Soft Skills For Personality Development

SOFT SKILLS FOR PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Unit-1:- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF PERSONALITY

Meaning and Definition of Personality:- The term derives from the Latin word ‘
Persona which means a mask or to speak through. It is the “face” the individual
displays to the world.
Personality is concerned with the Psychological pattern of an individual— the
thoughts, emotions and feelings—that are unique to a person. In fact, the totality of
character attributes and traits of a person are responsible for molding his
personality. Personality is a set of qualities that make a person distinct from another.
According to Stephen P. Robbins “Attitude are evaluative Statement-either favorable

or unfavorable- concerning object, people or events. They reflect how one feels about
something.
According to R.B. Cattell - "Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a

person will do in a given situation."
According to R.M. Ogsten - "Personality is the expression of man's inner life,
character is the expression of what he does or achieves."
Nature of personality
 Individuals are differentiated in their attitude, interest, expression and
behavior from one another and remain consistent.
 Personality is neither good nor bad.
 Personality is not a mysterious phenomenon.
 Every personality is unique.
 Personality refers to persistent qualities of the individual. It expresses
consistency and regularly.
 Personality is acquired.
 Personality is influenced by social interaction.
Characteristics of Personality
The two main characteristics of personality are:-
SMITHA.L GOVT FIRST GRADE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN TUMKUR Page 1

1. Inherited characteristics.
2. Learned Characteristics.
1. Inherited characteristics: - An inherited trait is a feature or characteristic of an
organism that has been passed on to it in its genes. This transmission of
parental traits to their offspring always follows certain principles or laws. It includes
facial appearance an individual acquired from their parents or forefather. Some
characteristics are gifted by birth from our parents these are inherited characteristics.
It consists of color of a person’s eye. Behavior etc,
2. Learned Characteristics: - The uniqueness an individual acquires by observing,
working and gaining knowledge from others and surroundings are known as
learned characteristics.
Learned characteristics include the following features:
a. Perception: - Perception means the way in which something is regarded,
understood, or interpreted. It is the result of different senses like feeling, hearing
etc.,.
b. Values: Values are a Person's or society's beliefs about good behavior and what
things are important. Values have major influence on a person's behavior and
attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations and decision making process.
c. Personality: - Personality is the combination of characteristics or qualities that
form an individual's distinctive character. It includes Patterns of thinking, feeling,
understanding and behavior.
d. Attitude: A predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively

towards a certain idea, object, person, or situation. Attitude influences an
individual's choice of action, and responses to challenges, incentives, and rewards.
Types of personality:-
1. Locus of Control:- Locus of control is the degree to which people believe that they
have control over the outcome of events in their lives, as opposed to external forces
beyond their control. Understanding of the concept was developed by Julian B.
Rotter in 1954, and has since become an aspect of personality studies. A person's
"loci" (plural of "locus", Latin for "place" or "location") are conceptualized as internal

(a belief that one's life can be controlled) or external (a belief that life is controlled by
outside factors which they cannot influence, or that chance or fate controls their
lives).
2. Authoritarianism:- Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority at the
expense of personal freedom of or relating to a governmental or political system,
principle, or practice in which individual freedom is held as completely subordinate
to the power or authority of the state, centered either in one person or a small group
that is not constitutionally accountable to the people.
3. Bureaucratic: - A psychological construct that describes those workers who are
more concerned with following correct procedures than they are getting the job
done. The definition of bureaucratic is something that is focused more on procedure
and policy than common sense, frequently referring to government or to the formal
operation of a business.
4. Machiavellianism:- It represents the degree to which an individual is pragmatic.
It is sneaky, cunning, and lacking moral code. The word comes from the Italian
philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote the political treatise the Prince in the
1500s, that encourages “the end justifies the means” behavior especially among
politicians.
Extraversion and Introversion:- Carl Jung popularized both the terms -
“Extraversion” and “Introversion”.
Extraversion: Extraversion refers to a state where individuals show more concern
towards what is happening outside. Such individuals love interacting with people
around and are generally talkative. They do not like spending time alone but love
being the center of attraction of parties and social gatherings. Such individuals love
going out, partying, meeting people and often get bored when they are all by
themselves. They admire the company of others and hate staying alone.
Introversion: Introversion, on the other hand refers to a state when an individual is
concerned only with his own life and nothing else. Such individuals do not bother
about others and are seldom interested in what is happening around.
Type “A” and Type “B”:-

Type A:- Type A individuals are as ambitious, aggressive, business like, time
conscious and tightly wound with free floating hostility. Who lives at a higher stress
level, enjoy achievement of goals, hate failure and will work hard to avoid failure.
TYPE “B”:-They are patient, relaxed, easy going and at times lacking an overriding
sense of urgency with lives at a lower stress level, steadily work, enjoying
achievements but not becoming stressed when they are not achieved.
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY OR FACTORS OF PERSONALITY
Every person has a different personality and there are a lot of factors which
contribute to that personality. The environmental and heredity factors contribute as
the important determinants and factors of personality.
1. Environmental Factors of Personality: The environment that an individual lives
in has a major impact on his personality. The culture and environment establish
attitudes, values, norms and perceptions in an individual. Based on the cultures and
traditions, different senses of right and wrong are formed in individuals.
These environmental factors also include the neighborhood a person lives in, his
school, college, university and workplace. Moreover, it also counts the social circle
the individual has. Friends, parents, colleagues, co-workers and bosses, everybody
plays a role as the determinants of personality.
2. Social factors:-The contribution of family and social group in combination with
the culture is knows as socialization. When an individual interact with other persons
in his/her group give and take relationship takes place and it affects the personality
of an individual. When an individual has group experience and contact with others
personality of an individual is influenced by others may be bad or good but depends
on the association in which he/she keeps. In a society every person plays a specific
role and status.
3. Biological Factors of Personality:
Biological Factors – In a personality, biological characteristics contributes in a great
to determine an individual’s personality. These factors mainly comprises of Heredity
or Genetics, Brain, Physical Features, Physical Abilities and Gender.
i) Heredity Factors of Personality: The heredity factors play a very important role as
the major determinants and factors of personality. Heredity factors are the ones that

are determined at the time of conception. These factors not only affect the physical
features of a person, but the intelligence level, attentiveness, gender, temperament,
various inherited diseases and energy level, all get affected by them. The example of
how heredity factors determine such a huge and significant part of an individual‘s
personality can easily be observed in children. Many children behave exactly how
their parents do. Similarly, twin siblings also have a lot of things in common.
ii) Physical Features: Just as environmental factors, there are many physical factors
as well that determine your personality. These physical factors include the overall
physical structure of a person: his height, weight, color, sex, beauty and body
language, etc. An individual‘s personality can change over time. Physical factors are
one of the major reasons of that. Most of the physical structures change from time to
time, and so does the personality. With exercises, cosmetics and surgeries etc. many
physical features are changed, and therefore, the personality of the individual also
evolves.
iii) Brain: Another biological factor that influences personality is the role of brain of
an individual. Though some promising inroads are made by researchers, the
psychologists are unable to prove empirically the contribution of human brain in
influencing personality. Preliminary results from the electrical stimulation of the
brain (ESB) research gives indication that better understanding of human personality
and behavior might come from the study of the brain.
4. Situational Factors of Personality: The situational factors can be commonly
observed when a person behaves contrastingly and exhibits different traits and
characteristics. For example, a person‘s behavior will be totally different when he is
in his office, in front of his boss, when compared to his hangout with old friends. In
this way, situational factors impact a personality in a significant way. They often
bring out the traits of a person that are not commonly seen.
5. Cultural Factors:- Culture is traditionally considered as the major determinants of
an individual‘s personality. The culture largely determinants what a person is and
what a person will learn. The culture within a person is brought up, is very
important determinant of behavior of a person. Culture is complex of these belief,
values, and techniques for dealing with the environment which are shared among

contemporaries and transmitted by one generation to the next. Culture required both
conformity and acceptance from its members.
6. Other Factors- Apart from these major factors like: biological, family and group,
environmental considerations, situation etc there are other factors which play vital
role in shaping personality. The other factors includes:-
 Temperament:- It is the degree to which one responds emotionally.
 Interest:- The individual normally has many interest in various areas.
Individual interest in doing different types of jobs, sports, yoga etc. is also
influence on personality development.
 Character:-It is very important requirement for responsible jobs. It includes
honesty, sincerity. Dedication etc. of individual which influence development
of personality.
 Motives:-Motives are the inner drive of the individual. They represent goal
directed behaviour of an individual.
Different stages of personality development:-

Stages in Development of Personality
The five stages of development are as follows:
1. Oral Stage.
2. Anal Stage
3. Genital (Oedipal) Stage.
4. Latency Stage.
5. Adolescence Stage.
Erikson (1950) believes that personality continues to be molded throughout
the entire lifespan from birth to death. This period has been divided into eight stages
by him. Each stage has its characteristic features marked and affected by emotional
crisis, particular culture of the person and his interaction with the society of which
he is a part.

1. Oral Stage:
This stage expands from zero to one-and-a-half years. During this period
mouth is the sensitive zone of the body and the main source of joy and pleasure for
the child. How the infant is being cared for by the mother makes the infant trust or
mistrusts the world (represented by mother) around him. If his wants are frequently
satisfied, he develops trust and believes that the world will take care of him.
In case of frequent dissatisfaction, mistrust develops leading the infant to believe
that the people around him cannot be believed, relied on, and that he is going to lose
most of what he wants. After the first six months (sucking period), the remaining
one year (biting period) is fairly difficult for the child and mother because of
eruption of teeth and weaning. If properly handled, infant’s trust gets reinforced and
he develops an in-built and lifelong spring of optimism and hope.
Persons, who had an unpleasant (abandoned, unloved and uncared) babyhood, are
likely to find parenthood as burdensome and may express dependent, helpless,
abusive behavior, and angry outbursts i.e., oral character. To such people,
caseworker is like parents, who helps the client to verbalize his anger and distrust
and later provides emotional support and protective services.
2. Anal Stage:
Towards the end of biting period of oral stage, the child is able to walk, talk, and eat
on his own. He can retain or release something that he has. This is true of bowel and
bladder function also. He can either retain or release his bowel and bladder contents.
Now, the child no more depends upon the mouth zone for pleasure. He now derives
pleasure from bowel and bladder (anal zone) functioning, which entails anxiety
because of toilet training by parents. Child is taught where to pass urine and where
to go for defecation etc.
In this training of bladder and bowel control, child may develop autonomy, or
shame and doubt. The task of anal is to develop autonomy. If the parents are
supportive without being overprotective and if the child is allowed to function with
some independence, he gains some confidence in his autonomy probably by the age
of three and prefers love over hate, cooperation over willfulness, and self-expression
over suppression.

3. Genital (Oedipal) Stage:

The task for this period is to develop and strengthen initiative, failing which the
child develops a strong feeling of guilt. This period extends from 3rd to 6th years of
life, i.e., pre-school period. He is now capable of initiating activity, both intellectual
as well as motor on his own. How far this initiative is reinforced depends upon how
much physical freedom is given to the child and how far his curiosity is satisfied. If
he is led to feel bad about his behavior or his interests, he may grow with a sense of
guilt about his self-initiated activities.
Erikson (1950) opines that the child takes first initiative at home when he/she
expresses passionate interest in his/her parent of opposite sex. The parents
ultimately disappoint him/her. They should try to help the child to identify with the
same sex parent, e.g., the girl should be encouraged to identify with mother and the
son with the father.
4. Latency Stage:
This stage covers the period from 6 to 11 years, i.e., school age. The child can reason
out rationally and can use the tools that adults use. The sexual interests and curiosity
(common in genital period) get suppressed till puberty. If encouraged and given
opportunity, he gains confidence in his ability to perform and use adult materials.
This leads to feeling of industry in him.
When unable to use adult materials, he develops inferiority feelings. Such children
may develop problems with peers. They need to be encouraged to interact with
classmates and be less dependent upon others.
If the child has mastered the task of genital period (initiative in place of guilt) he will
be able to master the tasks of latency (industry in place of inferiority) also provided
he is encouraged to undertake and helped to execute the responsibilities entrusted to
him.
5. Adolescence Stage:
This period, regarded as a period of turmoil, usually starts at 12-13 years and can
extend up to 18-19 years. The adolescents, during this transitional process from
childhood to maturity, behave something like an adult and sometimes like a child.

Parents too show their ambivalence to accept them in their new role of an adult in-
the-making.
This stage exhibits all the psycho-social characteristics of earlier period and only
towards the end, all these get resolved into a new set of role (identity) for the
adolescent. In order to develop a personal identity, he becomes fan of some hero,
starts following certain ideologies, and tries his luck with opposite sex.
Indecision and confusion are not uncommon in this stage. Identification with a
wrong person shall create problems for him. The task of this age is to develop
identity, i.e., values, strengths, skills, various roles, limitations, etc., failing which his
identity gets diffused and he fails to know how to behave in different situations. He
needs to be helped to deal with the physiological, emotional pressures along-with
pressures from parents, peers, etc.
UNIT II: - ATTITUDE & EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Attitude is the tendency to react positively or negatively to a person beliefs,

behaviors or circumstances and can be defined as state of the mind, a set of views, or
thoughts.
DEFINITIONS OF ATTITUDE:- According to Gordon Allport, “An attitude is a
mental and neural state of readiness, organized through experience, exerting a
directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all objects and
situations with which it is related.”
According to Si P. Robbins – “Attitude is manner, disposition, feeling and position
with regard to a person or thing, tendency or orientation especially in the mind.”
Attitude consists of three aspects or Component i.e. cognitive, affective and
behavioral:
1. Cognitive part –It is a socio-psychological term used to describe a person’s belief
or knowledge about something. It comprises perception, an interpretation and an
evaluation. For example:- good or bad.
2. Affective part – It refers to the direction (positive or negative feeling), intensity of
a person’s evaluation or the emotion experienced towards the attitude object.

3. Behavioral part – The behavioral component describe how the attitude influences
your behavior. It is the outward expression of our emotions. For example:- People
show their behavior through their body gestures, postures, facial expressions etc.
Characteristics of Attitude:-
1. Attitudes are the complex combination of things we tend to call personality,
beliefs, values, behaviors, and motivations.
2. It can fall anywhere along a continuum from very favorable to very
unfavorable.
3. All people, irrespective of their status or intelligence, hold attitudes.
4. An attitude exists in every person’s mind. It helps to define our identity,
guide our actions, and influence how we judge people.
5. Although the feeling and belief components of attitude are internal to a
person, we can view a person’s attitude from his or her resulting behavior.
Types of Attitudes: - Attitude is something that lies between emotions and thought
processing.
1. Positive Attitude: - A positive attitude means having an optimistic outlook. One
responds constructively to stress and be able to deal with problems effectively.
People having positive attitude see the glass as half full instead of seeing it as half
empty. A person’s attitude influences his/her social status, finances, health, the way
he/she challenge obstacles and the kind of people they attract to their life.
2. Negative Attitude: - Negative attitudes come from thinking negative thoughts
over and over until they have become a part of person’s subconscious. One may not
even realize that he/she is having a negative attitude because it’s been with him/her
for so long. A person having a bad attitude expects failure and disaster. An example
of a negative attitude towards life is being pessimistic that things will never turn out
well. These are destructive feeling and emotions that cannot help but worsen life’s
conditions.
3. Job Satisfaction: - Job satisfaction is the level of contentment a person feels
regarding his or her job. This feeling is mainly based on an individual’s perception
of satisfaction. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive attitudes

about the job, while a person who is dissatisfied with his or her job holds negative
attitude about the job.
4. Job Involvement: - Job involvement refers to the degree with which an individual
identifies psychologically with his or her job and perceives his or her perceived
performance level important to self-worth. High levels of job involvement have been
found to be related to fewer absences and lower resignation rates.
5. Organizational Commitment: - The last job-attitude refers to organizational
commitment. It is understood as one’s identification with his or her organization and
feels proud of being its employee. It is defined as a state in which an employee
identifies with a particular organization and, its goals, and wishes to maintain
membership in the organization.
The Importance/ benefits of positive attitude to individuals and organizations can
be explained as follows.
Benefits to Individuals:-The importance of positive attitude can best be understood
by enumerating the benefits they provide to an individual.
1. Pleasantness: With a positive attitude one sees the bright side of life, becomes
optimistic and expects the best to happen. The positive feelings inside one’s
mind will give him or her 'feel good' sense and makes one look happy. It
makes interactions with others pleasant as one will have more tolerance to
ambiguities and patience to listen to other's problems.
2. Optimism: Positive thinkers see the dead ends as beginnings to new phases
of life and the darkness as a phenomenon before brightness, and prepare for
opportunities to open up. They do not give up or relax during bad times as
they never lose the spirit of winning.
3. Systems view:-People with positive attitude organize themselves and their
work. They adopt systematic approaches to think, decide and act. They
replace hotchpotch work and haphazard work ways with scientific methods
and integrated approaches as they believe in doing the best and achieving the
best, individually and in teams.
4. Intuition -the ability to foresee the solutions for problems without any
conscious and deliberate effort - is possible only when one has peaceful mind

and positive attitudes: Even conscious and deliberate approaches to creative

idea generation, require quiet, calm and composed thought processes. Such
thinking is found among people having positive minds.
5. Team-orientation Team spirit is the result of social attitudes that are positive
towards work, people and goal accomplishment. It is always much more
pleasant to be around persons with a positive outlook on life, than their
cranky opposites. Positive attitudes as such lead to team work, which is the
basic requirement of successful functioning in modern organizations. Positive
approaches help resolve conflicts, enhance mutual understanding and
improve cohesive, functional behaviors.
6. Involvement in work assignments will be high when one thinks that the work
is constructive from the point of view of organizational and personal goals.
Involvement is also high when one has positive belief in their superiors and is
willing to obey them without hesitation or suspicion.
7. Venturesome: Risk taking is common among positive thinkers. As such,
venturing or entrepreneurial decision making is common among people
holding positive attitudes. Positive understanding of environmental changes
leads to identification of opportunities and threats. Positive belief that every
problem is an opportunity and threats can be overcome by constructive
approaches will infuse confidence in one to take calculated risks for launching
an enterprise.
8. Expanded energy:-Positive attitude is a generator of psychological energy,
energy which 'n addition to physical energy will have synergistic effect. One
finds new, expanded energy in doing and assigning the work, and in
negotiating or conversing with people.
Benefits to organizations: - The benefits to organization can be explained as given
under.
1. Profits: - Attitude is probably one of the biggest determining factors for
success in one's project or career. While, skills, work support, and values play
a part, it is ultimately attitude that provides the required drive for moving
toward action. Without positive attitude, knowledge fails to provide

solutions, skills lose their sharpness, and mind becomes weak. An

organization makes profits when people work efficiently with positive
expectations and direct their effort to accomplishment.
2. Operational efficiency:-Positive attitude towards efficient functioning is
important to learning scientific methods and improved ways of using tools
and techniques. When Frederick Winslow Taylor introduced scientific
management, there was apprehension and resistance to change among
workers. However, positive thinkers followed Taylor and produced efficient
results. 'Always work hard' will take on extra tasks or responsibilities and
they say, 'I'll do it.'
3. Strategic effort:-Companies managed by strategists will develop long term
perspective plans and strategies that direct the effort of people to profitable
achievements. The mind of a strategist will have positive outlook on future
environmental changes and ability of an enterprise in absorbing shocks and
utilizing opportunities.
4. Integrated approach:-Effective functioning of an enterprise requires collective
understanding of goals, cross - functional coordination and unified behavior.
When positive attitudes pervade the enterprise, team work will become a
norm rather than an exception. There will be unity of thought and direction
and effective team work.
5. Tech-savvy:-Technology or the application of Science or knowledge to
practical problem-solving is a characteristic feature of positive thinkers... tech
savvy employees adopt new technology - new methods, processes and
equipment much faster than others.
6. Innovativeness:-Creative people are those who consider positively the
unknown as an area for exploration or experimentation, view deviant
behavior as a guide to new ideas, and like to think beyond. In innovative
organizations, failure is seen as a stepping stone to success. The queer
behavior of capable people is seen as a sign of creative talent and they are
encouraged by providing facilities for creative idea generation.

7. Values-oriented: - Adherence to ethical values despite various problems like

prevalent corruption in bureaucratic set up and political circles requires
strong will and determination. Positive thinking organizations like Wipro,
Mind Tree and Infosys have setup examples to values oriented behavior. They
proved that in the long run values enhance competitive advantage of a firm.
8. Excellence: - With positive attitudes, employees become active, cooperative
and productive. An organization that nurtures and fosters positive attitudes
among employees will have benefits like good team work, creative solutions
and excellence in performance.
Steps in developing positive attitude:-Positive attitude is a state of mind that is well
worth developing and strengthening. You can build positive attitude if you really
will to develop it.
1. Cognitive: - Change focus, look for the positive, get into a continuous
education program, learn to like things that need to be done.
2. Affective:- Build a positive self esteem, stay away from negative influences,
develop an attitude of gratitude
3. Behavioral: - make a habit of doing it now, start your day with something
positive
Building Cognitive Component
Development of an individual’s cognitive powers leads to development of rational
intelligence or practical knowledge of a person.
Step-l: Change focus, Look for the positive- Let's start looking for what is right in a
person or situation instead of looking for what is wrong.
Caution: Looking for the positive does not mean overlooking faults.
Step-2: Get into a continuous education program - The most important thing one
can learn is to "learn to learn". Learning is a continuous, life -long process.
Knowledge, wisdom, and character are important for one to flourish in life.
Knowledge is potential power, wisdom is real power. Education that builds
fundamental traits of character-such as honesty, compassion courage, persistence
and responsibility-is absolutely essential.

Step- 3: Learn to like the things that need to be done- Different people have
aversions for different things. Some students dislike mathematics. Some employees
dislike touring jobs. But when what we do not like becomes part of our work, there
is no escape. What we have to do is to tell ourselves that we do not dislike or scared
by it. Proper psychological preparation is essential to take up such tasks with a
positive mind. Start by doing what is necessary, then what is possible, and suddenly
you are doing the impossible.
Building Affective Component:-The affective component when developed provides
to emotional intelligence or stability of an individual.
Step-1: Build a positive self-esteem- Self-esteem is the way we feel about ourselves.
When we feel well within, our performance goes up: our relationships improve both
at home and at work. The world looks nicer. One can improve self -esteem by
becoming capable and making contributions to
(i) Individual goal accomplishment
(ii) Team performance and development and
(iii) Quality of life of society.
Step-2: Stay away from negative influences- Today we live in global village
characterized by information avalanche and social diversity. Exposures to mass
media on a large scale and interactions with people of diverse cultures have both
positive and negative influences on our mind. To stay away from negative
influences, one has to do the following:
Be assertive to say no to negative people (vicious minded, drug addicts, political
activists, and anti-social elements), Be firm to block negative desires like viewing
obscene movies, postponing work or study, etc.,
Step-3: Develop an attitude of gratitude-We are indebted to many people in our life
who have contributed to our development in many ways at different times. Some of
them might have treated us by adopting harsh and critical approach: others might
have supported us by taking positive and development approach. Often we
complain against those who were critical. Also we are so focused on complaining
about things we don't have. We lose sight or the things we have. Be focused on good.
Remember the good, the positives in your personality and in your associations.

Behavioral Component:-Practice will make one perfect. As one goes on developing

right habits or doing, his or her functional ability as a worker will strengthen
manifesting work habits like punctuality, regularity and efficiency.
Step-I: Make a habit of doing it now - Those seeking to build a positive attitude,
should learn the phrase, "do it now" and stop the habit or procrastination.
Procrastination leads to a negative attitude and results. A completed task is fulfilling
and energizing: an incomplete one is demoralizing and degenerating. 'Do it now' has
a development angle. If we utilize our present to its fullest, we are sowing the seeds
for a better future automatically.
Step-2: Start your day with a positive - Practice having positive thoughts and
behavior daily until they become a habit. Read or listen to something positive first
thing in the morning. After a good night's sleep we are relaxed and our subconscious
is receptive. It sets the tone for the day and puts us in the right frame of mind to
make every day a positive day.
How to develop positive Attitude
1) Choose to be happy.
2) Do cathartic exercises and meditations.
3) Look at bright side of the picture.
4) Accept the responsibility for developing positive attitude.
5) Read inspiring stories and quotes.
6) Master your thoughts.
7) Overcome reactive mindset.
8) Develop unconquerable will.
9) Avoid entertaining vague fears.
10) Seek harmony than attachment and aversion.
11) Visualize what you want to become.
Changing Attitude
Certain ways which enable the change others Attitude? They are:-

1. Giving Feed-back: - By providing additional information or feedback, attitude can

be changed. Inadequate information does not allow the people to change their
attitude.
2. Use of Fear: - Fear can also force a person to change his attitude. But the right
degree of fear is to be used.
3. Influence of friends and Peers:-Peers and friends with high credibility are able to
exercise pressure and change the attitude of an Individual.
4. Co- opting Approach: - It means involving the people who are dissatisfied with a
situation to understand the things and change their attitude.
Effects of Negative attitude or Consequences of Negative Attitude: The negative
attitude can cause a lot of problems for the individuals with the negative attitude.
It can also cause problems to the family members and also the people who are
around the person with the negative attitude. Some of the consequences of negative
attitude are:
1. It shortens life.
2. It creates unpleasant future.
3. It harms others.
4. It produces negative effects.
5. Insecurity.
6. Lack of belief.
7. Develop Stress.
8. Difficult to work in team
1. It Shortens Life: The more often one becomes angry, upset or frustrated, the less
days one will have left to live.
2. It Creates Unpleasant Future: If one constantly moans and is dissatisfied with
circumstances, in the future one is sure to meet with more of the things he/ she is
unhappy about. The more people complain, the more things they will find to
complain about.
3. It harms others: The negative mood affects people around you. One should never
make others feel bad because by doing so one is contributing not only to his/her
own misery, but to the unhappiness of others also.

4. It Produces Negative Effects: Every cause has an effect and so one’s negative
attitude (cause) produces negative circumstances. Mostly people think it’s the other
way round, but that’s not the case. A person thinking causes their circumstances.
5. Insecurity: It leads feeling of insecurity of job. People think doing job is harder
and afraid of losing their job.
6. Lack of belief: - Employees are lack belief of themselves. They think that they
cannot do the assigned job.
7. Develop Stress:- A negative attitude leads greater stress of doing their job. It leads
health problems like heart diseases. BP. Etc,.
8. Difficult to work in team: - Negative attitude leads to difficult to work in team.
They are lack understanding them. They always think in negatively about other
attitude.
Benefits of positive thinking or measures to overcome negative attitude:-
The following are the measures to overcome negative attitude:-
1. Self-monitoring.
2. Selection/ deselect ion.
3. Seeking guidance.
4. Changing Environment.
5. Learn an art.
6. Take Responsibility.
7. Meditate or do yoga.
8. Helps someone.
9. List at least ten things that you are grateful for.
10. Read Positive quote and thoughts.
1. Self-monitoring: - It means by observing oneself over a period of time to
understand what kind of attitude they hold. One may realize their attitude to be
negative if their response is mostly negative and have endured over a period of time.
On ascertaining the existence of negative attitude. The individual can work towards
changing it.

2. Selection / Deselect ion: - Positive attitude helps for selecting things or ideas
which are most beneficial to the individual or company. It also helps to deselect
activities which are not useful to the individual or company.
3. Seeking Guidance: - Guidance refers to assistance, supervision and help of any
sort for the betterment of the situation or the individual. This may be sought from
family, friends, a teacher, a well wisher or even a professional.
4. Changing Environment: - People who needs to adopt positive attitude he should
move from negative environment. He /she be always be with positive thinkers
overcome his negative attitude.
5. Learn an art: - Art gave an immense healing effect on people. They are of various
forms and an individual may choose according to one’s area of interest. People
recovering from bad experience have had safer and quicker recovery.
6. Take Responsibility: - Individual by taking responsibility of some kind of work,
proper execution this work overcomes negative attitude of people.
7. Meditate or do yoga:-By practicing Meditation and yoga continuously change the
individual behavior in to positive outlook.
8. Helps someone: - By helping someone, there is exchange of positive vibes and it
works on healing level. Continuing with such ideas will benefit not just the
individual but the society as well.
9. List at least ten things that you are grateful for: By positive thinking first we
thank god blessing of what we having like blessed with shelter, food, family, friends
etc,.
10. Read Positive quote and thoughts: - by reading some positive quotes every day
we change our negative attitude to positive one. Ex: - watch your thoughts, they
become words. Watch your words, they become action. Etc,.
Emotional Intelligence: - Emotional Intelligence refers to the ability of an

individual to keep a check on his/her emotions not only at workplace but also
otherwise.

Emotional Intelligence is the ability to identify, use, and understand and manage
emotions in positive ways to relive stress, communicate effectively, and overcome
challenges and conflicts.
Components of Emotional Intelligence:-
Emotional intelligence consists of the following components/elements:
Self-awareness: Self-awareness implies an in-depth study of an individual’s
emotions, positives/assets, limitations, needs and ambitions. Self-awareness can be
developed by investing time identifying the domains of improvement and making
an honest attempt to build up that attribute of yours.
Self-regulation: Self-regulation is like a continuous internal discussion. It ensures
that we are no longer bound to our feelings. People who are self-regulated know
how to deal with their feelings in an effective way.
Motivation: An urge to work and learn for inner motives other than monetary and
prestige reasons is what inner motivation is. Motivation is a drive to accomplish
things which are out of your own expectancies as well as others expectancies.
Empathy: Empathy means selflessly taking into account the feelings of workforce
during rational decision-making. It is the proficiency to understand the emotional
state of mind of others and to deal with them accordingly
Social Skills: People with great social skills excels in change management and
conflict resolution. They are excellent communicators. They have huge contacts and
a high capability to build connections.
Importance of emotional intelligence
1. Self-confidence:- It improves self-confidence of people. They concentrate on their
goal effectively and to attain their goal easily.
2. Self-improvement:- The persons should have focus towards improving daily
basis. Perform and make comparison with the standards.
3. Self-awareness:- it is an essential skill required for managerial position. Self
awareness about our strength and weakness is plays important role in managing the
emotions.
4. Adapt to changing environment:- The people should able to understand the
situation and try to adjust with the changing situation.

5. Social awareness: - people with good emotional management are able to

understand the feeling of other and more comfortable relationship with others. They
communicate clearly with others inspire others. They ready to work in team.
7. Stress management:- people with strong emotional intelligence manage stress
effectively. They take good decision and increase productivity.
Effects of Emotional intelligence
1. Performance at work place.
2. Health issues.
3. Impact on mental health.
4. Relationship building.
5. Control anger.
6. Self-motivation.
7. Effective communication.
UNIT 3:-GOAL SETTING, VISION AND TIME MANAGEMENT

Definition: Vision: - Vision is an aim or goal towards which one aspires. Vision of a
company should be clear, challenging, focused and realistic so that it can be
achieved. A vision should be informative, shareable, enough competitive and can be
enabled. Vision determines the company’s future and articulates the nature of
business. Vision should be that one which conveys about why the company was
created, what it believes in and what it will strive to achieve.
Characteristics of Vision:
1. Attainability: What is the possibility of achieving your vision within the available
resources?
2. Lucidity: An articulation of the vision which explains the main idea in clear and
unambiguous terms.
3. Concreteness: The number of quantifiable elements and degree of quantification
in those elements.
4. Clarity: Clarity is defined as a vision having high lucidity and appropriate
concreteness.
5. Complexity: How complex or simple is the main concept behind the vision?

6. Scale: The scale of your vision in terms of geography, time and depth.
7. Nobility: Nobility is the degree to which your vision touches the lives of people
other than yourself for a greater good.
8. Correctness: The correctness of your vision is directly proportional to the
soundness of your ideology.
Element of Good vision Statement
1. Future oriented: Vision statement is future oriented. It gives guidance how an
individual and company going to achieve in a future course period.
2. Reflects the organization’s values: Values are very important for every
organization. For long standing development of the company vision statement
reflects the organization values.
3. Sets standards of excellence: they provide standard for performance. The must
take initiative to achieve the set standards. The actual performance must be
compared to that of set standards. Checkout the variations of performance. The
company takes corrective action if they find any deviations of performance.
4. Clarifies the organization’s purpose and direction: It clarifies organization
purpose. It gives direction to the employees to achieve in near future. Long term
vision to the company is to increase their production level from 10,000 units to
50,000 units in 5 years of time being.
5. Inspires enthusiasm and commitment: Vision statement inspires the
employee’s commitment to work. It enhances productivity of the organization.
6. Reflects the uniqueness of the organization: Vision statement must enhance
the strength of the organization. Employees efforts are not wasted they always
clear vision about the future and it increase the strength of the organization.
7. Build loyalty: - the company must build loyalty through involving various
stakeholders. The trust among the various stakeholders is a must. The effective
and achievable vision statement can fulfill the purpose.
Importance of vision statement
1. IT DETERMINES THE COMPANY’S DIRECTION
Smart business owners use this statement to remind their teams why their company
exists because this is what makes the company successful.

2. IT FOCUSES THE COMPANY’S FUTURE

Many people refer to this as the “vision” which is different than the mission. The
vision is about a preferred future. Where will you be in 1 year? 3 years? 5 years? The
mission tells us what we’re doing today that will then take us where we want to go
in the future.
3. IT PROVIDES A TEMPLATE FOR DECISION-MAKING
A clear mission sets important boundaries which enable business owners to delegate
both responsibility and authority. Mission is to the company what a compass is to an
explorer, a map to a tourist, a rudder to a ship, a template to a machinist. It provides
a framework for thinking throughout the organization. It provides the boundaries
and guardrails you need in order to stay on the path to your preferred future.
4. IT WELCOMES HELPFUL CHANGE
Many people are resistant to change because it causes us to feel insecure and
sometimes out of control. However, if the mission is clear, then team members are
more likely to see the value of the change and how it helps the organization
accomplish the mission. This will create a culture that welcomes change when
warranted.
5. IT SHAPES STRATEGY
Every business and business owner needs a strategy. But strategies must not be
created in a vacuum. Instead of looking at what’s new or what competitors are doing
and trying to copy them, wise business owners create the most effective strategies
possible to accomplish the mission their company is set out to accomplish.
6. IT FACILITATES EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT
It has been said that “What you measure will be your mission.” If you have a clear,
written statement of mission you will know exactly what to measure and how to
measure it. Therefore it facilitates evaluation and improvement.
Meaning of Goal: - A goal is a desired result a person or a system envisions plans
and commits to achieve a personal or organizational desired end-point in some sort
of assumed development. Many people endeavor to reach goals within a definite

time by setting deadlines. It is roughly similar to purpose or aim, the anticipated

result which guides reaction, or an end, which is an object, either a physical object or
an abstract object, that has intrinsic value.
Goals are “clear, measurable, end results” that an individual/group/organization
strives to attain in the near or distant future.
Goals and Objectives: - Goals and objectives are similar in that they both are an
“end toward which effort is directed”. However, goals should be thought of as the
ultimate end, while objectives are the strategic steps or tasks by which the ultimate
end is achieved. Objectives are specific tasks that need to be completed in order to
complete a goal.
Setting Goals: - Your goals should be grown from your values, beliefs, desires, and
your sense of purpose. Some goals are lifetime goals: meaning that we intend to
achieve them before we die. To achieve them, we break them into smaller steps,
perhaps ten-year goals or five-year goals. These intermediate goals are then divided
into smaller steps, until we have subdivided the lifetime goals into immediate goals
that we can work on today.
To set goals: first, write down your goals, and secondly lay out your plan of actions
that will determine how to you reach them. Once you have set your long-term goals,
set up your short-term goals that you should complete if you are to reach your
lifetime plan. You can set a 5-year plan, 1-year plan, 6-month plan, and 1-month
plan of progressively smaller goals that you should reach to achieve your lifetime
goals. Each of these should be based on the previous plan. Finally, set a daily “to
do” list of things that you should do today to work towards your lifetime goals.
Features or characteristics of Goal: - 5 features which is called as SMART
S.M.A.R.T. ( S = Specific, M = Measurable, A = Attainable, R = Rewarding, T = Time
bound)
Specific – Goal must be a clear unambiguous and impulse and boredom have no
place in goal setting. Target a specific area for improvement.
Measurable – Quantify or at least suggest an indicator of progress.,
Attainable – goal must be realistic and attainable under normal condition. The goal
should neither out of reach nor below standard performance of an individual.

Realistic – state what results can realistically be achieved, given available resources.,
Time-related – specify when the result(s) can be achieved.
Principles of effective goal setting: -
1) Write down the benefits of achieving your goal,
2) List the obstacles to overcome in accomplishing your goal and welcome failure,
3) List the skills and knowledge required to reach your goal and celebrate each step
of success,
4) Identify the people and groups you need to work with to reach your goal ,
5) develop a plan of action to reach your goal,
Set a series of related daily, weekly and long-term goals, complete with starting
times and completion dates. Continuously take an action step toward the attainment
of your goal (weekly or daily). Goal-setting ideally involves establishing specific,
measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bounded objectives.
A Dream + Action Plan + Target Date = Goal
Work on the goal-setting theory suggests that it can serve as an effective tool for
making progress by ensuring that participants have a clear awareness of what they
must do to achieve or help achieve an objective. On a personal level, the process of
setting goals allows people to specify and then work towards their own objectives
most commonly, financial or career-based goals. Goal-setting comprises a major
component of personal development.
Significance of goal setting:-
 Goal setting is a basic function of management.
 Goal setting replaces hunches by judgment
 Goal setting involves rational processes
 Goal setting involves balancing
 Developing a new skill or improving current skills
 Defeat old habits, or developing better ones
 Producing an outcome, achieving a dream
Performance Goals and Outcome Goals: - There is a significant difference between
performance goals and outcome goals. Performance based goals can be controlled

by the person who sets the goals while outcome based goals are frequently
controlled by others. It is best to set performance goals when possible.
Types of Goals: - A goal can be long-term, medium short-term. The primary
difference is the time required to achieve them.
1. Short-term goals are more immediate. They can be reached in a few months.
Examples may be making an A in your math class, getting the lead role in the class
play or helping Dad clean out the garage. Short-term goals are ones that a person
will achieve in the near future, typically in less than one year. Short-term goals are
often, but not always, steppingstones on the way to meeting long-term goals. These
types of stepping stone goals are considered enabling goals because accomplishment
of these goals will “enable” a person to achieve an even greater goal.
2. Medium-term goals take a little longer, generally about one to three years. That
may include buying a car or graduating from high school.
3. Long-term goals take five years or more to accomplish, and may be more difficult
because they are further away. Long-term goals may be graduating from college,
owning a home, being a grandparent or running a marathon.
Benefits of Goal Setting: - It gives clear direction, Simplification, prediction,
validation and optimization.
1) Save time:-by setting goal you will be cut out a huge chunk of wasted time each
day. Saving time means you will have extra time to do more important thing.
2) Helps You Stay Focused:-The greatest importance of goal setting is that it helps
you stay focused to achieve what you seek. It acts like a steering wheel that
maneuvers you along the right direction. Focus is the key. You, in no way, can afford
to take your eyes off the goal even for a moment. Goal setting helps you stay focused
on your goals in life.
3) Assists in Overcoming Procrastination:-Goal setting also helps you overcome
procrastination. The habit of procrastination is one of the biggest frailties of human
nature, which severely jeopardizes the chances of one’s advancements. However, if
you have a set goal for yourself, you will always be on the ball and do as required to
achieve it. You will waste less time on insignificant or unproductive actions and take
a more direct route to the accomplishment of the goal.

4) Measures Your Progress:-Goal setting works as a measuring gauge of your

progress that enables you to evaluate your advancements from time to time. You
will have a clear idea on what you have been able to achieve so far, what you lack or
how can you improve yourself. Once you discern all your shortcomings, you can
devise ways to eradicate them and facilitate your advancements to attain the
ultimate goal that you have set for yourself.
5) Sets Barriers:-It helps you set barriers. Setting clear, solid goals for yourself gives
you a firm fence line. It creates an invisible barrier, whereby you decide what you
want, what liberties do you have and what distractions you need to get rid of, in
order to expedite your progress towards achieving your goal. It also induces some
sense of accountability towards you. Instead of just talking about what you want all
the time without doing what you must in order to achieve them, you will be
obligated to take actions. Setting a specific goal gives you clarity on whether you are
living up against what you committed yourself to do when you first set your goal.
6) Enables You To Manage Your Time:-By setting goals, you will be able to manage
your time to your maximum benefit. You will have a clear idea of what you have to
achieve in a particular frame of time. Thus, you can channelize all your energy and
concentration towards achieving it. You can split one major goal into a number of
short-term goals bound by certain limits of time, which will make the task easier. It
increases your productivity and efficiency manifold.
7) Motivates:-Motivation is an important ingredient that steps up one’s prospect of
achieving one’s personal milestones. Assigning yourself with some short term goals
will help you accomplish them in less time and will give you an added sense of
achievement that can motivate you to perform better. Once motivated, you will set
higher and higher limits for yourself and will be achieving more and more in due
course of time.
8) Stress Free Life:-By having a clear goal in your mind, you will be well aware of
your priorities and with an effective time management strategy, you will be able to
achieve your goals with little exertion. You will also be devoid of any mental stress,
which will further enhance your productivity and efficiency. Some of the most
fruitful benefits of goal setting have been compiled in the article above. It is quite

evident that goal setting is a key instrument, which fosters the prospect of your
personal or professional advancements. Every goal should be concrete and specific.
It is very important to identify what you are striving for and commit yourself whole-
heartedly towards achieving it.
Advantages of Goal Setting: - Be aware of neighborhood needs:-Goal setting for
your organization will bring the needs of your neighborhood into focus.
Complete Projects:-By setting time limits for when you want to finish a project, your
organization can anticipate how much work is ahead and set its schedule
accordingly.
Increase and maintain association activity:-Goal setting keeps members enthused
and motivated. If your association has set a target date to complete a project, the
members’ energy level will increase as that target date draws nearer. If your
association has set goals, there will be plenty of projects to work on. If members are
not busy, then it's time for them to work to accomplish existing goals or set new
ones.
Neighborhood ownership of projects:-By building consensus for neighborhood
goals you build ownership of those goals by neighborhood residents. Residents that
feel that they are part of the process are more likely to provide resources and
volunteer time to achieve those goals.
Leadership role is made easier and more productive:-By determining what the most
important issues/concerns are in your neighborhood it will assist the leadership of
the neighborhood and the committee chairs to determine guest speakers, meeting
agendas and where the resources of your organization should be concentrated.
Disadvantages:
• It is possible to underestimate the time for your goal. If you make a bad
estimate for the time required to achieve goal you will experience a lot of
disappointment.
• Failure, many people are afraid of failure.
Essential Requirements of Goal Setting:
Goal Setting includes Five rules:- 1. Clarity. 2. Challenge. 3. Commitment. 4. Feed
back. 5. Task Complexity.

Methods to Achieving Goal:-

According to Drucker ‘Achievement rather than knowledge is both proof and aim of
management. The following methods help to achieve goals in a better in the
organization context.
1. Work Planning: - Performance cycles: -It keeps one on the track of work for a
specified period of time. It involves four aspects:-
commitment,
working,
evaluation and correction.
The entire task can be broken down into performance units/blocks for achievement
over period of time.
2. Progress Chasing:- Supervision and self monitoring. Supervision involves
periodical observations that check deviations and provide feedback for corrections.
Self monitoring is a basic approach of achievers.
3. Performance Enhancing:-
a. Appraisal- reward system:- It involves self-appraisal as wells as appraisal by
supervisors or mentors. Motivation by praise and tangible rewards is important to
strengthen achievement intention.
b. Mentoring: - Look for a person who can be a mentor to provide guidance and
encouragement.
c. Counseling: - Besides career counseling, today psychological counseling is
available . Make use of them when necessary.
d. Coaching and training: - They provide inputs to improve attitude, skills and
knowledge. Many organizations are now offering programmers in soft skills like
leadership, motivation, creativity, communication and personality development.
e. Stress Management:- Methods like relaxation, yoga and physical exercise
help relieve stress at workplace and enhance wellness of mind and body.
f. Time Management: - Methods like schedules and time conscious habits help
in best use of time to meet time deadlines.
Activity in Goal Setting.
Step no 1:- Take inventory

Take inventory by answering the questions:-

1.What are the things whose presence make me happy?
2. What is my financial position today?
3. How secured I feel, emotionally and financially?
4. Do I have a peace of mind or I suffer from unhappiness?
Step 2:- Prepare Wild list:- Write down all that you want to be in life. Try to be as
specific as possible, and do not anticipate.
Step 3:- Commitment to action: - make a commitment to develop and action.
Identify the areas of immediate development proposed and actions.
Step 4:- Specify a Single key Results: - Identify the outcomes expected by the
development task and describe the key results.
Step 5:- Specify a Target date: - Set time deadlines, to make the performance not
only meaning full but also useful to the goals of life.
Step 6:- Prioritize goals match the resources:- Check the goals with reference to
resources available. Prioritize the goals based on resources available.
Step 7:- Make a reality Check:- Check for validity and attainability in real life. Based
on the given work situation , check whether goals can be accomplished within the
time period and available resources.
Step 8:- Obtain acceptance and commitment of other involved:
In the final stage, have a discussion with parents, teachers and friends. Gain their
acceptance or approval for cooperation and finalize the goals.
What is Time Management ?:- Time Management refers to managing time
effectively so that the right time is allocated to the right activity.
Time management refers to a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to manage
time when accomplishing specific tasks, projects and goals this set encompasses a
wide scope of activities, and these include planning, allocating, setting goals,
delegation, analysis of time spent, monitoring, organizing, scheduling, and
prioritizing.
Objectives of time management:- 1)Prioritize effectively with multi tasks,
2) Manage and control crisis, Increase productivity,
3) Reduce stress level, Balance work and personal priorities,

4) Be clear about your mission and goals in life
Time Management includes: Effective Planning, Setting goals and objectives,

Setting deadlines, Delegation of responsibilities, Prioritizing activities as per their
importance, Spending the right time on the right activity
Effective Planning:- Plan your day well in advance. Prepare a To Do List or a
“TASK PLAN”. Jot down the important activities that need to be done in a single
day against the time that should be allocated to each activity. High Priority work
should come on top followed by those which do not need much of your importance
at the moment. Complete pending tasks one by one. Do not begin fresh work unless
you have finished your previous task. Tick the ones you have already completed.
Ensure you finish the tasks within the stipulated time frame.
Setting Goals and Objectives:- Working without goals and targets in an
organization would be similar to a situation where the captain of the ship loses his
way in the sea. Yes, you would be lost. Set targets for yourself and make sure they
are realistic ones and achievable.
Setting Deadlines:- Set deadlines for yourself and strive hard to complete tasks
ahead of the deadlines. Do not wait for your superiors to ask you every time. Learn
to take ownership of work. One person who can best set the deadlines is you
yourself. Ask yourself how much time needs to be devoted to a particular task and
for how many days. Use a planner to mark the important dates against the set
deadlines.
Delegation of Responsibilities:- Learn to say “NO” at workplace. Don’t do
everything on your own. There are other people as well. One should not accept
something which he knows is difficult for him. The roles and responsibilities must
be delegated as per interest and specialization of employees for them to finish tasks
within deadlines. A person who does not have knowledge about something needs
more time than someone who knows the work well.
Prioritizing Tasks:- Prioritize the tasks as per their importance and urgency. Know
the difference between important and urgent work. Identify which tasks should be

done within a day, which all should be done within a month and so on. Tasks which
are most important should be done earlier.
Spending the right time on right activity:- Develop the habit of doing the right
thing at the right time. Work done at the wrong time is not of much use. Don’t waste
a complete day on something which can be done in an hour or so. Also keep some
time separate for your personal calls or checking updates on Facebook or Twitter.
After all human being is not a machine.
For Effective Time Management one needs to be:
Organized - Avoid keeping stacks of file and heaps of paper at your workstation.
Throw what all you don’t need. Put important documents in folders. Keep the files
in their respective drawers with labels on top of each file. It saves time which goes
on unnecessary searching.
Don’t misuse time - Do not kill time by loitering or gossiping around. Concentrate
on your work and finish assignments on time. Remember your organization is not
paying you for playing games on computer or peeping into other’s cubicles. First
complete your work and then do whatever you feel like doing. Don’t wait till the last
moment.
Be Focussed - One needs to be focused for effective time management.
Benefits of Time Management:- Time Management refers to making the best
possible use of available time. Managing time well enables an individual to do the
right thing at the right time. Time Management plays a pivotal role in one’s personal
as well as professional life.
Time Management Techniques:
Set your Priorities. Know what all needs to be done on an urgent basis. Prepare a
“TO DO” Make sure you finish your assignments within the stipulated time frame.
Understand the difference between urgent and important work.
Stay focused. Do not leave your work station if some urgent work needs to be done.
Going for strolls in the middle of an urgent work breaks continuity and an
individual tends to lose his focus. Individuals who kill time at work find it difficult
to survive workplace stress.

Do include time for your tea breaks, net surfing, and personal calls and so on in
your daily schedule. It is important. Human being is not a machine who can work at
a stretch for eight to nine hours.
Set realistic and achievable targets for yourself.
Do not overburden yourself. Be disciplined and punctual. Keep things at their
proper places. Do not treat your organization as a mere source of money. Change
your attitude. Avoid playing games on computer or cell phones during office hours.
It is unprofessional.
Develop the habit of using an organizer. It helps you plan things better. Keep a
notepad and a pen handy.
Stress management:- Stress can be defined as a state of physical and mental tension
caused by certain external or internal factor in a person's life”. Stress is an
emotionally disruptive or unsetting condition of our mind that occurs as result of
adverse external influences. It as a physical, mental, or emotional response to events
that causes bodily or mental tension. Simply put, stress is any outside force or event
that has an effect on our body or mind. when the pressure is greater that the
resources we face stress.
Types of Stress
Major types of stress can be broken down into four different categories:
 Eustress,
 Hyperstress,
 Hypostress, and Distress.
Eustress: - Eustress is one of the helpful types of stress. It is the type of stress you
experience right before you have the need to exert physical force. Eustress prepares
the muscles, heart, and mind for the strength needed for whatever is about to occur.
Eustress can also apply to creative endeavors. When a person needs to have some
extra energy or creativity, eustress kicks in to bring them the inspiration they need.
Distress: - Distress is one of the negative types of stress. This is one of the types of
stress that the mind and body undergoes when the normal routine is constantly
adjusted and altered. The mind is not comfortable with this routine, and craves the

familiarity of a common routine. There are actually two types of distress: acute stress
and chronic stress.
Acute Stress:- Acute stress is the type of stress that comes immediately with a
change of routine. It is an intense type of stress, but it passes quickly. Acute stress is
the body's way of getting a person to stand up and take inventory of what is going
on, to make sure that everything is OK
Chronic Stress:- Chronic stress will occur if there is a constant change of routine for
week after week.Chronic stress affects the body for a long period of time. This is the
type of stressexperienced by someone who constantly faces moves or job changes
Stress Areas:- Things that happen outside your body:
SITUATIONS/EVENTS:- Relationship conflicts, Job changes, Stock market
fluctuations, Illness in a loved one, Divorce or separation, Being sued, Losing a job,
Going to the doctor/dentist, Failures/mistakes, Retirement, Overcrowding,
Disasters, Death of a loved one
DEMANDS:- Deadlines, Competition, Tests/Examinations, Time pressures,
Family/children problems, Financial pressures, Too many responsibilities, Public
speaking, Public performances, Caring for others, Dieting, Quitting smoking
OTHER EXTERNAL PROBLEMS:- Inconsiderate neighbors, Unappreciative boss,

Traffic jams, Construction problems, Economic recession, Business problems,
Employee problems, Travel problems, Car problems, House problems, Crime,
Vandalism, Harassment, Prejudice/discrimination, Lack of resources, Lack of
opportunities, Lack of education/training, Bureaucratic hassles, Social unrest,
Unexpected crises/changes, Corporate takeovers
Things That happen inside your body:

THOUGHTS:- Trouble concentrating, Compulsive ruminating, Being overly critical,
Thinking negatively, Awful zing, Catastrophizing
FEELINGS:- Feeling tired, Feeling trapped, Feeling irritable, Feeling tense or
nervous, Diminished libido

MOODS/EMOTIONS:- Acute anxiety (Fears/phobias), Chronic anxiety, Anger,

Sadness, Frustration, Worry, Guilt, Impatience, Depression, Resentment, Hostility,
Hopelessness, Powerlessness, Resignation, Despair, Boredom, Apathy
OTHER BODY RESPONSES:- Muscle aches/tension, Teeth grinding, Jaw
clenching, Cold hands/cold feet, Rapid heart beat, Headaches, Neck pains, Back
pains, Upset stomach, Diarrhea, High blood pressure, Skin rashes, Increased
appetite, Decreased appetite, Sleeping problems, Sexual problems
Managing Stress Better
1 Become aware of your stressors and your emotional and physical reactions.-
Notice your distress. Don't ignore it. Don't gloss over your problems. Determine
what events distress you. What are you telling yourself about meaning of these
events? Determine how your body responds to the stress. Do you become nervous or
physically upset? If so, in what specific ways?
2. Recognize what you can change:- Can you change your stressors by avoiding or
eliminating them completely? Can you reduce their intensity (manage them over a
period of time instead of on a daily or weekly basis)?Can you shorten your exposure
to stress (take a break, leave the physical premises)?Can you devote the time and
energy necessary to making a change (goal setting, time management techniques,
and delayed gratification strategies may be helpful here)?
2. Reduce the intensity of your emotional reactions to stress:- The stress reaction is
triggered by your perception of danger...physical danger and/or emotional danger.
Are you viewing your stressors in exaggerated terms and/or taking a difficult
situation and making it a disaster? Are you expecting to please everyone? Are you
overreacting and viewing things as absolutely critical and urgent? Do you feel you
must always prevail in every situation? Work at adopting more moderate views: try
to see the stress as something you can cope with rather than something that
overpowers you. Try to temper your excess emotions. Put the situation in
perspective. Do not labor on the negative aspects and the "what if's."
3.Learn to moderate your physical reactions to stress:- Slow, deep breathing will
bring your heart rate and respiration back to normal. Relaxation techniques can
reduce muscle tension. Electronic biofeedback can help you gain voluntary control

over such things as muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure. Medications,
when prescribed by a physician, can help in the short term in moderating your
physical reactions. However, they alone are not the answer. Learning to moderate
these reactions on your own is a preferable long-term solution.
4.Build your physical reserves:- Exercise for cardiovascular fitness three to four
times a week (moderate, prolonged rhythmic exercise is best, such as walking,
swimming, cycling, or jogging).Eat well-balanced, nutritious meals. Maintain your
ideal weight. Avoid nicotine, excessive caffeine, and other stimulants. Mix leisure
with work. Take breaks and get away when you can Get enough sleep. Be as
consistent with your sleep schedule as possible.
5. Maintain your emotional reserves:- Develop some mutually supportive
friendships/relationships. Pursue realistic goals which are meaningful to you, rather
than goals other shave for you that you do not share. Expect some frustrations,
failures, and sorrows. Always be kind and gentle with yourself -- be a friend to
yourself.
Deep breathing:- . The exercise like the one explained above can give you some
immediate relief from a stressful situation.
Quiet time:- Taking some quite time for yourself can often reduce stress.
Relaxation media:- There is a variety of relaxation media on the market in the form
of cassettes, CD’s, videos and even computer software.
Visualization:- Mental visualization is a powerful technique. While it can be
implemented in almost any situation, visualization has gained notoriety in it’s
successful practice by competitive athletes.
Yoga:- The word yoga comes from Sanskrit language meaning union and is believed
to be at least 6000 years old, originating in India. Yoga combines dynamic physical
exercise with a lifestyle philosophy. There are many forms of yoga but the goal is
always the same, perfect self knowledge.
Meditation:- Meditation is meant to bring about awareness, nothing else. It’s a time
to connect to your inner “source” and let go of the issues, responsibilities and
situations that bind your life. The benefits of mediation are uniquely individual, but
both physiological and psychological balancing is common.

Unit 4:- CREATIVITY AND CAREER PLANNING

What is Creativity ?:-
Creativity is nothing but the process of creating something unique and new.
Creativity indeed plays a crucial role in organizations at all levels. Following same
old techniques might not yield results every time. Remember, change is inevitable.
You just can’t stick to what was taught in your school or college. Creativity is
reaching to innovative solutions, new ideas, and unique concepts through
brainstorming, discussions and healthy communication among employees.
Creativity is an active process necessarily involved in innovation. It is a learning
habit that requires skill as well as specific understanding of the contexts in which
creativity is being applied. The creative process is at the heart of innovation and
often the words are used interchangeably.
According to Kampylis and Berki (2014 ):‘Creative thinking is defined as the
thinking that enables students to apply their imagination to generating ideas,
questions and hypotheses, experimenting with alternatives and to evaluating their
own and their peers’ ideas, final products and processes.’
Elements of Creativity:
1. Fluency: The ability to think well and effortlessly in order to generate a
quantity of ideas, responses, solutions or questions. (Brainstorming builds
fluency)Ex: List all things you can think of that are blue or have the word “blue” in
them (Butterfly, sea, sky, blueberry)
2. Flexibility: ability to easily abandon old ways of thinking, adopt new ones, and
produce ideas, responses, questions or solutions in a variety of categories. Flexibility
generates a variety of ideas.
3. Originality: It is the ability to develop ideas that are statistically unusual, novel
or uniqueEx: Invent a machine to help you clean your room. Be sure to write down
details on how the machine works, what it uses, and what it is made of. Draw a
picture of your new invention and give it a creative title.

4. Elaboration: The ability to add details in order to modify or expand upon an

idea or a general scheme.
5. Sensitivity: the ability to notice and perceive the problems before others notices
it or sees it again.
The Importance of Creativity:- Creativity is very important in very day of our life.
It helps in appropriate thinking. It is useful in ability to express our feelings clearly.
It helps in developing new ideas.
Flexibility:- Flexibility is the ability of an object to move through its full rang of
motion. In work place flexibility refers to the ability of an individual to work
through its full range in a changing working condition without breaking.
Factors influencing Creativity:- Creativity is a type of behavior, essentially an
intellectual exercise stimulated by a need directed to a goal. The main factors
influencing creativity are:-
1. Stimulating factors:- The factor that drive one to engage in creative behavior
are:-
a) Invent or find something new:- people are interested in working for finding
something new just because they have an inner drive to go about searching and
identifying new idea to discover new products or process.
b) To gain image or status ins society:- some people are status and image
conscious. They undertake creative projects to secure the desired image.
c) To make money or create business:- some people invent to create products
and processes for starting or expanding business organizations and make money.
2. Facilitating Factors: - It includes:-
a) Encourage People:- Positive appreciation of people helps to creative
thinking. Creative behavior flourishes even under adverse condition also.
b) Availability of Resources:- Resources availability like money, time,
equipment and support of people are necessary to facilitates creativity.
c) Availability of Knowledge resources:- Creativity needs knowledge
resources. Knowledge repositories like libraries, museums, and exhibitions, and
knowledge sharing means like publications, seminars and conferences etc,. will
facility creativity.

d) Team work:- when people work in teams, the team spirit will be higher and
results will be satisfying.
3. Outcome factors:- The results by themselves are motivating but in addition
the benefits from the results will be them, reinforcing future creative behavior.
Methods of enhancing creativity:- There are several approaches to enhance
creativity among inviduals:-
1. Thinking Process:- Graham walls and others identified stages in creativity
process as explained below:-
 Preparation:- Pay your attention to a task or problems, examining relevant
information from your sources and the task environment.
 Saturation:- Work hard until exhausted. Investigate in all directions. Develop
knowledge base and focus on the problem and think deliberately for some
time to get a different solution.
 Incubation:- Stop conscious work on the problem and turn your attention to
another problem, or simply relax. During this period, some degree of
unconscious and involuntary work on the problem occurs.
 Illumination:- The Classic ‘Eureka’ moment when the core of the problem
solutions suddenly springs into awareness. Develop the solutions.
 Accommodation:- When the new idea is found worthy by cost benefit
analysis, publicize it For acceptance by society.
Mind Developing Methods:- The basic approaches to inner creativity are
meditation, self awareness, light-heartedness and dreams.
 Meditations:- Meditation is closing the eyes, still the chattering mind, and
focus on one specific thought , sound or enter complete stillness in the void.
Meditation puts your brain into an alpha or, when you become proficient a
waking theta state.
 Self-awareness:- The practice of self-awareness runs through all the great
religious and philosophical disciples. Hindu yogis Practice the art of mind
full self-awareness. This is a non -judgment form of watching one’s daily
action and thoughts in the present moment in a detached frame of mind.

 Light heartedness:- This is an excellent frame of mind to enhance creativity.

When we see the humor in everything. We perceive the intuitive and original
moments that otherwise go unnoticed.
 Dreams:- Dreams consist of memories streams that are somewhat randomly
situated and linked together while we sleep. Recall and record the dreams.
Link those memory streams to the topic in focus.
Tips to enhance creativity:- Few tips to enhance creativity provided by behavioral
scientist are as follows:-
 Focus ends not means: - clarify your goals. Try to imagine unique, perfect
solutions to problems. Ask what is the real problem? Recognize when you are
becoming obsessed with process and targets.
 Open the door:- we cannot command intuition to work for us. Keep the door
open. Open mind is an antenna raised. It receives signals of creative thoughts.
 Improve exposure:- expose yourself to a wider range of experience. Do
something, read something, and go somewhere- different. Such exposure
provides divergent thinking and helps connect ideas from other fields or
settings.
 Make observations of nature:- many problems have solutions in the nature.
The growth of plant gives lessons on how to gradually develop people. By
observing nature we get solutions of our different problems.
 Practice flexibility in your thinking:- look for the ambiguities, the vague or
awkward information. Seek new perspectives on what you are doing.
Examine your emotional or physical responses to ideas or events.
Seek quite times:- try to build them in to your timetable. Quietness cleans dirt I the
mind and removes heaviness of thoughts. Relaxed mind will be fresh and light.
 Learn how to manage stress:- loss of clarity , lack of concentration, and mild
frustrations are symptoms of stress. Take a break and remove the stress. Take
up regular physical activities. Try yoga or go for a brisk walk. It not only
reenergizes body and mind, but also provides chance to sub-consciously think
about the solution.

 Lighten-up:- try not to take matters too seriously. Humor is one of the great
indicators that intuitions are at work. Laughter is a good therapy for stress
reduction.
 Redefine and reenergize:- this is the mantra of creativity. Keep on refreshing
yourself, reenergize, redefine and revise until you hit the target.
Creative problem solving:- The creative thinker role is going beyond the normal
decision maker. The way one makes use of his mind decides whether one is going to
be creative or adoptive.
Steps in creative Problem solving.:-

Step-1:- Define the problem carefully:- A Problem well defined is half solved.
Many problems will have solutions in them. Define it clearly to help engages your
subconscious and conscious minds to the problem.
Step-2 open: - write down the most optimal statement of the problem. Open yourself
to consider many diverse solution ideas.
Step- 3:- Solution:- Then Circle the best ideas generated during the Define and open
steps. Identify the best solutions to your problem and modify it until you are
satisfied and put into action.
Technique of Creativity:- BehaviourL Scientiest have developed methods of
thinking by individual and group. Two popular methods of idea generation are:-
Brain Storming and Attribute listing.
Brain Storming:- Brain stroming is technique of finding a creative solution to a
problem which involves either an individual or a group of people who discuss the
problem and attempt to understand the problem clearly and find many solutions to
the problem. Brain storming is one of the popular techniques of creativity. The term
was invented by Alex Osborn, an advertising executive who explained it to be a
method of finding a solution to a problem. Under brain storming every one is given
a chance to speak and the referee ensures that the discussion is not dominated by
few loud and dominating people.

Principles of Brain Storming:- Some of the Principles of Brain Storming are as

follows:-
1. Principles of deferred evaluation:- This principle states that the participants
of the brainstorming discussion are not allowed to evaluate or critize others ideas or
solutions during which they are generated.
2. Principles of Quantity begets quality:- This principles states that it is
quantity of ideas or solutions that matters more than the quality. This is so that
people can express themselves without fear.
3. Principles of productive lunacy:- This principles states that new ideas are
appreciative and more crazier the idea. The better.
4. Principles of Hitchhiking:- These principles states that in brainstorming one
could use other’s idea to build upon it and develop another new idea or solution.
Attribute Listing:- Attribute listing means listing the characteristics of a product or
things. For example telephone has the attributes like communication from the fixed
point, heavy, large in size, monotony of single ring tone, no caller identity,etc.
CAREER PLANNING:- Career Planning is the systematic process by which one
selects career goals and the path to these goals. From the organization’s viewpoint, it
means helping the employees to plan their career in terms of their capacities within
the context of organization’s needs. It involves designing an organizational system
of career movement and growth opportunities for employees from the employment
stage to the retirement stage. Individuals who can fill planned future positions are
identified and prepared to take up these positions. Career planning is the process of
matching career goals and individual capabilities with opportunities for their
fulfillment.
CAREER PLANNING STEPS:-
1. Assess Yourself about your Interests. Values Skills Accomplishments Personal
Preferences and Needs.
2. Research Careers and Occupations that Match Your Personal Profile
3. Understand the Job Market
 Occupations
 Industries

 Employment Outlook
 Local Economy and Employers
4. Identify Your Goal and Make a Plan for Achieving It
CAREER - CHOOSING A CAREER:- Career is defined by the Oxford English

Dictionary as a person's "course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of
life)".It can also pertain to an occupation or a profession that usually involves special
training or formal education, and is considered to be a person’s lifework.
CAREER DEVELOPMENT:- Career development is the process of managing your
life, learning and work. Career development involves managing your career either
within or between organizations. It also includes learning new skills, and making
improvements to help you in your career. Career development is an ongoing,
lifelong process to help you learn and achieve more in your career
CAREER GUIDANCE AND CAREER GUIDANCE CENTRE
Advice and information about careers that helps individuals, especially young
people, decide on a career and also teaches them how to pursue their chosen career.
Need and Importance of Career Guidance
 High quality career guidance is crucial for a well-functioning labour market.
 It helps individuals into learning and work and assists them to sustain and
progress in employment.
 As well as improving individual decision-making, it can raise aspirations and
increase selfconfidence and resilience.
 career guidance aims to help people not simply to enter work, but to sustain
employment and ultimately to move on to a better job
Career Guidance Centre and Sources of Career Information The college career
services office or the career centers play an important role in helping students
pursue the right careers.
Sources of Career Information:- Career information provides information about jobs
and workplace with links to topics including looking for a job, checking your pay
rates, nature of the work and Information for employers.

Sources of job information:-

1. The Internet,
2. Local News Papers,
3. Television and Radio Advertisement,
4. Posters,
5. Brochures,
6. Face-to-face Communication with peers
1.Personal Contacts:- Families and friends can be extremely helpful in providing
career information. While they may not always have the information needed, they
may know other knowledgeable people and be able to put the job seeker in touch
with them. These contacts can lead to an "information interview," which usually
means talking to someone who can provide information about a company or career.
2.Libraries and Career Centres:- Libraries offer a great deal of information about
careers and job training. Begin by searching the catalog under "vocations" or
"careers" and then look under specific fields of work that match areas of interest.
3,Counsellors:- Counsellors are professionals trained to help clients assess their own
strengths and weaknesses, evaluate their goals and values, and determine what they
want in a career.
 Counsellors can be found in:
 High school guidance offices,
 Placement offices in private vocational or technical schools,
 College career planning and placement offices,
 Vocational rehabilitation agencies,
 Counseling service offices offered by community organizations,
 Private counseling agencies,
 State employment service offices
4. The Internet:- The Internet provides much of the same job information that is
available through libraries, career centers, and guidance offices. However, no single
network or resource will contain all the desired information. As in a library search,
one must look through various lists by field or discipline or by using keyword
searches.

5. Organizations:- Professional societies, trade associations, labor unions, business

firms, and educational institutions offer a variety of free or inexpensive career
materials. Trade organizations are particularly useful sources of information if one
already has a job and is seeking another or fears being "downsized" by one's present
employer.
6. Education and Training Information: - All jobs require some kind of training,
even those that primarily utilize simple, everyday skills. Many people acquire these
most basic job skills during the process of growing up and through compulsory
education. Additional on-the-job training is often sufficient for success in a first part-
time job. Free career training for some fields may be available through vocational
courses in public schools, local branches of state employment offices, or
apprenticeship programs. Colleges, schools, and training institutes readily reply to
requests for information about their programs.
Personal Contacts—
Networking:- A good place to start collecting information is from family, friends,
and acquaintances. One should not be afraid to ask friends or relatives if they know
of an available job. Many people get jobs through personal contacts. Often, a friend
or family member will not personally know of available jobs, but will be able to
provide an introduction to someone else who does. This kind of networking is useful
to job-hunters at any stage of career building. A young person's first job often results
from a peer connection or a referral from a teacher or parent. Later on, word-of-
mouth recommendations from professional peers may open doors to interviews,
although they generally do not have significant influence on actual hiring decisions.
Unit -5 Communication Skills

Meaning of Communication: The word communication has been derived from the
Latin word 'communes' which means 'common'. Thus, communication means
sharing of ideas in common. The essence of communication is getting the receiver
and the sender 'turned' together for a particular message.”

According to W.H. Newman and C. E. Summer “Communication is an exchange

of facts ideas opinions or emotions by two or more persons.”
According to Louise A. Allen “Communication is the sum of all things one person
does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another”.
Features of communication:
1. Two-way process:
Communication is a two-way process of understanding between two or more
persons – sender and receiver. A person cannot communicate with himself.
2. Continuous process:
Exchange of ideas and opinion amongst people is an ongoing process in business
and non-business organizations. Continuous interaction promotes understanding
and exchange of information relevant for decision-making.
3. Dynamic process:
Communication between sender and receiver takes different forms and medium
depending upon their moods and behaviour. It is, thus, a dynamic process that
keeps changing in different situations.
4. Pervasive:
Communication is a pervasive activity. It takes place at all levels (top, middle, low)
in all functional areas (production, finance, personnel, sales) of a business
organisation.
5. Two people:
A minimum of two persons — sender and receiver — must be present for
communication to take place. It may be between superiors, subordinates and peer
group, intra or inter se.
6. Exchange:
Communication involves exchange of ideas and opinions. People interact and
develop understanding for each other.
7. Means of unifying organizational activities:

Communication unifies internal organisational environment with its external

environment. It also integrates the human and physical resources and converts them
into organisational output.
8. Verbal and non-verbal:
Though words are active carriers of information, gestures can sometimes be more
powerful than words. Facial expressions, sounds, signs and symbols are the non-
verbal forms of communication.
Importance of communication
The following are importance of communication:-
1. Basis for Action:
Communication acts as a base for any action. Starting of any activity begins with
communication which brings information necessary to begin with.
2. Planning Becomes Easy:
Communication facilitates planning. Planning is made easy by communication. Any
type of information regarding the human resource requirement of each department
of the organization with their qualifications, the type and kinds of job etc. can be
collected through communication which helps in human resource planning. Policies
and programmers for their acquisition can be prepared and implemented. In the
entire process communication plays a vital role, it also facilitates managerial
planning of the organization.
3. Means of Coordination: Communication is an important tool for coordinating the
efforts of various people at work in the organization.
4. Aids in Decision-Making:
The information collected through communication aids in decision-making.
Communication facilitates access to the vital information required to take decisions.
5. Provides Effective Leadership:
A communication skill bring manager near to his subordinates and exchange ideas
and submits appropriate proposals, knows their opinions, seeks advices and make
decisions. This enables a manager to win confidence of his subordinates through
constantly communicating with them and removing probable misunderstandings. In
this way he leads his people to accomplish the organizational goal.

6. Helps in smooth working:- to achieve the goal of an enterprise, co-operative

action of the person working in its different activities is necessary. It helps in smooth
working of the business.
7. Helps in maintain Industrial Peace:- Lack of communication may result in
industrial disputes between management and worker. Communication helps in
maintaining industrial peace.
8.Helps employees to perform effectively:- Employees are required to know their
job relationship and importance to overall operation. It helps the employees to
identify themselves with the organization.
9.Helps in teaching employees about personal safety:- communication is essential
for teach employees about their personal safety on the job. To reduce accident, to
lower compensation, to reduce training cost communication is essential.
10.Helps in manager performing his functions: it helps the manager in performing
his managerial functions such as planning,organizing, staffing, direction and
controlling.
11. Boosts Morale and Motivation:
An effective communication system instills confidence among subordinates and
workers ensuring change in their attitude and behaviour. The main cause of conflict
and dissatisfaction is misunderstanding which can be removed through
communication skills.
Benefits of communication:-
1. Team Building
Effective, honest communication can bind employees together. If the staff are talking
with each other on the job, that's a major step towards building a good team.
Employees who look forward to talking with their colleagues are more enthused
about coming to work. If they know they can talk to the boss about problems and
that the boss will listen, that binds them to the company. Good communication
builds teams and increases employee loyalty.
2. Provides clarity
Confusing instructions and unclear guidelines are bad for everyone. When
communicating with employees, managers have to be clear about what they want

and expect. That applies whether the communication is through meetings,

instructions, performance reviews or employee handbooks. If workers understand
their duties and responsibilities, everything flows more smoothly.
3. Increase customer satisfaction:- Good communication creates trust among the
customers. Good communication clarifies customer doubts and they are the main\
asset of the business.
4. Increase productivity:- Effective communication provide high return on
investment across the enterprises. If the team members understand their role and
responsibility in the organization. It increase productivity.
Objectives of communication
1. Stronger Decision Making:-It helps to take good decisions among various
alternatives.
2. Increased Productivity: Productivity is increased With good communication
skills, you can anticipate problems, make decisions, co-ordinate work flow,
supervise others, develop relationships and promote products and services.
3. STEADIER WORK FLOW:-Communication acts as tool for the effective work
related flow of information. Information is easily flowed through different levels of
management.
4. STRONG BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS & ENHANCED PROFESSIONAL
IMAGE
You can shape the impressions you and your company make on colleagues,
employees, supervisors, investors ,and customers in addition to perceiving and
responding to the needs of these stakeholders(the various group you interact with )
without effective communication , people misunderstand each other and
misinterpret information. Ideas misfire or fail to gain attention and people and
companies flounder.
5. PROVIDE ADVICE:-Giving advice is based on individual-oriented and work-
oriented ,advice should not give to the person for pinpointing his mistakes rather it
should be helpful for his improvement. Effective advice promotes understanding
and it can be a two way process if the subordinate staff given freedom.

6. PROVIDE ORDER:-Order is an authoritative communication pattern and it is

directive to somebody always a subordinate to do something. Orders will be written
and oral orders, general and specific orders, procedural and operational orders,
mandatory and discretionary order. Order should be clear and complete, execution
should be possible and given in a friendly way.
7. SUGGESTION: Suggestion is supposed to be very mild and subtle form of
communication. Suggestions are welcomed for it is not obligatory to accept them , it
can be voluntary and anonymous and submitted through suggestion boxes.
8. PERSUASION: - Persuasion may be defined as an effort ‘ to influence the
attitudes , feelings ,or beliefs of others , or to influence actions based on those
attitudes , feelings , or beliefs. Persuasion can be done to others if you are convinced,
you do not impose , you are not rigid are prepared to meet half-way and you can
look at the situation from the other person’s angle also.
9. EDUCATION: Education is a very conscious process of communication, it
involves both teaching and learning by which organizations provide to their
employees in the form of training. Education is given for management, employees
and outside public.
10. Delegation:- It delegates the work of subordinate.
Principles of Effective Communication
1. Principle of Simplicity: The message prepared for communication should be
simple and easy to understand. Common words and simple sentences should be
used.
2. Principle of Clarity: The message prepared for communication should be

clear. An ambiguous message will not be able to make effective communication.
3. Principle of concise: The message should be concise in nature. The reader may
feel disturbed in receiving a long message. So, only necessary information's
should be given in the message.
4. Principle of Planning: Before preparing any message the communicator
should plan for the message and after that, he should plan for selecting media
and process of sending the message to the communicate.

5. Principle of Accuracy: The facts and information provided in the message

should be accurate. Any wrong information in the message may create
confusions. As a result, communication failure may occur.
6. Principle of Attentiveness: Effective listening is important in effective
communication. So, the receiver should be attentive while receiving any
message.
7. Principle of relevancy: The subject matter of communication should contain
relevant information. Irrelevant and unnecessary things should be eliminated
from the subject matter of communication.
8. Principle of Feedback: Sending of message is not whole thing for effective
communication. To be effective a feedback from the receiver is essential.
9. Principle of Time Consideration: The communicator should consider the
proper time for effective communication. If communication is not made in time,
its effectiveness is lost.
10. Principle of Language Control: Control of language is important for effective
communication. The communicator should be careful in selecting words and
forming sentences.
If the above principles are followed in preparing the message of any
communication, the success of communication can be achieved and a failure
can be avoided.
ELEMENTS AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION:

(1) Sender:
The person who intends to convey the message with the intention of passing
information and ideas to others is known as sender or communicator.
(2) Ideas:
This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be an opinion, attitude,
feelings, views, orders, or suggestions.

(3) Encoding:
Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical and intangible, its further
passing requires use of certain symbols such as words, actions or pictures etc.
Conversion of subject matter into these symbols is the process of encoding.
(4) Communication Channel:
The person who is interested in communicating has to choose the channel for
sending the required information, ideas etc. This information is transmitted to the
receiver through certain channels which may be either formal or informal.
(5) Receiver:
Receiver is the person who receives the message or for whom the message is meant
for. It is the receiver who tries to understand the message in the best possible
manner in achieving the desired objectives.
(6) Decoding:
The person who receives the message or symbol from the communicator tries to
convert the same in such a way so that he may extract its meaning to his complete
understanding.
(7) Feedback:
Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received the message and
understood in the same sense as sender meant it.

Common Barriers /Problems to Effective Communication:

1. The use of jargon. Use of Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms
leads to misunderstanding of message.
2. Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express their
emotions and some topics may be completely 'off-limits' or taboo. Taboo or difficult
topics may include, but are not limited to, politics, religion, disabilities (mental and
physical), sexuality and sex, racism and any opinion that may be seen as unpopular.
3. Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. (See our

page Barriers to Effective Listening for more information).
4. Differences in perception and viewpoint.
5. Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.

6. Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the non-
verbal cues, gestures, posture and general body language can make communication

less effective. Phone calls, text messages and other communication methods that rely
on technology are often less effective than face-to-face communication.
7. Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
8. Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or

stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is
actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions. Our page The Ladder of
Inference explains this in more detail.
9. Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different

cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of
personal space varies between cultures and between different social settings. See our
page on Intercultural Awareness for more information.
10. Psychological Barriers: The psychological state of the communicators will

influence how the message is sent, received and perceived. For example: If
someone is stressed they may be preoccupied by personal concerns and not as
receptive to the message as if they were not stressed.
Anger is another example of a psychological barrier to communication.
11. Physiological Barriers: Physiological barriers to communication may result

from the receiver’s physical state.
For example, a receiver with reduced hearing may not fully grasp the content of a
spoken conversation especially if there is significant background noise.
12. Physical Barriers:- It is the distance between the sender and the receiver.
An example of a physical barrier to communication is geographic distance between
the sender and receiver(s).
13. Systematic Barriers: Systematic barriers to communication may exist in
structures and organizations where there are inefficient or inappropriate information

systems and communication channels, or where there is a lack of understanding of

the roles and responsibilities for communication. In such organizations, people may
be unclear of their role in the communication process and therefore not know what
is expected of them.
14. Attitudinal Barriers:- Attitudinal barriers to communication may result from
personality conflicts, poor management, and resistance to change or a lack of
motivation. To be an effective receiver of messages you should attempt to overcome
your own attitudinal barriers to to help ensure more effective communication.
Forms of communication.
1. On the basis of organizational structure:
(a) Formal Communication:
Communications which are sent through the formal or officially recognized channel
are called formal communications. Generally, orders, instructions, decisions of the
superior officer are communicated through this channel.
Advantages:
1. Smooth Communication System: Formal communication moves through pre-
determined channel and therefore everyone is aware for where and how to send the
message. So, it does not face any problem to flow.
2. Increase in Efficiency: Such Communication increase overall efficiency of the
management as organizational rules and procedures are required to be followed
always.
3. Permanent Record: All formal communication like letters, report & memos are
kept permanently. So it is helpful in future decision making.
4. Discipline: This communication creates the discipline in the mind of employees in

any organization.
5. Less Errors and Mistakes: It maintains all formalities of communication for which
there is less chance of errors and mistakes.
6. Co-ordination of Work: Formal communication provides the scope of co-
ordination among various functions and departments of an organization.

7. Reliability: Formal communication is more credible and more reliable for
sending important issues like objectives, orders and directions etc.
8. Normal Flow of Information: It is a better communication system which ensures
both inside and outside communication to be effective and fruitful. No one can
hamper its original flow or pathway as it strictly follows the established rules of an
organization.
9. Consciousness of Communicator: Formal communication is performed in a
conscious way by a sender. He utilized his merits, knowledge and experience in
such communication to make it a perfect one. As a result success is ensured.
Disadvantages
 Wastage of time: Top level management communicates with their employees
by maintaining the board of succession, not by-passing any executive or any
level. That is why it takes a lot of time and it wastages much time of the
concerned person.
 Inflexibility: Ordinarily the formal communication is inflexible. If somebody
out of the channel intends to change his views it is not possible. Even when it
is needed to change, it is very much difficult.
 Lack of initiative: Under this communication system everybody does their
duty by following specific predetermined system. So it makes the obstacle to
develop the creativeness of the employee.
 Authoritarian attitude: In this system the sender is higher authority and the
receiver is lower staffs. Generally the superior’s order cannot be disobeyed. It
creates an authoritarian culture in the organization.
 Costly: In this system the organization policy and rules are obeyed properly.
Sometimes it creates crucial situation and it is a time being factor. For these,
the cost of formal communication system is higher than those of others.
 Others: Lack of personal relation, delay in decision making, not suitable for
motivation, creates misunderstanding, create mental distance.
(b) Informal Communication:

Informal Communications are also known as 'grapevine' communications. In case of

informal communication formal channels are not used. Informal communications
arise out of the day to day routine and meetings among the peers.
Features
Informal or grapevine communication has the following characteristics:
(1) Formation through Social Relations:
This communication is born out of social relations who mean that it is beyond the
restrictions of the organization. No superior-subordinate relationship figures therein.
A more sociable superior can gather much information through this channel.
(2) Two types of Information:
Through this communication, information about the work and the individual can be
collected.
(3) Uncertain Path:
Since it is beyond the restrictions of the organization, it follows no definite channel.
Like a grapevine, it moves in a zigzag manner.
(4) Possibility of Rum our and Distortion:
Responsibility for the true or false nature of communication does not lie on any
individual and, therefore, not much attention is paid to its meaning while
communicating. Consequently, the rum ours keep floating.
Advantages
1) Interpret: The information is given by the top level management under the
formal system. It is easy for the employees to take the explanation by informal
system. So this system plays a vital role to complete the work properly.
2) Present grievance: Under the informal system the employees disclose their
needs, sentiment and their emotions to others authority without feeling any
hesitation.
3) Alternate system: The management sometimes does not able to reach all
information by formal system. Informal system covers the gap or familiarity
of formal system.

4) Improved relationship: Any problem between the workers and the

management can be solved by informal system. So it makes good
relationships among the employees and the management.
5) Increase efficiency: Under the informal system, the employees discuss their
problem openly and they can solve it. For this, the work is done properly and
it develops the efficiency of the employee.
6) Providing recommendation: In this system the employees inform their
superior about their demands, problem and the way to develop the
implementation system of the work. As a result it creates an opportunity to
send the recommendation to their management.
7) Flexibility: Informal communication is more flexible than formal
communication because it is free from all type of formalities.
8) Rapid communication: Informal communication transmits very fast.
Especially miss-information or rumor spread rapidly to others in the
organization.
9) Improve interpersonal relationship: Cooperation and coordination in
informal communication leads to improve interpersonal relationship which is
very much essential to carry out the business activity smoothly.
10) Others: Improve labor management relationship. Free flow of information.
Remove mental distance. Evaluation of employees. Obtain immediate
feedback. Reliving frustration. Increasing efficiency. Solution of problems and
helping decision-making. Enhance mutual trust etc.
Dis-advantages: -
1. Distort meaning: Something the meaning and the subject matter of the
information is distorted in this system.
2. Spread rumor: In this system, the miss-information or rumor spread rapidly. The
original information may be transformed to wrong information.
3. Misunderstanding: Under this system, generally, the employees do not obey the
formal authorization system. So it creates the opportunity to develop
misunderstanding.

4. Maintaining secrecy is impossible: In informal communication system maximum

communication is made by open discussion. So it is impossible to maintain the
secrecy of the information.
5. Difficulty in controlling: Under informal communication system no established
rules or policy is obeyed. So it is very much difficult to control the information.
6. Non-cooperation: Informal communication system sometimes develops the
adversary culture among the employees. So they are not to be cooperative with each
other and their efficiency may be reduced.
7. Others: Providing partial information. Not reliable. No documentary evidence.
Damaging discipline. Contradicting to formal information etc.
2. On the basis of direction of Communication

(a) Downward Communication:
Communication flows from superior to subordinates are called downward
communication. Orders, instructions’, memos etc,. issued from superior to
subordinate.
Advantages
Downward communication provides certain advantages to an organization:
1. Organizational discipline:-
Downward communication follows the organization's hierarchy, meaning that
organizational discipline and member compliance is much easier to maintain.
2. Efficiency
Downward communication offers efficiencies because instructions and information
come from the sources in power that are able to coordinate activities from the top of
the organization. Employees receive feedback from the supervisors who manage
them.
3. Effective communication of goals
Upper management can easily communicate goals and assign responsibilities
regarding achieving those goals.

4. Ease of delegation
Delegation is much easier if the delegation comes directly from the vertical
communication structure representing the chain of command.
Disadvantages:-
1. Distortion:- Ever played the grapevine game? Downward communications can
become distorted as it proceeds through multiple levels of the organization.
2. Slow feedback:- It takes time for messages to go down the organization and then
up the organization and then back down again. This means that feedback can be
slow, resulting in problems, especially in a dynamic environment.
3. Interpretative problems:- downward communication presents interpretation
problems because of the distortion effect and the slow feedback for message
clarification.
4. Lowers morale: - Downward communications can have a negative impact on
organizational morale.
5. Lack of Motivation.:- Given slow feedback and the dependence on formal
channels of communication, this method of communication doesn't really help with
motivation.
(b) Upward Communication:
Communication flows from the subordinates to superior are called upward
communication. It includes reports, suggestions, complaints, etc. Upward
communication enables the management to evaluate the effectiveness with which its
orders have been carried out and also to know the grievances or suggestions of the
subordinates.
Communication is a very important part of working in the business environment.
Managers must be able to communicate with employees and employees must be
able to communicate with managers in order to have a profitable business. Upward
communication is the flow of information from front line employees to managers,
supervisors, and directors.

Upward Communication
Advantages of Upward Communication
1. Development of plan: The information received from subordinate plays
important role to help development of planning of the organization.
2. Providing suggestions and opinions: By upward communication system,
subordinate takes necessary suggestions and opinions from superiors about
the work related issues of the organization.
3. Motivating to employees: Upward communication system allows lower level
staff to express their attitude or opinion to upper level staff. As a result sub-
ordinates are influenced to work more towards fulfillment to target.
4. Providing constructive suggestion: All employees are supplied with
constructive and important messages that can help to implement the goals or
objectives.
5. Good labor-management relationship: Upward communication I
participative in nature. Here, information is invited from lower level
executives and employees and on the basis of this information top executive
makes a decision. So, a good relation between subordinates and bosses should
create for the betterment of the organization.
6. Providing feedback: The subordinate’s reaction is returned to the superior in
this communication system. So, top level management can decide what to do
and what not do clearly understand and followed.

7. Creating favorable environment: Upward communication helps to develop a

favorable working situation in an organization by creating a good relation
among all employees.
Disadvantages of upward communication
In spite of having many advantages upward communication it is not free from
limitations of disadvantages. The main disadvantages of upward communication are
as follows:
1. Changes of information: In upward communication subordinates may change
their accurate information. So, top executive cannot take accurate decision.
2. Unwillingness: Sometimes subordinates don’t send the information to their
superior willingly. So, communication system may be disrupted.
3. Fear of inefficiency: The main problem of the upward communication is fair to
superiors. Generally superiors make a question about the employees work position
and efficiency. Many employees fear to communicate and share their ideas,
constructive suggestions and opinions with the superiors.
4. Indiscipline: Sometimes employees communicate directly to superior by avoiding
proper channel or chain of command. Here disciplines are not properly maintained.
(c) Horizontal or Lateral Communication:
Communication among personnel who are working at the same level of the
organization is called Horizontal Communication. For example communication
among functional managers is horizontal communication.
Advantages
1. Reducing Misunderstanding: Misunderstanding and conflict among the mangers
and staffs are very common in organizational life. Horizontal communication helps
to reduce possible misunderstanding and conflict though meeting, discussion, face
to face conversation etc.
2. Strengthening group efforts: Group efforts and teamwork are essential
prerequisites for organizational success. Horizontal communication helps in
reducing conflicts, controversies, and differences in opinions and thus establishes

consensus among the managers and workers concerned. This consensus strengthens
group efforts and team spirit in the organization.
3. Performing inter departmental communication: Horizontal communication
occurs between people at the same level in various departments. Therefore
interdepartmental communication occurs smoothly.
4. Gaining benefits of informal communication: Though horizontal communication
is formal in nature, it enjoys some degree of informality in exchanging information
as the senders and the receivers hold same position, status and honor.
5. Distortion free communication: Horizontal communication is usually free form
distortion. Since the sender and the receiver of horizontal communication can
exchange information directly, there is no possibility of distortion of message.
6. Bringing dynamism in workplace: Horizontal communication helps to overcome
misunderstanding and confects among the managers. It creates an environment of
cooperation, teamwork and team spirit. This brings dynamism in performing
organizational activities.
Disadvantages:-
 Rivaling attitude: Horizontal communication occurs between the people at
the same rank and position. If there exists any hostility or rivalry between
them, they will not exchange information spontaneously. Moreover, they will
conceal their information intentionally to deprive someone from the real
news.
 Interdepartmental conflict: The success of horizontal communication
depends on good relationship between sender and receiver. If there is any
conflict, distrust or suspicion between them, horizontal communication will
be ineffective.
 Discouraging attitude of top management: In some cases, top managers
discourage horizontal communication thinking that workers may become
friendly with one another and may create threat for the management.
 Ignoring vertical communication: More concentration on horizontal
communication may work as substitute of upward and downward

communication. In that case upward and downward communications are

ignored.
(d) Diagonal Communication: Diagonal Communication is the communication held
between different structures of a business firm. It is the communication between the
higher and lower sectors of a business firm. It is also known as cross-functional
communication.
Advantages: The advantages of diagonal communication are:
(a) It ends communication barriers between the higher and lower sectors of a
business.
(b) It increases the efficiency and speed of the labor if positive relations are created.
(c) It can be used as a team build up/motivational tool.
(d) It helps in challenge and production management of the firm.
Disadvantages: The disadvantages of diagonal communication are:
(a) It can increase competitiveness as more information of ongoing production is
given.
(b) It may consume time of the employees: for example work chat groups don't have
details of work assignments etc and they consume time as well.
(c) Time consumption may also lead to inefficiency.
(d) Due to lack of proper communicative skills of employees,
misunderstandings might arise.
3. On the basis of the way of expression, communication can be classified into
two types viz.,
i) Oral or verbal communication
ii) Written communication
Oral Communication: Oral communication implies communication through mouth.
It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or
telephonic conversation. Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of oral
communication.
Characteristics

1. Flexibility: The main feature of oral communication is, it is more flexible than any
other means of communication. Oral communication or oral messages can be
changed easily depending on the situation.
2. Immediate feedback: Immediate feedback can be received in case of oral
communication.
3. Takes less time: It takes less time than written communication.
4. Better understanding: Another major feature of oral communication is chance of
misunderstanding is very rare: if there is any misunderstanding takes place that can
be rectified immediately by asking questions.
5. Opportunity for correction: In case of written or other communication messages
cannot be corrected immediately- but in case of oral communication it can be
corrected within few seconds.
6. Intercultural barriers: In case of oral communication receiver and sender
exchange information freely and spontaneously. As a result presentation of message
influenced by the cultural background of the respective parties.
7. Spontaneous : Oral message can be pre-planed and formal, but in most of the
cases oral communication made spontaneously without any planning.
Written communication
Characteristics of Written Communication
1. Most formal type of Communication: Usually most of the informal, casual
conversation or friendly conversation is done orally. Whenever there is need for
formal communication, it is the written mode that is preferred.
2. Used for documentation:- Written communication is mostly used for
documentation. In an organization, documentation of records and decisions made
from time to time are very important for which written communication comes
handy. Written Communication acts as a permanent record of the organization and
can prove very useful for future reference.
3. Used for circulation of information: This is used for circulation of information in
the organization. Written communication makes it possible to circulate information
without distortions an d misrepresentations.

4. Conventional by nature:There are not many rules of grammar for oral

communication, as there are for written communication. Written communication is
conventional in the sense that it has to follow definite pattern as per rules laid down
by the language.
5. Presence of both sender and receiver is not necessary at the same time.: It is an
important feature of written communication where the presence of just the sender or
the receiver is sufficient at a given point in time, to continue the process of
communication.
6. Time factor: The sender takes his own time in formulating the message which in
turn takes quite some time to reach the receiver .The receive will take his own time
in filtering it through his mind and responding to it.
7. It has fewer cycles: Usually the message is sent and received and that is the end of
event. Of course, letters do lead to repeated cycles or communication exchanges. But
they cannot compare with the quick succession of cycles involved in a dialogue or
informal meeting.
8. A creative activity:Written communication is a creative activity that requires a lot
of imagination and effort to arrive at the finished product. While oral
communication is spontaneous, written communication is based on conscious effort.
Advantages of Written Communication:
The advantages of Written Communication are stated below:
1. It is suitable for long distance communication and repetitive standing orders.
2. It creates permanent record of evidence. It can be used for future reference.
3. It gives the receiver sufficient time to think, act and react.
4. It can be used as legal document.
5. It can be sent to many persons at a time.
6. It is suitable for sending statistical data, chart, diagram, pictures, etc.
7. Order, allocation of work, job distribution, etc. in written form reduce ambiguity
and help in fixation of responsibility.
8. Uniformity in work procedure can be maintained through written communication.
9. It is easy to send unpleasant or bad news through written communication.
10. A good written communication can create goodwill and promote business.

Limitations or Disadvantages of Written Communication:

Followings are the limitations or disadvantages of Written Communication:
1. It is time-consuming. Composing a message in writing takes much time. Writing
letters, typing orders, notices, etc. and sending to appropriate destination require
time. Feedback process also is not instant.
2. It is expensive not so much due to postal charges but in terms of so many people
spending so much of their time.
3. It cannot maintain strict secrecy which would have been possible in oral
communi-cation.
4. Written communication has no scope for immediate clarification if not
understood properly.
5. Being written in nature it is less flexible and cannot be changed easily.
6. It is not effective in the case of emergency.
Differences between oral and written communication
Basis for
Oral Communication Written Communication
Communication
Exchange of ideas, Interchange of message,
information and message opinions and information in
Meaning
through spoken words is Oral written or printed form is
Communication. Written Communication.
Communication with the help Communication with the help
What is it?
of words of mouth. of text.
Literacy Not required at all. Necessary for communication.
Transmission of
Speedy Slow
message
No record of communication Proper records of
Proof
is there. communication are present.
Immediate feedback can be
Feedback Feedback takes time.
given
Revision before
delivering the Not possible Possible
message?
Receipt of nonverbal Yes No

Basis for
Oral Communication Written Communication
Communication
cues
Probability of
Very high Quite less
misunderstanding
Communication Gap: Communication Gap is when the meaning intended by the
speaker or sender is not what is understood by the recipient. As stated above, there
might be several reasons for communication gap between employees. Some
communication gaps might be technological in nature and some might arise due to
personal problems or personality types.
The communication gap arises due to following reasons:-
1. An inappropriate language used for communication leads to communication gap.
2. The lack concentration leads to gap in communication.
3. The lack of clarity in expression leads to effective communication.
4. Personal biases lead to gaps in communication.
5. The lack of precision towards the communicating message leads to inappropriate
communication.
6. The lack of trust among the communicator leads to gap in communication.
7. The lack of empathy while communication result in an effective communication
Seven (7 )C’s of effective communication
There are 7 C’s of effective communication which are applicable to both written as
well as oral communication. These are as follows:
1. Completeness - The communication must be complete. It should convey all facts
required by the audience. The sender of the message must take into consideration
the receiver’s mind set and convey the message accordingly.
2. Conciseness - Conciseness means wordiness, i.e., communicating what you want
to convey in least possible words without forgoing the other C’s of communication.
Conciseness is a necessity for effective communication.
3. Consideration - Effective communication must take the audience into
consideration, i.e, the audience’s view points, background, mind-set, education level,
etc. Make an attempt to envisage your audience, their requirements, emotions as

well as problems. Ensure that the self-respect of the audience is maintained and their
emotions are not at harm.
4. Clarity - Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a time,
rather than trying to achieve too much at once.
5. Concreteness - Concrete communication implies being particular and clear
rather than fuzzy and general. Concreteness strengthens the confidence.
6. Courtesy - Courtesy in message implies the message should show the sender’s
expression as well as should respect the receiver. The sender of the message should
be sincerely polite, judicious, reflective and enthusiastic.
7. Correctness - Correctness in communication implies that there are no
grammatical errors in communication. Correct communication has following
features:
1. The message is exact, correct and well-timed.
2. If the communication is correct, it boosts up the confidence level.
3. Correct message has greater impact on the audience/readers.
4. It checks for the precision and accurateness of facts and figures used in the
message.
Awareness of these 7 C’s of communication makes you an effective communicator.
Types of Communication
1.Oral Communication –
Meaning:- Oral communication implies communication through mouth. It includes
individuals conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic
conversation. Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of oral
communication. Oral communication is generally recommended when the
communication matter is of temporary kind or where a direct interaction is required.
Face to face communication (meetings, lectures, conferences, interviews, etc.) is
significant so as to build a rapport and trust.
Advantages
1. Time saving: When action is required to be taken immediately it is best to
transmit a message orally. If the executives work load is high then they stop

writhing and by oral instructions they complete their message transmission

and released their work load and also it saves time.
2. Cost savings: Cost is involved in any communication. When the
communication is needed within the organization and if it and is completed
in orally, it has not needed any paper, pen or stamp or computer. So it saves
the money of the organization.
3. More powerful: Speech is a more powerful means of persuasion and control.
Therefore, executives often prefer to transmit messages orally.
4. Effectiveness: With the help of variations in the tone, pitch and intensity of
voice, the speaker can convey shades of meaning. This factor also contributes
to the effectiveness of oral communication.
5. Immediate feedback: The speaker can get immediate feedback on whether it
is creating a favorable impression on the receiver or whether the receiver will
protest or whether the receiver has receiver has clearly understood his
meaning or is feeling perplexed or baffled and he can mold and adjust his
message accordingly.
6. More suitable: The employees felt more suitable when the message transmits
in orally. They get an opportunity for feedback and clarification.
7. A relationship develops: Oral communication is mostly carried out helps to
promote friendly relations between the parties communicating with each
other.
8. Flexibility: By the demand of the situations, oral instructions can be changed
easily and for these cases maintain the formalities are not necessary. So it is
very much flexible and effective.
9. Easiness: It is so easy method of communication. It needs little preparation to
send a message. No need of pens, pencils and other writing equipment’s
which are needed in written communication.
10. Correction of errors: If any error is expressed at the time of oral
communication. It was possible to rectify at that time or within a very short
time.

11. Informal communication: In oral communication, no need to maintain such

formalities which are needed in written communication. So it is easy and
helpful to any organization.
Disadvantages:
 No record: In oral communication, messages are difficult to record. So it is
impossible to preserve the message for future.
 Expensive: It is also expensive media of communication. Sometimes the
audience can be managed by paying T. A and D. A. On the other hand
Technological devices that are used in this system are costly.
 Distortion of the word: If distortion of the word occurs in oral
communication, then main goals of the organization may be filed.
 Inaccuracy: There is very possibility of inaccurate messages to reach the
destination. So, the reverse result of expected plan may be occurred.
 Limited use: The scope of usage of oral communication is limited. It is not
suitable for lengthy messages. It should be sued for short message.
 Probability of omitting main subject: Sometimes, main subject may be
omitted to express a word for communicating. So, expected result may not be
achieved.
 Confused speech: Sometimes the receiver fails to understand the meaning of
a message due to habitual productions of the speaker.
 No legal validity: there is any legal validity of the oral message. As, the oral
messages are not taped and kept records, so it can be denied easily if the
situation goes against the speaker.
 Late decision: It takes time to reach a decision. At the beginning stage,
sometime is killed in the discussion of any personal matters and also wasted
for irrelevant discussion. In this way decision making is delayed.
Principles of Verbal communication
 Keep your speaking clear, simple and make sense.
 Adjust your choice of words to audience
 Be aware of distracting habits
 Correct choice of medium.

 Develop trust by creating interest in listeners.

 In presentation, a dynamic format is rather than a static one
 Use language best suited to ear, not the eye.
 Appropriate usage of body language.
Tips to improve verbal communication
The following 7 tips will help you improve your verbal communication skills so that
you can better connect with your audience, earn respect, and build the relationships
necessary for successful business interactions:
1. Think before you speak – By organizing your thoughts in advance, you can
eliminate many of the awkward pauses that occur when speaking. It will also help
you relay your information more concisely. It is still effective to take a minute to
organize your thoughts in your mind before you begin to speak.
2. Be clear and concise – The most effective way to get your point across is to make
it in a clear and concise manner. Avoid using complex, convoluted sentences, and
try to state your argument in direct language. Before speaking, ask yourself, “What
is the clearest way I can make my point?”
3. Speak with confidence – Speaking in a confident manner will help you build trust
and command the respect of your audience. There are several factors which can
impact your ability to speak confidently, including your command of the subject
matter, your word choice, the tone of your voice, your body language, and your
ability to make direct eye contact with your audience.
4. Vary your vocal tone – Speaking in a monotone voice is a surefire way to bore
your audience. Instead, use voice inflection to add emphasis to important points,
and vary the pitch of your voice to express emotion. This will help keep your
audience engaged in your message.
5. Be a good listener – Being a good listener is as important as being a good speaker,
and it will improve the quality of your verbal interactions. It shows the people you
are speaking with that you genuinely care about their ideas, and it helps ensure you
understand their needs. This will enable you to build trust and rapport much
quicker.

6. Be aware of your non-verbal communication cues – Your body language

significantly impacts the way others interpret what you say. Pay attention to the
gestures you make, your facial expressions, and your body language to ensure they
align with the message you are trying to get across.
7. Think about the perspective of your audience – Just because you have a strong
command of a topic doesn’t mean the people you are speaking to have the same
knowledge as you. Try to think about how someone else will understand what you
are trying to communicate, particularly if they lack the technical knowledge about a
subject that you possess.
Non-verbal communication
Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the
voice, gestures displayed through body language and the physical distance between
the communicators.
Types of Nonverbal Communication
 Eye contact.
 Facial expressions.
 Gestures.
 Posture and body orientation.
 Body Language.
 Space and Distance.
 Humor.
 Touch.
 Silence.
 Personal Appearance.
 Symbol
Importance of Nonverbal communication in work place
1. Show agreement or disagreement: There is a meeting between colleagues and
sometimes the speech would talk of a point that requires consent from the audience.
You would have noted that a nod can make a difference of expression. This gesture
of ‘nod’ shows that the listeners are in favor implying a “yes’ or “no’ for an answer.

2. Maintaining relationships: Persons having smiling face maintain minimum

relationship with their subordinates.
3. Lack of listening: If you are speaking to a team member and he/she is not
maintaining eye contact while talking then it shows that they are not listening to
you. They show signs of disinterest. That’s why it is always said to maintain eye
contact when the other side is talking. It will ensure the message is being carried to
opposite side.
4. Not interested: If a team leader is having internal meet and he/she observes that
one member is looking down or out the window / door it means that he /she is
distracted and not interested or in paying attention.Such kind of communications
needs to be observed and counseled. This way the team leader would be bringing in
focus with the objectives.
5. Aspects of Para language: Paralanguage is an aspect which relates to the volume
of the voice, pitch, speed of the words. If you are speaking too fast then
communication is not clear. If your voice is too low then also the message is not
conveyed to the targeted audience. By pausing between words or repeating words
will make the specific aspect being registered in their mind.
6. Sign of confidence: In a workplace, postures denote our attributes. When we
stand upright and keep our head straight maintaining eye contact when conversing
with our co-workers or managers it indicates our confidence.
7. Sign of detachment: Standing with crossed arms over chest or sitting at the tip of
the chair in hunched posture shows signs of detachment. Even, standing drooped
down or looking down frequently shows that the person is not interested. It will
create wrong signal.
8. Reassuring interest: Facial expressions that are being reflected in the other person
like mirror assures interest in the other. Such nonverbal modes of mirroring
someone is frequently observed.
9. Know the culture: Some workplaces have multicultural environment and it is
important to have a brief knowledge on the types of cultural acceptances. This
means touch being a familiar feature in handshake, pat on the back, tap on the
shoulder, etc. can give different meanings in different culture.

10. Maintaining space: Most of the time workplace discussions requires face to face
interaction. In such cases being in close proximity to the person will create
uneasiness and this also differs from culture to culture.
Features of Non-verbal communication
There are five characteristics of nonverbal communication.
1. Nonverbal communication may be intentional or unintentional since often when
people communicate nonverbally, they are unaware of it.
2. Nonverbal communication is primary because it takes precedence over
Verbal communication.
3. Nonverbal communication is often ambiguous since a nonverbal behavior may
have different meanings depending on the user’s personality, family influences and
culture.
4. Nonverbal communication is continuous,because one is constantly
communicating through nonverbal behaviors.
5. Nonverbal communication is multichannel since we use a variety of cues to make
an interpretation.
Advantages of non-verbal communication:
1. Complementary: Non-verbal cues complement a verbal message by adding to its
meaning. You can pat someone you offended at the back as you say sorry to him or
her.
2. Easy presentation: Information can be easily presented in non-verbal
communication through using visual, audio-visual and silent means of non-verbal
communication.
3. Substituting: Non-verbal message may substitute for the verbal message
especially if it is blocked by noise, interruption, long distance etc. for example:
gestures-finger to lips to indicate need for quite, facial expressions- a nod instead of
a yes.
4. Accenting: Often used to accent a verbal message. Verbal tone indicates the
actual meaning of the specific words.
5. Repeat: Used to repeat the verbal message (e.g. point in a direction while stating
directions.)

6. Help to illiterate people: This type of communication use gestures, facial

expressions, eye contact, proximity, touching etc. and without using any spoken or
written word. So, it is very much helpful for illiterate people.
7. Help to handicapped people: Non-verbal cues of communication greatly help in
handicapped people especially to deaf people. Deaf people exchange message
through the movements of hands, fingers, eyeball etc.
8. Attractive presentation: Non-verbal communication is based on visual, picture,
graph, sign etc. that can be seen very much attractive.
9. Reducing wastage of time: The message of non-verbal communication reached
the receiver very fast. For this reason it reduces the wastage of valuable time of the
communicator.
10. Quick expression of message: Non-verbal cues of communication like sign and
symbol can also communicate some messages very quickly than written or oral
messages.
Dis-advantages of Non-verbal communication.
1. Vague and imprecise: Non-verbal communication is quite vague and imprecise.
Since in this communication, there is no use of words or language which expresses
clear meaning to the receiver. No dictionary can accurately classify them. Their
meaning varies not only by culture and context but by the degree of intention.
2. Continuous: It is possible to stop talking in verbal communication, but it is
generally not possible to stop nonverbal cues. Also, spoken language has a structure
that makes it easier to tell when a subject has changed, for instance, or to analyze its
grammar. Nonverbal does not lend itself to this kind of analysis.
3. Multi-channel: while watching someone’s eyes, you may miss something
significant in a hand gesture. Everything is happening at once and therefore it may
be confusing to try to keep up with everything. Most of us simply do not do so, at
least not consciously.
4. Long conversations are not possible: In non-verbal communication, long
conversation and necessary explanations are not possible. No party can discuss the
particular issues of the messages.

5. Difficult to understand: Difficult to understand and requires a lot of repetitions in

non-verbal communication. Since it uses gestures, facial expressions eye contact,
touch etc. for communicating with others which may not be understandable for the
simple and foolish people.
6. Not everybody prefers: Everybody does not prefer to communicate through non-
verbal communication with others. Sometimes it cannot create an impression upon
people or listeners. It is less influential and cannot be used everywhere. It is cannot
be used as a public tool for communication.
7. Costly: In some cases non-verbal communication involves huge cost. For example,
neon sign, power point presentation, cinema etc are very much costly compared to
others form of communication.
Meaning of visual communication
The communication which is done through sight is called visual communication.
Such as facial expression, gesture, eye contact, signals, map, chart, poster etc. it also
includes graphic design, illustration and animation, books, print, magazines, screen-
based media, interactive web design, short film, design for advertising, promotion,
corporate identity and packaging design etc.
Advantages of visual communication
Now-a-days, most of the business organizations are using visual techniques to
present the information. It is becoming very popular day by day. Visual presentation
is beneficial for many reasons. Some of them are as follows:
1. Effective for illiterate receiver: If the receivers are illiterate, the visual
communication will be more effective to exchange information. They can
easily understand the information that is presented visually.
2. Helps in oral communication: Visual techniques can be used with oral
communication. Oral communication becomes more meaningful if graphs,
pictures and diagrams are used with it.
3. Easy explanation: Everyone can explain the meaning of it very easily. Easy
explanation has made the visual techniques more popular.
4. Simple presentation: Complex information, data and figures can be easily
presented very simply on graphs, pictures and diagrams.

5. Prevents wastage of time: Visual techniques help to prevent the wastage of

time. Written and oral communication takes much time to exchange
information. But number of receivers can be communicated at a time through
visual methods.
6. Helps in quick decision: Visual communication helps to take quick decision.
So management prefers visual techniques to communicate with others.
7. Popular: Visual communication is very much popular because people do not
like much speech and long explanation rather than a chart of a diagram.
Disadvantages
 Costly: The visual methods of communication are more costly than those of
other methods. To draw maps, charts, diagram is costly. That is why only
large company or organization can use this technique.
 Complex presentation: Sometimes visual presentation of information
becomes complex. The receivers cannot understand the meaning of the
presentation.
 Incomplete method: This technique is considered as an incomplete method.
Visual presentation is not sufficient to communicate effectively and clearly
but also it can be successfully used with oral communication.
 Wastage of time: Sometimes visual techniques take much time to
communicate. Whereas oral communication takes no time to exchange
information.
Different types of visual aids

 PowerPoint (or equivalent) Microsoft PowerPoint is probably now the most
commonly used form of visual aid.
 Overhead projector slides/transparencies.
 White or black board.
 Paper handouts.
 Flip chart.
 Video (DVD)
 Objects.
 Models.
Listening Skills
Listening differs from obeying. A person who receives and understands information
or an instruction, and then chooses not to comply with it or to agree to it, has
listened to the speaker, even though the result is not what the speaker wanted.
Listening is a term in which the listener listens to the one who produced the sound
to be listened.
Listening skill can be defined as, “Listening is the act of hearing attentively”. It is
also a process similar to reading which should possess knowledge of phonology,
syntax, semantics and text understanding. Thomlison (1984) defines listening as,
“Active listening, which is very important for effective communication”. Listening
can be also defined as, “More than just hearing and to understand and interpret the
meaning of a conversation”.
Importance of Listening
1. To Gain Information:-Listening enables you to acquire facts so that you can make
decisions that benefit your business. By listening to a job applicant in an interview,
for example, you might discover his attitudes toward the profession, performance in
previous jobs and information not detailed on his resume. This additional insight
can help you decide whether the applicant is a good fit for your company. A
supervisor who listens to an employee’s complaint about a health risk on the job
might reduce injuries and enhance job performance.
2.Developing Trust:- Listening is essential to building trust. If one member of a team
doesn’t listen to instructions, an entire project might fail. To develop trust, pay
attention to verbal instructions and deadlines. Listen for statements a coworker
might make regarding his own strengths and weaknesses as it relates to a project, so
that you can collaborate in a way that maximizes each other’s strengths.
3.Maintaining Your Reputation:-The reputation of a business depends upon
listening skills. If you fail to listen to a customer, for example, the customer might
not receive the service or product she expected. When this occurs repeatedly, it can
tarnish the company’s reputation. A company develops relationships with other

businesses through verbal communication, too. Talking on the phone and working
on a task at the same time can result in misunderstandings.
4.Reduce Conflict:-Listening can reduce conflict. A conflict can arise when an
individual feels misunderstood or mistreated. For example, if you fail to listen to
instructions and your coworker does the task you were supposed to perform, the
coworker might be unhappy with you. Pay attention to nonverbal cues, as well. If an
individual’s facial expressions, gestures or behavior contradict her words, ask
questions to find out what she really means.
5.Motivating Employees: A manager can improve morale and productivity by
understanding what motivates each employee. Listen to employees to discover what
aspects of the job they find most rewarding and challenging. Don’t expect to
understand an employee’s needs from a single conversation. Continue to be an
attentive listener so that the employee knows you are sincerely interested in what
she has to say.
Benefits of Listening
1. It enhances knowledge.
2. It enhances relationship with co-workers.
3. It helps in working in team.
4. It solves problems with customer, co-worker and management.
5. It enhance overall organizational development.
6. It helps in negotiation.
7. It reduces stress.
8. It ensures proper understanding.
9. It enhance decision making.
Principles of effective listening
1) Avoid unintentional negative body language — this can send the message to
the speaker that you’re not really interested in what he or she is saying.
2) Be aware of any personal filters or internal distractions — don’t let
preconceived notions or personal concerns impact your ability to listen.
3) Listen completely before responding — don’t be in such a hurry to make
your point that you neglect what the other person is saying.

4) Determine what the speaker really means — is the speaker being

intentionally obtuse or is he or she implying something else? Get to the
bottom of what is really being said.
5) Observe the speaker’s body language — this can tell you a lot about the
message and its impact on the speaker.
6) Consider using reflective listening techniques — repeat back parts of the
speech to convey understanding.
7) Avoid external distractions — be fully engaged in what is being said.
8) Be open-minded — respond to facts, not emotions, even if you are upset by
what you’re hearing.
9) Step into the other person’s shoes — practice empathy and try to understand
where he or she is coming from.
10) Stop talking — you can’t listen when you’re flapping your own gum.
Steps of Listening
1. Receiving
Receiving is the intentional focus on hearing a speaker’s message, which happens
when we filter out other sources so that we can isolate the message and avoid the
confusing mixture of incoming stimuli.
2. Understanding
In the understanding stage, we attempt to learn the meaning of the message, which
is not always easy.
3.Remembering
Remembering begins with listening: if you can’t remember something that was said,
you might not have been listening effectively. if something distracts your attention
even for a moment, you could miss out on information that explains other new
concepts you hear when you begin to listen fully again.
4.Evaluating
The fourth stage in the listening process is evaluating, or judging the value of the
message.

5.Responding
Responding—sometimes referred to as feedback—is the fifth and final stage of the
listening process. It’s the stage at which you indicate your involvement.
6. Formative Feedback
Not all response occurs at the end of the message. Formative feedback is a natural
part of the ongoing transaction between a speaker and a listener. As the speaker
delivers the message, a listener signals his or her involvement with focused
attention, note-taking, nodding, and other behaviors that indicate understanding or
failure to understand the message.
Types of Listening
Listening in a way that demonstrates interest and

1.Active listening
encourages continued speaking.
Looking for ways to accept and appreciate the other
2.Appreciative
person through what they say. Seeking opportunity
listening
to praise.
Listening obviously and carefully, showing
3.Attentive listening
attention.
4.Biased listening Listening through the filter of personal bias.
Listening without obviously showing attention.
5.Casual listening
Actual attention may vary a lot.
6.Comprehension Listening to understand. Seeking meaning (but little
listening more).
Listening in order to evaluate, criticize or otherwise
7.Critical listening
pass judgment on what someone else says.
Seeking to understand the person, their personality
8.Deep listening and their real and unspoken meanings and
motivators.
Finding meaning through conversational exchange,
9.Dialogic listening
asking for clarity and testing understanding.

10.Empathetic Seeking to understand what the other person is

listening feeling. Demonstrating this empathy.
Listening at first then thinking about response and
11.Initial listening
looking to interrupt.
Steps in effective listening

Here are 10 tips to help you develop effective listening skills.
Step 1: Face the speaker and maintain eye contact.
Step 2: Be attentive, but relaxed.
Step 3: Keep an open mind.
Step 4: Listen to the words and try to picture what the speaker is saying
Step 4: Listen to the words and try to picture what the speaker is saying.
Step 5: Don't interrupt and don't impose your "solutions."
Step 6: Wait for the speaker to pause to ask clarifying questions
Step 7: Ask questions only to ensure understanding.
Step 8: Try to feel what the speaker is feeling.
Step 9: Give the speaker regular feedback.
Step 10: Pay attention to what isn't said—to nonverbal cues.
Body Language
Body language is a type of nonverbal communication in which physical behavior, as
opposed to words, are used to express or convey information. Such behavior
includes facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the
use of space.
following are some examples of body language
1.Arms crossed over the chest. 2.Nail biting. 3.Hand placed on the cheek. 3.Tapping
or drumming the fingers. 4.Head tilted to one side. 5Touching the nose. Rubbing the
hands together briskly. Etc,.
Forms of body language:
1.Aggressive body language: showing physical threat.
2.Defensive body language: Protecting self from attack.

3.Attentive body language:-Showing real intrest.

4.Bored body language: just not being interested.
5.Deceptive body language:-seeking to cover up lying or other deception,
6.Emotional body language:- identifying feelings.
7. Evaluating body language:-judging and deciding about something.
8. Relaxed body language:-comfortable and unstressed.
Importance of body language
1. It is important in group discussion.
2. It is used to express individual feelings or emotion.
3. It helps to create good impression in the minds of other.
4. It helps in building interpersonal relationship,
5. It enhances effectiveness of communication for the sender and the receiver.
Improving body language
1. Keep your arms and legs open.
2. Develop eye contact.
3. Relax your shoulders.
4. Nod during professional conversation.
5. Sit up straight.
6. Smile pleasantly.
7. Keep your head up.
8, use your hands confidently.
Meaning of Gestures
A gesture is a movement that you make with a part of your body, especially your
hands, head, and body to express emotion or information. For e.g.: a way of hand
indicates a greeting (Hello or Goodbye). Head nodding up and down. Fingers
running through the hairs. Fingers drumming on table-top.
Postures
Postures mean position or bearing of the body whether characteristic or assumed for
a special purpose.
Types of posture
a. Open Stance: -

 Interested people always pay attention and lead forward.

 A firm hand shake will give the impression of assertiveness or honesty.
 People showing open hands, both feet planted on the ground are accepting.
B. Closed Stance:-
 Leaning backwards demonstrates aloofness or rejection. body
 Folding arms across ones chest or body is protective and gives the impression
of a closed, guarded and defensive character.
Facial expression
A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the
skin of the face. ... Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They
are a primary means of conveying social information between humans.
7 basic expressions are:-
 Happiness
 Sadness
 Fear
 Disgust
 Anger
 Contempt
 Surprise.
Paralanguage: - Para means ‘like’ . Hence paralanguage is like language. It also
refers to all vocally produced sound. that is not a direct form of linguistic
communication.
It includes: -
 Tone of the voice.
 Voice Inflection.
 Pitch.
 Intensity.
 Articulation.
 Rhythm.

Personal space (Proxemics) and Dress Code

Proxemics can be one criteria for the classification of nonverbal communication.
Proximity is communicated, for instance, through the use of space, distance,
touching, and body position. The use of space, the physical distance between
people and the options for touch are closely related and culture specific. Hall
distinguishes four types of informal distances: public, social-consultative,
personal and intimate distance. Personal distance is common in communication
between friends. Social-consultative distance is used in professional and
unofficial social occasions. People from different cultural backgrounds can for
example value personal space differently.
Dress Code:- An accepted way of dressing for a particular occasion or in a
particular situation:
Dressing for- Men
1. Suit conservative
2. Polished shoes.
3. Consrvarive tiest.
4. Hairstyle-neatly groomed.
5. Go easy on the after shave.
6. Portfolio or Briefcase.
 Dressing for- Women
1. Conservative suit.
2. Moderate shoes.
3. Limited jewellery.
4. Neat, professional hairstyle.
5. Manicured Nails.
6. Portfolio or briefcase.
Unit -6 Personality Attributes

Meaning of Personality Attributes

Personality Attributes is an individual behavior towards others, attitude,

characteristics, mind set make his personality. This is defined as the set of habitual
behaviors, cognitions and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and
environmental factors.
External Appearance:- It means that the outer forms of the human body structure. It
is imperative to look good especially if one deals with the public.
International Skills
International skills are personality to understand the cultural diversity and
communicate effectively with foreign delegates to final international deals. It
requires just more than just desire to travel.
Theories of Personality:-
Personality is defined as the characteristic set of behaviors, cognitions, and
emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors.
1. Trait theory
Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits: this early work was
viewed as the beginning of the modern psychological study of personality. He also
referred to traits within his work as dispositions. In his approach, "cardinal" traits
are those that dominate and shape a person's behavior: their ruling
passions/obsessions, such as a need for money, fame etc. By contrast, "central" traits
such as honesty are characteristics found in some degree in every person - and
finally "secondary" traits are those seen only in certain circumstances (such as
particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know), which are included to
provide a complete picture of human complexity.
A wide variety of alternative theories and scales were later developed, including:
 Raymond Cattell's 16PF Questionnaire
 J. P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect
 Henry Murray's System of Needs
 Timothy Leary's Interpersonal circumflex
 Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
 Gray's Bio psychological theory of personality
Currently, two general approaches are the most popular.
 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, (EPQ) ("the three-factor model"). Using

factor analysis Hans Eysenck suggested that personality is reducible to three
major traits: neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism.
 Big Five personality traits, ("the five-factor model"). Many psychologists
currently believe that five factors are sufficient: neuroticism, extraversion, and
openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
List of personality trait
Personality traits
Composed of two related but separable traits, Openness to
Experience and Intellect. Behavioral aspects include having
1.Openness to experience wide interests and being imaginative and insightful,
correlated with activity in the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Considered primarily a cognitive trait
Scrupulous, meticulous, principled behavior guided or
2.Conscientiousness conforming to one's own conscience. Associated with the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Gregarious, outgoing, sociable, projecting one's personality
outward. The opposite of extraversion is introversion.
3.Extraversion Extraversion has shown to share certain genetic markers with
substance abuse. Extraversion is associated with various
regions of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala.
Refers to a compliant, trusting, empathic, sympathetic,
4.Agreeableness
friendly and cooperative nature.
Identifies people who are prone to psychological distress.
Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend to be anxious,
depressed, self-conscious, impulsive, vulnerable and display
angry hostility. "Neuroticism is the major factor of personality
5.Neuroticism
pathology" (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1969). Neuroticism has been
linked to serotonin transporter (5-HTT) binding sites in the
thalamus: as well as activity in the insular cortex. Neuroticism
also predicts the occurrence of more negative life experiences.
6.Honesty-humility Tendency towards sincerity, modesty, fairness, and greed

avoidance. Those who score high on this trait feel little desire
to manipulate others or to break the rules for personal gain.
Negatively correlated with the Dark triad.
A "favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self"
(Rosenberg, 1965). An individual's sense of his or her value or
7.Self-esteem (low) worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves of,
appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself" (Blascovich &
Tomaka, 1991).
Impulsive, exploratory, fickle, excitable, quick-tempered, and
8.Novelty seeking
extravagant. Associated with addictive behavior.
The defining trait of highly sensitive persons, characterized
9.Sensory processing by the increased depth of processing of sensory input that
sensitivity (SPS) underlies HSPs' greater proclivity to overstimulation,
emotional reactivity and empathy, and sensitivity to stimuli.
"I don't think needing to be perfect is in any way adaptive."
(Paul Hewitt, PhD) Socially prescribed perfectionism –
10.Perfectionism
"believing that others will value you only if you are perfect."
Self-oriented perfectionism – "an internally
2. Genetics of Personality:- Personality genetic is a scientific field that examines
the relationship between personality and genetics. Interest in the field is also
driven by molecular genetics and evolutionary ideas about personality. The
bulk of study on personality genetics has used twin studies, finding that
personality heritability is around 50%.
3. Type theory:- Personality types refers to the psychological classification of
different types of people. According to this theory there are two types of
people, introverts and extroverts.
Type A and Type B Personality theory.
4. Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory of Personality Development:- According to
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality development, there are two
basic factors which drive an individual and help in shaping his/her
personality. These two basic drivers are love and aggression which have a
direct impact on what an individual does and thinks.

According to Freud, love and aggression have a direct control on our minds
and thoughts. Freud referred to Love and Aggression as “Eros” and
“Thanatos” respectively.
“Eros” refers to intimate and passionate love between two partners. It is often
defined as a kind of madness which one experiences for his/her
partner.“Thanatos” was a figure in Greek mythology, though he never really
existed as a person. Thanatos symbolizes death.
An adult personality generally has three determinants:
 Id,
 Ego and
 Super Ego
The outcome of the combination of all the three determinants shapes an adult
personality. Freud believed than an individual’s personality has three parts
and thus is often called as tripartite personality or Psychoanalytic
1.Id - refers to irrational needs and demands, something which has nothing to do
with the reality of the situation. Freud believed that Individuals seek immediate
pleasure in order to satisfy their biological and physiological needs without taking
into consideration the reality.Id gives immediate pleasure to individuals and is often
irrational.
2. Ego - Ego develops when individuals start interacting with people around. Ego
helps in the fulfillment of id, taking into consideration the reality of the situation.
3. Super Ego - Super ego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized
moral standards and ideas that we acquire from both parents and society our sense
of right and wrong.
5. Behaviorist Theory:-
B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential of American psychologists. A
behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning -- the idea that
behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments,
which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again. Skinner believed
that the only scientific approach to psychology was one that studied behaviors, not
internal (subjective) mental processes.

For example : a child cries because the child crying in the past has led to attention.
These are the response and consequences. The response is the child crying and the
attention that the child gets is the reinforcing consequence.
6.Socio Cognitive Theory: This theory used in psychology, education, and

communication, holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be
directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions,
experiences, and outside media influences. This theory was advanced by Albert
Bandura as an extension of his social learning theory.
The theory states that when people observe a model performing a behavior
and the consequences of that behavior, they remember the sequence of events and
use this information to guide subsequent behaviors. Observing a model can also
prompt the viewer to engage in behavior they already learned.
Somehow similar to Bandura's proposal, Walter Mischel's Theory of Personality
states that an individual's behavior is influenced by two things- the specific
attributes of a given situation and the manner in which he perceives the situation. In
contrast to the traditional social cognitive theories, Mischel argued that a person
only behaves in a similar manner whenever these actions are highly probable to
yield into the same results. He emphasized that we have individual differences, so
our values and expectancies must be consider in predicting a person's behavior and
personality.
According to Mischel, there are five person variables that contribute to the
conditions of a specific situation. They are used in predicting how a person will most
likely behave.
 Competencies - our intellectual capabilities as well as social skills.

 Cognitive Strategies - the different perceptions of a specific event. For
instance, what may be "threatening" for you may be "challenging" to another
person.
 Expectancies - the expected results of different behaviors that are realized by
the person inside his mind.

 Subjective Values - the respective value of each possible outcomes of various

behaviors.
 Self-regulatory systems - the groups of rules and standards that people adapt
to in order to regulate their behavior.
In the end, Mischel believes that personality per se does not exist, and that our traits
are merely cognitive strategies or things that we do for us to obtain the kind of
reward we want.
7. Humanistic Theory:- One of humanistic psychology's early sources was the work
of Carl Rogers. He focus was to ensure that the developmental processes led to
healthier, if not more creative, personality functioning. The term 'actualizing
tendency' was also coined by Rogers, and was a concept that eventually led
Abraham Maslow to study self-actualization as one of the needs of humans. Rogers
and Maslow introduced this positive, humanistic psychology in response to what
they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis.
Rogers’ theory emphasized that the chief indicator that we will reach self-
actualization is our experiences during childhood. Every child needs to obtain
unconditional love and acceptance from his significant others. However, today’s
society dictates that a child will only be loved and taken good care of if he suits the
expectancies of the significant others (e.g. quiet, well-mannered, obedient). Because
of this, Rogers theorized that these external conditions give an increasing level of
influence to the person’s behavior. When his behavior and actions are continually
reinforced by such conditions, the individual develops the personality type that
corresponds to the generality of his behavior.
Maslow explained the human needs in a pyramid-like figure. At the bottom of the
pyramid are the physiological needs (air, food, water, etc). Next to it are the safety
and security needs (shelter, protection, etc). Love and belongingness needs come
next (acceptance, affection, friendship, etc). The fourth portion includes the self-
esteem needs (sense of mastery, power, appreciation, etc). And at the top is self
actualization, or the tendency of being your finest. These five human needs are the
ones that motivate us- to go from primitive needs to the higher needs.

8. Bio-Psychological theory: - Biopsychology is a branch of psychology that analyzes

how the brain, neurotransmitters, and other aspects of our biology influence our
behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. This field of psychology is often referred to by a
variety of names including biopsychology, physiological psychology, behavioral
neuroscience, and psychobiology. Bio psychologists often look at how biological
processes interact with emotions, cognitions, and other mental processes. In general
patients with brain damage have been difficult to find and study.
Stages in Development of Personality
The five stages of development are as follows:
 Oral Stage.
 Anal Stage
 Genital (Oedipal) Stage
 Latency Stage
 Adolescence Stage.
Erikson (1950) believes that personality continues to be moulded throughout the
entire lifespan from birth to death. This period has been divided into eight stages by
him. Each stage has its characteristic features marked and affected by emotional
crisis, particular culture of the person and his interaction with the society of which
he is a part.
1. Oral Stage:
This stage expands from zero to one-and-a-half years. During this period mouth is
the sensitive zone of the body and the main source of joy and pleasure for the child.
How the infant is being cared for by the mother makes the infant trust or mistrusts
the world (represented by mother) around him. If his wants are frequently satisfied,
he develops trust and believes that the world will take care of him.
In case of frequent dissatisfaction, mistrust develops leading the infant to believe
that the people around him cannot be believed, relied on, and that he is going to lose
most of what he wants. After the first six months (sucking period), the remaining
one year (biting period) is fairly difficult for the child and mother because of
eruption of teeth and weaning. If properly handled, infant’s trust gets reinforced and
he develops an in-built and lifelong spring of optimism and hope.

Persons, who had an unpleasant (abandoned, unloved and uncared) babyhood, are
likely to find parenthood as burdensome and may express dependent, helpless,
abusive behaviour, and angry outbursts i.e., oral character. To such people,
caseworker is like parents, who helps the client to verbalise his anger and distrust
and later provides emotional support and protective services.
2. Anal Stage:
Towards the end of biting period of oral stage, the child is able to walk, talk, and eat
on his own. He can retain or release something that he has. This is true of bowel and
bladder function also. He can either retain or release his bowel and bladder contents.
Now, the child no more depends upon the mouth zone for pleasure. He now derives
pleasure from bowel and bladder (anal zone) functioning, which entails anxiety
because of toilet training by parents. Child is taught where to pass urine and where
to go for defecation etc.
In this training of bladder and bowel control, child may develop autonomy, or
shame and doubt. The task of anal is to develop autonomy. If the parents are
supportive without being overprotective and if the child is allowed to function with
some independence, he gains some confidence in his autonomy probably by the age
of three and prefers love over hate, cooperation over willfulness, and self-expression
over suppression.
3. Genital (Oedipal) Stage:
The task for this period is to develop and strengthen initiative, failing which the
child develops a strong feeling of guilt. This period extends from 3rd to 6th years of
life, i.e., pre-school period. He is now capable of initiating activity, both intellectual
as well as motor on his own. How far this initiative is reinforced depends upon how
much physical freedom is given to the child and how far his curiosity is satisfied. If
he is led to feel bad about his behaviour or his interests, he may grow with a sense of
guilt about his self-initiated activities.
Erikson (1950) opines that the child takes first initiative at home when he/she
expresses passionate interest in his/her parent of opposite sex. The parents
ultimately disappoint him/her. They should try to help the child to identify with the

same sex parent, e.g., the girl should be encouraged to identify with mother and the
son with the father.
4. Latency Stage:
This stage covers the period from 6 to 11 years, i.e., school age. The child can reason
out rationally and can use the tools that adults use. The sexual interests and curiosity
(common in genital period) get suppressed till puberty. If encouraged and given
opportunity, he gains confidence in his ability to perform and use adult materials.
This leads to feeling of industry in him.
When unable to use adult materials, he develops inferiority feelings. Such children
may develop problems with peers. They need to be encouraged to interact with
classmates and be less dependent upon others.
If the child has mastered the task of genital period (initiative in place of guilt) he will
be able to master the tasks of latency (industry in place of inferiority) also provided
he is encouraged to undertake and helped to execute the responsibilities entrusted to
him.
5. Adolescence Stage:
This period, regarded as a period of turmoil, usually starts at 12-13 years and can
extend up to 18-19 years. The adolescents, during this transitional process from
childhood to maturity, behave something like an adult and sometimes like a child.
Parents too show their ambivalence to accept them in their new role of an adult in-
the-making.
This stage exhibits all the psycho-social characteristics of earlier period and only
towards the end, all these get resolved into a new set of role (identity) for the
adolescent. In order to develop a personal identity, he becomes fan of some hero,
starts following certain ideologies, and tries his luck with opposite sex.
Indecision and confusion are not uncommon in this stage. Identification with a
wrong person shall create problems for him. The task of this age is to develop
identity, i.e., values, strengths, skills, various roles, limitations, etc., failing which his
identity gets diffused and he fails to know how to behave in different situations. He
needs to be helped to deal with the physiological, emotional pressures along-with
pressures from parents, peers, etc.

Soft Skills For Personality Development

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Soft Skills For Personality Development

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SOFT SKILLS FOR PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Unit-1:- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF PERSONALITY

According to Stephen P. Robbins “Attitude are evaluative Statement-either favorable

According to R.B. Cattell - "Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a

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d. Attitude: A predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively

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Different stages of personality development:-

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3. Genital (Oedipal) Stage:

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Attitude is the tendency to react positively or negatively to a person beliefs,

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and positive attitudes: Even conscious and deliberate approaches to creative

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solutions, skills lose their sharpness, and mind becomes weak. An

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7. Values-oriented: - Adherence to ethical values despite various problems like

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Behavioral Component:-Practice will make one perfect. As one goes on developing

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1. Giving Feed-back: - By providing additional information or feedback, attitude can

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Emotional Intelligence: - Emotional Intelligence refers to the ability of an

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5. Social awareness: - people with good emotional management are able to

UNIT 3:-GOAL SETTING, VISION AND TIME MANAGEMENT

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2. IT FOCUSES THE COMPANY’S FUTURE

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time by setting deadlines. It is roughly similar to purpose or aim, the anticipated

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4) Measures Your Progress:-Goal setting works as a measuring gauge of your

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Methods to Achieving Goal:-

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Take inventory by answering the questions:-

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4) Be clear about your mission and goals in life

Time Management includes: Effective Planning, Setting goals and objectives,

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OTHER EXTERNAL PROBLEMS:- Inconsiderate neighbors, Unappreciative boss,

Things That happen inside your body:

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MOODS/EMOTIONS:- Acute anxiety (Fears/phobias), Chronic anxiety, Anger,

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Unit 4:- CREATIVITY AND CAREER PLANNING