B.V. Sc & A.

H
IV-SEMESTER
LIVESTOCK BREEDING SYSTEM

Lecture IX:- Grading up, Criss crossing

Grading up: Grading up is a breeding process of continued crossing it in each generation with the other
breed. The system has been used all over the world to upgrade one breed by converting it into another.
Most breed societies with open herd/flock books will accept four or five top crosses of this kind and still
consider the upgraded animals as pure bred. After four crosses the animal would be 93.8 % pure. The
better the sire used in such a programme the better the end product. But if the new product was
considerably superior to the existing one, even the random use of sires would result in progress.
Because the heterotic effect declines in F2 by half and reduces at each subsequent generation and result
in relatively low heterotic effects in grading up.

Grading up
_ It is a system where one breed is changed (graded up) to another by continued crossing.
_ Usually, native breeds are graded up to an improved breed.
_ Usually, 4 generation of crossing with an improved or registered breed is considered as purebred
status.
The Nepales Holstein and Nepalese Jersey are graded up by this processes.
Holstein Male X Local none descript cow

F1 (50:50) X Holstein Male

F2 (75 :25) X Holstein Male

F3 (87.5 : 12.5) X Holstein Male

F4 (93.75: 6.25) X Holstein male

F5 (96.87: 3.13) X HF male

F6 (98.4:1.6)
Example:
Nepali cattle with Jersey
Nepali cattle with Holstein

Advantages of up grading:

1. Production of pure bred after five to six generations

2. Lesss expensive
3. This system help to prove the genetic potentialities of sire
Disadvantages

1. Heterosis decreases as e advances in upgrading in further generation from F1

2. May not work when there is Environment X Genotypes interaction

Crisscrossing: Crisscrossing
Crisscrossing

In livestock raising, a special form of commercial crossbreeding to obtain highly productive animals.
Crisscrossing has been known since the late 19th century. In Russia, the theoretical basis of the method
was laid by E. A. Bogdanov, D. A. Kislovskii, and others. It consists of crossing two or more breeds and
alternately mating the hybrid females over several generations with males of the original breeds.
Crisscrossing is based on the phenomenon of heterosis in hybrids of not only the first but several
succeeding generations. The most important prerequisite for successful crisscrossing is the scientific
selection of well-matched breeds. Crisscrossing involving two breeds is called simple, and crisscrossing
involving three or more breeds is called complex. Multiple-breed crisscrossing is most effective in swine
breeding.

1. Two breed crisscrossing:

A (breed) X B (breed)

F1 (AB) X A (Breed)

F2 (A75:25B) X B (Breed)

F3 (A 37.5 : 62.5 B) X A (Breed)

F4 (A 68.75 : B 31.25)
Crisscrossing:
_ Here the F1 is mated to A and B alternatively.

JXL

(50 %: J50 % L) X J

(75 % J: 25 % L ) X L

(37.5% J: 62.5 L)

2. Three breed criss-crossing

3. Four breed criss-crossing

Q-1. What are advantages and disadvantages of grading up system of breeding farm animals? Give an
example of grading system in Nepal.