Plane-wave response of an elastic chiral solid slab sandwiched between achiral

solid half-spaces
Michael J. Elphinstone, and Akhlesh Lakhtakia

Citation: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, 617 (1994); doi: 10.1121/1.408422
View online: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.408422
View Table of Contents: https://asa.scitation.org/toc/jas/95/2
Published by the Acoustical Society of America

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Plane-wave response of an elastic chiral solid slab sandwiched
between achiral solid half-spaces
Michael J. Elphinstoneand Akhlesh Lakhtakia
Departmentof Engineering
Science
andMechanics,
ThePennsylvania
StateUniversity,
University
Park,
Pennsylvania16802-1401

(Received15 September1992;acceptedfor publication2 November1993)

Consideredin this paperare two boundary-value problems:first, a planewaveincidentupona
planarinterfaceseparating an achiralelastichalf-spacefrom a chiral elastichalf-space;
second,
a planewaveincidentupona chiralslabinterposed betweentwo achiralelasticsolidhalf-spaces.
The inabilityof the achiralsolidmediumto supportthe microrotationfieldandthe couple-stress
dyadic providesthe option of two distinct sets of boundaryconditionsat achiral/chiral
interfaces.It is observedfrom numerical computationsthat using either set of boundary
conditionsin either of the two boundary-valueproblemsresultsin the satisfactionof the
principleof conservation of energy.Thus,it appearsthat the physicallypropersetof boundary
conditionsfor a chiral/achiral interfacemay have to be decidedexperimentally.
PACS numbers: 43.20.Fn, 43.20.Bi, 43.20.Gp

INTRODUCTION tinuum only in somerestrictedfrequencyrangewhere the

inclusionsize will be neither negligiblysmall nor compa-
In a generalizedsolid continuum,the usualdisplace- rablewiththeprincipal
wavelength
in thehostmedium.
•3
ment fieldhasto be supplemented by a microrotationfield. General, isotropic, noncentrosymmetric,micropolar
Such a material is called a micropolar solid or a Cosserat elasticsolidscan be describedby the constitutiveequations
solid,andmaypossessa negative
Poisson's
ratio.•'2An
isotropic
micropolar
solidmaybehemitropic,
3 i.e.,it is T=)[ (V. u)I + [ (2/• +K)/2] (Vu + uV)
isotropicwith respectto all properorthogonaltransforma-
tions but not with respectto reflections. - (K/2) IX (VXu) -HKIXfp-HC](V' (p)I
Although hemitropic micropolar elastic solids have (la)
beenknownfor quitea while,
4'5andtheirelastostatic
re-
sponses
havebeenstudied,
4'6attention
wassparingly
paid M =a(V. •o)l+/•(pV+ yV(p+ C•(V. u)l
to their frequency-domain
responses
till recently.Most no-
tably,Nowacki
7 studiedthe propagation
of longitudinal + [ (Vu + uV) -
wavestherein,while Lakesand Benedict
8 lookedat the
twistingdeformationof hemitropicmicropolarcylinders X (vX 11)/2-]-.( C3--C2)[ X•, (lb)
on beingsubjectedto axial tension.
which definethe stressdyadic T and the couple-stress
dy-
Current impetusto studythesematerialshas comein
adic M in terms of the displacementfield u and the mi-
from two sources.First, Lakes
9 described
actualfoam
crorotationfield •o. The materialconstantsin this repre-
structureswith negativePoisson's ratios,althougha hemi-
sentationare the usual Lam• constants/• and /•; their
tropic micropolarsolidneednot havea negativePoisson's
microrotation counterpartsa, B, and •'; the micropolar
ratio. Second,it was realizedduring electromagneticstud-
constant•c;and the hemitropicconstantsC•, C2, and C3.
ies on chiral materials•øthat handedmicrostructurescould
Previous
workby Lakhtakia,
Varadan,
andVaradan
5 has
be exploited in constructingelastic chiral composites, shown that the handed nature of the material is preserved
too,5'• andwhichpropositionwasexperimentally
verified evenwhen•c,C•, and C2are setidenticallynull. Hence,we
recently.•2Indeed,it hasbecome
clearthataschiralityis will stipulatethat an "elasticchiral solid" is characterized
micromorphogenetic (i.e., chirality has its genesisin the by the constitutiverelations
handednessof the microstructure), it is best to recognize
that hemitropicmicropolarelasticsolidsare the analogsof T=•(V.u)l+•(Vu+uV) + C•V•o, (2a)
isotropicchiral electromagneticmaterials.With this in
mind, Penn State researchershave begunto look at elas-
M =a(V. •o)I +B{oV+ •,•{o+ (C3/2) (uV + Vu)
todynamicboundary-valueproblemswith great interest.
Based on electromagneticstudies, we expect that - (C3/2) •X (VXu) + C3•X •o, (2b)
hemitropic,micropolarsolidmediamay be realizedastwo-
phase compositeswherein handed microstructures(e.g., in this paper, I being the identity dyadic.
twistedor spiralinginclusions)are randomlysuspended in We emphasizehere that though •c> 0 is essentialto
a simpleelasticsolidhostmedium.
TMIt is necessary
to observe effects in static mechanical tests conducted on cen-
realize that this compositewill act as a homogeneous
con- trosymmetric
micropolar
solids,
2'•4-•?
•c=0 is permitted

617 d. Acoust.Soc. Am. 95 (2), February1994 0001-4966/94/95(2)/617/11/$6.00 ¸ 1994 AcousticalSocietyof America 617
from thermodynamical
considerations
8 and K--•=0 is not
necessary
for hemitropy.
5 Furthermore,
chiralityis a dy-
namic, not a static, phenomenon. +C•VV.u-C•VXVXu=0, (3b)
The Cauchydata•8 for a micropolar
solidarecom-
after usingthe constitutiveequations(2a) and (2b); here
prisedof the fieldsu and •0, as well as the normalcompo-
nents of the dyadicsT and M on a boundary. In the two
p is the massdensityand pJ is the momentof inertiaper
unit volume. Any plane-wavesolution of theseequations
elastodynamicboundary-valueproblemsinvolvingachiral/ has the form
chiralinterfaces
solved
heretofore,
]9'2ø
theboundary
con-
ditions used have been prescribedon u, the normal com- u=a exp(is. r), (4a)
ponent of T, and the microrotation field •0; these
prescriptionssufficedto give the adequate number of o=gu, (4b)
boundaryconditionequations.The rationalefor this choice
where a is the amplitudevector, s is the wave vector, and
of boundaryconditionsis rather straightforward:(i) the
boundaryconditionson u and the normal componentof T
g istheamplitude
ratio.It hasbeenshown
5thatfora plane
wave propagatingin a given direction,there are six inde-
are standard for achiral/chiral solid-solid interfaces, and
pendentvaluesof a, s, and g.
(ii) there is no microrotation field in the achiral solid,
The magnitudek of the wave vector s is the wave
leadingto •0=0 on the achiral side of the achiral/chiral
number; thus, there are six wave numbers,too. Of these,
boundary.
Indeed, that is so. Furthermore, the microrotation
thewavenumbers
k] andk2aresolutions
of•9
constants(a, r, y) and the hemitropicconstant(C3) are [ (a r)(Z +
null on the achiral side, so there is no M on the achiral side
in any case.Yet this leavesthe possibilitythat there can be + po:[a+•+ y+J(A+ 2tz) ]k:+Jp:o4
another set of boundary conditions applicable to an
achiral/chiral interface:on u, the normal componentof T, =[(a+l•+?')(A+2tz)-C•](k:+k•)(k:+k•), ($)
and on the normal componentof M. The presentwork
stems from the desire to examine the second set of bound- and relate to longitudinal plane waves. The solenoidal
ary conditionsvis-d-visthe first in the contextof simplebut
wavenumbers
k3,k4,ks,andk6 satisfy
theequation
19
basicboundary-valueproblems. (•33--•'/z)k4+ 2/zC3
k3+ pod
2(•'-+-
J• )k2- 2pw2C3k-jp2w4
To that end, we choseto look at two problemsin the
presentstudy: (a) the plane-waveresponseof an achiral/ =(C•-I'tz)(k-k3)(k-k4)(k+ks)(k+k6). (6)
chiral plane boundary,and (b) the plane-waveresponseof
a chiral solid slab interposedbetween two achiral solid Of these,k3 and k4 are for left-handedplanewavesand ks
half-spaces.For both problems,we utilized the two setsof andk6for right-handed
planewaves.
2•Wehaveassumed
boundary conditions: here that all six wave numbershave positivereal parts as
befitsa passivemedium. The correspondingamplitudera-
(a) set 1' on u, en' T and tiosaregivenas•9

(b) set 2: on u, en'T and en'M, gq=k2qC3/[po2j-k2q(ct•-fl•-l')

], q=1,2, (7a)
where e, is the unit normal to the bimaterialinterface.We gq=•C3/(pco2j-k}y+2kqC3),
q=3,4, (7b)
comparedthe reflectionand/or transmittedamplitudesin
the achiralhalf-spaces, althoughwe havereportedonly the
gq=k2qC3/(pco2j-k2qI'--2kqC3),
q=5,6. (7c)
reflectionamplitudesin this paper. We also verifiedin all For later use,we set forth the componentsof the vec-
casesthat the conservation of energyprinciplewassatisfied tor ez' T as
by our solutions.
The plan of this paper is as follows:in Sec. I, we re- Tzx=i exp(is. r) [ (/z+ C3g)szax+Iza•s•], (8a)
capitulate the characteristicsof plane waves in an elastic
Tzy=iexp(is.r) [ (/z+ C3g)Szay-kl.
tazSy], (8b)
chiral solid;in Sec.II, we look at the single-interface
prob-
lem, and then at the chiral slab problem in Sec. III. All
numerical results are discussed in Sec. IV. Tzz=iexp(is.r) [ (/•(Sxax-4C-$yay-4C-$zaz)
+ (tz+ C3g)szaz+tZa•sz], (8c)

and of ez' M as
I. PLANE WAVES IN AN ELASTIC CHIRAL SOLID
Mzz= i exp(is. r) [ (fig + C3/2 )a•s•,+ ( I'g+ C3/2)Sza•,
Assumingthe time dependence
exp(-icot), the equa- ß

tionsof motionaregivenin anelastic

chiralsolidas19 -- C3/2(sxaz-s•a•,)+ iC3gay]
, (9a)

(A+ 2p)V
v. u-pVXVXu+ pw2u+
C3VV'
•o Mzy=i exp(is.r) [ (]•g+ C3/2)azSy+
( I'g+ C3/2)Szay
-- C3VXVX•o=0, (3a) -- C3/2(Syaz--
$zay)
-- iC3gax]
, (9b)

618 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 95, No. 2, February1994 M. Elphinstoneand A. Lakhtakia:Responseof a chiral slab 618
 Mzx=i exp(is.r) [ag(sxax+Syay+Szaz) •refr=•l lglp(+)(*/,t51
) + •1292
P(+)(*/,t52)
+•1393
L(+
+ ([•g+ C3/2)azSz+ (yg + C3/2)Szaz], (9c) +A4g4
L(+ )(,/,•4) +Asg5
R(+)(
withe•, ey,andezbeingtheCartesian
unitvectors. +,•16g6R(
+)(*/,{56), (15)

where the coefficients

•lq are unknown and the
II. SCATTERING BY A PLANAR ACHIRAL/CHIRAL
INTERFACE •Sq=
+ (•_•/2)1/2arethevertical
wave
numbers.
We have nine unknowns in ( 11), (14), and ( 15); so
Let us considerthe plane z=0 separatingthe elastic we neednine linearly independentboundaryconditionson
chiral solid half-spacez>0 from the achiral elastic solid the planez=0. Classicalelasticitytheory providesus with
half-spacez<0. From the achiral half-space,a plane wave the six conditions
is incidentin the interface.Assumingthat the plane wave
has an exp[i*/x] dependence on the x coordinate,and all
Ureft=Uren
-[-Uinc, 2= 0, (16a)
fieldseverywhereare independentof the y coordinate,the
ez'Tretr
= e:. (Tren
+ Tinc), Z= 0, (16b)
incidentplane wave may be described,in general,as
which are commonto both set 1 and set 2 of the boundary
uinc=ap(
+)(*/,•.t,o)
+bL(+)(*/,•o)+cR(+)(*/,•o), z<0, conditions. In addition, set 1 will have us use
(10)
where the coefficients a, b, and c are assumed known. (i0
refr
= 0, Z--0, ( 16C
1)
Similarly, the field reflectedinto this achiral half-spaceis for the remainingthree equations,while set 2 demandsthe
given by satisfaction of

urefl
= de(-)(*/,•pO)
+ eL(-)(*/,•so) ez'Mretr=0, z=0, (16c2)
+f R(-) (*/,•so), z<0, ( 11) instead. Whichever set is used, the nine boundary condi-
tions can be arranged in matrix form as
but with unknown coefficientsd, e, and f. The horizontal
wave number */ automaticallypermits the satisfactionof [M ](X)= [N](Y), (17a)
the phase-matchingcondition acrossthe interfacez=0,
and the definitions where [M] is a 9)< 9 matrix, IN] is a 9)< 3 matrix, and the
coefficient vectors are

•J•o
= + (/• --*/2)•/2, (12a) (X) = (Al ,,42,,43,,44,,45,,46, -- d,-- e,-- f ) T, (17b)
•Jso
= + (k2•--*/2)
•/2, (12b) { Y)= {a,b,c)t. (17c)
k•o=+ [poo2/(•to+
2/to)
]•/2, (12c) The reflected and refracted coefficients can then be ob-
tained by solvingthe matrix equation (17a).
k•o= + (pow2/!.to
) 1/2 (12d)
applyfor the wavenumbers,with •o, bto,and Pobeingthe
constitutiveparametersof the achiral solid. The plane-
III. SCATTERING BY A PLANE CHIRAL SLAB
wavefunctions
P(+), L(+), andR(+) denote
longitudinal,
leff-circularly polarized, and right-circularly polarized The secondproblem we consideris that involving a
waves,
respectively,
andaredefined
as19 chiral slab delineatedby the planesz= 4-D?2, where D
P(+)(*/,g)=exp[i(*/x+gz)][ (*//k)e•,+(•J/k)ez], (13a) representsthe slab thickness.Let the half-spacesz> D?2
and z<- D?2 contain the same achiral elastic solid as in
L(*) (*/,g)=exp[i(*/x+•z) ]{ey+i[ -- (g/k)e•, Sec. II. A plane wave is assumedincident upon the slab
from the half-spacez<--D?2 with an exp(i,/x) depen-
4- ( *//k )ez]), (13b) dence,as in Sec. II. The incident and the reflectedplane
wavesin the half-spacez<-D?2 are given by equations
R(+)(*/,6)=exp[i(*/xm•Sz)
]{-- eyre
i[ -- (g/k)ex similar to (10) and ( 11); thus,
(]3c)
uinc=ap(+)
(*/,tSpO)
+bL(+)(*/,•Jso)
+cR(+)(*/,•Jso),
where(•= + (k:-,/2)1/2isthevertical
wavenumber.
z<--D/2, (18)
In the samemanneras the incidentand reflectedplane
waves,the planewavesrefractedinto the chiral half-space
are given by urefl
= alP(-)(,/,•JpO)
+ eL(-)(,/,•5so)
urefr
=• 1P(+)(,/,•J1) +•12P(+)(,/,•J2)
+•13L(+)( + fR(-)(*/,tSso), z<--D/2, (19)
where the coefficientsa, b, and c are given,but d, e, and f
+AnL(+ )(,/,tSn)
+AsR(+ )(,/,•Js)
+,'16
R(+)( are unknown. The plane wavestransmittedinto the half-
(14) spacez> + D/2 are given as

619 d. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 95, No. 2, February 1994 M. Elphinstoneand A. Lakhtakia: Response of a chiral slab 619
 0.03] 0.09
"•'-'• .

ø'ø•
1__
0.021
0 2 1'0 12 14 16 18 20
ø.ø•
1
k8o
0.07]
0.061
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
k8o

FIG. 1. Achiral/chiral
interface:
Normalized
reflected
powerdensity
Pref,
vasafunction
ofthewave
number
k•o
for0=0ø.Theincident
plane
waveisoftheP typeandthematerial
constants
aresetasA0=500MPa, FIG. 3. Achiral/chiral
interface:
Normalized
reflected
powerdensity
/20
= 100MPa,p0= 1000
kgm-3,/1.=500
MPa,/2=300
MPa,p=1200 Pref,
SHasafunction
ofthewave
number
k•o
for0=00.
Theincident
plane
kgm
-3, a=2X106
N, •5=4X106
N, y=5X106
N, J=0.01m2, wave is of the SH type.
C3= 20X 106Nm-•. Solid
line:boundary
conditions
(16a),(16b),and
( 16c
1); dashed
line:boundary
conditions
(16a),(16b),and(16c2). ezßTslab
= ezß(Treft
q-Tint), Z= -- D/2, (22b)
USZab=
Utr, Z= D/2, (22c)
utr= a2P(+)( ez'Tszab
= ez.Ttr, z= D/2. (22d)
+ c2R(+)(•/,•5•0),
z>+D/2, (20) Set 1 requiresin additionthat
wherea2, b2, andc2arealsounknown. (ps•ab
= 0, z= 4-D/2, (22e
1)
Thefieldsinsidetheslabmustbeexpressed
in termsof while set 2 demands that
plane
waves
going
toward
thez= + D/2andthez= -- D/2
interfaces;thus, ez'Mslab=
0, Z= 4-D/2. (22e2)
In eitherinstance,
wehave18independent equations
with
!lslab
=A1P(+)( 18unknowns; thus,wehaveto solvethematrixequation

0.007

+A6R(+)(
+ B3L(- )(,/,fi3)+ B4L(- )(*/,fi4) 0.0065-

+ BsR
(-) (,/,•5)+ B6R(- )(*/,•6), Izl < D/2,
(21a)

•oslab
=AlglP(+)(•,{•1
) -3-
A292
P(+)( 0.0055-
,,
,

+A393
L(+)(•/,t53)
+Ag4L(+)(•/,•4)
,

,,

+A595R
(+)(•/,t55)
+A6g6
R(+)(
+ Big1P(-)
(•/,bl)+ B292
P(- )( 0.0045
0 2 4 6 fi 10 12 14 16 18 20
+ B3g3L(-)
(•/,t53)
+ B4g4L(-)
(•/,t54) (a)
kso

0.0245'

+ BsgsR(-)(•/,•55)
+ B696R(-)(•/,•56),
Iz[< D/2, 0.024-
(2lb)
0.0235- "
with the coefficients
A1,...,A6andBi,...,B6 not knownat
i

this stage. 0.023-

Both set 1 and set 2 requirethe satisfaction

of the 0.0225- ',
boundary.conditions
0.022-
Ilslab
= Ilrefi
q_Ilinc, Z= -- D/2, (22a)
0.0215-

0.021
,.

0.0205-, '

0.09 ........
0'081 .... 1'0 1'2 14 1'6 1'8 20
0.02[
0.01951
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1'6 1'8 20
(b) kso
FIG. 2. Achiral/chiral
interface:
Normalized
reflected
powerdensity FIG. 4. Achiral/chiral
interface:
Normalizedreflected
power densities
as
functionsofthewavenumber k•ofor0= 30ø.Theincident
planewaveis
Pref,
svasafunction
ofthewave
number
k•o
for0=0ø.Theincident
plane of the P type.
wave is of the S V type.

620 d. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol. 95, No. 2, February1994 M.Elphinstone

andA.Lakhtakia:
Response
ofa chiral
slab 620
 0.2 • 0.012

/
0.19 0.01 /
/

/
I
0.18- 0.008
/
i
.

,,.

• 0.17-

0'15
l
0.14•
0 2 •t 6 8 1'0 1'2 1'4 1'6 1'8 2•0
o
o 2 4 6
(a) kso (a) kso

0.012 0.024

0.023-
0.01
II' , /

,,/ ',
, .
./'
0.008
t/
/
, ./
I

0.006- 0.02
i

0.019-
0.004-

0.018-

0.002-
0.017-

0.016
0 • • • 8 •o 1'2 1'4 1•6 1'8 20 0 ;• •t •i • 1'0 1'2 1'4 1'6 1'8 20
k$o
(b) kso (b)

FIG. 5. Achiral/chiralinterface:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesas FIG. 6. Achiral/chiral interface:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesas

functionsof the wave numberk•ofor 0--30*. The incidentplanewaveis functionsof the wavenumberk•ofor 0--30 ø.The incidentplanewaveis
of the SV type,whilePreu'is identicallyzero. of theSH type,whilePreu'is identicallyzero.

[M ] (X}= [N] ( Y), (23a) For these values, we note that all wave numbers
(k•,k•o,kl,...,k6)arepurelyrealfor the calculations
re-
where[M] is now an 18X 18 matrix, [fir]is an 18X 3 ma- portedbelowand the materialconstantshavebeenchosen
trix, and the coefficient vectors are to elucidatethe effectof chirality unambiguously.For this
{X}={d,e,f, a2,b2,c2,A1
•2 •43•44•45•46, medium,the five characteristiclengthsgivenby Lakesand
Benedict
8 are lo=0.1225m, l•=0.0333 m, 12=0 m,
B•,B2,B3,B4,BS,B6)
T, (23b) 13=0.0577m, and 14=0.1000m.
We have considered incidence from the achiral half-
( Y}= (a,b,c}r. (23c)
spacez<0 for the achiral/chiralinterfaceproblem,andthe
IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION achiral half-spacez<--D?2 for the chiral slab problem.
The threetypesof incidentplane-polarized waveswe have
Equation (17a) for the achiral/chiral interface and consideredare (i) longitudinal (P) wave,
(23a) for the chiral slabhavebeenprogrammedand solved
on a VAX 780 minicomputer.For all calculationsreported uinC=exp[
i(•!ex+•poez)
' r] [ (•!/kpo)ex+
(•Spo/kpo)ez],
in this paperthe parametersare the sameas thoseusedin
Ref. 19'
a=l, b=c=0, •/=kposin0; (24a)
(ii) vertical shear (S V) wave,
•to=500 MPa, /Zo= 100 MPa, p0= 1000kgm-3,
•t = 500 MPa, /z-- 300 MPa, p= 1200kgm-3, uinc
= exp[i(,lex+6soez).
r] [ - (15so/kso)ex

a=2X106 N, /3=4X106 N, 'y=5X 106 N, + ( •/k•o)e•],

J=0.01 m2, C3=20X106Nm-1. a=0, b=c=--(i/2), •/=kso sin O; (24b)

621 3. A½oust.So½. Am., Vol. 95, No. 2, February 1994 M. Elphinstoneand A. Lakhtakia:Responseof a chiralslab 621
 0.12

0.9-

0,1-
0.8-

0.7-
0.08-
0.6-

• o.5-
• 0.06-
0.4-

0.3- 0.04-

0.2-

0.1
0.02 ""•,,,
(a)
0
0 lb •o 3'o •b
theta
sb 6b 7'0 s'o 90 0 0 10
i.
•0
(a) theta
0.12

0.1 ~ 0.9-

0.8-

0.08-
0.7-

0.6-

0.04- 0.4:

0.3- ,1
,/
0.02- ,'
0.2-

0.1
0
0 10 20 3'0 4•0 5'0 60 70 80 90
theta 0
(b) 0 10 :20 30 40 5b 6b 7'0 8'0 90
(b) theta
0.014

0,8 -
0.012-

0.7-

0.01
0.6-

0.008 0.5-

0.006- ,

0.3-

0.2-
0.002-

0.1
O-
30 40 5'0 60 70 80 90
theta
(c) 7O 8O
(c)
FIG. 7. ,4chiral/chiralinterface:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesas
functions
oftheincident
angle0 withthewavenumber
k•o= 10m-1. The FIG. 8. ,4chiral/chiralinterface:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesas
incidentplane wave is of the P type. functions
oftheincident
angle0 withthewavenumber
k•o=10m-]. The
incidentplane wave is of the $V type.

(iii) horizontal shear (SH) wave,

where the angle 0 of the plane-waveincidencewith re-

Uinc
= exp[i(•/ex
+ &•oez)
ßr]ey, spect to the z axis is limited to 0ø<•0<•90
ø, The displace-
1
mentfieldsassume
the following
characteristics:
Uincfor
a=O, b=-c=•, •/=kso sin 0; (24c) a P waveisparallel
to thewave
vector
•/ex-i-&•oez,
Uinc
622 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 95, No. 2, February1994 M. Elphinstoneand A. Lakhtakia:Responseof a chiralslab 622
 0.007 0.04

0.035-
/

i I •1
i
0.03- /,,/
i
0.005-
i i
' 0.025-

0.004- ,,
i ', 0.02-
,, ,,
0.003-
0.015-

0.002- 0.01

0.005
0.001

0
C
0 2 • • • 1'0 1'2 1'4 1'6 1'8 20
0 lO 30 k$o
(a) theta

0.8 FIG. 10. Chiralslab:NormalizedreflectedpowerdensityPref,

Pasa func-
tion of the wave number k•oat an incident angle of 0=0 ø and a slab of
0.7-
thickness0.1 m. The incidentplane wave is of the P type and the material
constantsare setas )to=500MPa, /Zo
= 100MPa, po= 1000kgm-3,
A=500MPa,/2=300MPa,p=1200kgm-3, a=2X106 N,/5=4X 106
0.6-
N, •'=5X 106N, J=0.01 m2, C3=20X106Nm-•. Solidline:boundary
conditions (22a)-(22d), (22el); Dashed line: boundary conditions
0.5- I (22a)-(22d), (22e2).

1 2
Pin•=•(Ao+2t•o)COk•l
a I Re(8•/k•)
+1•_(laowkso)
[b+cl 2 Re(Sso/ks0)
0.2 '" / •
+1•(tto•okso)
[b-cl 2 Re(5•/ks0), (24d)

and we have computed the normalized reflected power

densitiesgiven by
(b) theta
Pref,
p=«(A,o-t-2tXo)wk•ld[
2Re(5,•/k•)/Pinc,(25a)
Pref',sv=-•ttocokso[e-3-
f[2 Re(tS•/kso)/Pinc, (25b)

0.8- /' 1 2
Pref,
SH=TJtoWkso[
e-- f l Re(Sso/kso)/Pinc, (25c)
0.7-

0.6-
0.35

0.5-
0.3-

0.4-
0.3-
0.2-
t

,,,,,,,/• 0.25-

0.1

0 0.15-
o 1'o 5o •o •o go r;o 7'0
theta
(c)
0.1
FIG. 9. Achiral/chiral interface:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesas
functions
oftheincident
angle0 withthewavenumber
k•o=10m-!. The
incident plane wave is of the $H type. 0.05

0 i i i i i [ [ i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
for an SV wave is parallel to the wave vector r/ex+Ss0ez, k$o

Uincfor an $H waveis parallelto the wavevector FIG. 11. Chiralslab:NormalizedreflectedpowerdensityPref,

SVasfunc-
r/ex+Ss0ez. The time-averaged incident power density tions of the wave number k•oat an incident angle of 0=0 øand a slab of
works out as thicknessD=0.1 m. The incidentplane wave is of the $V type.

623 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 95, No. 2, February 1994 M. Elphinstoneand A. Lakhtakia: Response of a chiral slab 623
 0.35 0.4

ii
0.35-
0.3-

0.3-
0.25-

0.25-

0.2- ,

a. 0.15-
0.15-
i1/ ij ..-' '
0.1 // i .../'/
0.1

,,/ 't //
0.05 0.05

0 2 4 6 8 1'0 1'2 1'4 1'6 1'8 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1'6 1'8 2O

kso
kso (a)

0.3
FIG. 12. Chiralslab:NormalizedreflectedpowerdensityPref,
Sttasfunc-
tionsof the wavenumberk•0at an incidentangleof 0=0 øand a slabof
thicknessD=0.1 m. The incidentplane wave is of the SH type. 0.25-
,,
J

i
i
J i

i
0.2-
I
i

0.012 i
i

0.01
0.1

/ J
/ 0.05

/ /

4 6 1'0 1'2 14 1'6 1'8 20

(b) k.o

FIG. 14. Chiralslab:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesasfunctionsof

the wavenumberk•0at an incidentangleof 0-- 30øanda slabof thickness
D--0.1 m. The incidentplanewaveis of the SV type.

o
o 1'0 1'2 1'4 1'6 1'8 2o
(a) k8o
where the notation Re standsfor "real part of." These
0.05 computationshave beenmadeas functionsof the angleof
incidence0 and the wave number k•0 (in the achiral re-
gion) for both setsof boundaryconditionsand for both
boundary-valueproblems.
We begin with the achiral/chiral interfaceproblem.
Shown in Figs. 1-3, respectively,are computedvaluesof
0.03-
Prer,•',
Prer,
SV,andPre•,su
wherethenormallyincidentplane
0.025- wave is of the P, $V, and $H types.No mode conversion
occurs for the case of normal incidence, as was to be
0.02-
expected.
]9
0.015- Mode conversioncertainly has to occur when we set
0.01
0= 30øinsteadof 0=0 ø.All three reflectedpowerdensities
are shownin Figs. 4-6 as functionsof k•ofor P, $V, and
0.005 • ...../
$H plane-waveincidenceconditions,respectively,when
0 0=30 ø. From the P wave incidence case, we note that
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
kso the reflectedfield has P and $V propagatingplane-wave
(b)
components,as shown in Fig. 4, but the magnitudeof
FIG. 13. Chiral slab:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesasfunctionsof
the reflected$H planewaveis negligiblysmall.Next, from
the wavenumberk•0at an incidentangleof 0-- 30øand a slabof thickness the calculationsfor Figs. 5 and 6 the reflectedP wave is
D--0.1 m. The incidentplanewave is of the P type. evanescent for S V and SH incidence conditions since

624 J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.95, No.2, February

1994 M. Elphinstone
andA. Lakhtakia:
Response
of a chiralslab 624
 0.3 0.1

Ii
0.25-

0.07-

0.2-

'• 0.05-
'•' 0.15-
0.04-
t• i t\
0.1
• ',

0.05 0.01
-.

0 •"'•'•' '..........
1'6 1'8 20
o
lb 1'2 1'4 1'6 1'8 2O (a) k8o

(a) 1(80
0.14

0.25

0.12- ;
i
,
• i
/

0.2- ', / i
0.1
i
i
/

,, // i
0.15-
i
i 0.08
I
I
//
, i,
i

0.1

0.05

(b)
0.02-
/ o
o ;• •t • • 1'o
kso
•• ,,
1'2 1'4 16 1s 2O

(b)
0.35

FIG. 15. Chiralslab:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesasfunctionsof

0.3-
the wavenumberk•0at an incidentangleof 0= 30øand a slabof thickness
D=0.1 m. The incidentplanewave is of the $H type.
0.25-

k•0sin30ø>
k•0forthematerial
properties
chosen.
22How-
ever, we notice the S V-•SH and SH-•SV mode conver-
'" 0.15-
sionsin Figs. 5 and 6 and the P-•$H mode conversionin
the calculationsfor Fig. 4, that must be entirely due to the
handedness
of the chiralsolid.
•9'2ø
Finally,a Rayleigh- 0.1

Woodanomaly occursat k•0•7.4 m-• in thesecalcula-

0.05
tions because66 changesfrom beingpurely real to purely ,,

imaginary
thenask•0is increased;
23theanomaly
is more
0
visiblein Fig. 4 than in Figs. 5 and 6, and is presentwhich- o • 4 1'0 1'2 1'4 1'6 1'8 20
ever set of boundary conditionsis used. (c) kS0

In Figs.7-9 we kept the wavenumberfixedat k•0-- 10 FIG. 16. Chiral slab:Normalized reflectedpower densitiesasfunctionsof
m-• buttheangleof incidence
wasvariedovertherange the wavenumberk•0at an incidentangleof 0- 30øand a slabof thickness
0<0<90 ø. It is clear from thesefiguresthat mode conver- D=0.5 m. The incidentplane wave is of the P type.
sion occursat nonnormalincidencesregardlessof the spe-
cific set of boundary conditions used. The P•SV and
P-• $H conversions occur for all values of 0 for the mate- change from purely real to purely imaginary at 0•38 ø,
rial parametersutilized, but the S V-•P and the SH-•P 0•54 ø, and 0•75 ø, respectively.We must observehere
conversions
occuronlyif k•0> k•0sin0. Furthermore,
the that the anomaly occurring in Fig. 7(b) when 0•38 ø is
S V.-•SH mode conversionsare solely due to the hemi- much more prominent when consideringset 2 of the
tropic nature of the chiral elastic solid. The Rayleigh- boundary conditions.The Rayleigh-Wood anomaliesseen
Wood anomaliesin Fig. 7 occur when 66, 6•, and (52 in Fig. 8 may be explainedby the followingwave numbers

625 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 95, No. 2, February 1994 M. Elphinstone and A. Lakhtakia: Response of a chiral slab 625
 0.9. 0.25-

0.8•

0.2-
0.7-

0.6-

0.15-

,/
0.1

0.3'

0.2-
0.05

0.1 II
iI
//
o 0 -';' •'
o 2 4 6 e 10 12 1'4 1'6 1'8 20 0 2 1'0 1'2 1'4 1'6 1'8 20
(a) k8o
(a) k8o

0.9

0'25
I
O2ß -
0.8

0.7

0.6
0.15-

, 0.5
/I
0.4,
0.1

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 ,
1'0 1'2 14 1'6 1'8 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
(b) kso (b) kso

FIG. 17. Chiralslab:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesasfunctionsof FIG. 18. Chiralslab:Normalizedreflectedpowerdensitiesasfunctionsof

the wavenumberk•oat an incidentangleof 0= 30øand a slabof thickness the wavenumberk•oat an incidentangleof 0= 30øand a slabof thickness
D--0.5 m. The incidentplanewave is of the SV type. D--0.5 m. The incidentplanewave is of the SH type.

changingfrom purely real to purely imaginary:66 when
0= 14ø,61 when 0= 18ø,62 when 0=22 ø,(•3when 0=35 ø,
and 65 when0= 44ø.The Rayleigh-Woodanomaliesfound
in Fig. 9 can be explainedsimilarly.
We now carry on to the chiral slab problem. Com-
putedvaluesof Pref,
P, Pref,$v,
andPref,$tt
for normalinci-
denceupon a D--0.1-m-thick slabare shownin Figs. 10-
12, respectively;
we notethat t03 D= 143 133 l• 3 12.As for
the single-interfaceproblem, no mode conversionsoccur
for the case of normal incidence. But, as we have seenfor
the singleachiral/chiral interfaceproblem,mode conver-
sionsoccurwhenthe incidenceangleis 0--•0'. Figure 13 is
for the P- and $V-type planewavesreflectedwhen consid-
ering a P-type incident plane wave on a D--0.1-m-thick
slab at an angle of 0--30*. It should be noted that the
reflected$H plane wave is of negligiblemagnitudein this
case.Incidentplanewavesof the S V and SH type, consid-
eredin the calculationsfor Figs. 14 and 15,respectively,
do
not result in a reflected P-type plane wave as
k•o< ksosin30ø.Furthermore,
theeffectof handedness
can
be seenin the $V-•$H modeconversionin Fig. 14 and the
SH-•SV mode conversionin Fig. 15. Thesemode conver-
sionsappearto be much more prominentwhenconsidering
set 2 of the boundary conditions,denoted by the dashed
lines in the figures.
The calculationsleadingto Figs. 13-15 showthat the
reflectedpower densitiesare of small (sometimesnegligi-
ble) magnitude, possiblyas a result of the thin nature of
the slab. Let us now consider a slab of D=0.5-m thickness,
so that D> lm, 0<rn<4. Since a plane wave at normal
incidenceis not mode-converted,we consideronly plane
wavesincidentat an angleof 0= 30ø.The reflectedpower
densitiesshown in Figs. 16-18 correspondto incident
plane wavesof the P, S V, and $H types,respectively.We
note that the incidentplane wave of the P type considered
in Fig. 16 resultsin reflectedplanewavesof the P, S V, and
$H types;the thin slab examinedin Fig. 13, whereinwe
also consideredan incidentplane wave of the P type, sub-
stantiallyreflectedplanewavesonly of the P and $ V types,
while the P-•$H type mode conversionwas negligible.
In Figs. 13-15, Rayleigh-Wood anomaliesoccurwhen
anyof theverticalwavenumbers
(6•o,6•o,61,...,66)
makes
a transitionfrom beingpurely real to purelyimaginary,or
viceversa.But thereareotheranomalies
possible.
23For

626 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 95, No. 2, February1994 M. Elphinstoneand A. Lakhtakia:Responseof a chiralslab 626
instance, several plate-mode anomalies occur in Figs. 4W. Nowacki,Theoryof Asymmetric
Elasticity(Pergamon,
Oxford,
1986).
16-18when6qDisa factorof •r/2. Theplate-mode
anom- 5A. Lakhtakia,V. V. VaradanandV. K. Varadan,"Elasticwaveprop-
alies in Fig. 16 may be explained by the following: agationin noncentrosymmetric, isotropicmedia: Dispersionand field
65D=•r/2 whenkso•5.0m-1 63D=•r/2 whenkso•5.0 equations,"J. Appl. Phys. 63, 5246-5250 (1988); Errata, 64, 4795
m-1 6soD=•rwhenkso•6.4m-1 64D=2•rwhenkso•6.7 (1988).
6j.p. Nowacki,"Greenfunctions
for a hemitropic
micropolar
contin-
m-1 65D=2•rwhenkso•18.0m-1 6•0D=•rand uum," Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Tech. 25, 619-625 (1977).
6soD----3•r
whenkso•19.2m-1. Likewise,
the following ?J.P. Nowacki,"Somedynamical
problems
of hemitropic
micropolar
equalities cause plate-mode anomalies in Fig. 17: continuum," Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Tech. 25, 465-473 (1977).
6soD=•r/2whenkso•3.6m-1, 66D=•r/2whenkso•6.7 8R. S. LakesandR. L. Benedict,
"Noncentrosymmetry
in micropolar
elasticity," Int. J. Eng. Sci. 20, 1161-1167 (1982).
m-• 6•D=•r/2 whenkso•6.9 m-1 6soD=•rwhen 9R. S.Lakes,"Foamstructures
witha negative
Poisson's
ratio,"Science
kso•7.3m-1 64D=2•rwhenkso•7.7m-1 61D=•rwhen 235, 1038-1039 (1987).
kso•7.9m-1 •2D----•r?2
whenkso•9.2m-1 Finally, 20A. Lakhtakia,V. K. Varadan,andV. V. Varadan,Time-harmonic
Elec-
someanomaliesin Fig. 18 may be explainedby 64D=2•r tromagneticFields in Chiral Media (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg,
1989).
when kso•7.7 m-1 61D=•r/2 when kso•7.9 m-1 22V. V. Varadan,A. Lakhtakia,andV. K. Varadan,"Geometrycanbe
62D----
•r/2 whenkso
• 9.1m- 1.Although
mostanomalies the basisfor acousticactivity (d la optical activity) in compositeme-
occurring can be identified as Rayleigh-Wood anomalies dia," J. Wave-Mater. Interact. 1, 315-323 (1986).
or plate-modeanomalies,anomaliessuchasthe onein Fig. 22T. R. Howarth,"Experimental
studies
usingchiralcomposites
asacous-
tic energyattenuators,"M. S. thesis,The PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,
14at kso•9.3m-1 occurwithouteasilyidentifiable
rea- University Park, PA (1988).
sons. Further work should be conducted in this area to 23V.V. Varadan,A. Lakhtakia,andV. K. Varadan,"Equivalent
dipole
explain them. momentsof helical arrangementsof small, isotropic,point-polarizable
In conclusion,we compared calculationsobtained scatters:Applicationto chiral polymerdesign,"J. Appl. Phys. 63, 280-
284 (1988); Errata, 66, 1504 (1989).
from two different setsof boundary conditionsfor achiral 14j. F. C. YangandR. S.Lakes,"Transient
studyof couplestress
effects
solid?chiralsolid interfacesin this paper.Numerical stud- in compact bone: Torsion," ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 103, 275-279
ies have shown obvious differences between the two differ- (1981).
ent setsof boundary conditions.Furthermore, anomalous 25R. S.Lakes,"Experimental
microelasticity
oftwoporous
solids,"
Int. J.
Eng. Sci. 22, 55-63 (1986).
behavior is seen to be clearly influenced by the set of 26R.D. GauthierandW. E. Jahsman,
"A questfor micropolar
elastic
boundary conditionsused. Differencessuch as these be- constants,"ASME J. Appl. Mech. 42, 369-374 (1975).
tweenthe two setsof boundaryconditionslead to the ques- 27R.Lakes,"Experimental
micromechanics
methods
for conventional
and negative Poisson'sratio cellular solids as Cosserat continua,"
tion of which set is physicallyproperfor the interfacebe-
ASME J. Eng. Mater. Tech. 113, 148-155 (1991).
tween a chiral solid and an achiral solid. The use of neither
28A. C. Eringen,Continuum
Physics
IF (Academic,
NewYork, 1976).
set lead to the violationof the principleof conservationof •9A. Lakhtakia,V. K. Varadan,andV. V. Varadan,"Reflection
of elastic
energy;thus, neither set has yet provided any reasonto plane wavesat a planar achiral-chiral interface," J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
87, 2314-2318 (1990).
doubtits validity. In retrospect,the useof neithersetcould 20A.Lakhtakia,V. V. Varadan,andV. K. Varadan,"Elasticwavescat-
lead to that violation becausethe continuity of displace- teringby an isotropicnoncentrosymmetric
sphere,"J. Acoust.Soc.Am.
ment normal stress was enforced in both sets. Therefore 91, 680-684 (1992).
experimentation(with the chiral slab) is necessaryto de- 2•Linearlypolarized
planewavescannotpropagate
in a chiralmedium
becausek3, k4, k5, and k6 are all differentfrom one another.When a
cide which of the two setsis physicallyrelevant. linearlypolarizedplanewavein an isotropicnonchiralmaterialencoun-
ters an interface with a chiral medium, the refracted plane waves are
either longitudinalor circularly polarized.
1A. C. Smith,"Wavesin micropolar
elasticsolids,"
Int. J. Eng.Sci.5, 22A. Lakhtakia,V. K. Varadan,V. V. Varadan,andD. J. N. Wall, "The
741-746 (1967). T-matrix approachfor scatteringby a traction-freeperiodicroughsur-
2R. S. Lakes,"Dynamical
studyof couplestress
effects
in humancom- face," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 76, 1839-1846 (1984).
pact bone," ASME J. Biomech.Eng. 104, 6-11 (1982). 23A. Lakhtakia,V. K. Varadan,and V. V. Varadan,"The acousticre-
3y. Weitsman,
"Initialstresses
andskineffects
in a hemitropic
Cosserat sponseof a periodicallyroughelasticplate (ice) in contactwith water,"
continuum,"ASME J. Appl. Mech. 34, 160-167 (1967). ASME J. Appl. Mech. 56, 144-148 (1985).

627 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 95, No. 2, February 1994 M. Elphinstoneand A. Lakhtakia: Response of a chiral slab 627