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LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS FOR

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY VII (EP 329)

NO. OF EXPERIMENT : 8

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: THE TEMPERATURE PROFILE AND RATE OF HEAT

TRANSFER FOR RADIAL CONDUCTION THROUGH THE WALL OF CYLINDER
(OPEN ENDED)

STUDENT NAME : STUDENT ID :

PRATAP KRISHNAN 1001748246

YONG JIA NING 1001748943

BENNETT GOH JIA SHENG 1001643312

IFTEKHAR HOSSAIN 1001852505

GROUP : 4

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 24 March 2021

TUTOR : Ms.Rafizah Binti Zaiton

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING , ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UCSI UNIVERSITY

JAN-APR 2021

Table of Content

No. Subject Page

1 Objective 2

2 Introductions 2-3

3 Material and apparatus 3

4 Procedure/Methods 3

5 Results & calculation 4

6 Discussion 5-7

7 Limitation of the experiment 7

8 Conclusion 7

9 Reference 8

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OBJECTIVES

1. To study the Fourier Law for radial conduction through the wall of a cylinder.
2. To determine the temperature gradient during radial heat transfer by conduction along
the wall.
3. To obtain experimentally the coefficient of thermal conductivity of material

INTRODUCTION
Conduction also known as heat transfer by diffusion is the transport of energy from the more
energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance due to a temperature gradient, and the
physical mechanism is that of random atomic and molecular activity. For one-dimensional,
steady-state heat conduction in a plane wall with no heat generation, temperature is a function
of the x coordinate only and heat is transferred exclusively in this direction.
Radial Conduction Heat Transfer (Cylindrical)
Cylindrical and spherical systems often experience temperature gradients in the radial
direction only and may therefore be treated as one dimensional. A common example is the
hollow cylinder, whose inner and outer surfaces are exposed to fluids at different
temperatures, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Heat transfer through radial systems

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When the inner and outer surfaces of a thick wall cylinder are each at a uniform temperature,
heat rows radially through the cylinder wall. From continuity considerations the radial heat
flow through successive layers in the wall must be constant if the flow is steady but since the
area of successive layers increases with radius, the temperature gradient must decrease with
radius.
The amount of heat (Q), which is conducted across the cylinder wall per unit time, is:

2π𝐿𝑘(𝑇𝑖−𝑇𝑜)
𝑄 = 𝑅𝑜
𝑙𝑛( 𝑅𝑖
)

Where,
Q = heat flow rate, [W]
L = thickness of the material, [m]
k = thermal conductivity of the material, [W/km]
Ti = inner section temperature, [K]
To = outer section temperature, [K]
Ro = outer radius, [m]
Ri = inner radius, [m]

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

1. Control Panel
2. Heater Power Indicator
3. Heater Power Regulator
4. Temperature Indicator
5. Temperature Selector
6. Thermocouple Connectors
7. Thermocouples
8. Radial Module
9. Linear Module
10. Solteq Heat Conduction Study Bench (Model: HE105)

METHODOLOGY

1. The experiment was started by starting the flow of the coolant and the heat supply
lead was connected to the control panel.
2. The six sensors (TT1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) were connected to the Radial Module.

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 3. The power supply and the main switch were switched on. The digital readouts were
illuminated.
4. The heater power control was turned and adjusted between 0-40W. Sufficient time
was allowed after each change in order to achieve the steady state condition.
5. The temperature readings were taken from T1 to T6.
6. The graph of Temperature, T versus distance, r is plotted.
7. The amount of thermal conductivity is calculated.
8. The readings were recorded in a table.

RESULTS

Power (Watt) Temperature (℃)

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

0 28.5 27.7 26.4 26.3 26.2 26.1

10 29.3 28.4 26.7 26.5 27.2 26.7

20 32 30.2 27.1 27.0 27.0 27.1

30 36 33.0 27.5 27.3 27.1 27.2

40 41.7 37.3 28.2 27.8 27.6 27.8

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 r(m) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Table 1: Temperature in degree celsius (℃)

DISCUSSION

1. Plot the graph temperature, T versus distance, r.

2. Plot the graph temperature, T (k) versus distance, r.

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 Temperature (K)

Power (Watt) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

0 301.5 300.7 299.4 299.3 299.2 299.1

10 302.3 301.4 299.7 299.5 300.2 299.7

20 305 303.2 300.1 300 300 300.1

30 309 306 300.5 300.3 300.1 300.2

40 314.7 310.3 301.2 300.8 300.6 300.8

r(m) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Table 1: Temperature in Kelvin

3. Calculate the amount of thermal conductivity.

The formula of radial conduction heat transfer for cylindrical shape is:

2π𝐿𝑘(𝑇𝑖−𝑇𝑜)
𝑄 = 𝑅𝑜
𝑙𝑛( 𝑅𝑖
)

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By rearrange the formula above, we can calculate thermal conductivity using formula below:

𝑅𝑜
𝑄 𝑥 𝑙𝑛( 𝑅𝑖
)
𝑘= 2π𝐿(𝑇𝑖−𝑇𝑜)

For the thickness of the material, L=Δx, thus L=0.06 m

From the table 1, Q=0W, ln (Ro/Ri)/(Ti-To) = -0.2128,

0 𝑊
Therefore, 𝑘 = 2 𝑥 π 𝑥 0.06
𝑥 (− 0. 2128) = 0 𝑚.𝐾

The thermal conductivity for all powers,

𝑊
When Q=0W , ln (Ro/Ri)/(Ti-To) = -0.2128 , k =0 𝑚.𝐾

𝑊
When Q=10W, ln (Ro/Ri)/(Ti-To) = -0.1965 , k =− 5. 2123 𝑚.𝐾

𝑊
When Q=20W, ln (Ro/Ri)/(Ti-To) = -0.1043 , k =− 5. 5333 𝑚.𝐾

𝑊
When Q=30W, ln (Ro/Ri)/(Ti-To) = -0.05805, k =− 4. 6195 𝑚.𝐾

𝑊
When Q=40W, ln (Ro/Ri)/(Ti-To) = -0.03675, k =− 3. 8993 𝑚.𝐾

Average thermal conductivity, kaverage= [0+(-5.2123)+(-5.5333)+(-4.6195)+(-3.8993)] / 5 =

𝑊 𝑊
|− 3. 8529| 𝑚.𝐾 = 3. 8529 𝑚.𝐾

From the results obtained, rate of heat conduction through a cylinder is proportional to the
temperature difference across the cylindrical and the heat transfer area, but it is inversely
proportional to the thickness of the cylindrical. As the higher the temperature, the higher the
thermal conductivity. However, the larger the thickness of Thermal conductivity values are
always positive because heat has to go somewhere, and heat only flows from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Heat will flow regardless, only the
gradient at which it flows can be changed by using different materials.

LIMITATIONS

Any possible errors or outliers in the experiment are likely due to not enough time being
allowed to elapse. As a result, steady-state conditions are not achieved. This will lead to
inaccuracies in the results and can be solved by waiting long enough i.e. 10-15 minutes.

Additionally, errors can also be caused by external factors when they are left uncontrolled.
These factors may include humidity, temperature, wind speed, pressure, etc. To solve this, the

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experiment is made sure to be conducted in a closed system where all these external factors
are kept constant.

Finally, protective equipment like gloves and safety goggles need to be worn while
conducting the experiment to ensure safety.

CONCLUSION

All in all, it can be concluded that the experiment was deemed a success, all the objectives
that were set were met with satisfactory results and the hypothesis was proven correct. The
graphs show that the temperature is inversely proportional to radial distance. The greater the
distance between outer and inner radii, the lower the temperature. Additionally, the average
thermal conductivity coefficient kavg is found through calculation and interpretation of the
results. From the results and calculation, it can also be seen that this value is strongly
influenced by temperature differences. Finally, it can also be seen that the temperature
difference is inversely proportional to average thermal conductivity.

REFERENCE

1. The Physics Classroom Tutorial. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/thermalP/u18l1f.cfm
2. What is Thermal Conductivity? An Overview - Thermtest. (2021, January 19).
Retrieved from https://thermtest.com/what-is-thermal-conductivity
3. Thermal conductivity. (2021, March 10). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity
4. Learning, L. (2017, January 27). Heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates.
Retrieved from
https://medium.com/@lucidlearning314/heat-conduction-equation-in-cylindrical-coor
dinates-3e26402ee1f8