Nanyang Technological University

School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering

Third Year

MA3071: Laboratory Experiment

Name of Student: Lab Sub-Group: TK04

Date: 5 April 2019 Grade: ________________

Name of Supervisor: Benjamin Tay

Table of Content

I. Introduction

II. Objectives

III. Equipments and Materials

IV. Procedures

V. Results

VI. Discussion

VII. Reference

VIII. Appendix

1
1. Introduction

Heat Transfer in tubes by force convection is of considerable importance in the design if

heat exchangers. This project enables students to conduct a experimental investigation
and calculate the heat transfer coefficient, the pipe friction factor and pertinent
dimensionless parameters from the measured data, thus allowing suitable comparisons
with published values.

2. Objective

The objective of this project is to study the convective heat transfer and pressure drop of
air flowing through a circular tube under the fully developed flow and constant heat flux
conditions.

3. Equipment
Equipment List

a) An electrically driven centrifugal fan

b) Thermocouple is fitted in the wall and insulation of the heated tube.
c) Thermocouple selector switch
d) Variac transformer to vary the heater load
e) Pitot manometer and pitot traverse
f) Manometer measuring pressure drop over orifice plate and test length

(add pic if u wan)

4. Theory

The local heat transfer coefficient h for fluid flow through a heated tube is given by this
equation:

h = q” / (T w −T b)

where q" is the heat flux from the wall of the tube to the fluid. Tw is the sectional wall
temperature and Tb is the bulk temperature of the fluid at the same section.The
corresponding Nusselt number Nu, and Stanton number St are:

Nu=hD/k

St = Nu/(Re PR) = h/ ρVCp

2
The friction factor for pipe flow in the absence of heat transfer is:

f =Δp/[(L/D)* ρ*(V^2/2)]

where Δp is the pressure drop over a length L of a pipe having a diameter D. V is the
mean velocity of fluid having a density ρ . The air mass flow rate can be calculated from
an orifice meter installed in the test section.

Where C d = 0.613 the orifice discharge coefficient

ρ = air density at orifice

ΔP = pressure drop across orifice

A = cross-sectional area of orifice

5. Experimental Procedure

The experiments to be performed include the measurement of wall and insulation

temperatures at specified positions. With these data, the heat transfer coefficient between

tube and fluid, average fluid velocity and bulk temperature along the test section can be

determined.

The independent parameters that may be varied in this experiment are the mass flow rate

of the air and input power. It should be noted that for meaningful analysis of

experimental results and comparison with established empirical correlation, few

independent setting of air flow rate and power input should be done. These variables

should be well spaced out within the range the equipment is capable of achieving.

Velocity and temperature profiles across a section for at least one setting should be taken.

To avoid heater burnout, the fan should not be switched off with the heater power on.

3
6. Analysis and Results

Table 4: Surface roughness under different cutting operations

Given data
Tube Bore 32.6mm (outside diameter 35mm)
Wall Thickness 1.2mm
Orifice diameter 40mm
0Thermal conductivity of copper 380.6W/mK (at ~ 380K)
Lagging OD 73mm
Lagging internal diameter 35mm
Thermal conductivity of lagging 0.0415

Q1) Tables (Power against different flowrate)

2 amp
  T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
47. 48.
High Speed 44.4 46.3 3 48.1 6 47.5 47
47.
Low Speed 44.7 46.8 6 48.3 49 47.7 47.3
 (Temperature in °C)

     

Low Speed
  T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
37. 37.
0amp 37.2 37.6 7 37.9 8 37.7 37.6
47.
2amp 44.7 46.8 6 48.3 49 47.7 47.3
61. 64.
3amp 54.7 59 2 63 3 61.6 60.5
(Temperature in °C)

4
5
Q2) Tables Bulk Temperature Vs Length

6
Q3) Heat transfer coefficient (h)

BULK Temp
  h q (W/m^2) Wall Temp (K)
(K)
T1 239.122128 1033.330668 317.4 313.0786489
T2 1133.98366 1033.330668 319.3 318.3887605
T3 4199.33461 1033.330668 320.3 320.0539299
T4 2910.31708 1033.330668 321.1 320.7449422
T5 12952.7757 1033.330668 321.6 321.5202232
T6 -685.29447 1033.330668 320.5 322.0078637
T7 -1186.6654 1033.330668 320 320.8707852

Q4 & Q5) Nusselt (Nu) and Stanton number(St)

Experimental
  h Nu St f
239.12212 187.84051 0.0046619
T1 8 5 7 0.0164057
1133.9836 890.79198 0.0221083
T2 6 3 5 0.0164057
4199.3346 3298.7544 0.0818709
T3 1 2 8 0.0164057
2910.3170 2286.1767 0.0567400
T4 8 9 7 0.0164057
12952.775 10174.951 0.2525296
T5 7 5 5 0.0164057
T6 -685.29447 -538.3277 -0.0133606 0.0164057
T7 -1186.6654 -932.17571 -0.0231354 0.0164057

Empirical
  Nu St f Pr Re
T1 178.97194 0.0029738 0.0189307 0.7098 86746.789

7
 7 6 2 8
178.97194 0.0029738 0.0189307 86746.789
T2 7 6 2 0.7098 8
178.97194 0.0029738 0.0189307 86746.789
T3 7 6 2 0.7098 8
178.97194 0.0029738 0.0189307 86746.789
T4 7 6 2 0.7098 8
178.97194 0.0029738 0.0189307 86746.789
T5 7 6 2 0.7098 8
178.97194 0.0029738 0.0189307 86746.789
T6 7 6 2 0.7098 8
178.97194 0.0029738 0.0189307 86746.789
T7 7 6 2 0.7098 8

(Theory)

8
Q6) Velocity and Temperature profile across pipe diameter

(Theory)

9
6. Reference

1) Yunus A. Cengel & Afshin J. Ghajar, “An introduction To Heat Transfer", New
York,Published by McGraw-Hill Education. 2015

2) L. L. C. Engineers Edge, “Viscosity of Air, Dynamic and Kinematic,” Engineers

Edge - Engineering, Design and Manufacturing Solutions, 11-Jun-2000. [Online].
Available:
https://www.engineersedge.com/physics/viscosity_of_air_dynamic_and_kinemati
c_14483.htm. 

7. Appendix

For the purpose of this sample calculation, all calculations will be based on 2amp and
high speed.

Heat input (Q̇¿ ¿ :

Power (Q̇¿ ¿ = VI

= 95 *2

=190W

Mean wall temperature (T m) :

T m= (T 1 +T 2+ T 3 +T 4 +T 5+ T 6 +T 7 ¿/7

T m= (317.4 + 319.3 + 320.3 + 321.1 + 321.6 + 320.5 + 320) / 7

T m= 320.03 K

Heat loss (Q̇ loss ) :

2 πLK∗(T m −T 0 )
Q̇ loss=
r
ln ⁡( 2 )
r1

10
 2 π∗0.0415∗1.75∗(320.03−312.3)
Q̇ loss=
0.0365
ln ⁡( )
0.0176

Q̇ loss=4.79 W

Heat resultant (Q̇h ¿ :

Q̇h=Q̇ ¿−Q̇loss

Q̇h=190−4.79

Q̇h=185.2 W

Q̇h
q̇ h=
πDL

185.2
q̇ h=
π∗0.0326∗1.75
2
q̇ h=1033.33 W / m

Pressure atmospheric pressure ( Patm ¿ :

( Patm) = 101300 Pa

Pressure at point 1

P1= ρgh+ Patm=( 1000 )∗( 9.81 )∗( 0.581 ) + 101300

11
 P1=( 1000 )∗( 9.81 )∗( 0.581 ) + 101300

P1= 106303.1 Pa
Pressure at point 2

P2 = ρgh+ P 1=( 1000 )∗( 9.81 )∗( 0.134 ) + 106303.1

P2 = ( 1000 )∗( 9.81 )∗( 0.134 ) + 106303.1

P2= 107617.64 Pa

Pressure drop across orifice (∆ P ¿ :

∆ P=¿P2-P1

∆ P=¿P2-P1 = 107617.64 – 106303.1

∆ P = 1314.54 Pa

Air density ( ρ ¿ :

1
∗P 2
R
ρ=
T2

1
∗107617.64
0.287
ρ=
317.4

ρ=1.181

Mass flowrate (ṁ ¿:

ṁ=ρA C d
√ 2∆ P
ρ

( 0.0326 ∗π )∗( 0.613 )∗

√ (1.181)
2
2∗(1314.54)
ṁ=( 1.181 )∗
4

ṁ= 0.0426 Kg/s

12
Bulk temperature (T ( x ) ¿ :
q̇ h πDx
T ( x )−T (0) =
ṁ C p

1033.33∗π∗0.0326∗0.315
T ( x )−T (0) =
0.0426∗1005

Experimental f
∆p
f=
L V2
ρ
D 2

1000∗9.81∗0.99
f=
1.75
∗1.181∗43.2152
0.0326
2

f = 0.0164057

Empirical f
−1 −1
f =0.184 ℜ 5 =0.184∗86746.7898 5 =0.01893072

f =0.01893072

Heat transfer coefficient (h) :

1033.330668
h=
( 317.4−313.08 )

h = 239.1969

Experimental Nu & St

13
 hD
Nu=
k

Nu= ( 239.12∗0.0326
0.0415 )
Nu = 187.84

h
St =
ρV C p
St = ( 239.12
1.181∗43.215∗1005 )
St = 0.004662

Empirical Nu & St

ρDV
ℜ=
μ

ℜ=¿ ( 1.181∗43.215∗0.0326
1.918∗10 −5)
ℜ = 86746.79

Pr ( Interpolation ) : ( 107−100
120−100 )

Pr= ( 0.7073−0.7111
Pr −0.7111
) ; Pr=0.7098

14
Nu=0.023 ℜ0.8 Pr 0.4

Nu = ¿ )

Nu = 178.97
f
St= 2
8∗Pr 3

( )
0.01893072
St = 2
3
8∗0.7098

St= 0.0029739

15