF monitoring output level 0 dBm ± 5 dB
IF input level -5 dBm (+1, -2 dB)
OL MON (LO monitoring) level (external attenuator included) -11 dBm ± 5 dB
• between 5 e 40 °C <= ± 20 ppm
• between 0 e 50 °C <= ± 30 ppm
• between -20 e 50 °C <= ± 50 ppm

Receiver characteristics
BER 10-3 Threshold

Equipment Single Single Combined
denomination channel channel channels Up-fading
and code
(25°C) (5°C…40°C) (25°C)
SRT 1C/4-4L-5
≤ -72.5 dBm ≤ -72 dBm ≤ -75 dBm ≥ -10 dBm
802-315/30
SRT 1C/6L-6LL
≤ -72.5 dBm ≤ -71.5 dBm ≤ -75 dBm ≥ -10 dBm
802-315/01
SRT 1C/7
≤ -71.5 dBm ≤ -71 dBm ≤ -74 dBm ≥ -10 dBm
802-315/10
SRT 1C/8-8U
≤ -72 dBm ≤ -71 dBm ≤ -74.5 dBm ≥ -10 dBm
802-315/15
SRT 1C/13
≤ -71.5 dBm ≤ -71 dBm ≤ -74 dBm ≥ -10 dBm
802-315/25
¾ At branching filter input

Rx main characteristics
OL MON (LO monitoring) level (external attenuator included) -11 dBm ±

5 dB
IF output level -5 dBm ± 1 dB
Rx RF level range within which the IF output is kept to nominal level

from -15 to -80 dBm
• between 5 e 40 °C <= ± 20 ppm
• between 0 e 50 °C <= ± 30 ppm
• between -20 e 50 °C <= ± 50 ppm

Digital service channels and auxiliary capacities
Section Overhead Processing:
– 1x64 kbit/s (express or omnibus)

– 576 kbit/s (data express channel DCC)
– 192 kbit/s (Data channel - DCC)
– 1x64 kbit/s SCS
– 1x64 kbit/s ATPC and FAST BER
– 1x64 kbit/s (F1 byte) for network special maintenance
– Nx64 kbit/s (some MSOH and RSOH free bytes available
on SOH cards)
– 2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s card for way-side traffic made available
as option and using not yet standardized bytes
of SOH

Switching
¾ Maximum protected configuration Æ 7:1 (max.) twin path
¾ Switch type Æ Hitless "Error Free"
¾ Switching criteria
• No data
• Loss of Frame
• FAST BER ("Early Warning"): two thresholds (10-8, 10-12) from the
Viterbi decoder
• BER = 10-3 (from parity bits)

Power Supply Characteristics
Primary power supply:

• rated voltage Æ battery - 48/60 V
• tolerance Æ ± 20%
Module and unit supply voltage

• Every Transmitter and Receiver/demodulator unit is
provided with its power supply delivering the required
stabilized voltages. The modulator is supplied by
Transmitter and by Receiver of the same channel.

Absorptions
Transmitter (128 TCM):

– SRT 1C/4-4L-5-6L-6LL 41 W (PMAX); 34 W (PMIN)
– SRT 1C/7-8-8U 41 W (PMAX); 30 W (PMIN)
– SRT 1C/13 48 W (PMAX); 40 W (PMIN)
Transmitter (64 TCM):
– SRT 1C/4-5-6U 41 W (PMAX); 34 W (PMIN)
– SRT 1C/11 48 W (PMAX); 40 W (PMIN)
Main receiver/demodulator
+space diversity receiver 56 W
Demodulator: 13,4 W
Modulator: 15 W
Alarm unit: 5W
Controller unit: 4W
155 Mbit/s Tributary unit: 8.5 W
Tx Distributor: 8W
Rx Distributor: 8W
Master Oscillator Unit: 4W
EOW unit: 6W
MCF unit: 11 W
SOH services (line or tributary ones): 7W
RS controller: 10 W

ATPC Option
Variation of transmitter output power in a range from nominal level to a

maximum level (reached only during unfavorable fading conditions)
Main Advantages
¾ Interference reduction in crowded nodal stations
¾ Lower power consumption
¾ No need of additional RF attenuator
¾ Solving of up-fading problems

ATPC diagram
ATPC Range (Typical): -10/+0 dB

ATPC threshold:
• 64 TCM: -67 dBm
• 128 TCM: -65 dBm
Tx Power
Pnom
Pnom- 10 dB
Flat Fading
Rx Power
Rxnom
ATPC
Threshold
Flat Fading

ATPC Control Loop

Terminal configuration
general block diagram

Repeater Configuration
general block diagram

N+0 Terminal operating principle

N:1 Terminal operating principle

N:1 terminal with tributary protection
Tx path

N:1 terminal with tributary protection
Rx path

1+1 expandable to N:1 terminal without tributary
protection operating principle

1+1 expandable to N:1 terminal with tributary protection
operating principle

1+1 frequency diversity terminal operating
system

1+1 Hot Standby terminal operating system

SRT 1C Configurations
Functional Blocks
Block SPI (Physical Interface):

– extraction of the timing from the received plesiochrone signal
– data regeneration
– line code decoding
In the opposite direction, it performs:
– the line coding
– the adaptation to the physical mean
Block SA (Section Adaptation): it realizes the adaptation of higher order paths in the Administrative Unit
(AU), it performs the octet-interconnection multiplexing and demultiplexing by generating, processing and
interpreting the AU pointer
Block RPS (Radio Protection Switching): its function consists in the protecting the Virtual Container through
a hitless switching system
Block MST (Multiplex Section Termination): it generates/terminates the overhead of a multiplexing section
(MSOH)
Block RST (Regenerator Section Termination): its function are quite similar to the ones performed by block
MST but relevant to a regeneration section and, consequently, to RSOH bytes only

Functional Blocks
Block RPI (Radio Physical Interface):

– extraction of the timing from the received synchronous signal
– data regeneration
– line code decoding

In the opposite direction, it performs:
– the line coding
– the adaptation to the physical mean
Block SEMF (Synchronous Equipment Management Function): it converts the alarms on performances
and specific data of the equipment hardware structure in "object oriented" messages, suitable to be
transmitted on DCC channels of Q interface.
Block MCF (Message Communication Function): it allows the TMN (Telecommunication Management
Network) messages to be carried and made to transit through the processes involved in the system
management, acting as interface between SEMF and DCC channels, F and Q interfaces.
Block OHA (Overhead Access): it allows the access to the bytes of the tributary channel and line (service
channel) Section Overhead.

Functional Blocks
Block MTS (Multiplex Timing Source): it is the timing element of SDH network. The
timing source can be extracted through one of the following reference points:
– T1: timing extracted from incoming STM-N signal
– T2: timing extracted from the incoming tributary channel
– T3: timing obtained from the external synchronization port through block MTPI as
well as from the inside oscillator.

SRT 1C
External interfaces
PC interface, allowing the SDH equipment to be connected to the PC;
Q interface, allowing the SMN (SDH Management Network) to be connected to the OS

(Operating System);
OH interface, allowing the access to the transmit overhead, to Order Wire (speech
channel for service communications) and to the user service channel;
SYNC interface, allowing SDH equipment to derive its timing also from an external
source.

Terminal with Multiplex Section Termination
Termination of the tributary Section Overheads;
Processing of AU-4 administrative unit pointers to allow the Virtual Container to be

transferred between tributary channel STM-1 frames and STM-1 frames of the radio
hops;
Termination of the radio hop Section Overheads.

Terminal without Termination of the Multiplex Section
Termination of tributary channel Regenerator Section Overhead (SOH lines

1 to 3);
Termination of the radio hop Regenerator Section Overheads.

Terminal with 1+1 not expandable protection (with MST)
On transmission:
– tributary channel SOH termination and Pointer processing;
– sending of the resulting frame to the two modulators.
On Reception:
– protection of the radio hop through the Virtual Container hitless switching
– output SOH management (synchronous case).

Terminal with 1+1 protection (without MST)
This configuration is similar to the previous one, the absence of the functions
relevant to Multiplex Section termination excepted.

N+1 Terminal (with MST) with integrated multiline hitless
protection
Termination of the tributary and pointer processing Section Overheads;
Termination of the Section Overheads of the radio channel managed directly by the Modulator
and Demodulator units;
Into the terminals with MST, the hitless protection switching is executed at VC-4 Virtual
Container level (into the terminals without MST the switching is at STM-1 level);
On the transmit side the Protection Switching splits every STM-1 signal into service channel and
stand-by channel. Before reaching the receive side, SOH bytes are removed both from service
channel and stand-by channel. The payload of the transmission is thus present on both signal
paths (main and stand-by), enabling the protection switching system to align signals and to
perform an errorless switching.
The RS Controller provides the necessary switching information, indicated as SCS (Switching
Control Signal), by means of a dedicated byte of RSOH, directly extracted/inserted from the
modemodulator and transmitted by two separate radio channels to ensure maximum protection
and reliability.
The receiver digital switches incorporated in the tributary cards and the alignment strategy
assure the completely error-free transition from the service to the stand-by channel.

Repeater
This configuration is relevant to a bidirectional link for two STM-1 channels.

2+0 without MST

2+0 with MST

1+1 NE without MST

1+1 NE with MST

3:1 NE with MST

Repeater

Layout and Configurations
N:1 Terminal
Configuration Equipped part of the radio

shelves
1:1 expandable A+B
2:1 expandable A+B+C
3:1 expandable A+B+C+D
4:1 expandable A+B+C+D+C’
5:1 expandable A+B+C+D+C’+D’
6:1 expandable A+B+C+D+C’+D’+A’
7:1 A+B+C+D+C’+D’+A’+B’

N+0 Terminal
Configuration Equipped part of the

radio shelves
1:0 expandable A
2:0expandable A+B
3:0expandable A+B+C
4:0 expandable A+B+C+D
5:0 expandable A+B+C+D+C’
6:0 expandable A+B+C+D+C’+D’
7:0expandable A+B+C+D+C’+D’+A’
8:0 A+B+C+D+C’+D’+A’+B’

N:1 - N+0 Terminal Equipment
main rack

N:1 - N+0 Terminal Equipment
exp. rack

N+0 Repeater
Configuration Equipped part of the radio

shelves
1+0 expandable A+A’
2+0 expandable A+B+A’+B’
3+0 expandable A+B+C+A’+B’+C’
4+0 expandable A+B+C+D+A’+B’+C’+D’
5+0 expandable A+B+C+D+A’+B’+C’+D’+C’’+C’
’’
6+0 expandable A+B+C+D+A’+B’+C’+D’+C’’+D’
’+C’’’+D’’’
7+0 expandable A+B+C+D+A’+B’+C’+D’+C’’+D’
’+A’’+C’’’+D’’’+A’’’
8+0 A+B+C+D+A’+B’+C’+D’+C’’+D’
’+A’’+B’’+C’’’+D’’’+A’’’+B’’’

Rx Tx path inside the
repeaters

Bypass card inside repeaters

Repeater Equipment

Repeater Equipment

1+1 NE Terminal Configuration

Tributary Protection
N:1 terminal

Tributary Protection
1+1 NE terminal

Switching Control
9 RS Controller only in Main Rack
9 Alarm coming from the radio units

and from the BB cards
9 Command from remote or local

supervision system.
9 SCS channels allow the dialogue

in (in 1+1 redundant configuration)
between the two switching
controllers on the two ends.

Switching Criteria
Three classes according to the alarm severity;

– LOW FEC, HIGH FEC: (respectively 0 and 1 severity class) FAST BER
alarms ("Early Warning"): these alarms are activated in correspondence of two
BER thresholds selectable (among 10-6, 10-8, 10-10, 10-12) by means of the
Viterbi decoder of the Demodulator;
– BER B2: (severity class 2) BER >10-3 (from the parity bits);
– HIGH ALM W, HIGH ALM P: (severity class 2) logic OR of alarms coming

from the "working" Tributary or from the corresponding "protection“ Tributary;
– ALIGN: alignment signals between "working" beam and "reserve“ one

allowing to execute the hitless switching;
– AIS-CNT-I: AIS confirmation" signals coming from the Tributaries.

Switching Procedure
1 RS switching card reads on the alarm unit, by means of the RSC BUS, the cause (alarm) that
has created the signal;
2 It analyses the alarm and pre-setting status of the exercise and reserve channels;
3.1 If the reserve is free, it executes the protection procedure on the reserve;
3.2 If the reserve is not free:
3.2.1 If the reserve is protecting a channel with lower priority (for gravity of the switching
criteria and/or of the pre-settings active on the two beams):
3.2.1.1 It executes the releasing procedure of the reserve;
3.2.1.2 It executes the protection procedure on the reserve;
3.2.2 If the reserve is protecting a channel with higher or equal priority, the channel can not
be protected.

Switching Procedure
The procedure can be activated also by events different from the

described case. Such events cause a change of the existing status:
– After a forcing action set by PC/supervision or by tele-control;
– After the status changing of the channel that is seizing the reserve;
– After a status changing of the reserve.

Modulator main functions
Modulation of the signal inputting from the tributary unit or from the
demodulator (in the repeater stations) and outputting a TCM modulated 70
MHz IF carrier.
Termination of RSOH (system types without MST)
Termination of RSOH and MSOH (system types with MST)
Reception of DCCr bytes from MCF and insertion into the output frame
Processing of data channels dedicated to:

• ATPC signal
• Early Warning BER thresholds
• SCS
• DCCr

Modulator interfaces
– Tributary side Æ internal STM-1 signal, without MSOH and RSOH in system
types with MST; without RSOH only in system types without MST.
– Line side Æ an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, containing a complete STM-1

signal.

Modulator block diagram

Modulator technical characteristics
– Input signal Bit frequency 155.52 Mbit/s

– Symbol frequency fS 28.276364 MHz for 64 TCM
23.926154 MHz for 128 TCM
– Input signal format DATA/CLOCK
– IF carrier frequency 70 MHz ± 10 kHz
– Modulation type 64 TCM/128 TCM
– IF output impedance 75 ohm unbalanced
– Base Band characteristics:
• Filtering FIR + LPF
• Roll-off 0.5 for 64 TCM
0.35 for 128 TCM
– IF output level -5 dBm ± 0.5 dB/ 75 ohm
– Consumption 11.3 W

Modulator Unit
LED 1 : General Alarm (red ON)

9 Loss of clock
9 Loss of FIR pulses
9 Loss of scrambler pulses
9 IF output signal degrade
9 Power supply voltage drop
Test Points
9 M1 (coax.) Æ IF carrier (70 MHz ± 10 kHz)
9 M2 (coax.) Æ IF output (-5 dBm ± 0.5 dB)
9 M3 (bipolar) Æ Half symbol frequency:
14.138182 MHz for 64 TCM
11.963077 MHz for 128 TCM

Transmitter functions
The transmitter unit receives as input 70 MHz IF signal coming from the
Modulator unit and up converts it into a radio frequency signal by means of TX
local oscillator. The signal is then amplified and transmitted to the antenna.
ATPC Æ A single signal coming from the remote receiver can be used to adjust
the reference level into the output power control loop and it can act directly on
the linearized SSPA input.
1+1 hot standby protection

Transmitter block diagram

Rx/Demodulator unit
It is made up of three subunits:
¾ Receiver: receives the RF signal, converts it to IF and sends

the signal to the demodulator;
¾ Demodulator: converts the IF signal to a base band one;
¾ Diversity: it is a receiver operating on the second RF signal.

Rx/Demodulator interfaces
– Tributary side Æ inner STM-1 signal, without MSOH and RSOH in

system types with MST; without RSOH only in system types without MST.
– Line side Æ RX/DEM: one radio frequency signal (RF)

RX/DEM/DIV: two radio frequency signals, each one
containing a complete STM-1 signal;

A-type main receiver block diagram

“A-type” space diversity receiver block diagram

Blocks diagram of the B type receiver

Demodulator block diagram

Demodulator technical characteristics
– Carrier frequency 70 MHz ± 800 kHz
– Input level and impedance -5 dBm +1 / -3 dB/75 ohm unbal.
– Input level and impedance

Cross Polarization (IFXIN) -5 dBm +1 / -3 dB/75 ohm unbal.
– Modulation type 64 TCM/128 TCM
– Fs symbol frequency 28.276364 MHz ± 4.6 ppm for 64 TCM

23.926154 MHz ± 4.6 ppm for 128 TCM
– Decoding algorithm Viterbi
– Output signal bit frequency 155.52 Mbit/s

Demodulator Unit
LED1 HBER : (red-ON) Æ High BER
LED2 EW : (yellow-ON) Æ Early Warning High or Low
LED3 ALM: (red-ON) Æ Demodulator general alarm
Test Points
9 M1 (coax.) Æ Recovered IF carrier
(70 MHz ± 10 kHz)/75 ohm
9 M2 (bipolar) Æ Recovered clock symbol frequency:
28.276364 MHz ± 4.6 ppm /75 ohm per 64 TCM
23.926154 MHz ± 4.6 ppm /75 ohm for 128 TCM
9 M3 (bipolar) Æ FEC Test Point
9 M4 (bipolar) Æ Parity bit error (B1 or B2) test point
9 M5 (bipolar) Æ Frame synchronism test point (8 kHz)
9 M6 (micro serial) Æ RS232 interface for factory use

Tributary card
The tributary cards interface the SRT 1C with the rest of the
Network.

Line SOH and Trib SOH
The card can work as a Line SOH as well as Trib. SOH according
to the slot where the card is fitted into.
The Line SOH card has access to the line side synchronous
overhead, whereas the Trib. SOH card accesses the tributary side
synchronous overhead.
The presence of the Line or Trib. SOH card is always optional.

Line SOH and Trib SOH
The line SOH card (called also WST, Way Side Traffic) can be programmed
to manage the drop/insertion, into the STM-1 SOH, of a 2048 kbit/s service
channel properly mapped in some SOH bytes, and then also a 64 kbit/s
service channel (F1 byte, user Channel). As alternative, it can be
programmed to manage up to 7×64 Kbit/s channels.
The tributary SOH unit keeps accessible up to three 64 kbit/s channels

EOW card description
9 Access to the phonic service channels of the SDH systems
• E1: Engineering Order Wirer in RSOH, accessible in RST and MST

• E2: Engineering Order Wirem in MSOH, accessible in MST only
9 The EOW card is always optional
9 The EOW access for the service telephone is available to the operator through
the POL unit (Posto Operatore Locale) using a handset with Keyboard
9 Each station has a locally assigned numeric address, fixed between 10 and 99
9 Services available are:

• Single section call
• Multiple selection call (with a third operator), phone conference
• Omnibus call (with all the stations belonging to the same service area)

POL

Alarm Unit Description
All the functions relevant to the acquisition and restitution of the alarm
signalings. More in details the main functions are:
9 To provide alarm optic indications, by means of LED placed on the frontal

panel;
9 To keep available the main equipment alarms on a proper connector placed

into the area of the “public” connectors;
9 To acquire the alarms, coming from the radio and modem units, used as
switching criteria by the switching control unit;
9 To acquire the station alarms and the tele-commands from proper connector
placed into the area of public connectors;
9 To monitor the power supply voltages;
9 To drive the general (red lamp) and summary (yellow lamp) alarm lamps
placed on the upper part of the cabinet.

Master Oscillator
The main function it performs is the extraction of the synchronism

from the incoming tributary signal and its distribution inside the
equipment
It may also accept an external synchronism source and has the

following characteristic:
– Two equals but independent switch logic, selecting the best input and
broadcasting it to all sync output;
– Two external sources enabled as inputs to one or both switch logic
– When all external synchronizing signals are loose, each switch logic
activates the “holdover” or “free running” functionality.

Controller card description
Management and control of the units composing the system
A proprietary protocol is used to ensure the communication channel

necessary between the controller card and the units placed on the main sub-
system (S-BUS) and on the expansion rack (E-BUS)
F-interface with a personal computer for the local monitoring and the system
configuration through PC
When used into 1+1 NE terminal, this card is programmed to execute also
the Alarm Unit functions

MCF Unit
Developed for the TMN (Telecommunication Management Network). It

makes available the interfaces toward a centralised management system
and toward the DCCR and DCCM channels .
Exchange of information necessary for the system control and supervision

and also the transmission of the TMN information of the regeneration section
(DCCR channel) and of the multipling one (DCCM channel).
Into the configurations providing two racks, the unit is optionally present only
into the MAIN rack.

RS Controller card
The switching controller unit manages all the functions necessary for the automatic
protection of the radio system. More in details:
9 Analysis of the alarms coming from the radio equipment
9 Analysis of the pre-arrangements set by means of groung contacts (tele-commands) or

by means of PC/supervisor (forcing actions, priority etc.)
9 Management of switching logic;
9 Management of communication with the same unit present on the remote terminal to
allow the hitless protection;
9 Management of the communication with the controller unit for the information exchange
with the management system.
9 Into the configurations providing two racks, the unit is only present into the MAIN rack.

RX Distributor card
From demodulators
F1
OCC ST-BY
F2 From demodulator B
F3
Tributary
(Rx Section) Rx Distributor

TX Distributor card
To modulators
F1
OCC
ST-BY
F2 To mod. B
F3
Tributary
(Tx Section)

Repeater By-pass card
The by-pass card is used to connect the modulator and the demodulator of
the same channel in the Repeater systems. One by-pass card manages two
couples of modulator and demodulator units.

Hitless Switch
General
In a transmission system the analog or digital information is almost never

sent on one only way, but on two ways simultaneously, so as to use one way
as a stand-by, should faults or misoperations occur in the main way.
MOD TX RX DEM
BB IN BB OUT
MOD TX RX DEM

General
If the baseband signal is digital, this switch possibly creates problems, if the
the signals coming from the two receivers not are in phase each other.
Bearer 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t
Bearer 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t
Output 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 9 10 11 12
t
Switched-on bearer: 1 2 1
t1 t2

General
The phase shift can be caused by:
• Different path lenghts in the cables, waveguides etc.

Static Delay
• Atmospheric events which change the path lenght through
the atmosphere in different ways for the two radio bearers
Variable Delay
A static delay can be solved by interposing cables of appropriate

lenght between the demodulator and the switch equipment
A variable delay can be solved through a variable delay network,

by means of an electronic service. This function is performed by an
hitless circuit, using elastic stores.

Elastic Store
operating principle
An elastic store is capable of writing and reading simultaneously.
LATCH MULTIPLEXER
Q0 S2 S1 S0 WL L2 L1 L0 RL
Q1
Q2 t0 0 0 0 Q0 1 0 0 Q4
IN OUT t1 0 0 1 Q1 1 0 1 Q5
. t2 0 1 0 Q2 1 1 0 Q6
. t3 0 1 1 Q3 1 1 1 Q7
. t4 1 0 0 Q4 0 0 0 Q0
t5 1 0 1 Q5 0 0 1 Q1
t6 1 1 0 Q6 0 1 0 Q2
Q7 t7 1 1 1 Q7 0 1 1 Q3
t8 0 0 0 Q0 1 0 1 Q4
s0 s1 s2 L0 L1 L2
WRITE READ

Elastic Store
graphic representation
Q0
Q7 Q1
READ COUNTER
Q6 Q2
Q5 Q3
Q4
WRITE COUNTER
Time instant = t4

Elastic Store
graphic representation
Q0
Q7 Q1
3 bit delay
Q6 Q2
Q5 Q3
Q4
Situation at time instant = t5 and write counter blocked

Elastic Store
features
When reading overtakes writing, the delay introduced change

from 0 to 7 bit
The delay intoduced by the elastic store can assume any value ranging
between 0 and 7 bits (obviously this is true only for the 8-bit elastic store
taken into consideration)

Elastic Store
examples of different delays
Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0
Q7 Q1 Q7 Q1 Q7 Q1 Q7 Q1
Q6 Q2 Q6 Q2 Q6 Q2 Q6 Q2
Q5 Q3 Q5 Q3 Q5 Q3 Q5 Q3
Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4
0 bit delay 7 bit delay 6 bit delay 5 bit delay
Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0
Q7 Q1 Q7 Q1 Q7 Q1 Q7 Q1
Q6 Q2 Q6 Q2 Q6 Q2 Q6 Q2
Q5 Q3 Q5 Q3 Q5 Q3 Q5 Q3
Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4
4 bit delay 3 bit delay 2 bit delay 1 bit delay

Elastic Store
example of application
IN 1 El.
Store
Skip
OUT
Skip
Logic
Skip
IN 2 El.
Store
The delay is variable by means of an appropriate control called SKIP,

used to block writing

Hitless Switching in SRT 1C
The RS Controller provides the necessary switching information, indicated as

SCS (Switching Control Signal) by means of a dedicated byte of RSOH, directly
extracted/inserted from/for the modemodulator and transmitted by two separate
radio channels to ensure maximum protection and reliability.
The receiver digital switches incorporated in the tributary cards and the
alignment strategy assure the completely error-free switch from the working to
the stand-by channel.
The automatic switching functionality, thanks to the very low switching time and
to the capability of automatic alignment of the hitless switch, is a powerful mean
to counteract selective fading and to provide high frequency diversity
improvement.
In order to improve the effectiveness of switching and to permit easy handling

of the high quality data transmission, in addition to the 10-3 BER alarm from
parity bit evaluation, and “early Warning” information about the signal quality
degradation (FAST BER) drives the switch from faded to stand-by channel.

Management system
architecture
General
Controller
Slave Units
MCF

Controller
Collection of alarms and working parameters from the system units;

transmission of this information to a local PC and to a supervision
system
Activation of system commands coming from a local PC or from a

supervision system
Storage on a non volatile memory (EEPROM) of system

configuration and inventory data.

Slave Units
Collection and filtering of alarms which are sent to the

system controller
Activation of system commands coming from the controller
Independent execution of the functions they are designed

for
Storage on a a non volatile memory (EEPROM) of inventory

data
The Alarm Unit is a slave unit also used to interface the other
slaves to the controller

MCF
Electrical and protocol translation of the radio system information

and the supervision system
Management and routing of the DCC channels (which are used to

transport management information in the network)

Functional Description
The management system can be split into two parts:
Control Section: performs all those duties related to the

"internal"
aspects of the equipment (alarm collection, activation and
storage of commands and settings, etc.);
Supervision Section: performs all those duties related to the

informationexchange between the radio equipment and the
supervision system.

Control Section
The Control section uses trhe following channels:
E-BUS reserved to the communication between Controller and Alarm units
S-BUS-1 reserved to the communication between Alarm unit and Slaves
S-BUS-2,3 reserved to the communication between Alarm unit and Slaves that don't
reside in the baseband subrack
C-LINK reserved to the communication between Controller and RS Controller that is

the slave that perform the N:1 protection
CCMCF reserved to the communication between Controller and MCF
I2-BUS-1 reserved to the communication between Controller and the back-plane

EEPROM, which stores system configuration parameters
I2-BUS-2 reserved to the communication between Alarm unit and the units that do not
have microprocessor (this interface is reserved for the management of Remote
Inventory data)
LCTI reserved to the communication between the Controller and the local operator
interface (PC)

Control Section Interfaces
N:1 terminal configuration: Main Rack

Control Section Interfaces
N:1 terminal configuration: Exp. Rack

Supervision Section
The Control section uses the following channels:
• Q-ETH reserved to the transmission of supervision messages between the radio equipment and a
supervision system via a LAN.
Standard protocol Qx/Q3 is used on this interface
• QCLNS2 reserved to the transmission of supervision messages between the radio equipment and
a supervision system via a Data Communication Network. Standard protocol Qx/Q3 is used on this
interface
• QCLNS1 is the interface between the MCF unit and the MAU (AUI)
•TRIB-DCC-R reserved to the transmission of supervision messages, using the
standard protocol Qx/Q3 on a reserved 192 kbit/s channel of the radio frame (tributary side)
• TRIB-DCC-M reserved to the transmission of supervision messages, using the
standard protocol Qx/Q3 on a reserved 576 kbit/s channel of the radio frame (tributary side)
• LINE-DCC-R reserved to the transmission of supervision messages, using the
standard protocol Qx/Q3 on a reserved 192 kbit/s channel of the radio frame (line side)
• LINE-DCC-M reserved to the transmission of supervision messages, using the
standard protocol Qx/Q3 on a reserved 576 kbit/s channel of the
radio frame (line side)
• CCMCF reserved to the transmission of supervision messages between
MCF and Controller. This channel uses a proprietary protocol (V*)
• OH-BUS reserved to the management of radio over-head services via the SOH units.

Radio sub rack
Ref Function
1 #1 battery input for Rx/Dem and Tx of beam B or of beam C
2 #2 battery input for Rx/Dem and Tx of beam B or of beam C
3 #1 battery input for Rx/Dem and Tx of beam A or of beam D
4 #2 battery input for Rx/Dem and Tx of beam A or of beam D
5 IF OUT from Modulator (B or C)
6 IF IN to transmitter (B or C)
7 IF OUT from Modulator (A or D)
8 IF IN to transmitter (A or D)
9-10 IF output from Front End (9) and IF amplifier input (10) of main
or diversity receiver (the one connected to the lowest
antenna), relevant to beam B or C. They are connected to the
delay equaliser unit.
11-12 IF output from Front End (11) and IF amplifier input (12) of
main or diversity receiver (the one connected to the lowest
antenna), relevant to beam A or D. They are connected to the
delay equaliser unit.

BB sub-rack
1+1 NE Terminal and Repeater
Ref Function
PM 43-1 Error monitor, received field, etc. for C-D Modem (High sub-
rack)
PM 43-2 Link of E-BUS bus between main sub-rack and expansion

one (not used for not expandable 1+1 terminals)
PM 43-3 Alarm input and tele-command output (from/to supervision)
PM 43-4 Not used
PF 2 Q(B3) interface for supervision, connection with MAU
PF 3 Connection with POL
PM 42-1 System alarm output
PM 42-2 Into slave repeaters: extension of DCC-R channel toward

sub-rack in the opposite direction. Into terminals and
master repeaters: globe with connections for line DCC-R
WF IN/OUT 2 Mbit/s line service (Way Side) and IN/OUT 2 Mbit/s

to/from Master Oscillator
PM 48-1 E1/E2 channel voice extension toward sub-rack opposite

direction (not used for not expandable 1+1 terminals)
PM 48-2 DCC-R channel extension toward sub-rack opposite

direction (not used for not expandable 1+1 terminals)

BB sub-rack
Ref Function
PM 48-3 64 kbit/s service channels of #1 tributary (not used)
PM 48-4 64 kbit/s service channels of #2 tributary (not used)
PF 1 RS-232 connection with local PC
PF 5 Into repeaters: ATPC channel extension C and D

Tx/Rx/Modem (high radio sub-rack) toward sub rack
opposite direction. Into 1+1 terminals: globe with ATPC
connections of C and D Tx/Rx/Modem.
PF 4 Into repeaters: ATPC channel extension A and B

Tx/Rx/Modem (low radio sub-rack) toward sub-rack
opposite direction. Into 1+1 terminals: not used.
TRIB IN/OUT 155 Mbit/s tributary and protection tributary

(only for not expandable 1+1 terminals);
PM 41-1 Voice extension for E1/E2
PM 41-2 64 kbit/s service channels of #1 line.
PM 46 Connection with lamp panel of the rack
PM 47 Q(B2) interface for supervision.
PM 44-2 Tele-command input.
PM 44-3 Into repeaters: link of E-BUS bus between expansion Into

1+1 terminals: connection toward Hot Standby logic.
PM 44-4 Error monitor, received field, etc. for A-B Modem (Low
sub-rack); not used into not expandable 1+1 terminals.

BB sub-rack
N+1/N+0 Terminal and Repeater
Ref Function
PF 2 Q(B3) interface for supervision, connection with MAU
PF 3 Connection with POL
PF 1 RS-232 connection with local PC
WF IN/OUT 2 Mbit/s line service (Way Side) and IN/OUT 2

Mbit/s to/from Master Oscillator
PM 42-1 System alarm output
PM 42-2 Link of RSC-BUS bus toward expansion sub-rack
PM 43-1 Error monitor, received field, etc. for C-D Modem (High sub rack)
PM 43-2 Link of E-BUS bus toward expansion sub-rack + interrupt
PM 43-3 Alarm input and tele-command output (transit from/to supervision)
PM 43-4 Tele-commands for tributary and line services
PM 47 Q(B2) interface for supervision.
PM 46 Connection with lamp panel of the rack
TRIB IN/OUT 155 Mbit/s tributary and protection tributary;

IN/OUT Tx and Rx distributors
PM 41-1 Voice extension for E1/E2
PM 44-2 Tele-command input for switching.
PM 44-3 Link toward expansion sub-rack: address of the Rx and Tx stand-by.
PM 44-4 Error monitor, received field, etc. for A-B Modem (Low sub-rack).

BB sub-rack
N+1/N+0 Terminal and Repeater
1. Tributary C input
2. Tributary C output
3. Protection A input
4. Protection A output
Alarms unit
5. Tributary D input
6. Tributary D output
7. Tributary B occ. input
8. Tributary B occ. output
Trib. C Trib. A Trib. D Trib. B

BB sub-rack
1. Tributary 1.1 input

2. Tributary 1.1 output
3. Protection tributary input
4. Protection Tributary output
Alarms unit Tributary 1.1

Tributary 1.1
(protection)

Indicators connectors and
test points on the equipment
frontal part
Rack Visual Indicators
Red Lamp: recapitulatory alarm function; by pressing push

button storage, of the alarm unit, the lamps turns off;
Yellow lamp: signaling both the execution of possible

manual actionsand the recapitulatory alarm storage;
Green lamp: signalling a call in reception when EOW service

telephone unit is installed.

Controls on the Modulator
1. Red LED displaying the unit card fail
2. Test point of frame synchronism: the measurable parameter is

the frequency equal to half of symbol clock: 11.983077 MHz ±
4.6 ppm (128TCM) or 14.138172 MHz ± 4.6 ppm (64 TCM)
3. Carrier test points: the measurable parameter is 70 MHz ± 10

kHz
4. IF power test points at Modulator output:

-5 dBm ± 0.5 dB

Controls on the Transmitter
5. RF output connector of the transmitter
6. RF power output test points; on the plate placed on the

side of the connector there is the coupling value measured
at factory with the operating frequency
7. OL Tx test points; The allowance on the OL frequency

is ±20 ppm in the environment temperature range
from 5 up to 40 °C
8. Red LED displaying the Tx local oscillator alarm; such alarm

is activated after an output level decreasing of 6 dB
(hysteresis < 2 dB)
9. Green LED relevant to the inner power supply;
10. Switch of the internal power supply
11. Red LED displaying the Hop Trace Mismatch alarm; such an
alarm causes the wrong functioning of the ATCP circuit
12. Red LED displaying the IF alarm; such an alarm has been
activated by a decreasing of 5 dB (hysteresis < 1 dB) of the
input level
13. Adjustment of the Pout
14. Red LED displaying the card fail of the unit.

Receiver/Demodulator
A type
15. RF input connector to main receiver

16. OL output connector from main RX towards the diversity receiver
(connector 30). Into the systems where the space diversity is
not present, such a connector is used to control the OL Rx frequency;
17. Red LED displaying the Rx local oscillator alarm; such an alarm is
activated by a decreasing of the output level of 6 dB (hysteresis < 2
dB)
18. Band and IF output level adjustment of the main receiver
19. Input of the IF signal coming from the diversity receiver (connector 35)
20. IF test points (upstream of the AGC circuits)
21. IF output test points (5 dBm ± 0,5 dB)
22. IF output towards the demodulator
23. Red LED displaying the card fail of the main receiver unit
24. Selector for the manual or automatic adjustment choice of the output
IF level
25. Manual adjustment of the output IF level
27. Green LED relevant to the internal power supply;
28. RF output connector to space diversity receiver
29. OL test point at the diversity receiver input;
30. OL signal input connector to diversity receiver.
31. Red LED displaying the alarm by shifter failure of the diversity receiver
32. Connector for the manual shifter (provided as accessory); such a
device is used, inside the space diversity systems, to execute checks
on the receiver

A type
33. Band and IF output level adjustment of the diversity receiver

34. Red LED displaying the card fail of the diversity receiver
35. Diversity IF output towards the coupler of the main receiver
36. Test point of the diversity IF signal forwarded to the coupler
(max. -16 dB ± 2 dB)
37. Test point of the IF carrying frequency calculated by the
demodulator (70 MHz ± 10 kHz)
38. IF input to demodulator
39. Red LED displaying the error rate alarm (B2 byte in the terminals
with MST; FEC for repeaters or terminals without MST)
40. Yellow LED displaying the Early Warning alarm
41. Red LED displaying the card fail of the demodulator
42. Test point of the recovered symbol clock frequency:
23.926154 MHz ± 4.6 ppm (128 TCM) or 28.276344 MHz ± 4.6
ppm (64 TCM)
43. Test point of the error correction pulses (FEC); width: "1" =
positive, "0" = ground. The presence of an error pulse
corresponds to a "0" logic state.
44. Equalising coefficients. In case of distortion absence: real part =
straight line with 5 V step, central plug; complex part = straight
line
45. Equalising coefficient synchronism; synchronism output for
oscilloscope
46. Plug for PC interface; output during testing procedures for
checks and measures on demodulator

B type
15. RF input connector to main receiver

16. RF output connector to space diversity receiver
17. Red LED displaying the Rx local oscillator alarm; such an alarm
is activated by a decreasing of the output level of 6 dB
(hysteresis < 2 dB)
18. OL output connector used to control the OL Rx frequency; the
allowance on the frequency is ± 20 ppm in the environment
temperature range from 5 up to 40 °C.
19. Red LED displaying the card fail of the receiver unit
20. IF output test points/IF DIV test point (average output test point
or Div received signal test point downstream the RF/IF
conversion)
21. IF MAIN test point (downstream the RF/IF conversion)
22. µP connector for the connection with the PC; it is used for the
receiver management by means of the proper user software
(RUI)
23. IF output towards the demodulator
24. IF input to demodulator
25. Test point of the IF carrying frequency calculated by the
demodulator (70 MHz ± 10 kHz)
27. Green LED relevant to the internal power supply
28. Red LED displaying the error rate alarm (B2 byte in the
terminals with MST; FEC for repeaters or terminals without
MST)

B type
29. Yellow LED displaying the Early Warning alarm

30. Red LED displaying the card fail of the demodulator
31. Test point of the recovered symbol clock frequency:
23.926154 MHz ± 4.6 ppm (128 TCM) or
28.276344 MHz ± 4.6 ppm (64 TCM)
32. Test point of the error correction pulses (FEC);
width: "1" = positive, "0" = ground. The presence of
an error pulse corresponds to a "0" logic state.
33. Equalising coefficients. In case of distortion absence:
real part = straight line with 5 V step, central plug;
complex part = straight line
34. Equalising coefficient synchronism; synchronism
output for oscilloscope
35. Plug for PC interface; output during testing procedures
for checks and measures on demodulator

BB UNIT FRONT PANEL
The BB sub-rack units are protected by means of a frontal covering allowing to

display the following alarms:
9 Controller Fail: Red LED, it signals the controller unit failure
9 Subrack Alm: Red LED, it signals the failure of one of the BB sub-rack units
To access to other visual indications on the front panel of the BB units, it is

necessary to remove the covering.

Repeaters: main rack

Repeaters: slave rack

Not expandable 1+1 Terminals

N+1/N+0 Terminals

Control/Alarm unit
1+1 NE Configuration
1 - Red LED: Card Fail

2 - SUBRACK red LED: it points out the
failure of one unit of the equipment
3 - URG red LED: it detects a function
alarm (with URGENT gravity)
4 - NURG red LED: it detects the presence
of a not correct equipment functioning
but not caused by a failure of the units
5 - IND yellow LED: indicative alarm
6 - TEST yellow LED: Manual operation on
progress on the equipment
7 - INT red LED: it points out the presence
of a failure caused by equipment inner
causes
8 - EXT yellow LED: it points out the
presence of a failure caused by
equipment external causes
9 - Push button for the memorization of the
resuming alarm. It is placed on the rack
top.
10 - F interface: it allows to connect a
PC for the local testing and the system
configuration procedure

Alarm Unit
1 - Red LED: it detects as the card fail

(Alarm unit failure) as the subrack alm
(BB subrack unit failure)
12 - URG red LED: it detects a function
alarm (with URGENT gravity)
13 - NURG red LED: it detects the
presence of a not correct equipment
functioning but not caused by a failure
of the units
14 - IND yellow LED: indicative alarm
15 - TEST yellow LED: Manual operation
on progress on the equipment
16 - INT red LED: it points out the
equipment inner causes
17 - EXT yellow LED: it points out the
equipment external causes
18 - Push button for the memorization of
the resuming alarm. It is placed on the
rack top.
19 - F interface: it allows to connect a
PC for the local testing and the system
configuration procedure.

SOH service unit

20 - Green LED: Beam 1 on line
22 - Yellow LED: manual
operation
23 - Switch to force manually the
beam on-line

Tributary Unit

26 - Yellow LED: manual operation
27 - Switch to force manually the beam
on-line

Rx Distributor/Tx Distributor
Rx Distributor
28 - 1 Digit display displaying the beam
on the stand-by
29,30- Switch push button for manual
selection of the beam to be let
transiting on the stand-by
Tx Distributor
31 - 1 Digit display displaying the beam
switched on the stand-by
32,33- Switch push button for manual
selection of the beam to be let
transiting on the stand-by
Rx Distributor Tx Distributor

RS Controller

34 - Green LED: it points out the
correct operative status of the SCS
Channel
35 - RS 232 interface: it is used at
manufacturer's for the local testing
by means of PC.

Fault Location and
Service Restoring
NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS
Red alarm lamp on top of the rack: OFF
All red alarm indicators on the front of modules and units:

OFF
RF output power and RF input power at nominal values

ALARM CONDITIONS
Breakdown in one of the modules in the receiver-transmitter

section or in one of the units in the baseband section.
An alarm in the equipment is indicated by a red alarm LED

on the front of the failed unit and by a red summary alarm
lamp on the top of the rack which houses the failed unit
The alarm signals are processed by the general supervisory

unit of the system (Controller) and by the alarm unit, which
allows, in connection with a PC, easy location of failed unit.

LAMP PANEL

ALARM INDICATIONS
Transmitter and Modulator

ALARM INDICATIONS
Receiver and Demodulator
A type B type

STANDARD INTERVENTION PROCEDURE
1 st PHASE
At the station At the maintenance center
start
Fault condition Withdraw the spare unit
signaled by alarm lamp to be sent to the station.
Locate the faulty unit

no
Transmitter or
Receiver/
demodulator unit?
Replacement of the unit

yes
Alignment to the operation

frequency
stop

STANDARD INTERVENTION PROCEDURE
2nd PHASE
At the station At the maintenance center
start
Send the faulty unit to the Send the faulty unit to

maintenance center the factory for repair
stop

Location of the faulty unit (1)
start
NO
Is the
recapitulatory
stop
alarm lamp
on
YES
YES
Is ALM LED
Dem. Unit faulty: replace
(1) ON?
NO
YES
Is GREEN
Transmitter Power Supply
LED PS (9)
faulty: replace the unit
OFF?
NO
YES
Check and if necessary
restore the IF connection Is ALM LED
between modulator and (12) ON?
transmitter
NO
NO
Is IF ALM LED
(12) ON?
YES
Transmitter faulty: replace

the unit

YES
Transmitter Local Oscillator
Is LED LO ALM
faulty. Replace the
(8) ON?
transmitter unit
NO
YES Is LED HOP
Transmitter ATPC Circuit
faulty. Replace the TRACE
transmitter Unit with the MISMATCH ALM
spare one (11) ON?
NO
YES
Transmitter Unit faulty. Is LED POUT
Replace the transmitter unit ALM (14) ON?
with the spare one
NO
Receiver/Demodulator power YES

supply faulty. Replace the Is GREEN LED
receiver/Demodulator Unit PS ON (27) OFF?
with the spare one
NO
YES
OL Rx Fail: Replace the
Is LED LO ALM
Receiver/Demodulator unit
(17) ON?
with the spare one
NO
YES
Receiver Faulty: replace the Is LED MAIN RX
Receiver/Demodulator unit ALM (23) ON?
with the spare one

Is Diversity Receiver NO
unit present inside
the receiver/demod.
Unit?
YES
Diversity Receiver phase shifter YES

faulty: replace the Is LED PS SH ALM
Receiver/Demodulator unit with the (31) ON?
spare one
NO
YES
Diversity Receiver faulty: replace Is LED DIV Rx ALM
the Receiver/Demodulator unit with (34) ON?
the spare one
NO
YES
Demodulator Faulty: replace the
Is LED ALM (41)
Receiver/Demodulator unit with
ON?
thw spare one
NO
YES
The alarm signaling is due to Is at least one of
critical propagation conditions the leds HBER (39)
EW (40) ON?
NO
stop
YES
The lit LED indicates fault in the Is LED ALM on the
corresponding unit: replace with front panel of BB
the spare one units ON?

Transmitter and receiver/demodulator
Transmitter and receiver/demodulator units include selective

parts adjusted to the single channel frequency;
It is necessary to align these units to the same operating

frequency of the faulty units.

Spare Transmitter Unit
Alignment procedure
1. Take from the Maintenance Center a spare unit with the same part number of the faulty one.
2. Check the Local Oscillator and the LO pass-band filter of the spare unit are adjusted to the
same frequency of the ones installed in the faulty unit. In the affirmative, pass to step 6
otherwise go on as here below described.
3. Among the available spare units, choose the LO unit the frequency of which is like the one of
the corresponding faulty unit.
4. Among the available spare units, choose the LO pass-band filter unit adjusted to the required
RF frequency.
5. Replace the spare unit local oscillator and the Tx unit filter with the ones chosen through steps
3 and 4.
6. Insert the spare unit in the test radio sub-rack and switch-on the transmitter power supply.
7. Connect a frequency meter to LO output.
8. Measure the LO frequency: the value should be fOL NOM ±20 ppm (from 5° to 40°C); it can be
adjusted, if necessary, acting on the fine tuning screw of the reference quartz.

Spare Receiver/Dem Unit
Alignment procedure
1. Take from the Maintenance Center a spare unit with the same part number of the faulty
one.
2. Check the Local Oscillator installed on the spare unit is adjusted to the same frequency
of the one installed in the faulty unit. In the affirmative, pass to step 6 otherwise go on
as here below described.
3. Among the available spare units, choose the LO unit the frequency of which is like the
one of the corresponding unit of the faulty Rx unit.
4. Before assembling the new local oscillator in the spare unit, make sure the main
receiver and diversity receiver (if present) Front-end units have been preset for
operation with RF = LO+IF or RF = LO-IF, according to the RF channel frequency.
5. Replace the local oscillator of the Rx unit with the spare one.
6. Insert the spare Rx unit in the test radio sub-rack and switch-on the receiver power
supply.
7. Connect a frequency meter to LO output.
8. Measure the LO frequency: the value should be fOL NOM ±20 ppm (from 5° to 40°C); it
can be adjusted, if necessary, acting on the fine tuning screw of the reference quartz

Adjustment of a LO frequency

Adjustment of a LO frequency

Performances
Generalities
The performance function allows to display on the PC:
The Quality Parameters calculated according to:
– Rec. ITU-T G.829 for input bytes B1 and B2 (Tributary Side for the Tributary Unit
and Line Side for the Demodulator Unit)
– Rec. ITU-T G.826 for byte B3 used in tandem connection
The unavailability parameters of radio connection, evaluated according

to Rec. ITU-T G.827

Generalities
Monitoring on point to point hops
Monodirectional approach (the two directions are

considered as separate ones)
Quarter Window or Day Window

Data Provided (1)
UAS – Number of Seconds of Unavailability: it provides the unavailability

seconds of connection into a specified observation period.
SES - Number of Severely Errored Seconds: it provides the seconds, for which
one of the following conditions is present:
• percentage of errored blocks equal to or higher than a threshold.
• presence of at least one particular event called “defect”.

Data Provided (2)
ES - Number of Errored Seconds: it provides the seconds where the

presence of at least one errored block occurs.
BBE - (Number of Background Block Errors): it provides the number of
errored blocks into a not SES second.
OI - (Number of Outage Intensity): it provides the number of
unavailability events into a specific observation period.

example
Time
10 sec < 10 10 sec

sec
Unavailability Availability
detected detected
Unavailable Available
period period
Severely Errored Second
Errored Second (non-SES)
Error-free Second

Performance Monitoring Window
Quarter

Performance Monitoring Window
Day

Quarter History
Quarter History allows to record on file the performance referred to

interval of 15 minutes for following analisys.
9 Excel Program needed

Quarter History
recording procedure
9 Quarter History allows to record

on file the performance referred
to interval of 15 minutes for
following analisys.
¾ Select one of the available

options for the Tributary or
Rx/Demodulator unit: B1 Quarter
History or B2 Quarter History or
Tandem Conn. Quarter History or
Radio Section History

Quarter History
recording procedure
¾ The Performance Monitoring

window opens. Set the date and
the time for the beginning and
the end of the recording.
¾ Click on Browse and specify the

file name and the relative path
where recorded data must be
stored

Quarter History
recording procedure
¾ Start the recording procedure

clicking on Start; the soft push-
button switches from Start to
Show and remain deactivated.
¾ At the end of the recording

period, the push-button Show
becomes active again; click on
Show to run Excel and display
the 15 minutes performance as
table.

Quarter History
recording procedure

Quarter History
recording procedure
¾ Save the recorded data using Excel.
¾ Close the Performance Monitoring window and exit (The user is asked for
confirmation at the end of performance recording procedure).

Measure of the RF RX power
¾ Select RF RX Power REC in the

Performance-Rx/Demodulator menu
¾ Set the initial and final data and time

for the recording

¾ Start the recording clicking on Start;

the software push-button switches
from Start to Show.
¾ At the end of the recording period,

click on Show to display the RF RX
Power slope (see Fig.\ ); it’s also
possible to display the same data in
table form.
¾ The graphic is not saved /created

automatically; if the user presses the
Cancel button during the recording,
only the text file is saved. So, if he
wants to save this graphic, he must
do it manually, before exiting Excel
program.

example

Download Procedure
Generalities
¾ The downloading consists on the transferring, via FTP, of the file with the
software from a PC, locally connected to the equipment, to the interested
unit
¾ The software of the units, which support the download, resides on the
memory banks, one active and the other stand-by, which assure the
redundancy. The downloading regards the stand-by bank and doesn’t
involve any interruption of the unit operation
¾ The downloading needs the equipment is in normal conditions (absence of

fading, absence of serious alarms and power supplies anomalies)
¾ To update the currenlly active software bank, it is necessary set the active
bank in stand-by condition, making the other one active
¾ The downloading can be executed only in local connection

Download window

Connection Information

FTP Client Configuration

Selection of unit
In Directories, under Remote the directories, present in the equipments,

able to support the downloading are listed: select the interested unit.

Types of file
"xxxx.hex“: the software currently

loaded on the standby bank
“stbyinfo.txt": it is a text file with

informations regarding the software
version loaded in the standby bank
and in the active bank.

Controller download
In case of Controller download, it

is necessary to clear the standby
bank of the unit,selecting in Files,
under Remote,
the file "contrler.hex" and clicking
on Delete. Confirm the clearing
of the standby bank, clicking on
Yes

Transferring option
Under Remote (in the

upper field) rename the
software file to load
on the bank of the
interested unit.
Set ASCII as transferring

modality (ASCII option of
Transfer) and command the
software downloading
clicking on Copy. After the
downloading start,
in the lower status bar, the
information about the
operation in course appears
with the indication of the
percentage of the
progression.

Download info
At the end of operation,

verify the correct checksum
of the bank, where the
downloading has been
executed (standby bank),
selecting in Files, under
Remote,
the file "stbyinfo.txt" and
clicking View

Saving the set profile
Save the set profile for

the selected download
with the name
"srt1cftp", selecting
Save As in File menu

File naming
The following rules about the first 4 characters of .hex file name must be respected
(except Controller), for the Controller accepts the new file to load in the memory bank of
the selected unit :
• ss = Slave Type identifier (see table)

• ee = Equipment Type identifier:
= 15 for Equipment Type A (Terminals N:1, N+0 and 1+1 expandable)
= 16 for Equipment Type B (Repeaters)
= 17 for Equipment Type C (Terminals 1+1 not expandable)
• xxxx = any character
The files of the different slaves must be then named again before starting the download.
For the Controller, instead, the file must be renamed contrler.hex.

Renaming rules

Commissioning
A type receiver
Equalization of path difference
Purpose
It consists in equalizing the length of the paths in wave-guide for the main
and space diversity receivers and the levels of the input signals in the
combinator.
Instruments
For phase equalization
– link analizer
– -12 V generator
– square wave or L.F. generator
– IF switch (P/N 617-022/97)
For amplitude equalization:

– phase shifter manual control (P/N 614-021/12)
– variable attenuator
– RF cables
– spectrum analyzer

Phase equalization
Test bench

Phase equalization
Procedure (1)
Set the IF generator as follows:
. fo: 70 MHz
. sweep: ±2 MHz
. level: -5 dBm
. deviation: 500 kHz
Connect the IF generator to transmitter IF input on the back plane.
Remove the transmitter ATPC
Set the remote station receiver to manual control
Remove the IF jumper connecting the diversity receiver to main receiver
Feed the IF switch (P/N 617-022/97) with -12 V and drive it by a sine wave
generated by an L.F. generator (frequency between 100 and 200 Hz) or by
a square wave (frequency 50 Hz, level between 0.2 and 10 V)
Connect the IF switch to points 11 and 33 by cables of the same length

Phase equalization
Procedure (2)
The difference between the two group delay traces, displayed on

Rx Link Analyzer, represents the delay between the signal received
by the main and diversity receivers
Length L of the micro-coaxial cable, contained in the delay

equalizer unit P/N 621-014/72, compensating the delay, is:
L (m) =  (ns) × 0.1978 × 1.06
1 meter of micro-coaxial cable corresponds to a delay of 4.7 ns
approx..
Cut the cable contained in the delay equalizer unit P/N 621-014/72
to the calculated length
The receivers are considered equalized when their relative delay is

lower or equal to 1 ns.

Amplitude equalization
Test bench

Amplitude equalization
Procedure
The variable attenuator being connected to the remote station transmitter, attenuate
the received signal level up to -55 dBm.
Remove the IF U-link of diversity receiver (point 10-32) and set the receiver to MAN.
Bring to -5 dBm the output level at connector 35, by acting on potentiometer 40. On
the analyzer (connected to connector 35) store the IF spectrum trace of the main
receiver only set to MAN (level -5 dBm) with very fast sweep time to appreciate the
following variations.
Connect IF jumper of the diversity receiver (points 10-32) and disconnect the main
receiver (point 26) from the relevant channel filter.
Act on diversity receiver level potentiometer (point 7) until bringing the signal level of
connector 35 to -11 dBm.
Connect again the main receiver to its RF filter.
Insert the manual control (position AUT, then MAN). By the manual control,
turn the combiner phase in order to obtain a difference between the previous trace
and the present one of 25 dB at least with a center notch of 30, 40 dB.
Should the difference be lower, act on diversity receiver level potentiometer.

Equalization of the IF frequency response
Purpose
To equalize the amplitude distortions inserted by the hop.
Instruments
– SCE program; floppy with code 559-019/34
– Cable for PC-Demodulator connection; code 324-327/78

Equalization of the IF frequency response
Procedure
Start up the SCE program.
Choose Extras/Options in the main menu, select the proper COM port,
set the Baudrate to the value 9600 and click on OK
Select Spectrum/Main Transfer Function in the main menu to display

the curve of the IF amplitude characteristic and the curve of the group
delay. If it is necessary, adjust the slope of the group delay through the
Local PC program changing the value of the "GDE Slope Offset" setting
into the DGDE configuration menu
The amplitude characteristic can be changed also acting through small

rotations on the adjusting points and present on the receiver front panel
If the space diversity is equipped, the measurements have to be executed

before on the Main Receiver, then on the Diversity receiver and at last on
the combined signal that is the condition to be optimized.

Commissioning
B type receiver
Contents
Receiver User Interface
SCE
Equalization Procedures

Overview
9 Receiver User Interface
9 Dedicated user software used to configure and control the

operative status of the receiver
9 Used during installation to control/modify the parameters related

to the modulation type, etc.
9 After installation, used as integration, as regards the receiver, of

the functionalities provided by LCT software to control the
equipment by means of PC

Connection between PC and Receiver unit
Each time RUI user software connects to the microcontroller on the receiver,
it sets the “Manual Operation” command. Then, the microcontroller activates
the signalling of manual operation to the Demodulator and the lighting of the
yellow rack lamp
µP connector
Remove the potection plate
Cable RS232 314-144/45 to access the µP connector and
the IF microcoax of the
Port COM1
or COM2
monitoring jacks

User Profiles
Maintenance Æ access to all the program functions; it is reserved

to the test engineers (in factory) and to the installation engineers.
To access to this profile it is necessary to enter a password.
User Æ it is the profile of common user. It makes available only

the functions necessary to the receiver ordinary maintenance.

User interface menu
9 Measurements
9 Commands
9 Configuration
9 Alarms
9 DIV Equalization
9 Slope equalization
9 Factory Data

Measurements

Measurements
Parameters
Measure User Function
Diversity User/maintenance It signals if the space diversity is equipped

or not.
Combined Power (±2 dB) -- Function not implemented in the current

software version.
Received Power (±5 dB) User/maintenance It is the measure (dBm) of RF received field;
if the space diversity is equipped, it is the
higher field value between Main and
Diversity.
Received field main (± 5 dB) User/maintenance It is the measure (dBm) of RF received field
at Main receiver input
Received field diversity (± 5 User/maintenance It is the measure (dBm) of RF received field

dB) at Diversity receiver input. For the single
receiver, this indication is not active.
Low power filter Maintenance It is the power detected by “low” filter of the
dispersion detector.
High power filter Maintenance It is the power detected by “high” filter of the
dispersion detector.
Center power filter Maintenance It is the power detected by “center” filter of
the dispersion detector.
SVR User/maintenance It displays the software version of Rx unit.

Commands

Commands
Parameters
Command User Function

IF Gain User/maintenance The command acts on a digital switch and allows to set the
automatic or manual operation of the control loop of the
variable amplifier of IF output
Manual Phase Shift User/maintenance This command allows to manually act on the X and Y axis of
the phase-shifter equipped on the Space Diversity subunit.
It is mainly used during the factory test for calibration
activities. This command is not active on PC for the receiver
without Space Diversity.
Oscillation for User/maintenance Ii is used during the procedure of equalization of the

Equalization receiver in diversity. The command allows to compare the
delay differences of the two MAIN and DIVERSITY paths by
means of a Link Analyzer.
IF Gain MGC User/maintenance It allows to manually control the gain of the IF output
amplifier when the MG/AGC digital switch is set in MGC (by
IF GAIN = Manual)

Configuration

Configuration
Parameters (1)
Configuration User Function

LO Freq. Above RF Maintenance It allows to control/modify the OL beat, that is to set the
channel receiver for operation with RF=OL+IF or RF=OL-IF
ATPC threshold -- Function not implemented in the current sw version
Slope MAIN User/maintenance It allows to equalize the band amplitude for MAIN.
Slope DIVERSITY User/maintenance It allows to equalize the band amplitude for DIVERSITY
IF Gain AGC User/maintenance It displays (in digit) the IF output level of the receiver in
AGC condition.
IF Attenuation MAIN User/maintenance It allows to change the attenuation on the amplification

line of MAIN receiver. This configuration can be used
only if the modality “Single Diversity” or “Diversity test”
has been selected.
IF Attenuatio DIVERSITY User/maintenance It allows to change the attenuation on the amplification

line of DIVERSITY receiver. This configuration can be
used only if the modality “Single Diversity” or “Diversity
test” has been selected.
Delay -- Function not implemented in the current sw version
Delay on User/maintenance It commands a digital switch for the selection of MAIN or

Diversity path, on which the cable must be inserted for
the equalization of the static delay in systems with path
diversity.

Configuration
Parameters (2)
Configuration User Function

Extra Delay -- Function not implemented in the current sw version
Modulation Maintenance It allows to control/modify the modulation format
Rx Field Threshold -- Function not implemented in the current sw version
Working Mode User/maintenance It is the operation modality of the microcontroller on the

receiver. Possible values are:
Diversity On
Div. Off- Single MAIN
Div. Off- Single DIV
Automatic Equalization On
Fast Phase Sweep
Diversity Test
Combiner Strategy -- Function not implemented in the current sw version
Monitoring On User/maintenance It commands a digital switch that allows to select the IF

OUT/DIV monitoring jack present on the receiver front
side:
IF OUT = monitoring jack of IF combined signal
DIV = monitoring jack of IF diversity signal
Thr setting is possible only when the diversity is
equipped.

Alarms
Mismatch between
hardware version of
Receiver and the
equipped firmware

Diversity Equalization

Diversity Equalization
Parameters
Indication User Function
Test Point 5M User/maintenance It is a read only field. It displays (in digit)

the RF power in input to the Main receiver
for low field values (< -50 dBm). The value is
meaningful only when the working Mode
configuration is in “Diversity Test”.
Test Point 5D User/maintenance It is a read only field. It displays (in digit)

the RF power in input to the Div receiver for
low field values (< -50 dBm). The value is
meaningful only when the working Mode
configuration is in “Diversity Test”.
Test Point 2C User/maintenance It is a read only field. It displays (in digit)

the RF power, detected after the sum node,
of the two main anf diversity signals,
combined in phase. The value is meaningful
only when the working Mode configuration
is in “Diversity Test”.
9All other fields have been described in the Rx/Div configuration window

SLOPE EQUALIZATION

Unit Manufacturing Data

Save Data functionality

SCE Program
The SCE Program is used to control the IF amplitude

characteristic and the group delay

SCE Program
example of IF response curves

Instruments for equalization
Link Analyzer
Variable attenuator
RF cables
Spectrum analyzer
Power meter
RUI program
Cable for PC-microprocessor RX connection (code 314-144/45)
SCE program
Cable for PC Demodulator connection (code 314-327/78)

Compensation of the Static Delay
Purpose
It consists in equalizing the length of the paths in

wave-guide for the main and space diversity
receivers.

measure bench

Reference scheme for the equalization procedure
Test Point 5M
IF Gain
RF IF attenuation
Main MAIN
7M
Mean
Max
Delay on =
Main/Div + value
7D
RF IF attenuation
Div Div
Test Point 2C
Test Point 5D

Blocks diagram of the B type receiver

Procedure (1)
1. Save the default receiver configuration
2. Attenuate the remote Tx so that the reception fields (Main and Div) are ≤-55 dBm,
after having verified that the beam under examination has ATPC off.
3. Run RUI program and set Working Mode = Diversity Test
4. Set congruently Delay on Main/Div on the line on which the delay must be
added.Make sure that the sectioning on the radio shelf is short-circuited.
5. In the remote station, connect the Tx Link Analyzer at IF input of the transmitter on
backplane.
6. Set the TX link analyzer as follows:
• Fo = 70 MHz
• Sweep = +/- 2 MHz
• Level = -5 dbM
• Deviation = 250 KHz
7. In the local station, connect the Rx Link Analyzer at IF output of the receiver unit.
8. Set Oscillation for Equalization = on;

Procedure (2)
9. Disconnect the PC from the receiver, exiting correctly from R.U.I. program
10. The differences between the two traces displayed on the Rx Link Analyzer,
connected to IF output of the receiver, represents the static delay (τ) between the
signals received from the main and diversity receivers.
11. The lenght L of the micro-coaxial cable, contained in the delay equalizer unit (code
612-014/72), which compensates the delay, will be: L (m) = τ (ns) x 0.1978 x1,06 1
meter of the micro-coaxial cable corresponds to a delay of about 4,7 ns.
12. Cut the cable contained in delay equalizer unit at the calculated lenght.
13. Insert the cable on the sectioning of the radio shelf. The receivers are considered
equalized when their relative delay is lower or equal to 1 ns.
14. Reconnect the user SW (R.U.I.) and execute the following settings:
• Oscillation for Equalization = off (to stop the hunting function)

• Working Mode = Diversity On

Compensation of the slopes and evaluation of the
levels to be compensated
Purpose
Estimation of how many dB disequalize the two lines (Main

and Diversity) and equalization of the slopes.

levels to be compensated - Procedure (1)
-
1. Force the squelch to Main setting IF attenuation Main = 0 (max

attenuation)
2. Adjust Slope Diversity so that the amplitude in band, detected with SCE
3. program, is coherent with the values reported in the test tag
4. Store the value of Test Point 2C Div
5. Restore IF attenuation Main
6. Force the squelch to Div setting IF attenuation Div = 0 (max attenuation)
7. Adjust Slope Main so that the amplitude in band, detected with SCE
program, is coherent with the values reported in the test tag
8. Store the value of Test Point 2C Main

levels to be compensated – Procedure (2)
9. Calculate the mean value of the two previously stored Test point 2C
values. The obtained value will be used after
Test Point 2Cmean = (Test Point 2C Div + Test Point 2C Main) / 2
The indication of the higher field is associated to the receiver with the
higher Test Point 2C indication.
EXAMPLE
If Test Point 2C Div = 140 (digit) and Test Point 2C Main =130 (digit), the Div
line is higher of about 4dB, in fact (140-130)/2.5 = 10/2.5 =4 dB (2.5 digit =
1dB).
Important: at the end of equalization, IF attenuation Main and IF

attenuation Div must be between 255 and 150.

Compensation of Amplitudes
Purpose
Equalization, in amplitude, of the two reception path. The

operations must be executed on the main line when the
diversity receives a negligible power and vice versa

Procedure
MAIN level
1. Connect to RUI program, Slope Equalization window
2. Squelch the Diversity path setting IF attenuation Div = 0 (max. attenuation)
3. Adjust the amplitude of Main path (acting on IF attenuation Main) so that the
Test Point 2C main = Test Point 2C mean previously calculated
4. Store the new value of IF attenuation Main.
DIVERSITY level
1. Connect to RUI program, Slope Equalization window
2. Squelch the Main path setting IF attenuation Main=0 (max. attenuation)
3. Adjust the amplitude of Diversity path (acting on IF attenuation Div) so that the
Test Point 2C Div = Test Point 2C mean, previously calculated.
4. Store the new value of IF attenuation Div and restore the value of IF attenuation
Main stored in the previous item 1.

verification

Verification
• Set IF gain = Manual in the “Div. Equalization window”
• Set a suitable value of IF Gain MGC, so that the combined signal, in output
from the receiver, has a level of –5dBm measured by a power meter.
• While continuing to measure the combined signal, at receiver output, modify
the combiner phase step by step (Manual Phase Shift), until the maximum
power value is reached (phase point).
• Store the spectrum of the combined signal, which in that point will have the
maximum amplitude, on an analyzer.
• Increase the value of Manual Phase Shift of 180°
• Display the new spectrum and compare it with that previously stored . If the
difference between the two spectrums is about 25 dB, the equalization
procedure has been correctly executed.
Connect with the RUI user software and execute the following settings:
• Restore the configuration Manual IF gain = off
• Working mode = Diversity on
• Exit correctly from RUI program.

SRT
SRT 1C-AP
1C-AP
1xSTM-1 SDH Radio Link System
SLIDE COLLECTION
IMC 0004SETD
Issue 2, May 2003

SRT 1C - Slide - Collection PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SRT 1C - Slide - Collection PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

s

Technical modifications possible.

Status of the Slide Collection

– Current: Issue 2, May 2003

Tributary Unit Composition 36

Management system architecture

Indicators connectors and test points on the equipment frontal part

Fault Location and Service Restoring

 SRT 1C General Aspects

 Management System Architecture

 Indicators connectors and test points on the equipment

 Fault Location and Service Restoring

 CCITT recommendations G.707, G.708 and G.709

 easy access to tributary signals and simplified

 simplification of insertion/extraction functions for tributaries

 harmonization of two plesiochronous hierarchies, European

 automatic centralized management of the transmission

Page 2 © Siemens, 2003

RS1 RS2 RS3 RS4

RADIO RADIO RADIO

Page 3 © Siemens, 2003

 Synchronous Transport Module (level) 1

 Base signal of SDH

 Bitrate: 155.52 Mbit/s

Page 4 © Siemens, 2003

 Section overhead block (SOH)

Page 5 © Siemens, 2003

 Frame duration: 125 µs

CSTM-1 = 8 × (9 × 270) × 8 × 103 = 155,520 Mbit/s

Page 6 © Siemens, 2003

1 ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT bÆ bytes occupied

CAU-4 = 8 × (9 + 261 × 9) × 8 × 103 = 150,912 Mbit/sec

Page 7 © Siemens, 2003

D4 WS WS D5 WS WS D6 WS WS Bytes for Future

D10 WS WS D11 WS WS D12 WS WS

Page 8 © Siemens, 2003

 A1, A2 Æ frame alignment bytes

 B1Æ parity byte for regenerator section BER monitoring

 B2 Æ parity byte for multiplex section BER monitoring

 M22Æ used for ATPC/FastBer

 M23 (SCS) Æ Switching Control Signal

 E1Æ regenerator section order-wire, for omnibus/express voice channel

 E2Æ multiplex section order-wire, for omnibus/express voice channel

 F1Æ user channel for temporary data/voice channel connections for

Page 9 © Siemens, 2003

 D1-D3 Æ Data Communication Channels for regeneration section

 D4-D12 Æ Data Communication Channels for multiplexing section

 K1, K2 Æ automatic protection switching signalling (multiplex section)

 S1 Æ SSMB: Synchronization Source Marker Byte

 Z1, Z2 Æ spare bytes not yet defined

 M1Æ FEBE (Far End Block Error) byte

Page 10 © Siemens, 2003

Page 11 © Siemens, 2003

¾ Every STM-1 frame is assigned an identification (ID)

¾ During demultiplexing, the identification is used for

Page 12 © Siemens, 2003

¾ The B1 byte transmit a parity code, which is used for bit

Page 13 © Siemens, 2003

¾ The E1 byte is used as a voice channel between regenerators and

¾ The E2 byte is used only as a voice channel between multiplexers

Page 14 © Siemens, 2003

Page 15 © Siemens, 2003

Page 16 © Siemens, 2003

SRT 1C General Aspects

Management System Architecture

Indicators connectors and test points on the equipment

Fault Location and Service Restoring

CCITT recommendations G.707, G.708 and G.709

easy access to tributary signals and simplified

simplification of insertion/extraction functions for tributaries

harmonization of two plesiochronous hierarchies, European

automatic centralized management of the transmission

Synchronous Transport Module (level) 1

Base signal of SDH

Bitrate: 155.52 Mbit/s

Section overhead block (SOH)

Frame duration: 125 µs

A1, A2 Æ frame alignment bytes

B1Æ parity byte for regenerator section BER monitoring

B2 Æ parity byte for multiplex section BER monitoring

M22Æ used for ATPC/FastBer

M23 (SCS) Æ Switching Control Signal

E1Æ regenerator section order-wire, for omnibus/express voice channel

E2Æ multiplex section order-wire, for omnibus/express voice channel

F1Æ user channel for temporary data/voice channel connections for

D1-D3 Æ Data Communication Channels for regeneration section

D4-D12 Æ Data Communication Channels for multiplexing section

K1, K2 Æ automatic protection switching signalling (multiplex section)

S1 Æ SSMB: Synchronization Source Marker Byte

Z1, Z2 Æ spare bytes not yet defined

M1Æ FEBE (Far End Block Error) byte

DCCr : RSOH Æ D1, D2, D3 (192 Kbit/s)

DCCm: MSOH ÆD4..D12 (single message flow)

SCS : Switching Control Signal (64 Kbit/s channel)

The RS Controller provides the necessary switching

1+1 N. E. : SCS not used

N+1 [N=1…7]: multilinea protection

Line service interface unit SOH: BB card

Used for the line service channels management. Provides

Before being inserted in the higher-order container the TUs

A STM-1 signal may contain:

VC of a higher order (VC-3 & VC-4)

VC of a lower order (VC-2, VC-11 &VC-12)

VC-4 Æ 150.336Mbit/s (suitable for 140 Mbit/s)

VC-3 Æ 48.960 Mbit/s (suitable 34 Mbit/s or 45 Mbit/s)

VC-12 Æ 2.240 Mbit/s (suitable 2 Mbit/s)