Filmtec Reverse Osmosis & Nanofiltration

membranes Fundamentals

Abdelhakim El Fadil
TS&D
May, 2015

The Dow Chemical Company

Agenda

1 RO & NF fundamentals

2 FilmTecTM innovations

3 Dow DWPS* homepage

DOW RESTRICTED 2
1. RO fundamentals
Membrane Operation Modes
a. Dead-end Filtration
b. Cross-flow Filtration
(Tangential)

Not feasible for RO/NF:

A. Sparingly soluble salts Required for RO/NF:
precipitate and foul the A. Sweeps away membrane foulants
membrane.
B. Minimizes concentration polarization
B. Filter cake build-up
C. Generates a concentrate stream and a
permeate stream

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1. RO fundamentals
Basics of Reverse Osmosis

Water Salt

Permeable membrane

4
1. RO fundamentals
Basics of Reverse Osmosis

Osmotic
pressure Salt
Water

Semi-permeable membrane

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 1. RO fundamentals
Basics of Reverse Osmosis

Osmotic
pressure Application of pressure greater than
osmotic pressure of solution
Sorption: either adsorption or
absorption of the particles in the
Salt membrane
Water

 Diffusion of water but not salt through

a semipermeable membrane in direction
opposite of natural flow
Operated in crossflow mode to sweep
away concentrated salts
Semi-permeable membrane

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 1. RO fundamentals
Osmotic Pressure - Function of Solute Concentration
𝜋 = 𝐶𝑅𝑇
500 (34.5 bar)
Osmotic Pressure (psi)

400 Lithium chloride

Sodium chloride
Seawater
300 Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Magnesium
200 sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Fructose
Sucrose
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Concentration in Water (w/w %)
1. RO fundamentals
Basic Definitions

The performance of a membrane is governed by:

 Membrane characteristics: fouling resistant, low energy
 Feed solution being treated: concentration, temperature, pH
 Operating conditions : pressure or system recovery

Which parameters can I use to measure/evaluate the membrane performance?

 Recovery Factor  Salt rejection

Q permeate (CFeed  CPermeate )
Re cov ery  100 R 100
QFeed CFeed

Qpermeate and QFeed are the permeate flow rate and the feed flow rate respectively.
CFeed is the concentration of a particular species in the feed and Cpermeate is the
concentration of the same specie in the purified stream.
1. RO fundamentals
Basic Definitions
Which phenomena could affect the membrane performance?

 Membrane compaction: 1 bar = 1.02 kg/cm2 mega tons on 37m2 (>100

elephants on one membrane surface)

100

 Concentration polarization:

 Fouling: organic & inorganic

How does Reverse Osmosis work?

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 2. FilmTecTM innovations
Years of research and development
Salt Rejection

82 Development phase

SW RO
54

Sanitary RO & NF
Pressure (bar)

Applied Pressure 41

BW RO & NF
Water Flux

45 50
Temperature (degC)

Applied Pressure
Overview on BW30

Element Flow Rejection – Feed Spacer

Element name
type [m3/d] stabilized [%] [mil]

Highest BW30HR-440i 48 99.7 28

Rejection
BW30-440i 44 99.5 28

Brackish Water XLE-440 48 99.0 28

Reverse Low Energy
Osmosis: BW30 HRLE-440i 48 99.5 28

XFRLE-400/34i 44 99.4 34ª

Fouling
Resistant BW30XFR-
44 99.65 34ª
400/34i

1. 2000 ppm NaCl, 225 psi (15.5 bar), 25°C, pH 8, and 15% recovery
2. 500 ppm NaCl, 100 psi (6.9 bar), 25°C, pH 8, and 15% recovery
3. 2000 ppm NaCl, 150 psi (10.3 bar), 25°C, pH 8, and 15% recovery

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 What is the difference between 99,5% and 99,7% salt rejection?
8” BW Highest Rejection

43 m3/d
430 g of NaCl

BW30
0.5%

Feed water: 2000

ppm NaCl, 150 psi 48 m3/d
(10.3 bar), 25°C, 258 g of NaCl
pH 8, and 15%
recovery

BW30HR
0.3%

DOW RESTRICTED 13
Fouling-Resistant Membranes

Accelerated fouling test with municipal waste water

BW30XFR demonstrated highest fouling resistance and excellent
recovery upon cleaning
120%

100%
Relative flux (%)

80%

60%

40%
CIP CIP

20%
XFR LE FR
0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Days of operation
Overview on SW30

Flow Rejection Feed

[GPD / Stabilized Minimum spacer
m3/d] Boron [%] [mil/mm]
[%] [%]

SW30XHR-440i 6600 / 25 99.82 99.70 93 28 / 0.71

SW30HRLE 370/34i 6,700 / 25.3 99.80 99.65 92 34 / 0.84

SW30XLE-440i 9900 / 37.5 99.75 99.60 90.5 28 / 0.71

SW30ULE-440i 12000 / 45.4 99.70 99.55 89 28 / 0.71

Standard test: 32,000 ppm NaCl, Boron 5 ppm, 800 psi (5.5 MPa), 77F (25C), pH 8 and 8% recovery.

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Sanitary RO & NF

All components comply with FDA standards.

pharmaceutical process water
Dairy processing

390 Model
8038 Model

Compared to standard RO element with Full-Fit configuration, HSRO

elements can be sanitized with hot water (up to 85℃) , which is
generally accepted in the pharmaceutical industry as the most effective
method to kill organisms.
 ECO Product Offering
-Increased Rejection of ECO-440i Can Reduce RO OPEX by 30%

BOILER FEED WATER

1st Pass RO Mixed Bed

Surface Water Boiler Feed

UF Water

Concentrate
Discharge

• Surface Water
• UF-RO-MB -> Boiler feed Case I Case II Case III Case IV Case V
• Capacity: 80 m3/h BW30HR-440i HRLE-440i
ECO
GEN III440i
LE Supplier A Supplier B

• 75% System recovery Electricity ($/yr) $27,099 $20,902 $18,584 $23,486 $18,536
• Feed TDS 487 ppm Feed Pressure (bar)
3
7.50 5.76 5.26 6.50 5.13
Pass 1 Electricity (kwh/m ) 0.35 0.27 0.24 0.30 0.24
• Feed Si 3.9 ppm Energy Saving ($/yr) $0 $6,197 $8,514 $3,613 $8,563
• 1st pass RO: 84 pieces Energy Saving (%) 0% 23% 31% 13% 32%

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ECO Product Offering
-Increased Rejection of ECO-440i Can Reduce RO OPEX by 30%

BOILER FEED WATER

Net
Permeate Permeate IEX Runtime Regenation Regenation
Throughput
TDS (ppm) SiO2 (ppm) (h) Costs ($/yr) Saving (%)
Element (m3)
BW30HR-440i 5.72 0.02 41 3294 36,044 0%
HRLE-440i 9.67 0.04 33.5 2692 44,114 -22%
GEN
ECOIII LE-440i
440i 5.63 0.03 41 3294 36,044 0%
Supplier A 6.90 0.05 35.50 2852 41,629 -15%
Suplier B 7.97 0.1 33 2652 44,782 -24%

The ECO offers the advanced quality and energy balance in the given system,
resulting operational savings between 16-19% in the combined RO-IX
system.
SEAMAXX™ ‒ The lowest energy solution

Lowest energy consumption – industry Water quality you need

wide
99.70%*: Provides reliable long term permeate quality
17,000 gpd*: The optimized membrane chemistry minimizes for single, double pass and interstaged systems
pressure and energy consumption below any other existing
SWRO product
Optimized module design
The combination of 28 mil feed spacer, 440ft2
Generic extra low
Energy (Kw-h/m3)

2.16 active membrane surface and iLEC™ interlocking

energy elements technology maximizes the productivity of your system
2.12 at low differential pressure, low cleaning frequency
and high cleaning efficiency.”
2.08
2.04
2
SEAMAXX SEAMAXX Savings
1.96
1.92
4 8 12 16 20 24

Seawater Temperature (ºC)

Based on 41,000 mg/L TDS, 14.5 L/m2h average flux and 45% recovery

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Scenario 1 –High electricity cost (Caribbean)
CARIBBEAN Reduce Increase
Base Case
Single Pass1) Energy2) Production3)
Standard
SEAMAXX™ SEAMAXX™
products
11,000 11,000 11,200
Total Output m3/d
(52.5bar) (51.3bar) (51.6bar)
Energy
kWh/m3 3.35 3.27 3.29
consumption4)

Product TDS mg/L 294 296 291

100 vessels with 100 Vessels with

100 vessels with
3x SW30HRLE- 4x SW30HRLE-
Configuration 4x SW30HRLE-440i+
440i+ 440i+
3x SEAMAXX
4x SW30ULE-440i 3x SEAMAXX

Payback period5) years n.a. 0.7 1.7

Total savings in 5
$ n.a. $442,000 $435,0006)
years

1) Feed TDS: 37,000mg/L; Temperature: 27 degC

2) Reduce Energy – same total water
3) Increase Production – same total energy
4) Based on energy recovery turbine at 85% efficiency
5) SEAMAXX™: $750/ea; Standard: $500/ea; Electricity: $0.35/kWh; No cost for system modifications considered.
6) Based on $2/m3 water price
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