More about Basic Properties of Circles 11.1 Properties of Cyclic Quadrilaterals P< 11.2 Tests for Cyclic Quadtilaterals 2< 11.3: Tangents to Circles S< 11.4 Angles in the Alternate Segments S< 11.5. Geometric Proofs on Circles 11.1 Discuss the properties of eyctic quadrilateral. °<1L2 Understand the tests for four coneyclic points and cyclic quadrlaterals. <1IL3 Understand the theorems about tangents to circles and check ‘whether a line isa tangent to a circle. °< 11.3 Find the unknowns using tangent properties. S Solution ZABD = 90° (2 in semi-circle) Key (civ) “The marked angles form the ZCBD = ZCDB ioe) ppoate anges of the elle ABC + 2 ADC = 180° (opp. 25, cyclic quad.) ae 180° 90° + ZCDB + 45° + 2CDB = 180°Chaptr 1 In the figure, ABCD is a semi-circle. AB = BC and 2BAC = 20°. Find 0. 1 Exterior Angles of a Cyclic Quadrilateral ‘The figure shows the cyclic quadrilateral PORS, The side PQ is produced to a point K outside the circle. The angle x is called an exterior angle of the cyclic quadrilateral, and the angle y is called the interior opposite angle corresponding to x. Theorem 2 Ina cyclic quadrilateral, the exterior angle 8. is equal to its interior opposite angle e le x=y [Reference: ext. 2, eyelic quad.) \ i In the figure, PORS is a cyclic quadrilateral. PQ is produced to K. Let 270 In the figure, find an ante! 80° cj, Z0mst tne snes sich he x ste nrioe 180° ‘opps angle comespoding otis segletese angles yt c= 180° opp. 2s, este quad caaihittan 180° - 2 x eg. In the figure, DAE is a straight line. Find x. X= 65° (ext. Z,cyelic quad.) Interior opposite angle F134 ANore about Basie Properties of Cries QE In each of the following, ABC is a straight line. Find the unknowns. [Find unknowns involving exterior angle ofa cyto quadilatoral FED inte tue, ne an equi wane, ABC an CDE are straight lines. If 4 BED = 25°, find @ and ¢. Solution — ZBAE=60" —(propertvof equil. 6) BAB (ext. 2, epee quad.) “The angles marked in the same = 60° colour are equal ZAEB = 60° (property eull. 6) = ZAED (ex Z, evel quad.) ZAEB + £BED 60° + 25° = 85° In the figure, PQ = QT = TP and PTU is a straight line, Given that 2SQ7= 40°, find x and y. EEE 6-02Capit {Find unknowns involving exterior angle ofa eycic quadiatral FRR tbe tae, 0 a CO ave sth tins. FE = FD and AB // CD. If 2 ABC = 65°, find m and n. Solution (alt. £5, AB #1 CD) (ext 4, evel quad.) Dos and Don'ts Pxterior | Corresponding intrir| (siren) i (base 2 isos. 8) role | _opposite ra ZCHE K ee ZECE ZBCF K ee Zone Y (2 sum of 4) In the figure, DEF and BCD are straight lines. BA I] DF and CD = CE. If 2 ABF = 52°, find 6 and ¢ Find the unknown in each of the following figures. [Nos. 1-3] AOD is adiameter of | CDE is astraight line BED and CFD are the circle, and AD: BCD = 1:2, straight lines, and BC=CD,Mors abou Base Proportes ot Gree EIEN 4. In the figure, PTS and QRS are straight Lines. PQ=PT, ZROT = 20° and ZRTS = 70°, Find x and y. Exercise Objective Levelt | Level 2 1.2.7.8 1820-22, Find unknowns using opp. 2, cycle quad: 11418 24.27 96.919, | 19-21,23, Find unknowns using ‘ext. 2, eyclie quad, eae | saan Find the unknowns in the following figures. [Nos. 1-12] 4 A ee) , : - ir E BAE and CBF are straight lines, = Game ADE is a straight line. ABE and CDF are DAE isa straight line. straight lines,Chaptr 1 RST is a straight line. 12, D AOD and CDE are straight fines ABC and FED are ABC and AED are straight lines. straight lines 13. In the figure, CDE isa straight line. £ABO = 55° and 2 BOC = 130°. (@) Find 208c. (b) Find ZADE, 14, In the figure, AB !/ CD, FB i ED and ZABF = 60°. (@) Find 2CDE, (b) Find 2CFE. 18. In the figure, DOA is a diameter of the circle, If “ABC = 118°, find (@ 24 (b) Zc.Mors abou Base Proportes of Cree EEN 16. In the figure, DCE and AOD are straight lines. If < ECB fa) 2BAD, (b) ZADB. 70°, find 17, In the figure, HNME is a eylic quadrilateral, LAMW isa straight line, i wore r 24, In the figure, two circles meet at A and C, ABK is a straight line and ZABC = 130°. (@) Find 2A00. (b) Find 28CK. 25. In the figure, CB is a diameter of the circle CBD. CBA and CDE are straight lines. {zn (a) Is RE a diameter of the citcle AEDA? Explain your answer. (b) If ZBCD = 35°, find ZABC. 26. In the figure, ADF and CDE are straight lines. 1F @ DGE : EF : FD = 11:5: 2, find 2 ABC. 4 le a e ¥ 27. Inthe figure, ZAPQ =x and 2BRQ = y. AB isa diameter ofthe circle. Find x + y. [Hint: Join AR or PB.|Mors about Base Proportes of Gree EEE a 11.2 | Tests for Cyclic Quadrilaterals Points lying on the circumference of the same circle ate said to be £ coneyelic. eg. As shown in the figure, P, Q, R, S ate coneyclic points. Not f four points are coneyclic, a unique circle can be drawn through 7 these four points a From §11.1, a cyclic quadrilateral has two properti ‘Theorem 1 ‘Theorem 2 xey= 0" ‘The opposite angles are | Each exterior angle is equal to its supplementary. corresponding interior opposite angle. ‘The converse of these two properties is also true, which can be used as tests for coneyelic points or cyclic quadrilateral. ‘Theorem 3 (Converse of Theorem 1) If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then the vertices of the quadrilateral are concyclic. ie, IF 2P+ ZR= 180° or 20+ 2S = 180°, then P, Q, R and S ate concyclic. [Reference: opp. 2s supp. Suppose 2P + ZR = 180° in quadrilateral PORS, and the circle which passes through the points P, Q and S cuts QR at T’as shown. Join ST. 2STQ = 180° = 2P opp, £5, evcle quad. ZR+ LRST= 2STQ ext. Zof 2R+ ZRST= 180° ~ 2P ZRST = 180° —(ZP + ZR) j80" ~ 180° a The points R and T coincide, ie. P,Q, Rand § are coneyclic. coneyelic #18HEED crane: Note: For the case where QR does not cut the circle, i.e. only QR produced cuts the circle, students may try to prove it as an exercise. eg. In the figure, determine whether A, B, Cand D are coneyclie. ZA+ £0= 59° + 125° 80" S.A, B, Cand D are coneyclic. (opp. 2 supp.) ‘Suppose y = x in quadrilateral PORS. y+ ZPOR = 180° adj. 250m st tine ox + ZPOR = 180° P,Q, Rand $ are coneyelic. opp. £8 supp. eg. In the figure, CDE is a straight line, Determine whether A, B, C and D ate concyclic. ZADE = ZABC = 115" A,B, Cand D ate concyclic. (ex. 2 = int opp. 2)Mors abou Base Proportes of Cree ERE ‘The converse of Theorem 9 in Chapter 10 (ie. regarding angles in the same segment) is also true. It can be used as a test for coneyclic points or cyclic quadrilateral. ‘Theorem 5 If S and R are two points on the same side of the line segment PO and ZPSQ = 2PRQ, then the four points P,Q, R and S are coneyelie, ie. Ix=y, then P,Q, Rand $ are coneyclie, [Reference: converse of 2s in the same segment] ‘Suppose x = y, and the circle which passes through the points P, Q and cuts QR at T as shown. Join PT. x= 2PTO 2s inthe same segment yt ZRPT= ZPTO ext, Z of yt ZRPT= x ZRPT=x-y o The points R and T coincide. ie. P,Q, Rand $ are concyclic Not ‘or the case where QR does not cut the circle, (ie. only QR produced cuts the circle), students may try to prove it as an exercise. eg. Inthe figure, determine whether A, B, C and D are coneyclic. ZADB = ZACB = 68° A,B, Cand D are coneyclic. (converse of 2 in she same segment) Note: If four points cannot satisfy the conditions in Theorem 3, 4 or 5, then they are mot coneyelic and the quadrilateral formed by these vertices is not a cyclic quadrilateralCapit In each of the following figures, determine whether A, B, C and D are coneyclic. If 0, give a reason. te A - A Ee B 4B D A g ; : 2 7 >< . a : ¢ ai , DCE is a straight line. [Test whether four points are concyclic) PRD 82 eo ie toning ties, (determine whether W, X, Y and Z are concyctic, (find (a) (b) x 5 w NY ae V2¥ is a straight in. Soltion ——(@) () ZW2Y+ ZWXY= 110° + 40" +30° = 180° “WAX, Vand Z are concyelic. (opp. Zs.supp.) (i) From (a)(i), W, X, Yand Z are coneyelic. av (és bem pa im 4 (&) ) 2VZW= 20° + 90° wNcca 10° Zwxy Yand Z are coneyelic. (ext. 2 =int.onm. 2) (i) From (by(), WW, X, ¥-and Z are concycic. Ss c+ 2ZWX = 180° (opp. £5, eyelic quad.) c+ 45" = 180°Mors abou Base Proportes of Cres EEE Inceach ofthe Following figures, (0) determine whether A, 2, C and D are coneyetic, (i) find 8 CDE is a straight line. EM 24579 [Find unknown ina eye quadtilateral QUKe) Find the unknown angle b in the figure. R Level 5g Solution 2PSQ = 2PRO = 42° Ee . PORS is acyclic quadrilateral, (converse of £5 in the a b+ 42° + 58° = 180° In the figure, BCD is a straight line ind ¢. (Tos for acy quadelatoral FRG he se, an ae the mips of chs 4B and CD respectively. AB and CD intersect at Z (a) Find ZOXA and 2O¥C. (b) Determine whether OXZY is a cyclic quadrilateral,Chaptr 1 AX = BX OX LAB line joining centre to mid. of chord chord) Z0XA cy= py oy .cD lie joining cenare to mid-p.of chord + chord) Z0ye Solution (b) 20XA + Z0YC = 90" +90" = 180° OXZY is a cyclic quadrilateral. (opp. 2s supp.) In the figure, O is the centre of the semi-circle ACB. CN AB and Mis the mid-point of chord BC. (@) Find Zomc. (b) Determine whether CMON is a cyclic quadrilateral. {Tost whether four points are concyctc} FRO ete 0H sa pratoeam (a) Find 0. (b) Determine whether M, N, & and 5 are coneyclie. Sol (a) ZMNR = 2MPQ= 80° (ext. 2, evel quad.) c= ZMNR= 80° (ait, £5, PS #1 OR) (b) Z0RS = ZOPS = 80° (opp. £5 of tteram) 2PM! 80" (irom (ay) ie. ZORS = ZPMN “MLN, Rand $ are coneyelic, (ex. £ = int opp. 2) In the Figure, ADF and BCE are straight lines. AB if DC I) EF. (@) Find @ and ¢, (b) Determine whether ABCD is a cyclic ‘quadrilateral,Nore about Basic Properties of Cicies @ERER In each of the following figures, determine whether A, B, C and D are coneyclic. [Nos. 1-2] a pia. In each of the following figures, determine whether ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. If so, find the unknowns. (Nos. 3-5] BCE is a straight line, PDA is a semi-circle. PAB and PDC ate straight lines. Mma Exercise Objective Level? Level2 eat for concyotis points (or cyclic quadhlateral) using ‘ope. £8 supp 1.4.9,1015,19,20 eat for concyctis points (or cyclic quadhilateral) using fx. 2 = Im oD. 25,792 17.21 Test for concycti points (or eyeic quadhiterals) using | 36,17, | 16,18, “converse of = in the same segment. 8 22.26 Determine oycie quadriateralfs) in the figure, “ 7Chapter 11 In each of the following figures, determine whether A, B, C and D are concyclic. [Nos. 1-3] oe : 7 : ; — fi A « 7 xe oe a “~" = bompes a EDC is a straight line In each of the following, determine whether A, B, C and D are coneyclic. If so, find the unknowns. [Nos. 4-6] BCE is a straight line EDC is a straight line, In each of the following, determine whether PQRS is a eyclic quadrilateral. [Nos. 7-10] mm 8. s 5 / : PIR and QTS are straight lines. 10. z Ts @ Lt y> gMors abou Base Proportes of Cree EET 11. In the figure, AC cuts DB at a point F. ZBAK = 20°, ZEAD = 35° and ZCDE = 20°, Find ZEBC. = borpie6 12. In the figure, BDC is a straight line. ZADE = 65° and ZABC = 65°. Find x+y. 19. In the figure, ACE and BCD are straight lines. AC = DC and BC = EC. pola (a) Is it true that AABC = 4 DEC? Explain your answer. (b) Determine whether A, B, E and D are coneyclic. a D 2 ‘a 14, In the figure, BCE and DCF are straight lines. Which quadrilateral(s) 4 a S268 is/are cyclic quadrilateral(s)? Explain your answer. 15, In the figure, BFA, BCD, ABC and FED are straight lines. ZABC = 50°, ZBAC = 45° and ZFDB = 35°. (a) Find 2ECB and 2EFB, (b) Determine whether F, B, Cand E are coneyclic. fame? 16. In the figure, AB is a diameter, AC is produced to point D where 8 DE 1 AB and DE cuts the chord CB at a point X. (a) Find 2 XCD. al 2 (b) Determine whether C, D, B and F are coneyelic.HED cra 17. In the figure, AC and DB intersect at a point B. ABP is a steaight line. ce ZADB = 39°, ZDCB = 60°, £DBC = 77° and ZCBP = 82° Z| (@) Determine whether ABCD is a cyelie quadrilateral (b) Find ZACD. = cones 1. In the figure, ADE is a straight line. AB !/ DC, ZABD = 35°, ZADB = 70° and 2 BEC = 35° (@) Determine whether BCED is a cyclic quadrilateral, (b) Find 2cBE. 19. In the figure, AD is an altitude of ABC. E and F are points on AB and 4 AC respectively such that DE LAB and DF 4. AC. (@) Determine whether A, , D and F are concyelic. (b) Determine whether B, C, F and E are concyelic. 20. In the figure, two circles with centres C and D intersect at two points A and B. ZAPB + ZAQB = 90" (a) Find ZACB + ZADB. le (b) Hence, determine whether A, C, B and D are concyclic, a 21. tne pre, PAB and PDC are srg nes. PA = 2 om A ag. PD = 3 em and DC = 1 em ae (a) sitine that APAD ~ PCED Exp yur ase ty (6) Determine whether ABCD is a eyelie quadrilateral . em 22. Inthe rg, there are to concent cls with comnon cent 0 OC an BOD ae sah ne KS» (b) Determine whether A, B, C and D are concyclic.Mors abou Base Proportes of res EEE \L 2 eo a 23. In the figure, ABCD is a square. BECG is a straight line. AE 1. EF and FC is the angle bisector of 2 DCC. (a) Determine whether A, F, C and F are coneyelic. Uline: Join AC) (b) Find 2 EAF, 24. In the figure, G is the centroid of AABC and AB = AC. MGC and NGB are straight lines. pote (a) Is it true that AMBC (b) Determine whether B, C, N and M are coneyclic. ANCB? Explain your answer. 25. In the figure, AABC is a right-angled triangle with right angle at C. AB and BC cut the circle at D and E respectively. CD is an altitude of AABC. AE cuts the circle at F. (a) Write down the triangle(s) in the figure which is/are similar to ACD, (b) Determine whether A, D, F and C are concyclic. 26. In the figure, OG cuts the circle at A and OG L EF. The lines EA produced and FA produced meet the circle at C and B respectively. Determine whether B, C, F and are coneyelic. (int: Join OC oF OB.) "27. In the figure, DC /f EB. CE and DB intersect at F and DF = CF. pols (a) Can quadrilaterals ABFE and ABCE be cyclic quadrilaterals at the same time? Explain your answer (b) tis given that FDC = 32°, ZEDB = 56° and 2 EAB = 124°, (Find all the eyclic quadrilaterals in the figure. (i) Find 2E8¢. sChapter 11 GE] Tangents to Circles EQ Basic Properties of Tangents to ‘When a straight line and a circle lie in the same plane, there are 3 possible cases: cles a @ @ ‘They do not intersect. | They intersect at one | They intersect at two point. points, In case (2), the straight line touches the circle at only one point. This straight line is called a fangent to the circle. The point where the line touches the cirele is called the point of contact. ‘We will focus on this case in the following sections, eg. Inthe figure, PQ is the tangent to the circle at the point T and T is the point To describe a tangent to circle, of contact. the point of contact should be clearly stated Note: One and only one tangent can be > + @ drawn through any point on a circle. point ntact tangent Objective: To explore the relation between the radius of a circle and the tangent to the circle. 1. In Fig. I, the line MP intersects the circle at two points T’and 0. Let £709 = x. (@) What kind of triangle is AO7Q? aorgisan triangle. (b) Express OTP in terms of x. @ zorp= tangent 29% point of contact 2738More about Basie Propotis of Circles 2. Suppose the line MP is rotated clockwise about 7 so that point Q gets closer and closer to T, as shown in Fig. I (a) How does the size of x change? el (b) What is the size of ZOTP when Q coincides with T DP . (i.e, MP becomes the tangent to the circle at 7)? w oc Fig. tt ‘The results obtained above may help us understand the properties of tangents to circles: IT activity ‘The theorem can be illustrated using software (eg. GeoGebea, Sketehpad or Wingeom). Draw the figure and drag Q along the circumference, Explore the change: ‘of ZOPR as Q approaches. In the figure, AB is the tangent to the circle at point P. Suppose OP LAB is not true. Draw ON such that ON . AB and it cuts the circle at point @. SS venoms ineg som \ OP > ON=00 + ON a es oe ns eg, In the figure, AB is the tangent to the circle at point P. Find 0. = 90" tangent 1 ais) Nef “‘Chapter 11 ‘The converse of Theorem 6 is also true and is stated as follows: Note: Theorem 7 can be used to test whether a straight line is a tangent toacircle In the figure, suppose line Lis perpendicular to radius OP and cuts the circle at point Q. In AOPQ, op = 09 20PQ = 20QP = 90° But 2OPQ + ZOQP + £POQ = 180" 90° + 90° + 2POQ = 180° ZPOQ = 0° adi ase 2, isos. & ue sum of & P and Q coincide. ‘The line Land the circle intersect at only one point. the tangent to the circle at point P. eg. In the figure, Q and R are two points on the circle, Determine whether CD is the tangent to the circle at Q. ZOQD = 30° + 60° 90° ie. OQ 1 cD : be ee ee @ From the above two theorems, we can deduce that: ow ean we find the location of the centre ofa gven circle?Nore about Basie Properties of Cries QT In each of the following figures, TAP is the tangent to the circle at A. Find the unknowns. [Nos. 1-3] ai a oA 4, In the figure, P is a point on the cirele, APB is a straight line, OP = 16 cm, OB = 20 cm and BP = 12 em. Is AB the tangent to the circle at P? (Find unknown using basic properties of tangents [5) In the figure, PR is a diameter of the circle POR. SROP Js a straight line. $Q is the tangent to the circle at Q and £0PO = 26°. Find £OSR. Solution 095 = 90° (eangent 4 radius) “OP =00 vay base 2, isos. A) In APQS, ZPOS + ZOSR + ZOPQ ZOQP + Z0QS + ZQSR + ZOPQ 26° + 90° + ZOSR + 26° ZQSR 80" (2 sumef &) 180°Chapter 11 In the figure, BC is a diameter of the circle ABC, BOCD is a straight line. AD is the tangent to the circle at A and 2ADO = 46". Find 2 ABC. Es 9-8 =» {Determine whether a straight tne s a tangent), GETIE! n the figure, chord AB cuts the radius OP at point M. Levelt AM = BM and AMB /! CPD. (@) Find 0 (b) Determine whether CD is the tangent to the circle at P. Solution (a) AM = BM ‘sven OM 1 AB ine ining centre to mia. of chord chord ie. 20MB = 90° = zoue (oom. £5, AMB II CPD) 90" (0) = 90° rom (a) ie, OP LCD CDis the tangent to the circle at P. (converse of tangent radius) In the figure, OA is perpendicular to the a straight line PAQ. BOA is a diameter and RS I! PQ. Determine whether RS is the tangent to the circle at B. E12. 16Mors abou Base Proportes of Cres EEE (Find radi of cls using basic properties of tangents} FR tbe awe, 0 ite exmoon cen of to onsen circles. KY is a chord of the larger circle and touches the smaller circle at M. Z is a point on the larger cit that O, Mand Z are collinear. XY = 30 and MZ radii of the two circles. Je such Find the Solution Join OX, Let r be the radius of the smaller circle. "2 OMA XY ——Gangent 1 radius) XM = YM (perpendicular from cemre 0 chart bisects chord) 0 ie. XM= 4x¥ L $130) =15 Ox = 0Z +9 (raat) In AOXM, OM? + XM? = OX? (Psth. theorem) P+ is =(r +97 P4225 27+ 18+ 81 Isr = 144 OZ=8+9=17 ‘The radii of the smaller and the larger circles are 8 and 17 respectively. DOMC is a diameter of the larger circle. a)‘Chapter 11 In each of the following figures, 7M is the tangent to the circle at A. Find the unknowns. (Nos. 1-2] 3. In the figure, ADOB is a straight line. C is a point on the circle, c where CA = CB and OAC = 28°. 15 AC the tangent tothe citle § ¢S@*/~ atc? y b 4. Inthe Figure, O is the common centre of two concentric circles. PO » is a chord of the larger circle and it touches the smaller circle at T. If the radii of the larger and smaller circles are 15 and 9 respectively, find the length of PQ. Exercise Objective Levelt | Level2 Find unknowns using tangent 1 radius" 19,1515 | 17-25,26 Determine whether a straight line isa tangent toa orcle using ‘converse of tangent radive oe eee In each of the following figures, TA is the tangent to the circle at A, Find the unknowns, Nos. 1-9] | @ » b * 7 *Mors abou Base Proportes of ree ETI TBO is a straight line ad * BATis a straight line. AOB is a straight line. 780 is « straight tine. bane In each of the following, T is a point on the circle and PTR is a straight line. Determine whether PR is a tangent to the circle. [Nos. 10-12] 10. WwW 12. T P Wee, R ‘ L Y Bem, is tom bare 19. In the figure, QP is the tangent to the circle at P. ORG is a straight line and ZOQP = 48° (a) Find 2P09, (b) Find 2 PSR. 14, In the figure, TA touches the circle at A. BAP is a straight line ZTAP = 40° and ZOAD = 30° (@) Find 2BA0, (b) Find 28cD,HEED chart 18. In the figure, NP is a diameter of the circle MNP. NOPQ is a straight line, MQ is the tangent to the cicle at M. Find x. 7 Np we 16. The figure shows two concentric circles with a common centre 0. QOP, COD and APB are straight lines. Q is a point on the smaller circle. AR touches the larger circle at P and CD // AB. Is CD a tangent to the smaller circle? 17. In the figure, CT is a diameter of the circle, AT touches the circle at T: @D. o a + 2 ¢ @ The radius OH is produced to meet AT’ at A. CH is produced to meet AT. \ nB £CBT= 56" (a) Find 2BCT. 2 in (b) Find Zoar [aX 1. In the figure, ST touches the eirele at C.OC / AB and 2BCT= 34° (@) Find 2ABC. (b) Find 2048, 19. In the figure, AB is the tangent to the circle at C. If 2BOA = OB = 12 and OA = 16, find the length of (a) 4B. (b) 0c. 5Mors about Base Proportes of Gree EEE 20. In the figure, AT isthe tangent tothe circle at 7: OBA isa straight line and ZATB =x. (2) Expeess ZAM in terms of (b) If TAB = 32478, find 2ATB. a ZS - r 21. In the figure, MN is the tangent to the circle at PMN J! QR and Py 7 ” ZQOR = 128" (a) Find 2008. (b) Find 2MPO. sea), 22. In the figuee, OR is a diameter of the citcle POR. ORS is a straight line. 2 SP is the tangent to the circle at P and 2 PSQ = 24°. Find 2 PQS. @ i s 23. In the figure, O is the common centre of two concentric circles. PQ is p 1 chord of the larger circle and it touches the smaller circle at S. R is, ‘a point on the larger circle such that O, S and Fare collinear. PQ = 90 and RS = 25, Find the radii of the two circles. benpls 1? i r 24. In the figure, BA is a diameter of the circle ABC. BCT is a straight line, BA = 30, BC S and CP= 11 © (a) Find the lengths of AC and 7A. (Leave the radical sign *y’ * in the answers.) a 4 {gals (b) Is TA the tangent to the circle at A? Explain your answer. TTChapter 11 25. In the figure, PT'= QT and S is the mid-point of PQ. ST is a diameter of Q s ‘ 22 the circle. Does PQ touch the circle at S? Explain your answer. Ww NY 26. In the figure, AOC is a straight line, If AB and BC are tangents to the circle such that AB = 21, BC = 28 and ZABC = 90°, find the radius of the circle. a Tangents from an External Point ¢ Fig.2 As shown in Fig. 1, we can always draw two tangents to a circle from an external point T outside the circle. ow many tangents toa circle can be drawn fom a point T inside the Let O be the centre, P and Q be the points of contact. Join the line circle? segments as shown in Fig. 2. Consider AOPT and 4007. ZOPT = ZOQT=90° | tangent 1 radius or=or common side op = 00 rut AoPT = Aogr RUS ‘Therefore, we have: @ 7=10 (or. sides, = 48) < TP and 70 are usually called the © 2r0P= 2700 (eon 2s, 289 lengths ofthe tangens (i) ZOTP = ZOTQ (corr. 25, =A)More about Basie Propotis of Circles ‘These results can be summarized in the following theorem: eg. In the figure, EA and EB are the tangents to the circle at A and B respectively. (a) Find 2£08, (b) Find 2AB0. (c) Find the length of BE. (a) ZEOB = ZEOA — (angent properties) angent properties) (angent properties)‘Chapter 11 In each of the following figures, TA and 7B are the tangents (0 the circle at two points A and B respectively. Find the unknowns. {Find unknown using tangent properties) FRG te sae, 0 iste cee of te iss ce of ABC. AB, BC and CA are the tangents to the circle at points R, P and Q respectively. If ZAQB = 125, find ZACB, Solution Let ZOAB= a and 2OBA=b. In A0AB, a+b+ 125° (2 sumof 4) ath 2080 =4 (eangent properties) 2PRO In AABC, ZACB + ZCAB + ZABC (angent properties) 80" (2 sumof A) ZACB +ata+b+b= 180° ZACB + 2a + 6) = 180° ZACB + 2(55°) = 180° 2ACB = In the figure, O is the centre of the 100° respectively. If 2 ACB = 100°, find @. ; [poe pe pS ° =| &) > y emMore abou Base Proportes of Gres EET [Find unknown using tangent properties) FRED ite tere a a Acre he anges oe ite PRS et at R and Q respectively. If 4QAR = 44° and 2 POC = 26°, find 2 PSR. ‘ 6 Solution In AAQR, AQ=AR (tangent properties) ZAQR = ZARQ (base 2s, isos. d) ZAQR + ZARQ + ZOAR= 180" — (Zsumor A) 2ZAQR + 44°= 180° 2ZAQR = 136° ZAQR = 68° ZAQR + ZROP + ZPQC= 180° (adj. 2.0m st. ined 68° + ZROP + 26° = 180° ZROP = 86° 30" (opp. 2s, eyelie quad.) 30" ZPSR+ ZROP ZPSR + 86” 2 PSR = 94" In the figure, PQ and PD are the tangents to the circle ABCD at A and D respectively. If ZAPD = 66° and 2QAC = 72°, find CBD. e 4, @ , In \. EE ss)Chaptr 1 [Find unknown using tangent properties) FRE reir tts mere in AB, wt Yd 4 Z are points of contact. If AB = 11 em, BC = 15 cm and /, WN 7 2 \C = 14 cm, find the length of AX. TA an 2 c $1 om 1 Solution Let AX =x em. 4 BX = AB AX = (11 —x) em raf By = BX angen properties) x (1-x) om (-x) em, AZ= AX tangent properties) xem i eaY em © CZ=AC— AZ = (14 — x) em cr=cz tangent properties) (14 — x) cm BY +C¥= AC (1-9) +42) 215 2x= 10 x5 The length of AX is 5 cm. In the figure, a circle is inscribed in : APOR, where A, B and C are points of contact. If PQ = 21 em, OR = 12 cm and 21g0 PR = 13 cm, find the length of BR. ¢ sem AH nea ey 7021 (Find unknown using tangent properties] In the figure, ED, DB and BA touch the circle at E, Cand A nop respectively. ED // AB, ED = 9 and AB = 16. (a) Is 2B0D a right angle? Explain your answer, ‘ (b) Find the radius of the circle. | 2Mors abou Base Proportes of Cree EEE Solution (@). ZOAB= ZOED = 90" (tangent 1 radius) ED fi AB Both FO and OA are perpendicular to ED and AB. ©. BOA is a straight line With the notation in the figure, ZAOB = ZBOC =x (tangent properties) ZCOD= ZDOE = y ——Caangertproperies) xtety+y= 180° (aij. Zsonst tne) x+y=90° ie. ZBOD = 90°, which is a right angle (b) From the results of (a), AE passes through 0, OA L AB and OE L ED. Construct DG -L AB. Then EDGA is a rectangle, Let r be the radius of the circle. In ADGB, GB = AB~AG=16-9=7 angen properties) angen: properties) DG? + GB = DB* (Psth theorem) ‘The radius of the circle is 12 In the figure, ABCD is a trapezium and BOCE is a semi-circle. AB, AD and DC touch the semi-circle at B, E and C respectively. AB = 4, DC =9 and 2 DOC = x. (a) Express 2AOB in terms of x. (b) Find the radius of the semi-circle. EEChapter 11 Common Tangent A straight line that is a tangent to wo or more circles is called a ‘common tangent to these circles. L In the figure, Z is a common tangent to the two circles. it ie Zommon tangent ‘When two circles intersect at only one point, they are said to touch each other and the intersection is called the point of contact. We can draw only ONE common tangent to the two circles passing through the point of contact. Consider the following cases. Case 1: When two circles touch each other externally at point A (Fig. 3), PQ is the common tangent and QAO" is a straight line. ie. PQ 1 QAO’ and 00" = 0A + AO" Low Case 2: When the two circles touch each other internally at point B (Fig. 4), AC is the common tangent and 00’B is a straight line. ie. AC L 00'B and 00" = 0B -0'B Think 4 How many common tangents can i be drawn to the touching circles in i Fig, 3 and Fig. 4 respectively? a e Fig. 4 eg. In each of the following figures, two circles with centres A and B touch each other at T- If the radius of circle A is 8 em and the radius of cirele B is 3 em, find the unknowns, 0 ( =) Si er | AB=AT+7B x=843 u ‘More to Learn We can always draw 4 common tangents to 680 non-intersecting circles as show, Ly La, Ly and Le are common tangent’ othe two circles. ‘common tangent 49% touch externally 97 touch internally 49Mors abou Base Proportes of ree EEN {Find unknown using commen tangent FRRBTE te fee to cles win cme A and Bie ah other externally at one point, PQ is a common tangent to the circles. AP = 16 m and BQ = 4 m, Find the length of PO. Join AB and construct BC 1. AP. “2 PQ is a common tangent. Solution AP 1 PQ and BQ | PQ. (tangent 1. radius) . PQBCis a rectangle, = PO. AC= AP ~CP 16-4) m 2m CB? + AC? = AB (Pyth, theorem) ca = 1207 12? m = 16m cB om In the figure, two circles with centres A and B touch each other externally at one point. PQ is a common tangent to the circles. If AP = 4 and BO = 9, find the length of PO. an 6‘Chapter 11 In the figure, PQ and PR touch the circle at Q and R respectively. Write down (@) an angle which is equal to 2QPO, (b) an angle which is equal to 2 POR, (6) line segment of equal length as PO. In the figure, O is the centre of the inscribed circle of 4 ABC. The circle touches AB, BC and CA at P, Q and R respectively. If ZOAB = 32" and ZOBC = 24°, find e. Inthe figure, AW and AC are the tangents to the circle WXYZ at W and X respectively. If 2CXY = 82° and 2 ¥ZW = 122°, find m. In the figure, PQ, RS and QS touch the circle at A, B and C respectively. If PQ // RS, AQ = 9 and BS = 25, find the radius of the circle ‘les with centres A and B touch each other ‘PQ is a common tangent to the circles. If 12 em, find the radius of the larger circle. In the figure, two externally at one AB= 13 cm and PQMors abou Base Proportes of Gree ERE Exercise Objective Level 1 | Level 2 Fin unknowns or determine whether two ne segments ate equal in length using tangent propertos: ereeuee | aeeeen Find urknowne using property of wortauching orcles, | %816,47 | 20 In each of the following figures, TA and 7B touch the circle at A and B respectively. Find the unknowns. (Nos. 1-6] : — * yo ‘ {tol aul r Q ~~ s NU TOC is a straight line. ey In each of the following figures, two circles with centres A and B touch each other at point M. Find the radius of circle B. (Nos. 7-8] 7. AB= 106m, AM=6em & AB= Tom, AM= 12m 45Chaptr 1 10. 1 12, 13. 4, In the figure, a cirele is inseribed in A ABC, where X, Y and Z are points of contact. If AX = 4 em, XB = 10 cm and CZ = 12 em, find the perimeter of A ABC. In the figure, PA, RB and AB are the tangents to the circle POR at P, R and Q respectively. If £PAQ = 84° and ZBRO = 59°, find £POR. = Gane In the figure, O is the centre of the inscribed circle of AABC. This circle touches AB, BC and CA at P, Q and R respectively. If OA = OC and ZOAC = 35°, find ZABC. In the figure, O is the centre of the inscribed circle of AXYZ. ‘This circle touches XY, YZ and ZX at P,Q and R respectively. If ZOYX = 35° and ZOZY = 19°, find 2X02. In the figure, BE and BD touch the circle at A and C respectively. AO is, produced to meet BD at point D and ZADB = 20° (@) Find 2COD and 2COB. (b) Hence, find 8. In the figure, PQ and PY are the tangents to the circle WXYZ at X und ¥ respectively. If ZWZY = 108° and ZOXW = 49°, find ZXPY,Mors abou Base Proportes of res EEE 16. In the figure, AD, DC and BC are tangents to the circle at A, F and B respectively. If AD = 2, BC = 8 and the perimeter of the quadrilateral ABCD is 28, find the radius of the circle. 16. In the figure, two circles with centres P and R touch each other externally at one point. QS is a common tangent to the circles, where Q (0 om and RS = 8 em, find the and $ are the points of contact. If PR length of QS. = oansie16 Se, 17. In the figure, points A, B and C are the centres of three circles A, B and C respectively. Cirele A and circle B touch each other externally at P. Cirele A and circle C touch each other internally at P. AP = Sem, BP = 4 em and CP = 2 em. (a) Find the length of AB. (b) Find the length of AC. 18. In the figure, an inscribed circle touches the three sides AB, BC and CA of AABC at Z, X and ¥ respectively. ZABC = 52° and ZZXY = 44°. (a) Find 2AcB. (b) Find 2xYZ, : ® 19. In the figure, AB and AC are the tangents to the circle XYZ at X and Y respectively. If ZXZY = 52°, find ZOAX. ARy 2 yeChaptr 1 21. 22. 23. 24. In the figure, a cirele is inscribed in AABC, where X, ¥ and Z are points of contact. If AB = 19 em, AZ = 10 em and CZ = 7 em, find the length of BY. = tions \¢ In the figure, a circle is inscribed in APOR, where A, B and C are points of contact. If PQ = 12 em, OR = 14 em and PR = 10 em, find the length of AQ. In the figure, the four sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are the tangents, to the cirele at P, Q, R and $ respectively. AB = 26 em and DC = 12 em. (@) Determine whether AD + BC is equal to AB + DC. (b) Find the perimeter of the quadrilateral In the figure, PV, PY and YZ are the tangents to the cirele at V, X and Z respectively. If PV /f YZ, PV = 16 and ¥Z = 8, find the radius of the circle, correct to 1 decimal place. v frp 15 In the figure, BA and DF are two parallel tangents which touch the circle at B and D respectively. AF is the tangent to the circle at point F. AE is produced to meet DF at point C and ZACF = 70° (@) Find 2048, (b) Find ZA0c, c iyMore about Basie Propotis of Circles 25. In the figure, an inscribed circle touches the sides AB, BC and CA of AABC at P, Q and R respectively. ZOAB = 28° and £OBC = 36" (a) Find 2A0c. (b) If the perimeter of AABC is 18 em and BC = 6 em, find the length of AR, 26. In the figure, an inscribed circle with centre O touches quadrant ABC at P. The circle touches CA and BA at Q and R respectively. The radius of the cirele is 3 em (a) Find the length of OA (b) Find the radius of quadrant ABC, (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.) 27. In the figure, O is the centre of the semi-circle APB. An inscribed eirele with centre Q touches the semi-circle at P. The circle also touches the diameter AB of the semi-circle at C, AC = 12 cm and CB = 8 em. (@) Find the length of OC. (b) Find the radius of the circle. *28. In the figure, two circles with centres A and B touch each other externally at one point. The common tangent MN touches the circles at P and Q respectively. AP = 9 em and PQ = 12 em. (a) Find the radius of the circle with centre B (b) Find the area of the quadrilateral ABQP. #29, In the figure, circle AFHD is larger than circle BCGF. AB, DC, ETG ‘and HTF are common tangents to the circles, where A, B, D, C, E, G, F and Hf are points of contact. Find all pairs of line segments of equal lengths in the figue.Chaptr 1 =O) Angles in the Alternate Segments In Fig. 5, PQ is the tangent to the circle at point A and AB is a chord of the circle. and «rare the angles included between the tangent and the chord, They are called tangent-chord angles Fig. 5 ‘The chord AB divides the circle into two segments ACB and ADB. ‘The segment ACB lies on the altemate side of @ and is called the alternate segment corresponding to 0. The segment ADB lies on the alternate side of @ and is the alternate segment corresponding to «@. In Fig. 6, let X be any point on ACB. Then 2AXB is the angle at the circumference subtended by chord AB at X and called an angle in the alternate segment corresponding to 0, In Fig. 7, ZAYB is an angle in the alternate segment corresponding to @. c 8 8, x > . \ ao @ Fig.6 Fig.7 tongent-chord angle 8132 alternate segment ®2485 4% angle in the alternate segment A788 445908 1 8Mors abou Base Proportes of ree EE Obj ive: To explore the relation between a tangent-chord angle and its corresponding angle in the alternate seament. a me P + @ Fig. 1 In Fig. 1, PQ is the tangent to the circle at A. AB is a chord of, the circle, Construct the diameter MA and join BM. Let X be a point on the major are AB. MBA = 90" (Z insemicirele) +c +90" = 180" (Z smog 6) Ore Ota angers radius) bee (Zin the same segment) Fig. Jn Fig. Il, PO is the tangent to the circle at A. AB is a chord of, the circle. Let Y and N be any points on the minor and major ares AB respectively such that AYEN is a cyclic quadrilateral a+ d= 180° (aaj, 2s 0mst. tine) bte (opp. 25, eyelie quad) atd Bul (proved) a P. @ a Use software (e.g. GeoGebra, ‘Sketchpad or Wingeom) to draw the figure above (where PDs the tangent to the eiele at A). Drag point B along the circumference Use the measuring funetion of the software to compare: 2. In the figure, AC is the tangent to the circle at B. FE isa diameter of the circle and 2 FBA = 25°, Find ZEFB. 3. Inthe figure, AB // ED and ZACE = 2 BCD. Determine whether ED is the tangent to the cirele at C. rah» Exercise Objective Levelt | Level2 Find unknowns using “~ in alt, segment’ 0.1119 | 16-20 Determine whether a sagt ine sa tangent using 10.148 | as “eonverse of 2 inal. segment 41. In each of the following figures, PQ is the tangent to the cirele at A. Find the unknowns. (@ BC is a diameter of the circle.More about Basie Propotis of Circles 2. Ineach of the following figures, BC is a diameter and PQ is the tangent to the circle at A Find the unknowns, 2D PBOC is a straight line RCS is a straight line. ‘3. Find the unknowns in the following figures. (@) MN and KL touch the circle at (b) KL and Ki touch the crete at A and B respectively. A and B respectively. © w es x 4 L 4, In the figure, STs the tangent to the cvele at RI ZPRS = ZORT, what SES" kind of triangle is A POR? Explain your answer. : respectively. Q is a point on the major are PR. If OX 1 OY, find 8. ex iN é i :10. 1 12, Chapter 11 In the figure, TP touches the cirele at S. £ SRN ZMNR = 32°, Find 2 RST. In the figure, PQ is a diameter. YX touches the eirele at R. IF ZXYQ = 27° and ZORX = 43°, find 2 POY. In the figure, PAQ is a straight line, BC is a diameter of the circle. 1f ZABC = 36° and 2BAQ = 54°, determine whether PQ is the tangent to the circle at A. = tiansie19 In the figure, AB is a diameter of the cirele, ZCBA = 45° and CT if AB. Determine whether CT is the tangent to the circle at C. In the figure, AC touches the circle at B and is parallel to chord DE. If £DBE = 42CBE, find 2 DBE. In the figure, a circle with centre 0 is the inscribed circle of AXYZ, Where P,Q and R are the points of contact. If ZOPR = 67°, find 22XY.Mors abou Base Proportes of Gres EET 19, In the figure, PS is the tangent to the circle at point P. ORS is a straight pian line, PS = 10 em and RS = 5 em. bem ppbie(a) Is it true that APSR ~ AQSP? Explain your answer. (b) Find the length of OR, 14, In the figure, AE touches the circle at B. ZCDB = 55° and 2 CAB = 70°. (a) Find ZACB. {b) Determine whether AC is the tangent to the eirele at C. 16. In the figure, P, Q and 2 are three points on the circle. SRT is a straight e line, PQ = PR= PT and ZOPR= ZTPR. Determine whether ST is the tangent to the cirele at R. ee : peer wr 4 (b) Find 2 OPQ. = comple 18 P iS, ae er : point on the circle and | le e 4, In the figure, CE touches the circle at D. If 5 ° ZCDB= ZBDA= ZADE, prove that 4ABD is an ‘equilateral triangle. a Exercise Objective Levelt | Level2 Proofs involving diameters, tangents and concyclc points (orcyelc quacriateral) eters Gee roo ung varus prove fois roa | wae 1. Inthe figure, A, 8, Cand D are four points on the crse, IF ABCD is & 4 square, prove that AC is a diameter of the circle. 2. In the figure, P, Q and Pare three points on the cirele. SRT is a straight line. If PR = QR and Z POR = ZORT, prove that ST is the tangent to the circle at R. % fmie20Mors abou Base Proportes of Cres EISEN In the figure, QS cuts PT at point R. PQ // ST and PR = QR. Prove that POTS is a eyelic quadrilateral. + Gn 2) In the figure, AB is a diameter of the circle and ED 1 AB, Points D and E lie on AB and CB respectively. Prove that A, D, E and C are concyclic. In the figure, ABCD is a rectangle, P is a point on the circle and OP bisects AB at N, Prove that CPD touches the circle at P. In the figure, O and O" are the centres of the larger and smaller circles respectively. Point A lies on the larger circle. Point B lies on the smaller ciscle, AB touches the larger circle at A. If OA i! BO, prove that AB is the tangent (0 the smaller circle at B. In the figure, B and C are points on AD and AE respectively. AB = AC and BD = CE, Prove that BCED is a cyclic quadrilateral In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogeam. ABOP is a eyelic quadrilateral Prove that C, D, P and Q are coneyelic. P, @ s = ~ s 4 o, KChaptr 1 10. nn 2. 13. 14, In the figure, P, Q and R are three points on the circle. QRS is a straight line and AQ = PS. PR is the angle bisector of ZQPS. Prove that PQ is a diameter of the circle. In the figure, both PNO and ANB are straight lines, and AN = BN. (@) Prove that PA = PB. (b) Prove that 4 PAN'= 2 PBN. In the figure, PCQ is a straight line. Chord AB is parallel to PQ. If AC = BC, prove that AQ touches the circle at C. In ABC, point K is the orthocentre of A ABC. CK produced cuts AB at point D and BK produced cuts AC at point F. Prove that B, C, F and D are coneyelie, In the figure, A, B, C and D are four points on the circle. AC cuts BD at point X. (@) Prove that AAXB ~ ADXC. (b) If AB 1 DC, prove that 2AXz 22 BAX. In the figure, ABP is a straight line. A, B, C and D are four points on the circle and OC // AP. (@) Prove that £AOC = 22 CBP. (b) If 2CBP = 67°, find 2048,More about Basie Propotis of Circles 15. In the figure, AB is a diameter of the circle, C is a point on the circle, =< BP touches the circle at B. AC is a chord parallel to OP. VY (a) Prove that AOCP ~ AOBP. 4 P f (b) Prove that CP is the tangent to the cirele at C. 16. In the figure, A, B, C and D are four points on the circle. BEFD is a a straight line. AC cuts BD at point £. CF 1 BD and ZBCA = ZFCD =x. 7 (a) Express ZADB and 2 FDC in terms of x (b) Prove that AC is @ diameter of the circle fe > 17. In the figure, BCD is a straight line. AC is a chord of the cirele suet that AB = AC. AD is another chord of the citcle such that AD = BD. (a) Prove that AB is the tangent to the eirele at A (b) If 2CAD= 21°, find 2BAC. a 18, In the figure, the line ACB touches the two circles at A and B respectively. CD Is the common tangent to the two circles at D. (a) Prove that Cis the mid-point ofthe line segment AB. (b) Prove that ADB is a right-angled triangle. 19, In the figure, PC and PD are tangents to the circles with centres E and F cespectively, where C and D are the points of contact. CAD and PAB are straight lines. ZPCD = x and ZCDP = y. (a) Express 2 CBD in terms of x and y, (b) Prove that B, ' P and D are concyelic. (6) Prove that x= y. = bangleChaptr 1 a1. 22. *23. *24, In the figure, chords PA and PB cut chord DC at Q and R respectively, and DP = PC. Let £PBD =a and £DC/ (@) (Express 2DQA in terms of a and b. (li) Prove that ABRQ is a cyclic quadrilateral (b) If 2DBC = 70° and ZPRO = 80", find ZBDC. In the figure, evo circles intersect at two points P and Q. APD and BOC. a are straight lines. (@ Prove that ABCD is a trapezium. (©) IF AC cuts the circle ABQP at ¥ and cuts the circle CDPQ at X, prove that 2APK = £CQY. In the figure, is the in-centre of ABC. The angle bisector of ABC 2 cuts the eircumscried circle of AARC at D. (@) Prove that In the figure, G is the circumcentre and His the orthocentre of AABC, Where 2 BAC = 60°. BG produced meets the circumscribed circle at F (@) Prove that AFCH is a parallelogram, (b) Prove that AH = AG. In the figure, BGF, BHCE and AGIC are straight lines. ZABC= 2BFE=90° and AB = BF = BC. (@) Prove that JF bisects 2 BFE. r (b) Prove that ABET = ABCL (©) Prove that /is the in-centre of A BEF. a mn oF