Logarithmic Functions S< 8.1 Meaning of Logarithms 3 2< 8.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 16 2< 8.3. Exponential Equations and Logarithmic Equations 6 2< 8.4 Applications of Logarithms 35 S< 8.5 History of Logarithm Tables and Slide Rules a Understand the definition and properties of logarithms (including the change of base). Understand the properties of logarithmic functions and their graphs. Solve exponential equations and logarithmic equations. Apply logarithmic funetions to solve different kinds of real-life problems. Recognize the development of the concepts of logarithms. eer cenAn earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale occurred in the north-eastern part of Japan on 11 March, 2011. It triggered a massive fsunami which caused the Fukushima nuclear disaster. It was the largest earthquake recorded in Japan, In 1923, another carthquake of magnitude 8.3 on the Richter scale occurred in Japan, The table below: shows some information about these two earthquakes Great Kanté Earthquake Great East Japan Earthquake Date 1 September, 1923 L1 March, 2011 ‘Magnitude on the Richter seale 83) 9.0 Duration of the earthquake | Around 4 to 10 minutes | Around 5 to 6 minutes Number of deaths > 100 000 > 15 000" (The deaths were mainly caused by the tsunami.) We can measure the amplitude (A units) of seismic waves produced by an carthquake and its lozarithms (expressed in terms of lox) to calculate ‘log’ isa mathematical notation. the magnitude (M) of the earthquake on the Richter seale, QsA The magnitude (M) on the Richter scale is given by M-= log + K, where K is a constant, This formula can be converted into A According to A = 10%, how many times was the amplitude of the Great East Japan Earthquake as large as that ofthe Great Kanto Earthquake? (Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.) In this chapter, we wil lam the knowledge of logins, 10 -* tsunami Great Kanto Earthquake MAL Great East Japan Earthquake #8 AAGLocartnmicFunctore EI =f Meaning of Logarithms LA Definition of Logarithms * Do you know how to change the subjets ofthese formulae to? We learnt to change the subjects of (a) to ( by the skills learnt before. But how cam we change the subject of wer Consider x = If we change the subject of x = a’ to y, then y can be written as log,x, called the logarithm of x with base a. If =a then y= logex. ce “2 2Is the logarithm of 9 with base 3, Le. 2 = log39. Conversely, the above relation is also true, If y = logyx, then x = a’. The following are some examples of the conversion between the exponential form x = a’ and the logarithmic form y = loga2. a ee Exponential form Logarithmic fom O= fost foe eon logy 10 000 logarithm 34cragiors If x = 10, then y = logiox. We call a logarithm of x with base 10 the ‘common logarithm of . logy, can be simply written as logs. Note: When a > 0, a + 1 and x > 0, logyx is meaningful 8, log-s5, logy 7 and fogya(~3) are meaningless, ‘Complete the following tables. Exponential | Logarithmic Exponential | Logarithmic form form orm ‘form 16= 2" 5 0= logy 2| 36-6 6 2= logo 8 [Find the value of @ logarithm trom ts defniton] the value of each of the following logarithms. {@) log:8 (b) los hy (©) logn3 ‘Solution @) (b) © Find the value of each of the following logarithms. {@) logs (b) logass (©) log! 2 ‘common logarithm 73:8LocarthmicFunctore CE {Find the unknown ina logaritim from its dfintion] FRR Fine abe ot ineash ote own 3 (b) log, 100 = 2 (a) og. Solution (b) ‘log, 100 = 2 10 or 10 (rejected) ‘The base of «logarithm cannot be i negative the value of x in each of the following. (@) logs, (b) log.16 = 4 Properties of Logarithms Let a > 0 and a # 1. According to the definition, if y = a’, then x = log,y. When we replace y by a*in x = log,y, we have lopaat® = x. Substituting x = 0 and x= 1 into logya" respectively, we have logs | log,a = In fact, for any x, y > 0, we have some more properties of logarithms as follows: (1) +2) logexy = logax + logay loge log,x ~ logy loge! = hlogss where & is any real number ®HEED crocs 8. ( logss*=3 4 logad =x + logs =0 + ogaa=1 (iv) 10g) (2 * 5)=togs2-+ log)5 ——< togesy= ge + Loy (W) logs 3 = log,3 ~ logs? loge = lees — logy (wi) logs 2° = 3logs2 4 Togeat = klogex: Objective: ‘To prove the properties (1), (2) and (3) of logarithms. Let log,x = p and log,y = 4. Then x = a and y 1 weds syed 7 oe Wogexy= logsxy = loge + loge ) 2 ) 3. wa( a vad , 2 loget d= kp logs ) = kloga( ) Besides the properties of logarithms discussed before, we also have the “formula for change of base’. This formula can convert a logarithm with base a to another logarithm with base b.LocartnmicFunctone Let a,b > O-and a, 6 % 1. For any x > 0, Formula for change of base fogsx Tossa logax + Proof Let logy p and log Then x= a! and a= 6 [Uso the propentios of logartiims to find tne values of expressions} a (@) 1022 + logos (b) log: 6 — lox. 48 lop (©) Togs t25 Solution (a) log2 + log0.5 = log(2 x 0.5) . ton = log! 0 (b) 10g26 — log. 48 < bout =x lopeS__ topes (©) jopst25 = joges? logis — 4 oe = oe \ 3 Find the value of each of the following. (@) 103 + log2 —(b) log9—log90 (ce) ENE Toss? =HEED crocs Dos and Don'ts In Example 3 the flloving mistakes sou beside in calelation Correct incorect o oo @ tog2 + 1og05 = (og2ve805) Noe? + logs =e X05) a tog? + top 0.5 = og 2 +05) ° aaaiee togs6~ lop 48 = logs & | e684 = 10426 ~ ops48 = lops(6— 48) © Toes. ee mane @ og S" = (ows )* {Simpity logarithmic expressions with variables] FRR sieve te folowing expresions and a, x,y #1. logox? — logs (@) Jog. : lows ite (©) (log.»)ttog,2°) a Sohaion (a) SE ae (©) (logey)(logya°) = (log.3(3 log,2) = (ee) ee) . where a, x, y > 0 Simplify the following expressions, where a, x,y > Oand a,x, y # 1. © are © ee key ‘Express log.s?, logy + and log, V3 interns of we. EELocartnmicFunctore Note: In Example 4(b), when we use the formula for change of base, it is not necessary to use 10 as the base. If other positive numbers not equal to 1 (eg. 2 oF 3) are used as the base, the same result will be obtained. [Use variables to express the logarithm of a number] PRB tet te2 =e ant on3 = Eres te owing in tems of a.nd d, {a) log 18 (©) logis (6) 102203 7 Key Solution (a) 1og8 = log(2 > 39) Eis ae log? + log3 = log? + 2og3 a+ 2b (b) log 15 = log3 510 = log3 + log 10 log? bet-a (6) og0.3 = 3 lee Tog? 4og3 ~ log 10 Tog? Let log2 = a and log7 = b, Express the following in tems of a and b. (a) log28 (b) 1020.35 (©) logs ty EEE ox a)nace Finding the Values of Logarithms Using a Calculator We can use the (16a) key of a calculator (o find the values of logarithms with base 10 (i.e. common logarithms). (Fed he value of logan clu FBTO vs cette he ao nh of te towing correct to 3 significant figures. (a) 102762 (b) log ee Calculator Solution (@) 1og762 = 188, cor. 3 sig. ert oO Or L 100 0) (0) lox gg = 0.667, cor 103 sis fi [nner eee Use a calculator to find the value of each of the following, correct to 3 significant figures. (a) log 0.27 (b) 1og7° Eee For logarithms with base not equal to 10 (eg. logs and log, 7), we ean use the formula logy = 18% for change of base and take j = 10, Then the (log) key of a calculator can be used. [Fd he values of gars with base not equal to 10 using a calelator FBP es caettor toi he va of a of theft cottect to 3 decimal places. (a) logs4 (b) logs7 (©) lous} log Togs Solution (a) logs 4 = Calculator eying sequences = 1262, cor.t0 3p. oe @ Ge) 3 007 © Oa >@ (0) lo8s7 = jogo © C3240) 0.886, cor. 103 dp. Oem log} (©) lox: } = oat cor. to 3 ap.Locarthmi Functions Use a calculator to find the value of each of the following, correct to 3 decimal places. (@) loas9 (b) lozr6 (©) Jogi i2 : In general, we can also use a calculator to find the unknown in a logarithm. eg. logyx = 1.262 es) : Keying seauence: 8(s) L262) 00, cor. 10 3 sig. fig. 1. Which of the following can be the value of a such that log, 10 is meaningful? -1,-05,0,4,1,13 2. Without using a calculator, match the following. If 3" = 2, then x= * ae IF logyx = 3, then z= + “0 logi= + + logs20 og749 = © * logs2 logs + logs +4 loge42 — loge7 = * -0 logs8t 7 logs27 1 3. Simplify the following expressions, where x > 0 and x 1 () EE) hogs! —2loge — (@) EE (0) (logs x\(log,3) 4, Let log3 =a and log = b. Express the following in terms of a and b. (2) og12 () loa (©) 109120 (@) Londnace Oandx * 1 log2? fogs as (@) hex ©) Tae (©) lovx’ ~ Slozx (a) toast + logsx (@) (logxXlog,10) (8) (logex)(log,3) 9. If log2 = a, express the following in terms ofa (a) log4 (e) logv2 (a) log 20 (log: 10 10. If log? = m and log3 = n, express the following in terms of m and (a) los (bd) log6 (co) log:3 (@) logs Use a calculator to find the values of the following, correct to 3 significant figures. [Nos. 11-12] 11, (a) log 24 = eerie (b) 1023 000 (©) 100.05 (0) tests (0) ov 489 (eae)? 12. (a) log,5 © earvle? (b) loge7 (©) lost (9) ogi 20 Locartnmic Functions SERnace 13. Without using a calculator, state whieh part is wrong in each of the following calculations and find the correct answer. Jog 100 (@) = log: (16 ~ 8) logs8 3 a x2 . 14, (a) Show that log, = ghz, where a,x > O and a, x # 1 1 Toca (b) Given that lozs6 561 = 8, use the result of (a) to find the value of logs 4 3. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following. [Nos. 18-17] 15. (a) log v5" (b) loa 27 (6) tog'/100* (8) toe. 16. (@) log/20 ~ logv2 (©) 109s JF + logy JF (0) 1001254) ~ tgs (6) toai2* + Logs (6) log 5 + log® ~ log 12 () 3log4 + 2log5 ~ log 16 (@) 1og.2 + logs 40 ~ lowes (8) 410352 ~ 10336 logs logld ~ fog? 1og2/3 1 (0) eas (0) Joga + Zia? av ©) e503 (@) (loge 100(10¢6) © gene ()(log'¥5*)(4ogs1 000) (©) log216 ~ log (2) logs3 + logs9 = (logs 3)(logs9)18. a1. 22. Locartnmic Functions SER ‘Simplify the following expressions, where x > 0 and x ¥ 1 logs = 2logx loge l= logs VE et © ar the ©) og loot + fos oe fe) Tog(S) (f) 2logex — logs. (eet) (logsx)? = 1 ‘Simplify the following expressions, where a, x, y > Oanda,x,y # 1 e + 2lopex? (cy loeedx + loga* Toa (Oe aera (©) (loxyx?)log.y") Sony If log2 = p and log 3 = 9, express the following in terms of p and g (a) tog 12 (©) lo260 (6) los8 (6) lop2d/3 (@) toe 42 © tos f% If log3 = a and logs = b, express the following in terms of a and b {a) log 4s (©) fog 135 (6) tog 2 (2) tox 25 (©) 03506 © texZ If logx = a and logy = b, express the following in terms of a and b, where x, y > O and nytt {@) los (ion) (©) lox (6) logis ¥3) (@) toz/% (@) tox % In each of the following, express x in terms of y. {(@) logx = 2logy (b) loz(ay) = (©) lozy = logx —1 (@) flogx = 2+ logy (@) logs ~ logsy = 2 () logs(x — 29) =3 Use a calculator to find the value of x in each of the following, correct to 3 significant figures, (@) logx = 0.47 (b) lozx 135 (©) loge (6) logs = 2.6 (©) log. = 09 (loanace =f Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs Consider y= logt-Te able below shows some corresponding values of Saco eos s [ee | eset] al] vee] a] sus y [23 o [a [is [2 [26 [8 | lene tnaetaty comet to 1 decimal place if neces In y = logox, for each value of x (x > 0), there is one (and only one) fe a ‘corresponding value of y. Hence, y is a function of x. y = logsx is called tn this funtion, y i « dependent a logarithmic function with base 2. In general, ih ans on tepennt let x and y be variables, a be a constant, where a > 0 and a # 1. ‘Then y Ir Activity Use software (eg. GeoGebra, Graphmatica or Winplot) to Plot the sraphs of y = lotex for ferent valves ofa (where a > 1) fon the same soreen, Then observe their properties suc the shapes, logx is called a logarithmic function base a. Note: The domains of logarithmic functions are all positive real numbers By the above table, the graph of y = logax ean be obtained as follows: yokes Lach app Mit Tora ‘cute ling Qk coe Experian Laine Fnwon and Tet ‘Transformations g CTech 9) From the above figure, we can observe some properties of the graph of y = logox. Property of the graph Value of « and the corresponding value of y (6) | The graph does not cut the y-axis. It lies on | The domain of the function is all positive real the right ofthe y-axis, numbers, ie. > 0. The value of y ean be any real number. (b) | The graph cuts the sani at the point (1, 0). | When 1, the graph lies above the x-axis, | When x > I.y > 0. (©) | The graph slopes upward from left to right. | When the value of x increases, the value of y increases and the rate of increase of y decreases. Tablet logarithmie function 9-85 8Logarithmic Functions O—E—— Objective: To explore common properties of the graphs of the functions y Consider the logarithmic function y = logs: 1. Complete the following table = foz[os[1]2]3]«]«|« 7 y= ogee BEE (Give the values of y correct 10 1 decimal place if necessary.) 2. In the figure given, plot the graph of y = logax, 8. According to the graph of y= log.x, answer the following questions. (a) Does the graph cut the y-axis? Yes, the graph cuts the y-axis at No (b) Does the graph lie on the right of the y-axis? Yes No (c) Does the graph intersect the x-axis? Yes, the graph cuts the x-axis at No (d) Does the graph slope upward from left to right? Yes. When the value of x increases, the value of y (increases / decreases) and the rate of, increase of y (increases / decreases). No logsx have common properties? Do the graphs of the functions y = log,x and y Yes No From the above class activity, we find that the graphs of y = log: and y = logyx have the properties in Table 1 on the previous page. In general, the graphs of the functions y = log,x (@ > 1) have these Properties.nace Now let's take the function y = logi.x as an example to explore the properties of logarithmic functions with bases less than 1. The table below shows some corresponding values of x and y for y = log3 x. >la~eli[=[?][*[*[s [ 1 decimal place if necessary By the above table, the graph of y = log!ix can be obtained as follows: a i“ slog From the figure on the previous page, we can observe some properties of the graph of y Property of the graph Value of and the corresponding value of y (@) | The graph does not cut the y-axis. It lies on | The domain of the function is all positive real the right of the y-axis, ‘numbers, ie. x > 0, The value of y can be any real number. (b) | The graph cuts the x-axis at the point (1,0). | When 0 0, When x < 1, the graph lies above the x-axis. | When x = I, y = 0. When x > 1, the graph lies below the x-axis. | When x > I, y < 0. (€) | The graph slopes downward from left to right. | When the value of x increases, the value of y decreases and so does the rate of decrease of y. In general, the graphs of the funetions y = logyx (0 < a < 1) have the above properties. From the above figure, we observe that the graph of y = log}.x is the image of the graph of y = logs when reflected in the x-axis. In fact, for @ > and a + 1, the graphs of y = logi.x and y = loge are the images, of each other when reflected in the x-axis.[Solve a problem on the graphs of logarithmic functions) In the figure, the graph of y = logy is the image of the raph of y = log when reflected in the x-axis, where a Crneeded and b are constants, If the sum of a and b is greater than 6, suggest a pair of possible values of « and b. Explain your answer. x yelote 3 a Yolen Solution Ste > From the graph, @ > 1 Find the relationship sel iach ere ras between the values of eer asta aaa about the x-axis, bok It is given that a+b > 6. step > Tokea=8. Then b=} Take a pair of cee possible values of a Cente and b, Check whether In the figure, the graph of y = logsx is the image of the graph of y = logex when reflected in the x-axis, where a and > are constants. Suggest a pair of possible values of @ and b. Explain your answer. LocartnmicFunctore SER 6. StopfEQ > -. The required pair of possible Write down the contusion values are a = 8 and b = ESE onnace ‘Compare the graphs of y = 2" and y = logos in the rectangular coordinate plane. If we swap the x-coordinates and y-coordinates of every point on the + eg, Change (i. 2)10(2 1. raph of y = 2", the curve formed is the graph of y = logax. Hence, the Change (3 8) 0(8,3) ‘graph of y = logax is the image of the graph of y = 2* when reflected in the line y = x. In general, for a > 0 and a % 1, the graphs of y = a° and y = loggx are the images of each other when reflected in the line » ee al Iractivity Observe how the paps of y = a! and y= log are affected as the ‘ale ofthe base @ changes in the following website puted awocatdnaesplog Oe Whenx > Ly > 0 When > hy <0 : 2. The gregh slopes wpward fom left | 2. The graph slopes downward from igen | aig lft it 3. When te value of x increases, te | 8. When the valu of increases, the vale of y increases andthe rate of | value of decreases ands des the increase of y decreases. rate of decrease of y. ‘The graphs of exponential functions and logarithmic functions are shown below for reference: Graphs of exponential functions Graphs of logarithmic functions a>t Ot O1 obtained, write down (€) Using the result of (a), sketch the graph of y = logy in the same given graph. Locartnmic Functions CERChapters <£E] Exponential Equations and Logarithmic Equa Exponential Equations ‘An equation involving unknown index (indices) is called an exponential equation. eg, 2°=5,3°*!=3 and 3°”? = 6" are exponential equations. “+ Special types of exponential ees ene ae To solve a simple exponential equation algebraically, we can change both tans, il sides of the equation to powers of the same base and use the following Property: Ifa’ =a’, where a > O and a + 1, then x =y. {Solve exponential equations) FRR saree fotowin expe eats (@ sttas% (o) 8127 Solution (a) oe ~ 2x < Whena > 0 anda # Leweecan aban = fom a = © key Rewrite (77 0s apower of 3 Solve the following exponential equations. eee © 1 EET se. 0, «2Locartnmic Functions ET {Solve exponential equations] YM) Solve s'+5°*'=30, Solution —-S"+5°*' = 30 Key 5* 457-5 = 30 (Rewrite Tas s'+5, ‘$045)=30 {Takeout the common fete 3 5'+6=30 Solve the following exponential equations. (a) 4445! =80 (by 3°*? - 3° = 24 wa ‘When itis difficult to change both sides of the equation to powers of the same base, we can use logarithms to solve the exponential equation. {Solve exponential equations using logarithms] eee Solve 6" = 12 and give the answer correct to 3 significant figures. Solution e122 log6" = log 12 “Take common logarithms on both sides of the equation. xlog6 = log 12 logy = Kop, x fog 2 bi Tags < he + le 1.39, cor. to 3 sig. fig Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant Figures. (@) 714HEED crocs {SoWve exponential equations sing ogartns} FRR set me ttowing exponen easton and ge the answers correct to 3 significant figures @x-e! (0) 70!) <3" Solution (a) yaa! Jog3 = log 4"! tlog3 = (x + I)log4 sxlog3 = xlog4 + log xlog3 ~ xloz4 = lox x(log3 — log 4) = log ee ioga) 2 Tog3 = Toet 482, cor. 10 3 sig. fig. Coleutator Keying sequence: covleslasicores) oe ©) 7Q!-¥) = 3 log i7(2'~ *) log7 + log2'~* log 7 + (1 — 3x)log2 = 2xlog3 log? + log2 ~ 3rlog2 = 2xlox3 4 togaxy = toga + Hy log7 + log2 = 3xlog2 + 2xlog3 Jog7 + log2 = x(3log2 + 2log3) log + log ** Blox? + 2los3 617, cor. 103 Sig. fig. Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures. (a) f= (b) 4x 108"! {SoWve an application problem related to exponential equation) PRR Wis cen epost 4000 nbn a an inset rt of 6% pa. compounded yearly. At least how many years ‘megaei© ater will she receive an amount more than $7 000? Key 1 the principal is SP. the interest ratp is r% pa and the intrest is ‘compounded! yearly ‘he amount after n years ESP K+ 1%P Solution Suppose she will receive an amount of $7 000 after n years. 4.000 x (1 + 6%)" = 7 000 1.06"Logarithmic Functions 1 log 1.06" = log log 1.06 = log tee Tg 06 = 9.60, cor. 102 dp. She will receive an amount more than $7 000 atleast n 10 years later. Louis deposits $30 000 in a bank at an interest rate of 5% pa. compounded yearly. At least how many years later will he receive an amount more than twice the principal? as 2 Logarithmic Equations ‘An equation involving unknowns in logarithms is called a logarithmic equation. eg. loge = I, logys(x — 1) = 0 and logsx + logax = 7 are logarithmic equations. . ‘There are two basic techniques in solving a logarithmic equation: equations will be diseussed in : Book 58 Chapter () Rewrite the equation in the form logax = y, where y is a constant, Sa 58 Tum ‘Then we have x = a” from the definition of logarithms. (i) Change both sides of the equation to logarithms with the same base and use the following property: If log,x = logay, then x = y- [Solve logarithmic equations] Special types of logarithmic In using this method, 8 rust be rejected as logs (-8) pee Solve the following logarithmic equations. is meaningless. (a) 2logyx —3=0 (b) logs(e + 1) = 2logs2 Solution (a) 2logyx 3 =0 lousx = Fnace (©) logs + 1) = logs? logs(x + 1) =logs2? + klogex = togaa* xtls? toys = tay x53 2 Ueey Solve the following logarithmic equations (a) 3logsx + 2=0 (b) loge = 1) = 4 loge [Solve logarithmic equations] Solve the following logarithmic equations. (a) log + logsx = 6 (b) log(Ax = 1) = 1 + Logix + 2) Solution (a) loge x + logyx = 6 fogs tonsa + BES (bo) log(3xr- 1) = 1 + log(x +2) log(3x ~ 1) = log 10 + log(x + 2) log(3x — 1) = logl10¢x + 2)1 3x-1= 10+ 2) 3-1 = 10x +20 -Ix=21 3 (rejected) The equation has no real solutions. Note: We must check the answer after solving a logarithmic equation to ‘ensure that every logarithm in the equation is meaningful Think Jog(1 +2) = 10939 Treo ‘What's wrang withthe above caleulaton? Why? nae PE ated < togi0= 1 toga + Foxy lop < When loge = 1)LocartnmicFunctore EE Solve the following logarithmic equations. 0 (6) tog(x—10)=toge— +1 SESS POET) (@) logsx + logsx +4 {Solve an application problem related to a logarithmic equation} Ea On the th day (r > 1) of an experiment, the number N’ of bacteria in a specimen can be represented by the following formula: N= 100 0001ogr It is given that the number of bacteria on the s-th day is increased by 10 000 when compared with that on the previous day. {a) Find the value of 7, correct to the nearest integer. (b) After 10 days of experiment, will the number of bacteria per day be more than 100 000? Explain your answer. Solution (a) Number of bacteria on the f-th day = 100 000logr Number of bacteria on the (#— 1)-th day = 100 000 log(¢~ 1) 100 000 og ~ 100 000 og(¢ ~ 1) = 10 000 logs ~ log(t - 1) = 0.1 log ty = 0.1 4 pet ~ oy = lone 10"! t= 10-1) = 10"'r— 10" coe Calculator 10"! — 1) = 10) io! Keying sequence: = Ww }01 ICO 10 ae Gages = 5, cor. to the nearest integer (©) When > 10, logr > 1 and N When r > 10,9 > loa le logt > 1 00 000log¢ > 100 000 x 1 100 000 After 10 days of experiment, the number of bacteria per day will be more than 100 000.nace ‘The number \V of tourists visiting a certain city in the sth year after 2010 can be represented by the following formula: N= 114 000 + 100 000log(¢ + 1) It is given that the number of tourists in the rth year is increased by 8.000 when compared with that in the previous year. (a) Find the value of t, correct to the nearest integer. (b) Will the number of tourists visiting the city per year be more than 214 000 after 2019? Explain your answer. og «0 D> |. Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations. a GAME) Tea 2. Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures, (@) 2"=10 (e) ol =7 (sts 3. Solve the following logarithmic equations. (@) loz:3x=0 (b) log(x + 1) = 2l0g3 (6) logzx = logsx +2 (@) log5x = log (2x + 5) +1 4. In an experiment, the temperature /°C of a certain chemical can be represented by the following formula: 1 logit where 1 minutes is the time elapsed since the beginning of the experiment and (>I (a) Find the temperature of the chemical after the experiment begins for 2 minutes. ‘gol0h (b) If the experiment is conducted for more than 4 minutes, will the temperature of the chemical be higher than ~20°C afterwards? Explain your answer. 1 908) is inreased toP x 10, where Y= 2S 1905 Find he population of he earth in year 2016, comet 02 sigan igure Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations. [Nos. 21-29]nace Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures. [Nos. 30-35] 30, 6 = 11 seamen 31, = 3'* 32, at 33, 6(8) = 9°"! 34, 37 a5, st? 2001.54" !) Solve the following logarithmic equations, [Nos. 36-43] 36. loginx — log = 1 = tangles 87. logsx + lossx =3 38. logsx — logsx = 98. logs — logsx-1=0 40. log(x +3) - 1 = logx AA. log(2x) + 1 = log(Sr — 10) 42. loge(x ~ 15) = logax +2 43. logs(x + 5) ~ 3 = logs(4- 9) 44, The value of a machine is $450 000 now. Its value depreciates by 20% every year. At least how many years later will its value be less than $100 0007 + Eni 12 45. Mr Chan borrows $10 000 from a bank at an interest rate of 12% pa compounded monthly. For at most how many months ean Mr Chan borrow the money so that the total repayment to the bank will not exceed $11 0007 48. In an experiment, the number N of a certain kind of cells at the th hour (1 > 2) can be represented by the following formula: N= 300logs It is given that the number of cells at the /-th hour is increased by 90 when compared with that 8 hours ago. (@) Find the value of t, correct to the nearest integer: git (b) After 10 hours of experiment, will the number of cells per hiour be less than 300? Explain your answer. © fone 16 47. After a theme park has been in operation, the number Q of visits per week in the f-th week (¢ > 1) can be estimated by the following formula: Q = k-+ 2.000 logst, where k is a constant It is known that the number of visits per week in the Ist week is 100 000. (@) Find the value of k. wah (b) Will the number of visits per week exceed 102 000 after the 2nd ‘week? Explain your answer, (©) The number of visits per week in the m-th week (m > 3) is increased by 2.000 when compared with that two weeks ago. Find the value of m.LocartnmicFunctore ER = 8.4 | Applications of Logarithms EQ Richter Scale ‘The power of an earthquake is commonly measured by the Richter scale. It is a quantitative measure invented by an American seismologist Charles Francis Richter (19001985) in 1935. The magnitudes of earthquakes are measured according to the amplitudes of seismic waves produced and are classified into different grades. ‘More to Learn More information about ‘earthquakes ean be found in the website of the Hong Kong Observatory hpubwww ko gov hleducaion! ‘Magnitude M on the Richter scale = log + K Ogufd2_eathquake_ him ‘where A units represents the amplitude of the seismic wave measured and Kis a constant. [Solve a problem related to the Richter sesle] Less An earthquake occurred in both city A and city B. ‘The amplitudes recorded were 50 units and 500 units respectively. What was the difference in the magnitudes of, the earthquakes in these two cities? Solution _ Magnitude of the earthquake in city A = lox 50 + K Magnitude of the earthquake in city B = log 500 + K Difference in the magnitudes of the earthquakes in these two cities log 500 + K) ~ (log50 + K) log 500 + K— log 50. K log 500 ~ log s0 + lope Lory = loo uudes recorded in the first and the second earthquakes were 21 units and 2 100 units respectively. What was the difference in the magnitudes of the two earthquakes? Ey From Example 17, when the amplitude of an earthquake increases to 10 times the original, the magnitude will increase by 1 Richter scale 2.2.44 4)HEED crocs {SoWve a problem related tothe Richter scale} {err ‘The largest earthquake recorded in world history was the Great Chilean Earthquake on 22 May, 1960 with magnitude 9.5 on the Richter scale. In Chinese history, the largest one was recorded in Tibet on 15 August, 1950 with magnitude 8.6. How many times was the amplitude of the Great Chilean Earthquake as large as that ofthe Tibetan Earthquake? (Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.) Solution Let the amplitude of the Tibetan Earthquake be A units. 8.6 =logA+K Let the required times be x. ‘The magnitude of the Great Chilean Earthquake can be expressed as: 9.5 = logxd + K 9.5 = logx + log +K 95 = logx + 86 logs = 0.9 Calculator Keying sequence: pet” 10) 09 8, cor. 10 the nearest integer ‘The amplitude of the Great Chilean Earthquake was 8 times as large as that of the Tibetan Earthquake. Alternative Method 41. Let the amplitudes of the Great Chilean Earthquake and the Tibetan Earthquake be Aj units and Az units respectively, According tothe question, write down two logarithmic equations 2. Using logx— logy = log, find the value of 5 3. Write down the required times. a ‘The magnitude of an earthquake in an area was recorded to be 8.5 on the Richter scale. A few hours later, an aftershock of magnitude 6.7 occurred in the same area. How many times was the amplitude of the first earthquake as large as that of the aftershock? (Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.) 2D2 intensity Level of Sound In Physics, the unit of the intensity of sound is W/m*. Since the intensity of sound may vary greatly in order of magnitude (from 10-!? Wim? to 100 Wim), we often use another method to express the loudness of sound: the intensity levet For a sound of intensity J its intensity level D decibels (dB) is defined as follows: where Jp represents the intensity of the sound that we cam just hear (the so-called threshold of hearing) and Jy = 10-"? W/m, If the intensity of a certain sound is 10-* Wim’, then th intensity evel fe sound = 101g 1 100g 10 * 10 log 107 dB 10+7.4B odB eg. <= 10 Win? ” aB Note:The intensity level of he sou that we ean just ear Olas dB = 1010g1 dB = 048 {Sete problem rlated oto intent vel of sour The intensity level of a sound produced by an electric TD fan is 48 dB. Find the intensity of the sound, correct to 3 significant figures Solution _Let the intensity of the sound be / W/m’ 31 x 10%, cor. to 3 sig. fig ‘The intensity ofthe sound is 631 10" Wim, Intensity of sound 8% Logarithmic Functions Lawness of different sounds levi — 30a whisper Quiet street [50.48 [Nomnal [oon conversation Loud singing 75 a8 Busy wae [90 a8 Disco [10048 Fimunaer [120-48 [Aeroplane [130 68 More information about noise ‘ean be found io the website of the Environmental Protection Department, hpatwew.pd gor hep ose_edocationd Intensity level 3nace The intensity level of @ sound produced by an aeroplane when taking off is 130 dB, Find the intensity of the sound {SoWve a problem relates tothe intensity level of sound) Eee ‘The intensity of a sound produced by an instrument is / W/m’, After the intensity level of the sound is increased by 10 4B, will the new intensity of the sound be 10 times the original? Explain your answer. If A is 10 times 2, then A= 108, Solution Stey Tet he new intensity of the sound be V Wim, Find the vatue of 5 > Let the new intensity of the sound be J” Wim. rote” ~1ologf = 10 log. — loef. According to the question, state whether 1’ = 101 is Vv correct. Vv =10r Stey >. The new intensity of the sound will be Write down the 20 times the original. conclusion. ‘The intensity level of a sound produced by a machine is increased by 5 dB. Will the new intensity of the sound be 5 times the original? Explain your answer. 8 From Example 20, when the intensity level of a sound is increased by 10 dB, the new intensity of the sound is 10 times the original ‘More to Learn ‘Among the numbers 111%", 2 222° and 3.332", which one isthe largest? Let's use common logarithms to fin the answer! log 1) = 3401081 111 = 1036 og? 222° = 30010g2 222 ~ 1 004 log3 383 = 29010g3 333 = 1.022 For y= logs, when the valve of Jog 111” > fog3 333° > Jog? 222°” ineeasc,the valve of y increases uy We can compare the values of 1111 isthe tgs one the numbers by the ves of their Among 900 800°" and 700°, which ane is the smallest? logarithmsLocartnmic Functions EER 1. An earthquake occurred in both city A and city B. The amplitudes recorded were 60 units and 480 units respectively. What was the difference in the magnitudes of the earthquakes in these two cities? (Give the answer correct to I decimal place.) 2. The magnitudes of the earthquakes that occurred in city A and city B were 6.8 and 5.5 respectively. How many times was the amplitude of the earthquake in city A as large as that in city B? (Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.) 3. The intensity level of a sound produced by a radio is 79 dB. Find the intensity of the sound, correct, to 3 significant figures. ‘The intensity level of a sound produced by the engine of an aeroplane is decreased by 20 dB. Is the ‘original intensity of the sound 100 times the new one? Explain your answer. In Enercise 8D, unless otherwise stated, (@ the magnitude (40 of an ‘Exercise Objective Level 1 | Level2 earthquake is given by Mm lop + K, where A ole problems related to the Richter scale. +5 1019 ee represents the amplitude of Solve problems related tothe intensity level of sound. | 6-8 118 the selamie wave measured and Kis. constant; (i) for a sound of imensity 1, its imensity level (D 4B) is sivenby D= 101 Lin this exercise, unless otherwise stated, give the answers correct to I decimat place if necessary.) where = 10°" Wim? 1. An earthquake occurred in city P and the amplitude (A) recorded was 30 units. By substituting 4.24 into the formula M = log + K, find the magnitude (M) of the earthquake. 2. An earthquake of magnitude (§M) 7.2 occurred in city Q. By substituting K = 4.24 into the formula M = log + K, find the amplitude (A) recorded. 3. Two earthquakes occurred in city A. The amplitudes recorded in the first and the second ‘earthquakes were 80 units and $40 units respectively. What was the difference in the ‘magnitudes of the two earthquakes? = tmp 4. Two earthquakes occurred in a region, The amplitude recorded in the first earthquake ‘was 100 times that recorded in the second earthquake. What was the difference in the ‘magnitudes of the two earthquakes? '5. The energy released in an earthquake was 3 X 10°" units. Using the formula log = 11.4 + LSM, where & units represents the energy released in the earthquake and M represents the magnitude, find the magnitude of the earthquakenace 6. Ifthe intensity of a sound produced by a moving car is 10~* W/m?, what is the intensity level of the sound? 7. The intensity level of the sound of a crying baby is 68 dB. Find the intensity of the sound, correct to 3 significant figures, e:nple18 8 The intensities of sound measured in a bookstore and a restaurant are 10°° W/m? and 10 W/m? respectively. What is the difference in the intensity levels of the two places? 8, Suppose the law states that itis ilegal to produce a sound with an intensity Level over 80 dB ater 11 pam S25 4 man had a quarrel with bis friend at 12 a.m, (midnight) and produced a sound of intensity 107° W/m. Did he break the law in this case? Explain your answer, 10. An earthquake occurred in both city A and city B. The amplitude recorded in city A was 630 units more than that recorded in city B. If the magnitudes of the earthquakes in the two cities differ by 1, find the amplitude recorded in city B. 11. The magnitude of an earthquake that occurred in region A was 54. Another earthquake occurred in region B, “where the amplitude recorded was 15 times that of the earthquake recorded in region A. Find the magnitude of the earthquake recorded in region B. 12. The magnitude of an earthquake that occurred in an area was 8 on the Richter scale. Later, an aftershock of magnitude 6.5 was recorded in the same area. How many times was the amplitude of the first earthquake as large as that of the aftershock? % tame'8 13. Two earthquakes occurred in a region. The magnitude of the first earthquake was 1.2 greater than that of the second one, How many times was the amplitude of the first earthquake as large as that of the second 14. The intensity of the sound in a bookstore is 10™* Wim? (8) Find the intensity level of the sound, (b) Ifthe intensity level ofthe sound is halved now, find the new intensity of the sound. 15, The intensity level of a sound is 40 4B. Ifthe intensity level of the sound is increased by 25%, is the new {E22 intensity of the sound 10 times the original? Explain your answer, = E29 16. The intensity level of the sound recorded daily on a road is 50 dB. On a holiday, some people commit illegal motor racing on the road, The intensity of the sound produced is 10° times as large as that recorded daily. What is the intensity level of the sound produced in the car race? 17. The intensity levels of sound when Peter talks and sings are 55 dB and 75 dB respectively. Find the ratio of the intensity of sound when he talks to that when he sings. "18. After the intensity level D dB of a sound is increased by 50%, the new intensity of the sound is 10 times the original, (@) Find the value of D {gui (b) If the intensity level D 4B of the sound is increased by 100%, is the new intensity of the sound 20 times the original’? Explain your answer.LocartnmicFunctore CEI 8.5 | History of Logarithm Tables and Slide Rules Scientists often have to handle operations like multiplication and division, taking the square or the square root of extremely large numbers. Before the invention of calculators and computers, they used logarithms to do such calculations. £4 Logarithm Table In the common logarithm table (in short, the logarithm table), we can find the approximate value of the common logarithm of any number between 1 and 10, Below is an extract of the logarithm table, ofale in the Difference Column represents the valve 0.001 1 eg. () log2.1 + 03222 (ii) log 2.35 © 0.3711 (iil) log 2.476 ~ 0.3927 + 0.001 1 3938 For a number M not between 1 and 10, its common logarithm can be found by the method below. logM = log(p X 10") = logp + log 10" = logp + n, where p is a number between 1 and 10, and n is an integer. eg. (iv) log? 350 (W) 1og0.023 5 og (2.35 x 10°) log (2.35 X 10) = log 2.35 + log 10° = log 2.35 + log 10 = 03711 +3 = 03711 +(-2) 3711 628 9 “Tho approximate value is between and I, an is correct to 4 decimal places. Suistory of mathematics The Scots John Napier (1580-1617) inverted logartoms aod the lgait le. Before the invention of calcu, logins were widely used in astonony ating ign, egineting sed mila to simplify many numerical callin Think Using the logarithm table, find the ‘ales of the folowing logarithms. (a) 1022.06 (B) Iog2142 {6} e229 (@) log0.248nace B Antilogarithm Table If logx = y, then x is called the antilogarithm of y. + Infact. When the logarithm of a number is given, we can use an antilogarithm table to find that number, The approximate value of the antilogarithm of + The approximate vale is between any number between 0 and 1 can be found from the antilogarithm table. 1 and 10, and iscoret to 4 significant Fgutes. Below is an extract of the antilogarithm table, 1 atone a ofiljalalal}siel7i}s}o = =| fee eemlamfom|? 3 2 [2 tc] sp tL Se no bites caurm ew 0.501, then x = 3.170. 0.527 5, then x = 3.365 + 0.004 = 3.369, For a number M not between 0 and 1, its antilogarithm (in short, antilog) ‘can be found by the method below. Let Ay +, here $l uber Batonen Od 1 i a clog Then antitog M= 10" = 10?*" = 10 10" = (antilog y) x 10" Gules ex. (W) antlog 2.501 (0) antilog (1499) Leta yy Ug (antilog 0.501) x 10° {antilog 0.501) X 10°? | the logarithm table and the = BEIM x 107 ~ BEB x 107 tnt eid he vale 317.0 03170 [Bin Tae logarthns en bot ies] Slide Rule Slide rule is another ealeulation tool designed by applying the concept of SZ pistory of Mathematics logarithms. We can use the slide rule to do multiplication and division, Jn 1632, the English mathematician William Oughtced (1575=160) designed the lide cue, ‘The accuracy of the readings on the slide rule can only be correct to 3 decimal places, and there are certain limitations and inconvenience. ‘The slide rules are no longer used today since the 20th century when calculators appeared atlogarithm 38 98LocartnmicFunctore @ZEM o< Ce me cla Example aon ca Exponentialform | Logarithmic form (@) fx =", then y - 1 0 = logs! (b) If y = logax, then (6) losiox (or log.) represents the common 1000 = 10) 3 = Hoe! 000 logarithm of x. a a a=@) cae Note: logax is meaningful only when x > 0. 1 6 Properties of Logarithms Let a,b > 0,a,b + Landx,y > 0. (@) logsa’=x — (b) logst (c) log,a=1 (d) logaxy = log.x + logay (6) loge 5 = log.x ~ logay (1) logex* = Jog,.x (kis any real number) (9) log.x = [28% (formula for change of base) oyerrgerser iets! a? ree] (0) 05:30 ~fogs6 = logs 32 = logs = logs/3 _ tog,3? a) Togs9 loga3’ Eee (6) loga2 = HH Logarithmic Functions Let a be a constant, where a > 0 and a # 1. .y = log, is called a logarithmic function with base a and its domain is all positive real ‘numbers, The valve of y can be any real number. log is a logarithmic function with base 2. Graphs of Logarithmic Functions y= loge tet) y= ega x east) i * aS 2 (a) The graph does not cut the y-axis. It lies on the right of the y-axis. (b) The graph cuts the s-axis at the point (1 , 0) ‘The figure shows the graphs of y= 4", y = log. and y = loge.x. The graphs of y = 4" and y = log. are the images of each other when reflected in the line y =x.checers Note Example (6) The graphs of y = logix and y = log, are the images of each other when reflected in the a-axis (8) The graphs of » images of each other when reflected in the line y= x a and y = logex are the © When the value of x increases, the valve of y 471 | increases and the rate of Increase of y decreases. ‘When the value of x Increases, the value of y decreases and so does the rate of decrease of O 1 1 Oanda + 1 (@) An equation involving unknown index (indices) is called an exponential equation. (i) Ifa" =a’, then x=. (W) Ifa" = y, then x = logay = logy Toga (b) An equation involving unknowns in Iogarithms is called a logarithmic equation. (If logyx =, then x = a (i) If log = logay, then x = y. 2, cor. to I dp. loxs(x + 1) xt x | log@@x— 1) ead xed logx Applications of Logarithms (@) The magnitude Mf on the Richter scale and the amplitude A units of the seismic wave measured: M= log + K, where K is a constant. (b) The intensity of sound J (W/m?) and its intensity level D (4B): D= 100g, where fy = 10" Win Let M= log + 4.24. If A= 70, M=log70 + 4.24 6.1, cor. 10 1 dp. If the intensity of a sound is 10° W/m’, the intensity level =LocartnmicFunctore ER ><] Supplementary Exercise sercee obec ecole meee “The copies of some figures Conversion between exponential form and a are given in the “Figure aa {eau tom, | Duplicates’ on P.A23 Evaluate logarithms or logarithmic expressions, 20,21 Gar Calculation of fogarithms involving variables. 22-28 ‘Sketeh the graphs of igarimie or exponential 28 | functions or solve probleme related to the graphe | 10-12 26-28 of logarithmic functions. ‘Solve exponential or logarithmic equations. sso 8 | Soive application problems related to exponential (The magnitude (A) of an or ogarthmic equations, neaeaae| ane earthquake is given by Mm log + K, where A ve problems related to the Richer soa) 6 ae Sve prone sto the Flenter seaie represents the amplitude of 80 | Sove problems elated tothe intensity evel of | 4g Th the seismic wave measured sound |e and Kis corsa Open-ended Question 26 For a sound of intensity 1, its imensity level (D a) is Intagrated Questions (cross chapters) 4 pee eae ae siven by D= 10lor f “Muttiple-choice Questions “97 sia Public Exam Questions set were fy = 10°!" Won Un this exercise, unless otherwise stated, give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.) 1. Convert each of the following expressions into logarithmic form. (a) 001-107 — (b) 9? =27 () (677 2. Convert each of the following expressions into exponential form. (a) Toya (b) losss16=0.5 (6) lond = 3y (A) 10g,8 = 3. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following logarithms, (a) log1 000.000 (b) loss gy (©) loe¥TO00 (A) logias5 4. Ineach of the following, find the value of x (2) togx= 4 (O) lows 4 (© tog 8=-4 — ) ton, 5. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following, (@) 1og126 + log 24 (b) 1029 ~ 210830 tops 2 . (©) apes (@) Htogs* + b10g2'checers 10. Use a calculator to find the value of each of the following. ©) ae (@) (1og,32) ra (e) logs 410 ~ (a) logs2.5 = Tog 08 Simplify the following expressions, where x > 0 and x +# 1 loses" te) omineeet (6) 1028 — logs 4e (2) (og, 100X3 1ozx) If logs = &, express the following in terms of k (@) top 125 (b) lon 35 (©) lon¥5 (2) 105100 If log2 = p and log7 = 4, express the following in terms of p and 4. (@ loz 14 (0) Jog3s (©) 037 (a) 10832 The two curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic x functions y= logi.x and y = log}. (a) Write down the corresponding logarithmie funetions for Cy and C: (b) Cand Cy cut the x-axis at @ point. Find the coordinates of that point. According to the graph given in each of the following, sketch the graph of the required function in the same given graph, [Nos. 11-12] n (@) y= love (b) y= lop2xLocartnmicFunctore EZ 12. (a) y= (b) y= logasx 1. Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations, (@ oa6t @ 3*-!=0 () S*>' = 125 @ 1 14, Solve the following exponential equations. (a) 30° 3.4 (®) 125° (©) 43 =50 (@) 25% = 800 16. Solve the following logarithmic equations. (2) }logs(1 =x) = 1 (b) 2log5 = log(x + 1) (€) logs (15x — 2 10427 (© keg (2r+1)+ tg =0 16. Anthony deposits a sum of money in a bank. The amount $A that he can receive after n years is given by the following formula: 2.000 x 1.07" Atleast how many years later can Anthony receive an amount more than $2 8007 17. The profit P (in million dollars) in the mth year (n > 1) after a company hhas been set up can be represented by the following formula: P=2+ login (@) Find the profit in the 3rd year after the company has been set up. eps (b) Is it possible that the profit of the company per year is less than 2 million dollars? Explain your answer.checers 18. Two earthquakes occurred in an area, The magnitude of the first earthquake was 6.4 and the amplitude recorded was 250 units. The amplitude of the second earthquake was 1 250 units. Find the magnitude of the second earthquake, correct to 1 decimal place. 49. The intensity level of the sound at a concert is 92 dB. What is the intensity of the sound at the concert? (Give the answer correct to 2 significant figures.) ‘Without using a calculator, find the values of the following. [Nos. 20-21] 20. (a) log, 72 (b) logs Yer (©) losV0.1* (a) loz 4 21. (@) fogs + 2logvs (b) 10227 - log90 (€) }loe:81 — tog: 12 log. 3 () (©) (losr4}(loe: ¥7) © 22. Simplify the following expressions, where x, y > 0 and x,y # 1 logx + log’ tog ops + logs? fo) 198:8! = logs! esis ar Slos Vx + 38x logs ~ los} (©) tals sles oa eee ayy (osstviloes") (o) easton cy Seseiess) loss Sty? 23. If log3 = p and log7 = g, express the values ofthe following in terms of p and 4. (@) tog210 (b) log} (©) 108363 (9) logy 147 24. If log2 =» and log3 ¥, express the values of the following in terms of x and y eco: © tort 6) wef 25. Ineach ofthe following, express xin terms of y (@) lops(3x—4y) =2 (0) top, /% + tomy =2 “(e) logs’ = 1 + lox SyLocartnmicFunctore LEH In the figure, the graph of y = logy is the image of the graph of y = logex when reflected in the x-axis, where a and b are constants. IF € > 16, suggest a pair of possible values of a and b. Explain your logax are the images of log, and 27. In the figure, the graphs of y = (LY and y cach other when reflected in the line y= logy. cut the x-axis at a point P. x The graphs of y (a) Find the value of a (b) Find the coordinates of P. (€) Find the range of possible values of b 28. (a) According to the graph of y = 2.5", sketch the ‘graph of y = logs in the same given graph. (b) (Write down the coordinates of the point at which the graph of y = log:.x cuts the x-axis, i) For the function y x increases, will the value of y increase or log: sx, when the value of decrease? (il) When 0 < x < 1, find the range of values of y for the function y = logasx 29. Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations (33-7 & (4) (e) 5°25" = 48 (e) +2 80. Solve the following exponential equations. ae © (3) * @ 2s" = 12 (a) 3 (e) 8! () Peete! fe) 180"!checers at. 32. 33. °34, 35. 36. 37. 38. Solve the following logarithmic equations. (2) log dE + logis =2 (©) lor (©) 2los:s4x = loss(x + 1) (2) ogs(3x~ 1) logox +3 (©) log(Sx + 12)=log(2e~3)+2 — (N) logs(2x~ 1. (@) Solve 10"- 10"! = 9, (b) Solve log(10"~! + 9) =x, (a) Simplify 2°°* ~ 2% (b) Solve logs(2" + 12) =x +2. (@) Rewrite 2 — 1og25 in the form of log, where kis a constant. (6) Solve 2(2 — 10g 25) = log(4""! + 12). The value of an antique watch is $13 000 now. Ts value increases by 4% every year. At least how many years later will the value of the watch be more than $20 000? A biologist investigates the number of fish in a lake, The number P Of fish in the lake after m years can be represented by the following formule: P= 1 000(1 + A)", where k is a positive constant It is given that the number of fish is 1 100 when n = (@) Find the value of k (b) At least how many years later will the number of fish be twice the initial number of fish when the lake is first investigated? According to a research of oceanography, for every metre that a diver ‘20es down, the light intensity will decrease by 2.5%. How many metres should a diver go down such that (@) the light intensity is one fourth of that at the water surface? (b) the light intensity is 1% of that at the water surface? (Give the answers correct 10 the nearest integer.) In a fresh shrimp stall, the relation between the price (Sx) of the fresh shrimps per 100 g and the weight (WV kg) of the fresh shrimps sold per day is given by the following formula: N= 74—SOlogx, where 1 B) are the two roots of the equation x° — 3x +1 = find the values ofthe following expressions (@) loge + lose (b) 472 o ’ (Leave the radical sign * J" in the answers if necessary.) (©) by 48. The figure shows the graphs of C: y= logsx and [: y= x + 2. C cuts the x-axis at a point A. B and D are points on I. and C respectively such that AB L BD and AB 1 the x-axis, (@) Find the coordinates of 4, B and D. (b) L; is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining A and D. L, cuts the y-axis at a point E. (Find the equation of Ly go2i (ii) Is AODE an isosceles triangle? Explain your answer, 47. (@)_ By taking logarithms on both sides of x = pq’, show that z logax = logsp + ylogzg. () The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between y and aaa logex. If x = pq’, find the values of p and g. #48, na research, the number y ofa certain kind of bacteria on the ath day or (x > 0) cam be modelled by the following formula: ab", where a and b are constants. (2,5) A researcher uses the dita from the research to sketch a straight line raph of logy agalnst x (@) Find the values of a and b. (b) If the number of bacteria on the i-th day is increased by 458 752 ‘when compared with that on the previous day, find the value of t. (©) At least how many days Later will the number of bacteria exceed 6600 000 since the start of the research?LocarthmicFunctore EE Multiple-choice Questions 49, tex = 1007~% then 2= 54, Leta and b be non-zero integers A. 100" — If 16 = 64°, then a: b= ; er eee io aes ©. y— Dogs. eae pees D, 4:1 55. If 2 logylx ~K)= 0, ten x= 50. If x and y are positive numbers with x * 1, then He i ae A. 100+K: B. 94K. A. 2 (logxX(logy). c. 10°**, Be Blogs + ey tk c. 24+ ee. ce 56. The intensity ofa roll of thunder is 0.2 Wim, By using the formula relating the intensity 7 (Wren?) of sound and its intensity level D (4B): 51. Find the value of (logs 9logp2), correct 10 D 2 decimal places 2logy Tose intensity level of the thunder, carrect to the AL 0.23 nearest integer. = oe A. 9308 > ED B. 103 4B Ce C. 113 dB a D. 1234p 52. If 10" = 2 and 10° = 7, then log 4? A optima, 57. B. 2p+ 10-4 in cp +l0—g. pet {a.8) bo. 2: 53, Which ofthe following can be the graph of the eee ion y= log? A * c. 4 ‘The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log,p and logy. If y = Ap", then a Q | = AO. BI 8 x aoe c2 Ds olchecers Public Exam Questions 58. 59. 60. et. 62. IHKCEE 03 (A1)) Solve the equation °*! [HKOSE Sample Paper (B)] GB marks) A researcher defined Seale A and Seale B to represent the magnitude of an explosion as shown in the following table: Seale | Formula A B It is given that Mf and NV are the magnitudes of an explosion on Scale A and Scale B respectively while F is the relative energy released by the explosion. If the magnitude of an explosion is 6.4 on Scale B, find the magnitude of the explosion on Scale A. THKCEE 99 (A) 63, If 4" =a, then 16" AL 4a, B. a’ c. a D. 24, B 4 IHKCEE 99 (6)), 64, re eever erst oee AL y= VO. 100 + x7 = (10 +a) 10x". 100% TAKCEE 05 (4) or 27 and x, y are non-zero integers, then BI 3 C4 3 (5 marks) IHKCEE 04 (8)) 165 = 10° and 7 AL b-a-1. B. b-a+l. [HKCEE 05 (2) Ifa and b are positive integers, then log (a"b") = AL ablog(ab). B. abilogaXloab) ©. (a+ d)log(a +b). D. bloga + aloge, IHKCEE 06 (8)), Let a and b be positive numbers If log f, = 2logb, then a = AL 1087 B. 200. c. +10, D. 2+10.66. [HKCEE 11 ()) 67. 68. 69. 70. ‘Which of the following is the least? Resta B. 2345!7" ©. 3.45615" D. 7390'*” [HKDSE Sample Paper (8) ‘The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between x and logsy. If y= ab", then A Iowa n. B. cs D. [HKOSE Practice Paper (6)] Let b > 1.1 a= logab, thea 4 en Bono cee sae Togs THKDSE Practice Paper (B)] ‘The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between logs/ and logsx. If tony east LocarthmicFunctore EE [HKDSE 12 (8)) ‘The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between x and logay. If y = mn, then hh toa [HKDSE 13 (8)) x io z 7 ‘The figure above shows the graph of y = ab", where a and b are constants. Which of the following graphs may represent the relation between x and logsy? A ery AN VYConventional Questions (11 marks) 1. Solve the equation 9 ~* = 27. (3 marks) 2. Let 2 = 10° and 6 = 10°, Express log 180 in terms of a and 2, (3 marks) 3, An engineer defined Scale X and Scale ¥ to represent the magnitude of a chemical reaction as shown in the following table: Formula A= logsE B= logisE A and B are the magnitudes of a chemical reaction on Scale X and Seale ¥ respectively while F is the ‘energy released by the chemical rection. Ifthe magnitude of a chemical reaction is 4.8 on Scale X, Find the magnitude of the chemical reaction on Seale ¥. (S marks) Multiple-choice Questions (8 marks, 2 marks each) 4 2-7 =a theny= AL loge ~ x. B. x= loge. wa: Dx § pe 5. Which of the following is the greatest? eae ‘The graph in the figure shows the linear relation B. soo between logp and logy. If y= kp", then k = c. 600% A DB. 700%" 6. Lety > 1 If xlog,7 = 1, then x = B. c. D. A. oes}. 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