Republic of the Philippines

State Universities and Colleges

GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Mc Lain, Buenavista, Guimaras

EDUC 212 – STATISTICS

CHAPTER VII: ONE-WAY ANOVA
Answer Key:

Activity 1

Step 1. Set up hypotheses and determine level of significance

Ho : The is no significant difference in mean calcium intake in patients with normal bone
density as compared to osteopenia and osterporosis. 

H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3H0: Means all are equal

Ha : The is a significant difference in mean calcium intake in patients with normal bone
density as compared to osteopenia and osterporosis. 

Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3 Ha: Means are not all equal                            

Step 2. Select the appropriate test statistic.  

The test statistic is the F statistic for ANOVA, F=MSB/MSE.

Step 3. Set up decision rule.  

In order to determine the critical value of F we need degrees of freedom, df 1=k-1 and
df2=N-k.   In this example, df1=k-1=3-1=2 and df2=N-k=18-3=15. The critical value is 3.68
and the decision rule is as follows: Reject H0 if F > 3.68.

Step 4. Compute the test statistic.  

To organize our computations we will complete the ANOVA table. In order to compute
the sums of squares we must first compute the sample means for each group and the
overall mean.  

Normal Bone Osteopenia Osteoporosis

Density
n1=6 n2=6 n3=6

 If we pool all N=18 observations, the overall mean is 817.8.

 We can now compute:

Substituting:

Finally,

Next,

  

SSE requires computing the squared differences between each observation and its
group mean. We will compute SSE in parts. For the participants with normal bone
density:

Normal Bone Density (X - 938.3) (X - 938.3333)2

1200 261.6667 68,486.9
1000 61.6667 3,806.9
980 41.6667 1,738.9
900 -38.3333 1,466.9
750 -188.333 35,456.9
800 -138.333 19,126.9
Total 0 130,083.3

Thus, 

 For participants with osteopenia:

Osteopenia (X - 800.0) (X - 800.0)2

1000 200 40,000
1100 300 90,000
700 -100 10,000
800 0 0
500 -300 90,000
700 -100 10,000
Total 0 240,000

Thus, 

For participants with osteoporosis:

Osteoporosis (X - 715.0) (X - 715.0)2

 890 175 30,625
650 -65 4,225
1100 385 148,225
900 185 34,225
400 -315 99,225
350 -365 133,225
Total 0 449,750

 Thus, 

We can now construct the ANOVA table.

 Source of Sums of Squares Degrees of freedom Mean Squares F

Variation (SS) (df) (MS)
Between 152,477.7 2 76,238.6 1.395
Treatments
Error or Residual 819,833.3 15 54,655.5
Total 972,311.0 17

Step 5. Conclusion.  

We do not reject H0 because 1.395 < 3.68.

Therefore, we do not have statistically significant evidence to show that there is a

difference in mean calcium intake in patients with normal bone density as compared to
osteopenia and osterporosis.

Activity 2.

Step 1. Set up hypotheses and determine level of significance

H0: There is no significant difference in the mean weight loss among the four
diets.

H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 Ho:Means all are equal                            

Ha: There is a significant difference in the mean weight loss among the four
diets.

Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3 Ha: Means are not all equal                            

Step 2. Select the appropriate test statistic.  

The test statistic is the F statistic for ANOVA, F=MSB/MSE.

Step 3. Set up decision rule.  

The appropriate critical value can be found in a table of probabilities for the F
distribution(see "Other Resources"). In order to determine the critical value of F we
need degrees of freedom, df1=k-1 and df2=N-k. In this example, df1=k-1=4-1=3 and
df2=N-k=20-4=16. The critical value is 3.24 and the decision rule is as follows: Reject H 0 if
F > 3.24.

Step 4. Compute the test statistic.  

To organize our computations we complete the ANOVA table. In order to compute the
sums of squares we must first compute the sample means for each group and the
overall mean based on the total sample.  

  Low Calorie Low Fat Low Carbohydrate Control

n 5 5 5 5
Group mean 6.6 3.0 3.4 1.2

If we pool all N=20 observations, the overall mean is  = 3.6.

We can now compute

So, in this case:

Next we compute,

SSE requires computing the squared differences between each observation and its
group mean. We will compute SSE in parts. For the participants in the low calorie diet:  

Low Calorie (X - 6.6) (X - 6.6)2

8 1.4 2.0
9 2.4 5.8
6 -0.6 0.4
7 0.4 0.2
3 -3.6 13.0
Totals 0 21.4

Thus, 

For the participants in the low fat diet:  

 Low Fat (X - 3.0) (X - 3.0)2
2 -1.0 1.0
4 1.0 1.0
3 0.0 0.0
5 2.0 4.0
1 -2.0 4.0
Totals 0 10.0

 Thus, 

For the participants in the low carbohydrate diet:  

Low Carbohydrate (X - 3.4) (X - 3.4)2

3 -0.4 0.2
5 1.6 2.6
4 0.6 0.4
2 -1.4 2.0
3 -0.4 0.2
Totals 0 5.4

Thus, 

For the participants in the control group:

Control (X - 1.2) (X - 1.2)2

2 0.8 0.6
2 0.8 0.6
-1 -2.2 4.8
0 -1.2 1.4
3 1.8 3.2
Totals 0 10.6

Thus, 

Therefore,   

We can now construct the ANOVA table.

Source of Sums of Degrees of Means F

 Squares Freedom Squares
Variation
(SS) (df) (MS)
Between
75.8 4-1=3 75.8/3=25.3 25.3/3.0=8.43
Treatmenst
Error (or
47.4 20-4=16 47.4/16=3.0
Residual)
Total 123.2 20-1=19

 Step 5. Conclusion.  

We reject H0 because 8.43 > 3.24. We have statistically significant evidence at α=0.05 to

show that there is a difference in mean weight loss among the four diets.