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For both financial and operational reasons it is very important that transformers are
managed efficiently. Optimising the future management of large transformers on networks
to maximise the utilisation and full potential life of existing transformers and to ensure
appropriate remedial actions and replacement policies are undertaken to prevent significant
numbers of failures, will have a major impact on the financial and operational performance
of the owners.
EA Technology offers a wide range of analytical specification tests coupled with expert
interpretation and reporting systems. The following sections describe some of the key
analytical tests carried out on transformer oil samples:
The essential purpose of dissolved gas analysis is to detect gases generated due to
thermal degradation of insulation components within the transformer. In particular
the aim of gas analysis is to provide prior warning of a developing thermal fault i.e.
local overheating, discharge activity or arcing and sparking within the transformer.
It is normal practice to measure nine gases in an oil sample. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide and the five hydrocarbon gases hydrogen, methane,
ethane, ethylene and acetylene. The five hydrocarbon gases and carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide can be formed as a result of a thermal decomposition of oil. These
therefore provide the opportunity for identifying the presence of faults or developing
faults which give rise to heating in the transformer. The relative amounts of the
different gases generated change with changing temperature, therefore providing
the possibility of identifying different types of faults by the relative concentration of
the different gases. For each of the gases the absolute value is considered and then
the ratio of various gases is looked at in order to give information on the nature and
severity of a potential fault.
Oil Quality
o Moisture IEC60814
o Acidity IEC 62021
o Breakdown Voltage Strength IEC 60247
This includes moisture, acidity, and electrical breakdown strength. These parameters
are primarily intended to give information on the condition of the oil, although
indirectly they also provide some information on the condition of the transformer.
The moisture content is particularly relevant to transformer condition. Maintaining
acceptable oil quality is critical in preventing premature aging of the transformer and
therefore can assist in determining appropriate life enhancing measures.
The Dissipation Factor measures the leakage current through the oil, which can
assist in understanding the presence of contamination or deterioration of the
transformer within the oil.
Interfacial Tension (IFT) ASTM D971
The interfacial tension between oil and water provides a means of detecting soluble
polar contaminants and products of degradation. This characteristic changes fairly
rapidly during the initial stages of ageing but levels off when deterioration is still
moderate. A rapid decrease of IFT may also be an indication of compatibility
problems between the oil and some transformer materials (varnishes, gaskets), or of
an accidental contamination when filling with oil. However, oils with interfacial
tension values at or near the lower limit value may or may not need to be
investigated further and is highly dependent on the Oil Quality results.
With overloaded transformers, the deterioration of materials is rapid and IFT is a tool
for detection of deterioration.
Oil viscosity is an important controlling factor in the dissipation of heat. Ageing and
oxidation of the oil tend to increase viscosity. Viscosity is also affected by
temperature, such that in a cold climate it is important that the viscosity is
sufficiently low to enable adequate oil circulation.
The Density (Specific Gravity) of the oil is the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of
oil and water. A high density indicates the oil's ability to suspend water and in
extremely cold climates this can be used to determine whether ice will float on the
oil potentially resulting in flashovers.
The Colour and Appearance of the oil indicates the level of contamination caused by
deterioration of the oil or insulating materials. The colour of the oil is compared to a
specified spectrum of colours.
Inhibitors are added to the oil to replace the natural oxidation inhibitors. The
inhibitors increase the resistance to the oxidation of the oil and assist in preventing
degradation. As the oil is exposed to oxidation the oil is protected by the inhibitors
and they are used up in the process. Once the inhibitors are depleted the oxidation
and degradation of the oil will occur at a faster rate. Monitoring the inhibitor content
allows this degradation to be prevented by topping up the inhibitor as required
before it reaches depletion.
Corrosive Sulphur Assessment IEC 62535
Copper in direct contact with the oil and at a high temperature, can cause a corrosive
reaction. From this the by-product copper sulphide will be formed, which will float in
the oil and deposit between the windings. Copper Sulphide will reduce the electric
strength of the insulation causing inter-turn faults.
Passivator Content
Passivator in Oil – whether in the oil originally or after it has been added, this test
provides information on the amount of passivator present in the oil by detection of
Irgamet 39 along with similar type products. This test does not determine if there is
corrosive sulphur. Passivators are used to retard the formation of copper sulphide.
EA Technology can also offer an additional range of more bespoke testing such as Filtration,
Particle assessment, Flash Point and Pour Point to build up a testing programme to meet the
specific requirements of individual clients
EA Technology’s standard packages offer a range of tests reported in a single page report
with traffic light status identification or detailed in an excel based report. All reports detail
the transformer information, test results, recommendations and retest intervals. Below are
examples of standard packages available, however EA Technology can match any analysis
required to meet the client’s requirements. Test suite TS2 is considered to be the best
option for Transformers as it provides the optimum information on the assets and allows for
an overall assessment of its condition.
Consideration could be given to providing the full list of transformers and their details
upfront so they can be pre-uploaded into a data handling database. They can then be
matched and the samples can be logged against the records accurately, minimizing data
errors.
Any miss-matches or issues with the samples would be reported for clarifications on sample
identification.
EA Technology have a number of highly trained Technical Engineers who visit client sites
and take the oil samples from oil filled assets. Whilst on site our Engineers carry out an
onsite risk assessment to ensure all risk factors have been taken into account before
sampling takes place.
All samples are taken using 500ml glass bottles with polycone caps to prevent gas escape.
No sampling is permitted in plastic vessels for transformers. All bottles are transported in
crates containing 12 bottles, with sturdy foam oil resistant inserts to ensure safe
transportation of the samples.
A specific sampling kit is used to ensure the sample is taken correctly and ensure an
accurate and clean sample is drawn off preventing contamination. The system uses a bung
system in the sample tap leading to the bottle cap which has an inlet flow and outlet air vent
to allow the oil to fill from the bottle of the bottle at a steady rate to minimize turbulence in
the oil. The flowing temperature of the oil should be taken and recorded on the label to
allow an accurate assessment of the moisture content.
Oil Diagnostics – Crates & Logistics
EA Technology utilise blue transportation crates containing 12 bottles, with sturdy foam oil
resistant inserts to ensure safe transportation of the samples. All crates come pre-labelled
with return address and contact information of EA Technology’s Oil Diagnostic Facility.
Inside they contain the foam insert system, 12 amber / clear glass bottles, sample labels
and elastic bands, along with laminated sampling guide and fill level and cable ties to secure
the lid before return transportation.
Individual sampling tubes containing 1 bottle and label can be provided for one off
samplings. All crates should be returned full of bottles to ensure safe transportation, empty
bottles should be returned with the samples if a full crate of samples is not required.
No other packaging is required and the crates are ready to ship / transport either by a
designated courier, drop off directly at EA Technology’s Oil Diagnostic Facility or collected
by EA Technology by contacting the lab on the lab Hotline number detailed on every crate
and sample label.
Simply take the samples from the oil filled assets, fill in a sample label with asset
information and attach to the bottle, place the bottle in the crate, close the lid and secure
with the cable ties provide and then arrange delivery / collection as required.
Crates are dispatched on award of contract and can be stored on site ready for sampling to
commence, this usually takes around 24hours to allow for crates to be delivered to site.
Crates can be sent in advance and kept on site or stored in Engineers vans for ease of
sampling and return.
Oil Diagnostic Facility
EA Technology Europe
Unit 4
Capenhurst Technology Park
Capenhurst
Chester, UK
CH1 6ES
Jonathan Lewin