MEE Unit- V Maintenance of Electrical Machine Insulation 10 mark

5.1 Classification of insulating materials as per IS 8504- 1994,

5.2 Factors affecting life of insulating materials.
5.3 Measurement of insulation resistance and interpretation of condition of insulation.
5.4 Transformer oil: properties, contaminating agents, tests.
5.5 Strengthening insulations: weakening agents, cleaning, drying, re-varnishing, baking, impregnation,
filtration.
5.6 Measures to be taken to maintain the insulation resistance of electrical machines to healthy levels.
5.7 History sheets of transformers and induction motors:

https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.8504.3.1994.pdf
https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.1271.2012.pdf

As per IEC (International Electro technical Commission)

Class Y : 90° C: Paper, cotton, silk, natural rubber, polyvinyl chloride, etc. without impregnation,
(formerly O)
Class A : 105° C: Same as class Y but impregnated, plus nylon.
Class E : 120° C: Polyethylene terephthalate (terylene fibre, melinex film), cellulose triacetate,
polyvinyl acetate enamel.
Class B : 130° C: Mica, fiberglass (alkali free alumino borosilicate), bituminized asbestos, bakelite,
polyester enamel.
Class F : 155° C: As class B but with alkyd and epoxy based resins, polyurethane.
Class H : 180° C: As class B with silicone resin binder, silicone rubber, aromatic polyamide
(nomex paper and fiber), polyamide film (enamel, varnish and film) and estermide enamel.
Class C : Above 180° C: As class B but with suitable non-organic binders; (Teflon, Mica,
Micanite, Glass, Ceramics, Poly tetra fluoroe thylene)

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State the classification of insulating materials as per IS 1271- 1985. With maximum
operating temperature and with two examples of each

List out factors affecting life of insulation. (Any four).

1. Dielectric strength / Electrical stress / High voltage stress.

2. Temperature / Thermal stress / High temperature.
3. Mechanical stress.
4. Moisture.
5. Water.
6. Dirt and dust particles on the surface of insulation.
7. Surface tracking and arcing.
8. Ageing.
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9. Improper handling.
10. Oxidation.
11. Atmosphere.
12. Impurities.
13. Light.
14. Chemical reaction.
15. Effect of oxygen & humidity.

List out contaminating agents of transformer oil.

Agents Which Contaminate the Insulating Oil:
1. Water.
2. Moisture.
3. Dirt / dust.
4. Carbon deposits.
5. Sulphur.
6. Acids.
7. Gases.
8. Alcohols.
9. Grease.
10. Acetones and aldehydes.

Insulation resistance is a measure of the effectiveness of electrical insulation in a system. It is

important to measure insulation resistance regularly in electrical systems to ensure that the insulation
is not deteriorating and to identify any potential issues before they cause serious problems.

The insulation resistance test is performed using a megohmmeter or an insulation tester. The test
involves applying a high voltage DC current to the insulation and measuring the resulting current
flow through the insulation. The insulation resistance is calculated as the ratio of the applied voltage
to the measured current.

The results of the insulation resistance test are typically given in ohms or megohms. The minimum
acceptable insulation resistance varies depending on the type of equipment being tested, its operating
voltage, and the environmental conditions in which it is used. As a general rule, an insulation
resistance reading of less than 1 megohm is considered unacceptable for most electrical equipment.

Interpreting the condition of insulation based on the insulation resistance measurement can be done
using the following guidelines:

If the insulation resistance is very high (greater than 100 megohms), this indicates that the insulation
is in excellent condition and is not deteriorating.
If the insulation resistance is high (between 10 and 100 megohms), this indicates that the insulation
is in good condition, but there may be some minor issues that need to be monitored.

If the insulation resistance is low (between 1 and 10 megohms), this indicates that the insulation is
starting to deteriorate and may require further investigation.

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If the insulation resistance is very low (less than 1 megohm), this indicates that the insulation is in a
critical condition and needs urgent attention. The equipment may need to be taken out of service until
the insulation can be repaired or replaced.

Transformer oil Composition of Transformer Oil: Hydrocarbons like paraffin, paraffin

naphthalene and some % of aromatics. Transformer of oil is a mineral oil. It is a natural organic
dielectric. It is cheapest oil and hence commonly used as insulating (liquid) media.

It is an important component of power transformers and other electrical equipment. It serves multiple
purposes, including providing electrical insulation, cooling the transformer, and protecting the solid
insulation. Here are some of the properties, contaminating agents, and tests associated with
transformer oil:

Describe desirable properties of transformer oil

1. Dielectric strength or breakdown voltage (BDV):The transformer oil should have high
dielectric strength not less than 40kV (rms) in drums and 30kV (rms) in the tank for gap of
4mm of electrodes.
2. Water Content: Moisture or water content in transformer oil is highly undesirable as it affects
the dielectric properties of the oil adversely. Water content is expressed as Particles Per
Million (PPM) and its permissible value is 50PPM.
3. Acidity Content: The acidity content value should be equal to or less than 0.4mg of KOH /
gm. The oil should be reconditioned if the value of acidity is 0.5 to 1 mg of KOH / gm.
4. Flash Point: It is desirable to have high flash point of transformer oil. In general, it is more
than 160 c.
5. Fire Point: The temperature at which an oil will ignite and continues for burning is the fire
point. This should be about 25% above the flash point so it should be at least of 200 c
6. Chemical Stability: The oil should be chemically stable i. e. should not be affected by
chemicals.
7. Purity: The oil must not contain impurities such as sulphur and its compounds. Sulphur when
present, causes corrosion of metal parts.
8. Viscosity: Good transformer oil should have a low viscosity so that it offers less resistance to
the conventional flow of oil thereby not affecting the cooling of a transformer.
9. Sludging: The remedy is use oil which will not contain Sulphur & which remains without
sludge formation for long period.
10. Density: This indicates the mass of substance per unit volume. As per IS, this should be
0.89 g /cm3 maximum.
11. Appearance: The oil should be perfectly clear and has pale clear yellow colour, transparent
and free from suspended matter of sediments.
12. Pour Point: It is the lowest temperature expressed on a multiple of 3 degree C at which the
oil is observed to flow when cooled. The oil should have high pour point at least 9 degree C

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Contaminating agents:

Water: Water can enter the transformer oil through leaks or condensation. It can reduce the dielectric
strength of the oil and lead to corrosion of the transformer components.

Particulate matter: Particles such as dust, dirt, and metal debris can enter the transformer oil and cause
abrasion or other types of damage to the transformer components.

Oxidation: Transformer oil can oxidize over time, forming acids that can corrode the transformer
components.

Electrical discharge: Electrical discharge can cause arcing or sparking in the transformer, which can
lead to the formation of gases and other contaminants in the oil.

Tests:

Dielectric strength test: This test measures the ability of the oil to withstand electrical stress. The oil
is placed in a test cell and a voltage is applied. The voltage is increased until the oil breaks down and
a spark jumps across the gap in the cell.

Dissolved gas analysis: This test measures the levels of various gases dissolved in the oil. The
presence of certain gases, such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide, can indicate the presence of arcing
or other types of electrical discharge in the transformer.

Moisture content test: This test measures the amount of water in the oil. Excessive moisture can
reduce the dielectric strength of the oil and lead to corrosion of the transformer components.

Acidity test: This test measures the acidity of the oil. The presence of acids can indicate the presence
of oxidation or other types of degradation in the oil.

Particle count test: This test measures the number and size of particles in the oil. Excessive particulate
matter can cause abrasion or other types of damage to the transformer components.

Generally, dust particles are removed by the use of mechanical filters, spray, electrostatic filters, also
by centrifuging and distillation.

Particles can also be removed by chemical treatment like adding ion-exchange materials such as
"Alumina".

Gases can be removed by distillation and de-gassing.

Moisture/water vapour can be removed by the use of drying agents or by vacuum drying.

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1.Cloudiness in oil: This is due to suspended moisture or sediments such as iron oxide or sludge.

This can be detected by crackle test as explained in the subsequent sub-topic.

2. Very dark colour of oil: This is due to its contamination for example, with "bituminous
compound". This may also be due to oxidation to a point where sludge formation is imminent.

3.Green colour of oil: This is due to dissolved copper compounds and a rapid deterioration of the
oil.

4. Oder/smell: Acrid acid smell indicates the presence of volatile acids. This causes corrosion. This
may render the oil unsuitable for treatment at site.

State of oil can be judged by inspection-like sensing its order and seeing its colour

Methods of cleaning insulation: Strengthening insulation

The failure of insulation takes place due to absorption of moisture. Oil, dust, dirt, excessive
heat, vibration, over voltage and aging are the main reasons for failure of insulation.

Removal of loose dust : The loose dust accumulated over the surface of winding, in the ventilating
duct can be removed by applying compressed air at a pressure about 2.1 to 2.8 kg / C2 from a portable
vacuum cleaner. For this work the person should use mask, safety goggle etc.

Cleaning with water : Cleaning of electrical machinery with fresh water and detergent. It is the
recommended procedure for cleaning H class insulation. The cleaning should be done as rapidly as
possible. The machine should be rinsed with fresh water, excess moisture wiped off with clean dry
cloth and the machine should be baked in dry oven.

Drying of Insulation:

External heat

It is the method of drying insulation most frequently used. The various methods of
applying external heat are:

(a) Baking in the oven: It is conveniently carried out by placing the machine, having winding. The
winding of machine with varnish is dried in baking oven at constant temperature. The temperature is
kept constant with the help of thermostatic control.

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(b) By using boiler: The steam from the boiler heats up the top of machine. The heat raises the
windings and dries the windings. The temperature of the windings is measured by thermometers
attached to the coils temperature of the should not exceed 90 C.

(c) By electric lamps, heaters: Electric heaters are kept surrounding the machine to dry the insulation.
Sometimes the heat of 200 watt, 500 watt lamp is used to dry the insulation. The drying takes place
through radiation of heat. Hot air furnace can be used for bring the insulation.

Internal heat

The insulation of the winding can be dried

with the help of heat produced in the
winding, by I2R loss. The d.c. voltage can
be obtained with the help of rectifier. Low
d.c. current is passed through the field
winding and armature is short circuited.
For induction motor apply reduced voltage
to stator and block the rotor such that rated
current will pass through the stator. The
copper losses are converted into heat, which is used to dry the insulation. Even for into transformer
secondary is short circuited reduced voltage is applied to primary. The copper losses (I2 R) are used
to heat the winding.

Revarnishing of Insulation

The windings, cores and other parts are revarnished to fill air pockets, voids, gaps for
perfect insulation.

1. Air dry varnish by brush: Revarnishing for winding, small machines are carried out by using air
dry varnish applied by brushes.
2. Air dry varnish by spray: Air dry varnish is applied by spray so that it goes into air pockets,
slot gaps, voids.
3. Hot-Dip method using baking varnish
(i) The wound armature, stator, rotor etc are heated in the baking oven at about 100°C for at least one
hour so that the moisture present in it will get evaporated.
(ii) It is completely immersed in varnish tank and is kept in immersed condition for at least half an
hour, so that air is filled in all the air pockets in winding and slots etc.
4. After wards it is taken out and kept on iron grill for some time so that excess varnish gets drained
out.

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5. It is kept in a baking oven at a temperature of 100℃ to 110℃ for about four to 8 (Eight) hours so
that varnish will become bone dry.
Define the term 'Polarization Index'. How is it used for interpreting the condition of
insulation?

Polarization index (PI):

> Polarization index is the ratio of megger value taken for 600 sec (10 min.) to the megger value
taken for 60 sec (1 min.).

(R600 = 600 sec. reading of insulation resistance & R6o = 60 sec. reading of insulation resistance)

How is it used for interpreting the

condition of insulation?

It is always desired to have polarization

index of an electrical insulator more
than 2. It is hazardous to have
polarization index less than 1.5.

Draw a neat diagram of vacuum impregnation plant and write stepwise procedure of
revarnishing the insulation.

Steps /procedure for revarnishing the insulation.:- (Procedure 5 Marks)

Step 1 The surfaces of all coils windings are perfectly clean and it should be free from dirt & dust,
oily matters etc.
Step 2 For the moisture removal heat the winding with the help of lamp (carbon filament) or in an
oven till all moisture get evaporated.
Step 3 Than winding is placed into a processing chamber (tank).
Step 4 A vacuum is created in the process tank to remove all air, including air within the pores
(Air gaps) of the job. (This is called dry vacuum)
Step 5 Then Varnish is transferred from storage tank to the processing tank till the entire job is
submerged.
Step 6Again another time vacuum is created in the processing chamber with the help of pump (This
is called wet vacuum)

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Step 7 After that vacuum is released and desired pressure is applied into the processing tank above
the varnish level using compressed air/nitrogen for better penetration.
Step 8 After desired amount of time, the pressure is released and the varnish is drained back into
the varnish storage tank with the help of pump.
Step 9 The winding is taken out from the processing chamber and kept on iron grill tray to drain out
the excess varnish Then coil/winding is removed and applies finishing gel (varnishes) by brushing
or spraying to job for additional protection.
Step 10 It is then kept in a baking oven till it gets set properly and become dry up to 10 to 20
minutes or in some case 1 to 2 hours.

State the necessity of drying out of transformers. Give the procedure of drying out of
transformers both by external and internal heat methods.

Necessity of drying out of transformers: -

1. If transformer is kept idle or out of use for long period than Insulation will absorb moisture, so it
will reduce the insulation resistance.
2. If P.I. is found less than 2 & DAR is found less than 1.25 indicates a need of drying out.

3. If the transformer is kept in damp/high moisture environment /high humidity condition,

Insulation will absorb moisture so it will reduce the insulation resistance
4. If transformer is accidently immersed in water, Insulation will absorb moisture so it will reduce
the insulation resistance
5. Drying out is necessary particularly for high voltage transformer (above 1000V rating) The

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drying out of transformer can be carried out by applying heat by any of the following methods.
Procedure of drying out:-

1. Arrange the set-up, measurement equipment’s etc. with including the fire extinguisher for use in
the event of an emergency
2. Heat is applied gradually by any suitable method as stated below for prolong period.
External heat methods:-
a. By Circulating hot oil through suitable purifying plant (Stream line filter machine).

b. By blowing in hot air through transformer tank, with tank dry

c. By hot oil spray under vacuum d. Keeping transformer in suitable size electric ventilated oven.
e. By use of space heaters/ heat radiating high wattage lamp f. By connecting several immersion
type heaters in to the transformer tank.
Internal heat methods:-

a. By short circuiting LV winding and applying reduced voltage to HV winding.

3. Take care that temperature of oil should not be increased greater than 80° and temperature of
winding is not greater than to 90° C irrespective of surrounding air temperature variations.
4. During drying out procedure following readings are taken frequently
a. The temperature of oil and winding
b. Value of IR between LV and HV windings.
c. Value of IR between LV windings and earth, HV windings and earth.
d. BDV of oil after every four hours.
e. From value of IR calculate PI and DAR
5. The drying is stopped when desired hot values of IR, PI and DAR are obtain.

6. After drying out varnish is applied on the winding surface immediately to prevent absorption of
moisture.

7. Then cool down the transformer gradually.

8. Even if drying out for prolong period, if there is no improvement in the value of IR, than it
means insulation is wear or detoriated. At that time replace it by new one.
OR

There are basically two methods of drying out, of transformer

➢ With the tank dry (i.e. with the core and windings in position but without oil) or
➢ With the tank filled with oil.
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1 . With the tank dry:- The heat required for drying may be produced in two ways:

(i) By blowing in hot air through the transformer tank. The inlet air should be at a temperature
not less than 85°nor more than 100°C. The air is blown into the tank through a suitable
opening at the bottom of the tank (such as the drain pipe or radiator pipe outlet.) An air
outlet should be left at the top by removing the explosion vent or manhole cover.
(ii) By short circuiting the LV winding and applying a reduced voltage on the HV winding,
as in the heat nin test. The top cover should be kept open for free flow of air.

2. With the tank filled with oil:- Heat could be produced in three different ways:
i) By short-circuit method
ii) By circulating hot oil through a suitable purifying plant (Streamline filter machine).
iii) By connecting several immersion type heaters and letting them into the transformer tank.

History sheets of transformers and induction motors are documents that contain important
information about the equipment, such as its specifications, maintenance history, and any repairs or
modifications that have been made. These sheets are typically used by maintenance personnel and
engineers to keep track of the equipment's performance and to ensure that it is operating within its
design parameters.

The information contained in a history sheet for a transformer may include details such as its rated
voltage and current, its impedance and efficiency, and any insulation class or temperature rise limits.
It may also include information about any repairs or maintenance that has been performed on the
transformer, such as oil changes or winding replacements.

Similarly, the information contained in a history sheet for an induction motor may include details
such as its rated power and speed, its efficiency and power factor, and any insulation class or
temperature rise limits. It may also include information about any repairs or maintenance that has
been performed on the motor, such as bearing replacements or rotor balancing.

Keeping accurate and up-to-date history sheets for transformers and induction motors can help ensure
that the equipment is maintained properly and operates reliably. It can also provide valuable
information for troubleshooting and diagnosing problems, and for making informed decisions about
repairs and upgrades.

Generally the supplier / manufacturing industry gives a sheet along with the m/c bill or a separate
metallic plate is fitted on the front side of the machine history.

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➢ The specification details on the machine plates generally describe all the details of the
machine.

For transformer: Following are the contents on the plate Part (A)

➢ Type: Power transformer /Distribution transformer.

➢ Single phase, 3-phase.
➢ Winding: Primary Y or ∆, Secondary Y or ∆.
➢ Insulation class of Winding: A /Y/…..
➢ Cooling System used: ........
➢ Component details: Bushing, Air breather, Relay type.
➢ Type of Coil for cooling system.
➢ Installation Details: Ground mounted, Pole mounted (Indoor / outdoor type)
➢ Weight along with underground accessories attached.
Observations
➢ Date wise/time wise observations.
➢ Parameters to be checked - by provision along with transformer.
➢ Such as indicator/ meter readings taken duration wise voltage, current temperature, any
indicative systems, oil lever, working of relay, condition of oil, oil replacement for
reconditioning etc.
More or less many of the above to be checked in addition mechanical balance, bearing conditions,
cooling fan working, temperature rise.

Capacity/ type /: Squirrel Cage/Slipring/Single - 3- phase winding insulation class, No. of poles,
speed, type of starter etc.

Methods of Purification and Filtration of Insulating Oil (To keep insulation Health)

The transformer oil gets contaminated due to impurities, temperature, ageing etc. There are three
main methods of purifying or conditioning, filtering of oil.

Objectives of oil purification

To remove all contaminants such as water, carbon deposits, dirt-dust, sludge dissolved
moisture and gases so that dielectric strength of oil increases so also the other properties are
improved and oil again becomes usable safely. Best results are obtained from centrifugal purifier.

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Centrifugal Purifier

1. Transformer
2. Regulating valve
3. Strainer
4. Input pump
5. Heater chamber
6. Spray chamber

7.Centrifugal bowl
8. Drain valve
9. Vacuum tank
10. Vacuum pump 11. Discharge pump 12. Outlet valve

The purpose of oil purification is to remove from it all the impurities or all contaminations such as
water, carbon deposits, dirt, sludge, dissolved moisture and gases so as to improve its dielectric
strength and give other properties required. Out of the above the centrifugal purifier gives the best
result. So, it is explained on the basis of flow diagram. The specific gravity of such impurities is more
than the oil. In this method the oil is admitted into the centre of a bowl having number of conical
shaped separating vanes fixed on the vertical shaft. The shaft is coupled to a electric motor, which
moves at very high speed 6000 to 8000 rpm. This causes high centrifugal forces on the heavier
particles in comparison with oil particles This force is thousand times greater than the force of gravity
and they are thrown outwards directly to the bowl wall and gets separated from oil.

When oil is centrifugal at high speeds it leaves the bowl in the form of extremely fine spray due to
which evaporation of moisture takes placed and dissolved gases are released. If high vacuum is
maintained in the spray chamber and oil at high temperature is circulated in the chamber the process
is accelerated and can be carried out at high rates.

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Stream Line Filter (Vacuum Type)

Filtering process

➢ Through inlet pipe (1), the impure oil is taken in the heating chamber (2),

➢ In this chamber heater units (3) are provided by which the oil is heated to a temperature of
60° to 75° C.

➢ The advantage of heating is to make the oil thinner which facilitates separation of impurities
moreover it releases dissolved gases and moisture.

➢ This hot oil is pumped into the purifier chamber (4). In this chamber the oil is pressed under
a high pressure (See pressure tank pressure gauge and air pipe in the figure). The pressure is
about 6 kg/cm2.

➢ Oil then passes through several stocks of specially prepared thin paper discs which are kept
tightly packed and compressed by powerful springs. See no. (5).

➢ The interfaces between the surfaces of the filter paper are so fine that even microscopic
impurities cannot pass through.

➢ All such impurities are accumulated on the outer surfaces of the fitter packs.

➢ The purified oil is withdrawn from the central hole in the paper stack through which the
holding down bolt passes.

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➢ This operation is continued for some time. During this period sufficient amount of sediments,
dust, dirt etc. is collected on the outer surface of filter pack.

➢ Compressed air is admitted in the central hole of the pack by operating the valve.

➢ Compressed air forces out and releases deposited sediments\dust and carbon deposits and all
the dirt oil, sludge and water are ejected out of the drain pipe.

➢ Process is restarted after flushing out the dirty oil from the chamber.

➢ The purified oil from the purifier enters the vacuum tank (6). Here it is dropped into the open
trays. The oil is thus exposed to dehydrating vacuum is maintained by electrically driven high
vacuum pump.

➢ The reduction of atmospheric pressure above liquid surface lowers its boiling point. Moisture
contained in oil is, therefore quickly liberated under reduced pressure. Hence, exposure to
vacuum the last traces of dissolved moisture air gas are removed, the oil becomes perfectly
dry with high dielectric strength. A float valve is provided in the tank outlet below the vacuum
pipe is collected back the purified oil outlet pipe, is refused for transformers etc.

Some commonly asked question Unit 5 Marks 10

1. Draw and explain vacuum impregnation method of varnishing.
2. Give the classification of insulating materials as per IS 1271- 1985 with maximum operating
temperature and two examples of each.
3. Define Polarization index. State its value for class A and class B insulating material.
4. List the agents which contaminate the insulating oil.
5. Define Dielectric Strength for transformer oil. State its value for new transformer oil.
6. List the different methods of drying of insulation.
7. State the classification of the insulating materials as per IS 8504-1994.
8. State factors affecting the life of insulating materials. Or List out factors affecting life of insulation
9. State and explain the properties of transformer oil

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MEE 22625 Unit 5 SKBPP EE DRN 8.5.2023

 MEE Unit- V Maintenance of Electrical Machine Insulation 10 mark

MEE 22625 Unit 5 SKBPP EE DRN 8.5.2023

 MEE Unit- V Maintenance of Electrical Machine Insulation 10 mark

MEE 22625 Unit 5 SKBPP EE DRN 8.5.2023

 MEE Unit- V Maintenance of Electrical Machine Insulation 10 mark

MEE 22625 Unit 5 SKBPP EE DRN 8.5.2023

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Some commonly asked question in Practical Exam of MEE:

1. What is mean by efficiency?

2. What is the purpose of maintenance.
3. What are the types of maintenance.
4. What is the difference between preventive & breakdown maintenance.
5. Explain the working principle of induction motor?
6. Why single-phase motor are not self-starting?
7. What is the purpose of centrifugal switch in capacitor start induction motor.
8. What is mean by frequency & which frequency is used in india.
9. What is the purpose of capacitor start induction motor.
10. Why two winging are requires in capacitor start single phase motor.
11. Explain the working principle of Transformer?
12. What is mean by torque. How to calculate torque ?
13. What is necessity of earthing?
14. 1 HP means how many watt.
15. What is mean by synchronous speed & how to calculate synchronous speed.
16. Why the rotor doesn’t rotate in open circuit test of slip ring induction motor
17. What is the difference between system earthing & Equipment earthing.
18. How to measure insulation resistance.
19. How to measure iron losses in induction motor & Transformer.
20. How to measure copper losses in induction motor & Transformer.
21. Why the efficiency of transformer is more than motor.
22. Why transformer are rated in KVA.
23. What is the purpose of phasing out test?
24. What is the purpose of polarity test?
25. What is mean by additive & substrative polarity.
26. Which fire fire extinguishers is used for electrical fire.
27. What are the different classes of insulation with temp rating.
28. What is the difference between motor & Generator?
29. What is mean by voltage regulation.
30. Explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic Induction.
31. Explain lenzs law.
32. What are the losses occurring in motor?

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33. Which loss is called as constant loss & Why?

34. Explain how core / iron loss result in temp rise of motor?
35. What is hysteresis loss ? Explain hysteresis curve? Which material is used to minimise
Hysteresis loss?
36. What is eddy current loss ? Explain how eddy current loss is minimise?
37. What are commonly occurring faults in motor?
38. What is mean by single phasing?
39. How to reduce the copper loss in motor
40. Why oil is used in distribution & power transformer.
41. What is mean by dielectric strength of oil.
42. Why silica gel is used in transformer breather. How u decide the silica need to be replaced.
43. What are different cooling methods used for cooling transformer.
44. What are the means of heat transfer.
45. What is the purpose of foundation.
46. What is the purpose of testing.
47. What are the different types of testing used for electrical machines.
48. Which starter is used for slip ring induction motor.
49. Why starters are used to start electrical motor.
50. What is the function of brushes.
51. Which material is used for manufacturing slip ring.
52. What is mean by troubleshooting?
53. What is the reason for rotor shaft misalignment.
54. Why starting current of motor is higher than rated current.
55. Why poles of machines are always in even numbers.
56.

MEE 22625 Unit 5 SKBPP EE DRN 8.5.2023