 http://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country

The category of newly industrialized country (NIC) is a socioeconomic classification applied

to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists.

NICs are countries whose economies have not yet reached First World status but have, in a
macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts. Another characterization of NICs
is that of nations undergoing rapid economic growth (usually export-oriented). Incipient or
ongoing industrialization is an important indicator of a NIC. In many NICs, social upheaval can
occur as primarily rural, or agricultural, populations migrate to the cities, where the growth of
manufacturing concerns and factories can draw many thousands of laborers.

NICs usually share some other common features, including:

 Increased social freedoms and civil rights.

 Strong political leaders.
 A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in the manufacturing
sector.
 An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the
world.
 Large national corporations operating in several continents.
 Strong capital investment from foreign countries.
 Political leadership in their area of influence.
 Lowered poverty rates.

NICs often receive support from international organizations such as the WTO and other internal
support bodies. However, as environmental, labor and social standards tend to be significantly
weaker in NICs, many fair trade supporters have advocated standards for importing their
products and criticized the outsourcing of jobs to NICs.

There are many factors that need to come together to determine if a nation is a newly
industrialized country. One of the most obvious is their level and pacing of industrialization.
Countries achieving this status have outpaced their counterparts, but have also achieved a stable
level of industrialization. This stability means that the country isn’t tearing itself apart,
financially, socially or environmentally, in order to achieve its industrialization.

Outside of their industrial achievements, newly industrialized countries have certain political and
social characteristics as well. These countries typically have stronger governments with less
corruption then a Third World country. Non-violent transitions of power and elected officials are
common. In addition, social rights for common people are more prevalent.

With this level of social and political stability coupled with an increasingly industrial workforce,
the lives of common people is better than in most Third World countries. The per capita income
is higher, which causes a corresponding increase in standard of living. The social and political
reforms common in newly industrialized countries create a greater sense of national pride and
culture. Countries in this status often have a resurgence of non-religious cultural interest,
something that many Third World countries lack.

All of these improvements often come with a price. Fully industrialized and First World countries often use newly
industrialized countries as a cheap labor force. While increasing jobs in the host country and making cheaper goods in the
guest country may seem positive at first, that doesn't always happen. In these new countries, the infrastructure and laws are
often behind. Environmental protection, labor and commerce laws are sometimes unable to handle the massive influx of
new circumstances, and the countries often suffer for it.

Historical context
The term began to be used circa 1970 when the Four Asian Tigers[1] of Hong Kong, Singapore,
South Korea and Taiwan rose to global prominence as NICs in the 1970s and 80s, with
exceptionally fast industrial growth since the 1960s; all four regions have since graduated into
advanced economies and high-income economies. There is a clear distinction between these
countries and the nations now considered to be NICs. In particular, the combination of an open
political process, high GNI per capita and a thriving, export-oriented economic policy has shown
that these countries have now not only reached but surpassed the ranks of many developed
countries.

All four economies are classified as High-income economies by the World Bank and Advanced
economies by the IMF and CIA. All of them, like Western European countries, possess Human
Development Index considered as "very high" by the UN. South Korea has an outstanding
performance in such group. It is the only among the Asian Tigers that is a OECD member.
According to The Economist's Democracy Index, a non peer reviewed scale that measures the
degree of democracy — as defined by the presence and fairness of elections in determining the
country's regime, government transparency, civil liberties, and popular political participation —
in different world countries, South Korea is, along with Japan, the only "full democracy" in Asia.

Current NICs
The following table presents the list of countries consistently considered NICs by different
authors and experts.[2][3][4][5] Turkey, and South Africa are classified as developed countries by the
CIA.[6] Turkey is a founding member of the OECD since 1961 and Mexico joined in 1994. The
G8+5 group is composed by G8 members plus China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil.

Note: Green-colored cells indicate higher value or best performance in index, while yellow-colored cells indicate the
opposite.
 GDP (PPP) GDP per capita Human GDP (real)
Income GDP (real)
(Billions of (PPP) Development growth rate per
Continent Country equality growth rate as
USD, 2009 IMF) (USD, 2009 Index (HDI, 2010) capita as of
[7] [8]
(GINI) 2006[9] [10]
of 2009
IMF) 2008

 South Africa[3][4] 0.597

Africa [5]
492,684 10,229 57.8 -1.8 1.29
(medium)

North
 Mexico[2][3][4][5] 1,465,726 13,609 46.3 0.750 (high) -6.5 0.75
America

South
 Brazil[2][3][4][5] 2,013.186 10,499 54 0.699 (high) -0.2 4.06
America

0.663
 China[3][4][5] 9,046,990 6,778 44.7 9.1 8.44
(medium)

0.519
 India[3][4][5] 3,526,124 3,015 32.5 5.7 4.66
(medium)

Asia  Malaysia[3][4][5] 384,119 13,800 49.2 0.744 (high) -1.7 2.86

 Philippines[2][3][4] 1.97
[5] 320,384 3,516 44.5 1.1 1.97
(medium)

0.654
 Thailand[2][3][4][5] 546,095 8,051 42 -2.2 1.84
(medium)

Europe  Turkey[3][4][5] 880,061 12,466 38 0.679 (high) -4.7 -0.34

According to Goldman Sachs review of emerging economies, by 2050 the largest economies in
the world will be as follows: China, USA, India, Brazil, and Mexico.[11]

For China and India, the immense population of these two nations (each with over 1.1 billion
people as of January 2009) means that per capita income will remain low even if either economy
surpasses that of the United States in overall GDP. When GDP per capita is calculated according
to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), this takes into account the lower costs of living in each newly
industrialized country.

Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa meet annually with the G8 countries to discuss
financial topics and climate change, due to their economic importance in today's global market
and environmental impact, in a group known as G8+5.[12] This group is expected to be expanded
to G14 by adding Egypt alongside the five forementioned countries.[13]
[edit] Other NICs

Each author set a list of countries accordingly to the methods or type of economic analysis. This
sometimes results in a country being mentioned as NIC in a particular work, but that is rarely
considered as such by the other authors. This is the case of nations such as Argentina, Chile,
Egypt, Indonesia and Russia.[2]

Brief economic analysis

NICs usually benefit from comparatively low labor costs, which translates into lower input prices
for suppliers. As a result, it is often easier for producers in NICs to outperform and outproduce
factories in developed countries, where the cost of living is higher, and labor unions and other
organizations have more political sway.

This comparative advantage is often criticized by advocates of the fair trade movement.

Issues
Economic freedom is not always associated with political freedom in nations such as the People's
Republic of China, where Internet censorship and human rights violations are common.[14] The
case is diametrically opposite for India. While being a liberal democracy throughout its post-
colonial history, India has been widely criticized for its inefficient government and widespread
corruption[15]. Thus, while in China where political freedoms remain tight, the average Chinese
citizen enjoys a higher standard of living than his counterpart in India.[16]

South Africa faces an influx of immigrants from countries such as Zimbabwe

  http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/empstruct.html

How can employment be classified?

There are four types of job. These are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary jobs.

Primary jobs involve getting raw materials from the natural environment e.g. Mining, farming and fishing.

Secondary jobs involve making things (manufacturing) e.g. making cars and steel.

Tertiary jobs involve providing a service e.g. teaching and nursing.

Quaternary jobs involve research and development e.g. IT.

Employment Structures

Employment structure means how the workforce is divided up between the three main employment
sectors - primary, secondary and tertiary. Employment structures change over time.
Countries in the early stage of development usually have a high percentage of the population in primary
employment. This is because most people are engaged in agricultural activities.

As a country begins to develop an industrial base there is an increase in the secondary sector. An
increase in machinery on farms means fewer people are needed. People tend to migrate to urban areas
to get jobs in factories.

When a country becomes more economically developed there is a greater demand for services such as
education, health care and tourism. Therefore the tertiary sector undergoes growth. By this time
computers, machinery and robots replace people in the secondary sector hence the decrease in
secondary jobs.

Employment structures are usually displayed as pie charts:

The UK has a low proportion of people Brazil is a NIC or Newly Industrialised

working in primary industry. This is Country. While it is developing its
partly because of mechanisation. economic base there are still a large
Machinery has taken over jobs in the number of people employed in primary
primary sector. Also, as primary industries such as farming. There is a
resources have become exhausted large proportion of people employed in
(e.g. coal) The UK now imports a tertiary industries. One reason for this
considerable amount of its non- is because of the growth of Brazil as a
renewable resources. The number of tourist destination. Also, there have
people employed in the secondary been significant improvements in the
sector is falling. This is because fewer provision of health care, education and
people are needed to work in factories transport.
as robots are taking over jobs. The
tertiary sector is the main growth area.
Most people work in hospitals, schools,
offices and financial services. Also, as
people have more free time and
become wealthier there is a greater
demand for leisure services. Therefore
more jobs become available in the
tertiary sector.
 Statistical Table

Inflation (IPCA)

2002 12.53%

2003 9.30%

2004 7.60%

2005 5.69%

2006 3.14%

2007 4.46%

2008 5.91%

Source:[28]

Gross Fixed Capital Formation (% of GDP)

2001 19.47%

2002 18.32%

2003 17.78%

2004 19.58%

2005 19.99%

Source:[29]

Average GDP growth rate 1950-2008

1950-59 7.1%

1960-69 6.1%

1970-79 8.9%
1980-89 3.0%

1990-99 1.7%

2000-08 3.7%

Source:[30]

Statistics

$1.574 trillion (2009) (nominal; 8th)[2]

GDP

$2.013 trillion (2009) (PPP; 9th)[2]

GDP growth 8.8% (Q2 2010)[3]
GDP per capita $8,220 (2009) (nominal; 60th)[2]

$10,514 (2009) (PPP; 75th)[2]

GDP by sector agriculture: 5.5% industry: 28.7% services: 65,8%
(2007)[4]
Inflation (CPI) 4.44% (Aug 2010)[5]
Population 15.5% (2009)[6]
below poverty
line
Gini index 49.3 (June 2009)[7]
Labour force 101.7 million (2009 est.)
Labour force agriculture: 20%, industry: 14% and services: 66%
by occupation (2003 est.)
Unemployment 5.7% (November 2010)[8]
Main industries airplanes, steel; iron ore, coal; machine building;
armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement;
chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including
footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing;
transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail
cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; electronics;
telecommunications equipment, satellites, real estate,
 brewing, tourism
Ease of Doing 127th[9]
Business Rank
External
Exports $158.9 billion (2009 est.)[10]
Export goods transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear,
coffee, autos, automotive parts, machinery
Main export China 12.49%, US 10.5%, Argentina 8.4%,
partners Netherlands 5.39%, Germany 4.05% (2009)
Imports $136 billion (2009 est.)[10]
Import goods machinery, electrical and transport equipment,
chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics

 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965787-2,00.html

see this link and if u think its relevant then add

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil
  The economy of Brazil is the world's eighth largest by nominal GDP and ninth largest by
purchasing power parity.[14] Brazil has moderately free markets and an inward-oriented
economy. Its economy is the largest in Latin American nations and the second largest in
the western hemisphere.[15] Brazil is one of the fastest-growing major economies in the
world with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 percent. In Brazilian reais, its
GDP was estimated at R$ 3.143 trillion in 2009. The Brazilian economy has been
predicted to become one of the five largest economies in the world in the decades to
come.[16]

Components of the economy

The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 66.8 percent, followed by the industrial
sector at 29.7 percent (2007 est.). Agriculture represents 3.5 percent of GDP (2008 est.).
Brazilian labor force is estimated at 100.77 million of which 10 percent is occupied in
agriculture, 19 percent in the industry sector and 71 percent in the service sector.

Brazil has the second biggest industrial sector in the Americas. Accounting for 28.5 percent of
GDP, Brazil's diverse industries range from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers,
aircraft, and consumer durables. With increased economic stability provided by the Plano Real,
Brazilian and multinational businesses have invested heavily in new equipment and technology,
a large proportion of which has been purchased from U.S. firms.

Brazil has a diverse and relatively sophisticated services industry as well. During the early
1990s, the banking sector accounted for as much as 16 percent of the GDP. Although undergoing
a major overhaul, Brazil's financial services industry provides local businesses with a wide range
of products and is attracting numerous new entrants, including U.S. financial firms. The São
Paulo and Rio de Janeiro stock exchanges are undergoing a consolidation and the previously
monopolistic reinsurance sector is being opened up to third party companies.[26]

As of 31 December 2007, there were an estimated 21,304,000 broadband lines in Brazil. Over 75
percent of the broadband lines were via DSL and 10 percent via cable modems.

Proven mineral resources are extensive. Large iron and manganese reserves are important
sources of industrial raw materials and export earnings. Deposits of nickel, tin, chromite,
uranium, bauxite, beryllium, copper, lead, tungsten, zinc, gold, and other minerals are exploited.
High-quality cooking-grade coal required in the steel industry is in short supply.