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Removal of Copper, Nickel, and Chromium from Simulated Wastewater using

Electrocoagulation Technique

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 2018 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIZIK

Removal of Copper, Nickel, and Chromium from Simulated

Wastewater using Electrocoagulation Technique
Joseph T. Nwabanne1, Chinenye A. Igwegbe1, Samson O. Okpo2 1Department of
Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,Anambra State, Nigeria.
2
Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria.
Email: J. T. Nwabanne (jt.nwabanne@unizik.edu.ng); C. A. Igwegbe
(ca.igwegbe@unizik.edu.ng); S. O. Okpo (samsonservice@yahoo.com).

Abstract
Environmental pollution due to the discharge of effluents containing heavy metal is a threat
to the world. The applicability of electrocoagulation technique in the effective removal of
heavy metals (copper, nickel, and chromium) from simulated wastewater using iron as the
sacrificial electrode was investigated. The effects of different parameters such as initial pH
(2-10), electrolysis time (5 - 30 min), current density (0.075 – 0.186 A/cm2), initial ion
concentration (50 – 250 mg/L), inter-electrode distance (3 – 6 cm) and temperature (30-70
o
C) on the metal ions removal efficiencies were examined. Optimum pH of 8 (with removal
efficiency of 99 %), 10 (92%) and 7 (99%) were obtained for nickel, copper and chromium,
respectively. The electrolysis time was found to increase with optimal removal occurring
within the first 10min. An optimal inter-electrode distance of 3cm was obtained for copper,
nickel and chromium, which gave removal efficiencies of 99%, 95%, and 98%, respectively.
The removal efficiency was found to increase with solution temperature, with optimum
removal occurring at 70oC. The results also showed that their removal efficiencies were
increased with an increase in the current density. Maximum removal rates of 99%, 95%, and
94% were attained at the current density of 0.186 A/cm2for copper, nickel, and chromium,
respectively occurring after 10 min. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that
the electrocoagulation process is an effective technique for the removal of copper, nickel, and
chromium from effluents.
Keywords:Electrocoagulation,wastewater, nickel, copper, chromium

1. INTRODUCTION
Extremedischarge of heavy metals into the environment due to industrial developmenthas
caused a great problem worldwide (Hegazi, 2013). Unlike organic pollutants, the majority of
which are prone to bio-degradation, heavy metal ions do not degrade into harmless end
products (Gupta et al., 2001).Heavy metal pollution occurs in aqueous wastes of many
industries where they are used as very vital raw materials such as metal plating, mining
operations, tanneries,radiator manufacturing, smelting, alloy industries and storage batteries
industries, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, chemical industries, etc (Kadirvelu et al.,
2001). Heavy metals in their aqueous state have toxic effects and are also carcinogenic in
nature. Therefore, the removal of heavy metal ions from the wastewater is very imperative for
public health security (Atkovskaet al., 2018; Mohamedet al., 2016).
Heavy metals containing effluents have been treated by some common treatment
processeswhich include absorption, precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane
filtration, coagulation-flocculation, electro-dialysis reverse osmosis and co-
precipitation/adsorption (Hegazi, 2013; Gunatilake, 2015). Membrane separation, ion
exchange, and reverse osmosis can be applied effectively to reduce metal ions, but their
drawbacks include operational problems, high fixed and installation costs(Reverberiet al.,
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2014). Consequently, searching for new techniques is imminent (Mu et al., 2018).Researchers
have found out that amongst these methods that electrocoagulation is simple, easy to operate,
and no chemical additives are required and also produce a low sludge volume(Behbahani et
al., 2011; El-Shazly et al., 2011; Dermentzis et al., 2011; Bellebia et al., 2012; Ashtoukhy et
al., 2013; Amani-Ghadima et al., 2015; Chopra and Sharma, 2013; Chung et al., 2014;
Zailani and Zin, 2018; Afsharnia et al., 2018; Kamaraj and Vasudevan, 2015).
Electrocoagulation (EC) is a process in which the anode material undergoes oxidation with
the formation of various monomeric and polymeric metallic hydrolyzed species. The EC
technique for water and wastewater treatment uses an electrochemical cell, where a DC
voltage is applied to the electrodes that are corroded to produce the coagulant in which the
electrolytes are typically water effluents(Zailani and Zin, 2018; Afsharniaet al., 2018). This
process has proven to be very effective in the removal of contaminants from water(Kamaraj
and Vasudevan, 2015; Afsharnia et al., 2018).
Electrocoagulation (EC) is an electrochemical process that can be used to treat wastewaters in
terms of both organic matter and nutrient removal(Ben-Sassonet al., 2013; Kalyaniet al.,
2009). The process is based on the use of sacrificial electrodes such as aluminum, iron, and
zinc (Kobya et al., 2003, Irdemez et al., 2006; Gharibi et al., 2010; Fajardo et al., 2015)that
are oxidized to produce metal ions that can be used to coagulate and react with organic matter
and nutrients in the wastewater. When current is applied, the metal ions that are produced
react with the primary hydroxides and produce polyhyroxides and polyhydroxy-metallic
flocs(Pulkka et al., 2014).The operation of the electrocoagulation process is based on the
principle that the cations produced electrolytically from iron and/or aluminum anodes are
responsible for the increase in the coagulation of contaminants from an aqueous medium.
Electrophoretic motion tends to concentrate negatively charged particles in the region of the
anode and positively charged particles in the region of the cathode(Chaturvedi, 2013). The
consumable metal anodes are used continuously to produce polyvalent metal cations in the
region of the anode. These cations neutralize the negative charge of the particles moving
towards the anodes by the production of polyvalent cations from the oxidation of the
sacrificial anodes (Fe or Al) and the electrolysis gases like hydrogen evolved at the anode and
oxygen evolved at the cathode (Chaturvedi, 2013).
This work aims to study the efficacy of electrocoagulation in the removal of heavy metals
(copper, nickel, and chromium) from simulated solutions using iron electrodes.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The electrocoagulation unit consists of a cylindrical glass in which the anode and cathode
electrode were firmly and separately connected to the appropriate terminals of an electrical
chamber of dimensions 36cm x 15cm x 23cm with an inbuilt current regulator as shown in
Fig. 1. The electrodes used in the electrocoagulation process were iron electrodes of size
13cm x 0.5cm with an immersion depth of 8.4cm. Iron electrodes were used as the anode and
cathode with a direct current (DC) power supply.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to check the metal ion concentration
of the solution after treatment. The stock solution of the wastewater was prepared by
dissolving an appropriate amount of copper, chromium, and nickelin a liter of demineralized
water. The quantity of each salt to be measured depends on the mass proportion of the heavy
metal ion in their salts. Before each run, the electrodes were cleaned thoroughly using
sandpaper and acetone to remove any surface grease or solid residues. Initially, the
experiments were conducted at electrolysis time of 10min, current density of0.152 A/cm2, at
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the temperature of 30oC to determine the effect of pH on heavy metal ion removal. The pH
was varied from 2 to 12, and the optimum pH was determined for each metal. The
electrocoagulation cell has a working volume of 500 mL, the direct current was supplied by a
laboratory model power supply instrument in which the current density could be regulated at
a given level. The solution was charged with few drops of 0.5M NaCl solution to increase the
conductivity and the pH was varied (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12) by adding 0.1M HCl or NaOH. The
current density was also varied (0.075, 0.112, 0.149 and 0.186 A/cm2). Subsequently, effects
of inter-electrode distance (3, 4, 5 and 6cm) and temperature (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70oC) were
studied. Subsequently,the initial heavy metal ion concentration (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250
mg/L) was varied with electrolysis time (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min) to study the effects of
initial heavy metal ion concentration and electrolysis time of 30min at 30oC, current density
of 0.152A/cm2 and optimum pH obtained for each. After the elapsed settling time of 30min,
the treated samples were analyzed to determine the residual heavy metal ion using an Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) machine.
The removal efficiency, ER (%) was calculated using the equation:
× 100 (1)
á>
F= á
whereCoand Ct are the initial metal ion concentration (mg/L) and final metal ion
concentration (mg/L), respectively.

Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of experimental set-up(where 1: Switch, 2: Indicator, 3:

Voltmeter 4: Current Regulator, 5: Electrode Supporter, 6: Electrode, 7: Wastewater, 8: Bar
Magnetic Stirrer, 9: Digital Magnetic Stirrer Switch, 10: Heater Switch, and 11: Speed
Regulator).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Effect of initial pH on the heavy metal removal efficiency
It has been established that the initial pH of a solution is an important factor and has a
considerable influence on the performance of electrocoagulation process (Chen et al., 2000).
Effect of pH on the removal efficiency of the heavy metals (copper, chromium, and nickel)
was studied by varying the initial pH of solution from 2 - 12. The solutions of these metals
were adjusted to the desired pH using 0.1 M NaOH or HCl.
As shown in Fig. 2, maximum removal of copper, chromium, and nickel were reached at pH
range of 7-10. Maximum removal of copper was achieved at pH of 8 with an efficiency of
99% while chromium and nickel removal was maximum at pH of 7 (98%) and 10 (92%),
respectively.The removal efficiency of all the studied metal ions decreased significantly with
decreasing initial pH.However, beyond the optimal pH, a substantial decrease in removal
efficiency was observed for the metals. Therefore, it can be concluded that when pH is
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within7-10, the majority of iron complexes (coagulants) are formed,which proposes that it is
the optimum pH for carrying out the electrocoagulation experiment for chromium, nickel, and
copper removal.
120

100
Removal efficiency (%)

80

60

40

20 Effect on Copper
Effect on Nickel
Effect on Chromium
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH

Fig. 2: Effect of pH on the removal efficiency(at initial concentration: 500 mg/L, current
density: 0.152A/cm2, electrolysis time: 10min and settling time: 30min).

3.2 Effect of current density on heavy metal removal efficiency

The current density not only determines the coagulant dosage rate, but also the bubble
production rate and size (Kobya et al., 2003; Holt et al., 2002).Thus, this parameter should
have a significant impact on pollutants removal efficiencies. A large current means a small
electrocoagulation unit. However, when too large current is used, there is a high chance of
wasting electrical energy in heating up water. To investigate the effect of current density on
the removal efficiency, a series of experiments were carried out on solutions containing a
constant pollutants loading with current density being varied from 0.075to 0.186A/cm2.
Figure 3 shows the effect of current density on removal efficiency of the studied metal ions
for the typical electrocoagulation experiments, where the initial pH was fixed at their
respective optimum level. The removal rate of all the studied metal ions increased with an
increase in the current density. The highest current density studied (0.186A/cm2) gave the
quickest removal efficiency of 96.5%,99% and 97.8% for nickel, copper, and chromium,
respectively. This can be ascribed to the fact that at high current, the amount of iron oxidized
was increased, resulting in a greater amount of precipitate for the removal of pollutants. In
addition, it was established that bubbles density increased with increasing current density
(Holt et al., 2002), resulting in more efficient and faster removal. Moreover, it was previously
shown (Khosla et al., 1999) that the bubble size decreases with increasing current density,
which is beneficial to the treatment process.

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100

Removal efficiency (%)

95

90
Effect on Copper
Effect on Nickel
Effect on Chromium
85
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Current density (A/cm2)

Fig. 3: Effect of current density on the removal efficiency (initial ion concentration:
500mg/L, electrolysis time: 10min, settling time: 30min and at the optimum pH for each
metal).

3.3 Effect of inter-electrode distance on heavy metal removal efficiency

Inter-electrode spacing is a vital parameter in reactor design for the removal of pollutant from
the effluent. The inter-electrode distance plays a significant role in the EC as the electrostatic
field depends on the distance between the anode and the cathode. The maximum pollutant
removal efficiency is obtained by maintaining an optimum distance between the electrodes.
The electrode distance contributes to the potential drop which is a component of measured
electrolytic voltage within an electrochemical cell (Bazrafshanet al., 2015). To investigate the
effect of electrode distance on removal efficiency, a series of experiments were carried out on
solutions containing a constant pollutant loading with inter-electrode distance varied from 3
to 6cm.

Figure 4 shows the influence of inter-electrode distance on removal efficiency of the metal
ions. The observed relationship depicts an inverse relationship between percentage removal
and electrode distance for nickel while inter-electrode distance had little or no effect on the
removal efficiency for both chromium and copper. From Fig. 4, it can be seen that the
optimal removal of nickel (95%) occurred at an inter-electrode distance of 3cm. This value
was found to decrease with further increase in the inter-electrode distance, due to the delay in
organizing coagulatingmaterials with regard to the dependence of this action onmobilization
and transferal of materials and formed ions in the electrodes(Ahangarnokolaei, et al., 2018).

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100

Removal Efficiency (%)

95
Effect on Copper
Effect on Nickel
Effect on Chromium
90

85
2 4 6 8
Inter-electrode distance (cm)

Fig. 4: Effect of inter-electrode distance on the removal efficiency (initial ion concentration:
500mg/L, current density: 0.152A/cm2, electrolysistime: 10min, settling time: 30min and at
optimum pH for each metal).

3.4 Effect of solution temperature on heavy metal removal efficiency

In order to determine the optimum solution temperature for the removal of copper, nickel,
and chromium, theelectrocoagulation experiments were conducted at different temperatures
(30, 40, 50, 60 and 70oC). The results obtained are presented in Fig. 5. The removal
efficiency was significantly improved with increasing temperature. This is because an
increase in temperature increases the mass transfer and consequently improves the kinetics of
particle collision(Koren and Syversen, 1995). Furthermore, dissolution of the anode and the
amount of the hydroxide that was formed was improved and is necessary for the adsorption
of copper, nickel and chromium at elevated temperatures, and also allowed a production of
larger hydrogen bubbles, which increased the speed of floatation and reduced the adhesion of
the suspended particles ((Koren and Syversen, 1995).This is why the electrocoagulation
process needs to be startedat a high temperature rather than heating the reaction, which
helpsto improve the removal efficiency. Also, the yield was significantly improved by
increasing the initial temperature of the solution, which resulted in the reduction of the
electrolysis time.
From Fig. 5, it can be observed that maximum removal efficiency of 99%,98%and 97%
were obtained for copper, chromium, and nickel, respectively at 70oC and electrolysis time of
10min. Thus, the temperature of 70oC was chosen as an optimum initial electrocoagulation
temperature on the basis that it allowed the achievement of high removal efficiency in a short
treatment time most especially because it did make any change in the cost. This finding may
be due to the fact that increasing the solution temperature can improve ion transfer from the
anode and/or cathode to the bulk solution resulting to a decrease in the solution viscosity and
consequent decrease in the ion diffusivity according to Stock’s equation, Dµ/T = constant
(where D, µ, and T are the ion diffusivity, solution viscosity, and solution temperature,
respectively).

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100

Removal Efficiency (%)

95

90
Effect on Copper
Effect on Nickel
Effect on Chromium
85
20 40 60 80
Solution Temperature (oC)

Fig. 5: Effect of solution temperature on the removal efficiency (initial ion concentration: 500
mg/L, current density: 0.152A/cm2, electrolysis time: 10min, settling time: 30min and at
optimum pH for each metal).

3.5 Effects of initial metal ion concentration and electrolysis time on heavy metal
removal efficiency
In order to examine the effects of metal ion concentration and electrolysis time on the
removal rate, initial metal ion concentration (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L) was varied
against electrolysis time (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min). The residual concentrations of ions were
measured at different times. Figures 6, 7 and 8 show that the removal efficiency changes with
the change in both initial metal ion concentration and electrolysis time for copper, nickel and
chromium, respectively. The removal efficiency increased with increasing electrolysis time.
This is because as the time progresses, the amount of oxidized iron and the required charge
loading increases. The amount of Fe2+ ion released during the anodic dissolution follows the
Faraday’s law and hydroxide ions released into the solution increases with time, however,
these parameters should be kept at a moderate level to achieve an optimal cost of treatment.
Figures 6, 7 and 8 also depicts that the metal solutions with least initial ion concentration (50
mg/L) gave the highest percentage removal and at all electrolysis time studied. Maximum
removal of 99%,91% and 95% were attained for copper, nickel, and chromium,
respectivelyatelectrolysis time of 30 minandinitial ion concentration of 50 mg/L. The removal
efficiencies of the ions weredecreasedas the initial ion concentration was increased from 50
to 500 mg/L. Their removal efficiencies were found to increase sharply from electrolysis time
of 5 to 30 min. These could be because higher initial concentrations need higher potential
difference or longer reaction time. In other words, if the initial concentration of the heavy
metal ion increases, the needed time for the process will also be increased. This is in
accordance with the resultobtained by Daneshvar et al., 2004. From their study, dye removal
rate was considerably decreased as a result of the increase in its concentration.

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100

Removal Efficiency (%)

95

Effect on
90 50mg/L
Effect on
100mg/L
Effect on
85 150mg/L
Effect on
250mg/L
Effect on
500mg/L
80
0 20 40
Electrolysis time (min)

Fig. 6: Effects of copper initial ion concentration and electrolysis time on the removal
efficiency (current density: 0.152A/cm2, settling time: 30min and at optimum pH for each
metal).
100

95
Removal Efficiency (%)

90

85

80
Effect on 50mg/L
Effect on 100mg/L
75 Effect on 150mg/L
Effect on 250mg/L
Effect on 500mg/L
70
0 10 20 30 40
Electrolysis time (min)

Fig. 7: Effects of nickel initial ion concentration and electrolysis time on the removal
efficiency (current density: 0.152A/cm2, settling time: 30min and at optimum pH for each
metal).

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100

Removal Efficiency (%) 95

90

85 Effect on
50mg/L
Effect on
80 100mg/L
Effect on
150mg/L
75 Effect on
250mg/L
Effect on
500mg/L
70
0 10 20 30 40
Electrolysis time (min)

Fig. 8: Effects of chromium initial ion concentration and electrolysis time on the removal
efficiency (current density: 0.152A/cm2, settling time: 30min and at optimum pH for each
metal).

4. CONCLUSION
In this study, the removal of copper, nickel, and chromium from simulated wastewater by
electrocoagulation technique using iron electrodes was investigated. The effects of the
different process parameters such as electrolysistime, initial pH, current density, electrode
distance, temperature and initial metal ion concentration on the removal of metals from the
simulated wastewater were studied.The electrocoagulation process was successful in
removing the heavy metals from the wastewater, and the removal efficiency was found to be
dependent on the charge time, initial PH, current density, temperature, electrode distance and
initial metal ion concentration.An optimum pH of 8, 10 and 7 was obtained for nickel, copper
and chromium, respectively. Optimal current density, inter-electrode distance and
temperature of 0.186 A/cm2, 3cm, and 70oC was obtained for copper, nickel and chromium.
The results showed that the heavy metals removal efficiency was increased with increase in
current density, charge time and initial PH. The removal efficiency was also increased with a
decrease in inter-electrode distance and initial metal ion concentration. From the study, it
wasestablished that the electrocoagulation technique using iron electrodes can be suitablefor
the effective removal of copper, nickel, and chromium from wastewater.

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