LAB REPORT #2

Instructions
 Plot creep strain versus time on page 2 either drawing by hand (using the grid), or
copying from Excel or another graphing program. Make sure to include a title, and x- and
y- axes with units. Label the three stages of creep on the graph.
 Fill in the table on Page 3 using the raw data from the Excel file that your TAs will
provide during the lab.
 Show calculations for the load on the sample and the creep rate.
 Show one sample calculation: Pick a random dial value, and show how to get the actual
displacement and % strain.
 Answer Question 3 on Page 4
 Answer Question 1, 2, 3 and 5 on Page 5

Student Information
Name Nursulltan Aibekuly
ID 1580103
Section D06

Team member
# ID Student Name
1. 1573776 Ronny Than
2. 1571731 Jaedon Vu-Pham
3. 1576279 Sukhita Ranchugoda Gamage

1
Experimental Report 2 – Creep of Metals
Plot of creep data
Title: Creep Strain (%) as a function of time (min) at Creep Temperature 840 Kelvin

Option 2: Paste the graph from Excel or any graphing program

Creep Strain (%) as a function of Time (minutes) at Creep Temperature of 840

Kelvin
40

35

30

25
Creep Strain (%)

20

15

10

0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

Time (minutes)

2
 Experimental Data

Time Dial Indicator Actual %Strain Time Dial Indicator Actual %Strain
Reading [ “ ] Displacement Reading [ “ ] Displacement
0:00 1 0 0 10:00
0:30 0.754 0.246 9.84 10:30
1:00 0.713 0.287 11.48 11:00
1:30 0.686 0.314 12.56 11:30
2:00 0.660 0.340 13.60 12:00
2:30 0.638 0.362 14.48 12:30
3:00 0.616 0.384 15.36 13:00
3:30 0.595 0.405 16.20 13:30
4:00 0.569 0.431 17.24 14:00
4:30 0.542 0.458 18.32 14:30
5:00 0.513 0.487 19.48 15:00
5:30 0.478 0.522 20.88 15:30
6:00 0.435 0.565 22.60 16:00
6:30 0.378 0.622 24.88 16:30
7:00 0.300 0.700 28.00 17:00
7:30 0.197 0.803 32.12 17:30
8:00 0.057 0.943 37.72 18:00
8:30 18:30
9:00 19:00
9:30 19:30

Total weight: 13.5 kg

Load on the sample = 13.5 * 9.81 * 2.5 = 331.0875N__________ (kN)
Creep Rate (Stage 2) =(19.48 - 17.24)/(5 - 4) = 2.24 __________[%/min]

Sample Calculations:
Dial indicator =

Actual displacement = 1 - 0.754 = 0.246

%Strain = (1 - 0.754)/2.5 * 100% = 9.84%

3
Questions
1) Describe an engineering situation, other than those mentioned in the background to this experiment,
where the creep strength of a material would be important? Specifically, choose a scenario where a
material is under constant stress and is subjected to a temperature that is above 0.4 of the melting
temperature.
2) Fires have been blamed on creep of aluminum electrical wiring in screw connectors that became hot in
service while under stress. Would copper be subject to the same problem? Explain. (Note: you can
assume that the wires are subjected to temperatures above 125C but not exceeding 150C (398 K to 423
K)). The melting temperatures for copper and aluminum are 10840C and 660.40C respectively.
3) Give the approximate temperature (C) where creep becomes an important consideration for
each of the following metals: iron, copper, tungsten, and aluminum. The melting point
temperatures are 1538C, 1084C, 3410C and 660.4C respectively.
4) The activation energy for the creep of nickel is 272 kJ/mol. By what factor does the secondary creep
rate increase if the temperature is increased from 850C to 875C in a creep test?
5) The creep exponent is 7 for a stainless steel. By what factor does the secondary creep rate increase if
the stress in a creep experiment is increased from 70 MPa to 77 MPa?
p
 1   QC 
 S   A   n exp 
6) t d   RT  is another relation used to determine the secondary creep
rate which also takes into account the influence of the grain size diameter, d. Looking at this equation, will
you increase or decrease the grain size diameter in order to reduce the creep rate? (Note: p usually has
integer values between 1-3). Is that desirable for other applications? Explain.
7) A low-carbon, nickel alloy has been developed for creep applications. The following data was
determined: QC=176,000 J/mol, n=7, K2=0.00077 sec-1×MPa-7. The stress level is 60 MPa. Assume that n
is independent of temperature and the creep data is based on a 1000 hr operating time basis. R=8.314
J/mol×K.
d
a. Determine  (i.e. dt ) at 427°C.
b. At what temperature (in °C) is the secondary creep rate  =0.01, per 1000hr.
Compare percent increase in temperature, with the corresponding percent change in  from parts a and b

Answers
Q3. The calculations are as follows,

Iron: T CT =0.4 T M =0.4 ∙ (1538+ 273.15 ) K =724.46 K =451.31° C

Copper: T CT =0.4 T M =0.4 ∙ (1084 +273.15 ) K=542.86 K=269.71 ° C

Tungsten: T CT =0.4 T M =0.4 ∙ (3410+ 273.15 ) K =1473.26 K=1200.11 ° C

Aluminum: T CT =0.4 T M =0.4 ∙ (660.4 +273.15 ) K=373.42 K=100.27 ° C

4
Case Study #2
1. Which material did you choose? Describe its benefits and drawbacks
2. Which creep properties (including minimum and maximum values) did you choose to
prioritize when selecting a material? Explain why you chose these properties and values.
3. Name two other properties that you had to take into account when selecting a material.
4. How did you define unacceptable performance? Which properties and associated values did you
use?
5. The material data you were given did not mention grain size. If you could select any initial
grain size, what would you choose? Why?
6. Describe the properties of the perfect material for this application. Does such a material exist?
Explain why or why not.

Answers
1. As a group we have concluded that the Hastelloy is the bet material for the said requirements.

Its benefits are: (1) It satisfies all the requirements given. Meaning that the material never crosses the
creep rate of 1% over 100,000 hours at 10MPa tensile strength and varying temperatures (including the
700° C for 1 hour). (2) It has "excellent" durability at 20 ° C in fresh water and at 500° C . (3) Relatively
cheap price for the quality it provides. Also note that due to its high quality the material will eventually
pay back, because it will require less maintenance in the future.

Its drawbacks are: (1) It is quite expensive in comparison to other materials. For example, Chromoly
Steel also satisfies all the requirements, but is 5 times cheaper (standing at $3.82). In fact, Chromoly was
our second choice, the only reason we chose Hastelloy is because we prioritized quality over price,
because we thought that the quality will eventually pay back since it will require less maintenance.

2. One of the main creep properties we had to take into consideration is the creep rate, specifically it
should never cross the %1 over 100,000 hours at the tensile strength of 10MPa and temperatures of
425-450° C and 700° C . Note since the graphs provided were in terms of 1,000 hours, we also made
sure to divide it by 100 to adjust it to 100,000 hour requirement. So, when looking at the graphs we
would use the value of 0.01% instead of 1% as our maximum creep rate.

3. Two other properties we took into consideration were price, and the durability at 500 ° C and 20° C in
fresh water. As it seemed the two properties were interconnected, meaning that increasing one would
decrease the other and vice versa. So, our goal was to find a middle ground of those two properties, so
that the price was relatively cheap, but not to too cheap that it would cut the quality of the material.
The other property we took into the consideration was melting point, the material will be exposed to
700° C at some points, hence the melting point should be higher than that value.

5. The grain size in creep testing, would increase the creep resistance due to higher rate of diffusion.
Hence, the larger the initial grain size the better.