ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

• A ME RI C A N P E R I OD
• E A R LY R E P UB L I C
• M A RTI A L L AW
ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD
HISTORY
1902 POST WAR
•Governor William H. Taft- ordered the conversion of the war-damaged
Manila into a planned city
•Daniel Burnham- was commissioned to plan Manila following his “City
Beautiful Movement” model in city planning
•American architects were commissioned to design buildings such as
Parsons and Burnham
•The corps of army engineers took care of the ordinary building
activities.
•The American rule prioritized revitalizing the city of Manila; promoting
education and improving the health conditions of the city dwellers
Daniel Burnham’s “City Beautiful
Movement”
-was the city planner behind the
rehabilitation of Chicago
His model consist of:
1. civic buildings along major
thoroughfare in Neoclassical style and
white
2. the thoroughfare were tree-lined
boulevards with fountains at
intersections
3. parks dominate the areas

This was the model he applied in the

Manila and Baguio City

Daniel Burnham
 WILLIAM E. PARSONS
Hired by Taft to design the Manila
Hotel.
a New York architect
School: Yale University/Ecole des
Beaux-Arts
Style: neoclassical
•Philippine General Hospital (old
Building)
• Philippine Normal School;
•University Hall of the University of the
Philippines Manila;
•The Mansion House, Baguio
•Gabaldon School houses
ARCADIO ARELLANO
First Filipino, employed in 1901 by
Governor Taft as one of the
architectural advisors.
Received his A.B. from Ateneo
Municipal in 1982.
Studied at the Escuela de Artes y
Oficios which he graduated as
Maestro de Obras in 1895.
The architect’s and the surveyor’s
office that he set up was perhaps
the first of its kind in the islands.
THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION OFFICE
part of the division until 1916, with the promulgation of Jones
law, the Division of Architecture was created managed by 2
consulting architects
Bureau of Architecture was established in 1901.
In 1905, the Bureau was replaced by the Division of Building
Construction and Repair.
EARLY FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
(AMERICAN PERIOD)
FIRST GENERATION ARCHITECTS
The Pensionados:
1. Carlos Barreto
2. Tomas Mapua
3. Juan Arellano
4. Antonio Toledo

Pensionado Act Number 854 of the Philippine Commission, which

passed on 26 August 1903 giving scholarships to Filipinos to study in
the Unitec States and render professional service in their country
after finishing their studies.
CARLOS A. BARRETTO
One of the first to be employed by
the division.

School:
Drexel Institute in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
First pensionado
Second registered architect in the
Philippines
First Filipino architect with an
academic title from an American
Institute of learning.
ANTONIO TOLEDO
Joined Barretto in the Division.
School: Cornell University in 1910.
One of the pensionados
Works:
•Manila City hall,
•Leyte Provincial Capitol,
• Department of Tourism Building
JUAN MARCOS ARELLANO April 1916: entered government service by joining
1888-1960 the architectural section of the Bureau of
School: Pensylvania Academy of Public Works.
fine Arts/Drexel University
Style: modernist, Art Deco,
neoclassical, regionalist
One of the Pensionados (scholar of
the country sent to USA) together
with Tomas Mapua, Antonio
Toledo and Carlos Barreto
Neoclassical-Manila Central Post
Buildings: office, National Museum, Negros
• Manila Metropolitan Theatre capitol
• Legislative Building/National
Museum Of Fine Arts
• Manila Central Post office
• Rizal Memorial Sports Complex
Negros Occidental Provincial
Capitol
• Cebu Provincial Capitol,
Award: Medal of Merit Awardee, Art deco-Metropolitan Theatre and
Rizal Coliseum
Philippine Institute of Architects
 Regionalism

Arellano used in designing the various buildings for UP campus, similar

to William Parsons.
He tried to create an architecture which is truly Filipino.
• “the salacot as a roof motif of the proposed auditorium”;
• “ the nipa roof motif for the Library building”
• “Stepped roofing of the Indonesian house for other unts”
TOMAS MAPUA April 1888-1965
School: Cornell University
Style: Neo-classical
• One of the Pensionados (scholar of the
country sent to USA) together with Tomas
Mapua, Antonio Toledo and Carlos Barreto

First Filipino registered architect

• President of Mapua Institute of Technology

Buildings:
• St. La Salle hall
• Philippine General Hospital Nurses Home
• National Mental Hospital
• Aduana de Iloilo

Award:
• a gold medal of honor and a certificate of
recognition by PIA.
• Cultural Award in Architecture by the city of
Manila in 1964.
THE SECOND GENERATION
OF FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
THE SECOND GENERATION OF
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

•ANDRES LUNA DE SAN

PEDRO
•PABLO ANTONIO
•FERNANDO OCAMPO
•JUAN NAKPIL

They grew up amidst this

struggle for early political
independence.
 SECOND GENERATION OF FILIPINO
ARCHITECTS

ANDRES LUNA PABLO ANTONIO FERNANDO JUAN NAKPIL

DE SAN OCAMPO
PEDRO
Influences in the transition of style from classical to early modern in the philippines
•Architectural style in USA was slowly shifting from classical to modern
•The classical beaux arts tradition was slowly losing ground.
•The entry of modern style in the USA

The influence of these modern buildings had impacts on architectural styles in the
Philippines
•The construction of the classical Lincoln Monument in the mall of Washington D.C. designed
by Henry Bacon.

•Design competition for the Chicago Tribune Tower to which Gropius and other progressive
European architects sent their entries.
•neo-gothic proposal of Howells and Hood was chosen for the tower.

•period of eclecticism and historicism, oscillated mainly between the classical

and neo-gothic design traditions, was replaced by art deco.

•art deco exhibition in Paris was a prime mover

 ART DECO
•this style of surface ornament and rich materials, so effective in interior
design and objects of luxury, was applied to the outside of giant
skyscrapers.
•suited to bulk and economic purpose of the skyscraper
•self-conscious urban taste for modernity.
•Chrysler Building by William van Alen, 1928-30 – apparently had an
influence on some of the second generation of Filipino architects.
ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
Oldest of the 2nd generation of Filipino
architects.
Son of the famous 19th century
expatriate Filipino painter, Juan Luna.
Style:
Introduced new architectural forms in Regina Building -
the Philippines – art nouveau style. neoclassical

Buildings:
Regina building

Crystal Arcade –art deco

JUAN NAKPIL
May 26, 1899 to May 7, 1986 died
87 years old
Alma Mater: University of the
Philippines. University of Kansas,
Fontainebleau School of Fine arts
Award: National Artist of the
Philippines
Buildings:

San Carlos Seminary

• University of the Philippines
Administration and Library
• Rizal Shrine

Nakpil , Andres Luna de San Pedro,

Fernando Ocampo and Pablo
Antonio started the period of
modern architecture in the
Philippines.
PABLO ANTONIO
School: Mapua Institute of Technology/
University of London
Style: Modernist architect
Buildings in Art Deco
Maximum use of natural light, cross-
ventilation
“buildings should be planned with austerity
in mind and its stability forever as the aim
of true architecture, that buildings must be
progressive, simple in design but dignified,
true to a purpose without resorting to an
applied set of aesthetics and should
eternally recreate truth"
Buildings:
• Far Eastern University, life Theatre, art
deco
• Galaxy Theatre,
• Lyric Theatre
• Scala theatre and others all in art deco
style
Award: National Artist in Architecture
(1976)
FERNANDO OCAMPO 1897-1984
School: BS Civil Engineering UST,
BS Architecture University of
Pennsylvania
Joined Bureau of Public Works in
Style:
Buildings:
• Regina Building with Andres
Luna
• Paterno Building FEATI University
• UST Central Seminary
• Lopez Boat House
• Renovation of Manila Cathedral

Lopez Boat House

Streamlined moderne
CARLOS ARGUELLES April 1917-2008
School: Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Style: International Style

Buildings:
Phil Am life Building
Manila Hilton/Manila Pavilion
Development Bank of the Philippines
Cathedral of the Holy Child
IRRI

Award: a Gold Medal of Merit given

by by PIA 1988.
Papal Award “Pro Ecclesiae et
Pontifice ,1996
Centennial Honors for the Arts From
CCP, 1999.
JOSE MARIA ZARAGOZA 1912-1994
School: BS architecture, UST; institute of
Liturgical Art; Technical Research Center,
Netherlands he obtained diploma in
comprehensive planning
Style: traditional Spanish colonial
architecture for religious buildings;
International style and Spanish renaissance
for residential structure.

Buildings: expansion of Quiapo Church

Our Lady of the Holy Rosary
Santo Domingo Church
Pope Pius Center
Meralco Building
Involved in the design of the National
Library, Bataan Power Plant

Meet with Frank Lloyd Wright, invited by

Oscar Niemeyer an Lucio Costa as guest
architect in designing Brazilia
Awards: Gold medal of Merit, PIA 1977
National Artist for Architecture 2014
Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan 1973
OTILIO ARELLANO 1916-1981
School: Mapua Institute of Technology
Style: Modernist regional architecture. First of
the post-war architects who were inspired by
Filipino symbols

Buildings:
Philippine Pavilion -roof resembling salakot
held in 1964 World’s Fair
Restoration of Metropolitan Theatre
MARTIAL LAW ARCHITECTURE
EDIFICE COMPLEX
Edifice Complex- was coined by film director Behn Cervantes to criticize the
untimely construction of building during the 1969 presidential election.

Edifice complex was also used in the ill-fated film “Towering Inferno”.

Buildings constructed during the 1070s served as political propaganda of the

Marcos regime. The buildings were usually for an international showcase of
culture such as buildings in the CCP complex and the Center for the arts in Laguna;
health care buildings, the Heart Center, Kidney center to showcase the
government concern to the health of the constituents. The Tondo Foreshore Urban
Renewal Project that rehabilitated the once largest slum colony in Tondo
displacing majority of its slum dweller to make the place a showcase of an
acceptable housing environment. Imelda Marcos, being the head of the Ministry
of Human Settlement and Metro Manila governor that time, was able order the
construction of several structures for a short period of time that were funded by
foreign loans.

Most of these structures were in brutalist style, massiveness of concrete and

lightness of glass; in neo vernacular style as seen in the works of Manosa, Locsin
and Ramos where Filipino symbolisms were incorporated in contemporary
designs.
FRANCISCO “BOBBY” MANOSA 1931-2019
School: BS architecture, UST;
Style: neo-vernacular
“traditional architectural elements
incorporated to contemporary architectural
design”
Buildings:
Coconut Palace (Tahanang Pilipino)
Our Lady of EDSA Shrine ( Shrine of Mary,
Queen of Peace
San Miguel Corporation Headquarters
Mary Immaculate Parish ( Nature’s Church

Awards: National Artist for Architecture,

2018
LEANDRO LOCSIN 1928-1994
School: BS architecture, UST;
Style: brutalist –use of bare concrete,
massive form, simple design
“traditional architectural elements
incorporated to contemporary
architectural design”
Buildings:
Church of the Holy Sacrifice
Tanghalang Pambansa
Folk Arts Theatre (Tanghalang Francisco
Balagtas)
Ayala Museum
Manila International Airport (Ninoy
International Airport)
Istana Nurul Iman (Brunei)
National Arts Center
Philippine International Convention
Center

Awards: National Artist for

Architecture, 1990
JORGE RAMOS
School: BS architecture, UST;
Style: modernist, neo-vernacular
Mix of modern and regional symbolisms
As seen in his buildings as seen in Golden
Mosque and Zamboanga Airport
Brutalist, in Philippine Heart Center and
the GSIS building
Buildings:
Philippine Heart Center
GSIS Building (Philippine Senate)
Zamboanga International Airport
Golden Mosque (Masjid Al Dahab)
Baguio Convention Center
Awards:
FROILAN HONG 1939
School: BS architecture, Mapua
Institute of Technology
Style: modernist, brutalism
Buildings:
Manila Film Center
Awards:
UAP Likha Award and Gold
Medal, 2013
ARCHITECTURAL SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Escuela Practica Y Profesional De Artes Y Oficios De Manila

◦ The only professional school for builders in the Philippi nesduring Spanish
times.
◦ Founded in 1890 and conferred the degree of maestro de obras (master
builder).
Escuela De Ingenieria Y Arquitectura
◦ 1904
◦ after one year of operation, it was forced to close due to financial difficulties.
◦ reopened 4 years later in 1908
◦ attached to the Liceo de Manila
◦ offering a 3-year course in architecture.