Chapter 1

Introduction

CIE 626
CIE -626
Structural Control
Structural Control
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 1 - Introduction
 CONTENT

1. Fundamental Concepts
2. Brief History of Supplemental Damping
and Base Isolation Systems
3. Categories of Supplemental Damping and
Seismic Isolation Systems

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Chapter 1 - Introduction
 Major References
• Chapter 1
– Sections 1.1 to 1.3

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 1. Fundamental Concepts

• Basic performance objective of “conventional”

seismic design: life safety
• Life safety performance objective not
sufficient for important structures
• To increase seismic performance level at
reasonable cost: supplemental damping and
seismic isolation
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
 O.K.

Not
O.K.

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 1. Fundamental Concepts

• Supplemental Damping Systems:

– Special devices – “mechanical dampers”
– Mechanical energy dissipation through heat by
movements of the structural elements
– Protect main structural elements
– If all seismic energy dissipated mechanically: no damage

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Chapter 1 - Introduction
 1. Fundamental Concepts
• Seismic Isolation Systems:
– Installation of “isolators” beneath supporting points of the
structure
– Buildings: isolators located between superstructure and foundation
– Bridges: isolators located between deck and piers
– Isolators have much lower lateral stiffness than superstructure
– Isolators limit transfer of seismic energy to superstructure
– If no seismic energy transmitted to superstructure: no damage

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 1. Fundamental Concepts
• Components of Seismic Isolation Systems:
– Isolator
• Lateral stiffness much less than superstructure
• Increase effective period of vibration
• Sliding surface, rubber pad, etc.
– Supplemental damping mechanism
• Dissipate residual seismic input energy
• Limits displacements of isolator
• Reduces force transmitted to superstructure
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 1. Fundamental Concepts
• Components of Seismic Isolation Systems:

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 1. Fundamental Concepts
• E-Defense Experiments: 5 story steel moment frame

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 1. Fundamental Concepts
• Illustrative Example

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Point A: original portal frame, T = 1.0 sec
Point B: portal frame with added viscous damper, ζ = 20%, T = 1.0 sec
Point C: portal frame with added hysteretic damper, ζ = 20%, T = 0.55 sec
Point D: portal with added bracing system, ζ = 5%, T = 0.55 sec
Point E: base isolated portal frame, ζ = 5%, T = 2.0 sec
ζ=
Point F: base isolated portal frame,CIE 62620%, T = Control
- Structural 2.0 sec
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
 1. Fundamental Concepts

It is a combination of period shift and added energy

dissipation that must be considered jointly in order to fully
understand the effectiveness of added supplemental
damping devices and/or base isolation systems on the
seismic response of a structure.

Note: Behavior and analysis more complex if structure undergoes

inelastic deformations

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2. Brief History of Supplemental Damping and
Seismic Isolation Systems
• Seismic Isolation Systems
– 1885: John Milne: built a base isolated house in Japan
– 1909: J.A. Calantarients (MD) filed a patent in England
for lubricated “free joints” on a layer of fine material
– 1969: first rubber isolation of 3-story reinforced concrete
elementary school building in Skopje, Yugoslavia
– 1970 – present: wide spread worldwide applications
(elastomeric bearings, high damping rubber bearings,
lead-rubber bearings, metallic bearings, lead-extrusion
bearings and friction pendulum bearings)
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
2. Brief History of Supplemental Damping and
Seismic Isolation Systems
• Seismic Isolation Systems

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Lead-Rubber Bearings

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• Laminated elastomeric bearings in a bridge

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• San Bernardino Hospital, California, 1993

400 laminated elastomeric bearings and

186 Taylor viscous dampers with
displacement capacity of 600 mm.

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Friction Pendulum

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 New International Terminal
San Francisco International Airport

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Caltrans Toll Bridges Retrofit Project

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 Application of Seismic Isolation – U.S.
• ~300 isolated buildings
• Specialized applications, limited to
essential buildings and historic
retrofits in high seismic zones
• Designed for higher performance
standards
• 5-10% increased construction cost
impediment to ordinary structures
SF City Hall

Stanford hospital
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
 Application of Seismic Isolation – U.S.

Berry Street Project in San Francisco

• 2-story isolated vertical addition to existing 3-story building
• Objective: maximize additional space but minimize disruption
• 1200 mm LRB and 600 mm elastomeric sliders to accommodate
large displacements under light vertical loads

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 Application of Seismic Isolation - Japan
• ~5000 isolated buildings in Japan
• Applications spurred by 1995 Kobe EQ
• Earthquake awareness based on
historical seismicity
• Commercial and residential use
• High rises (50 stories), small homes
• Public demand and market for seismic
protection

Application of seismic isolation in

Japan (clark et al. 2000)

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 Application of Seismic Isolation – China

• ~600 isolated buildings

• Applications slowly started in 1993
and increase in 1997
• Introduced into code in 2001,
recently revised in 2010
• Potential for significant increase in
use following 2008 Wenchuan
Earthquake
• Highest isolated structure is 20 stories

Seismic Isolation of building

CIE 626 - Structural Control group in Beijing
Chapter 1 - Introduction
SOURCE: Pan et al. 2012
 Performance in Earthquakes
• USC University Hospital in Los Angeles during 1994 Northridge EQ
• 8-story steel superstructure supported by 149 elastomeric
isolators
• Reduced accelerations by 66% at the base and 40% at the roof.

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(USGS, http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs068-03/fs068-03.pdf)
 Performance in Earthquakes

• Building in Ojiya during the 2004 Niigata, Japan EQ

• Lateral acceleration is reduced by 25%
• Vertical acceleration increased by 150% (how to isolate vertically?)

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SOURCE: L. Masanori, BRI
Performance in Earthquakes

• In general, observations during past earthquakes have demonstrated

successful applications of seismic isolation and energy dissipation systems
• Significant reductions in response have been observed
• During the 2011 Tohoku Japan earthquake, many buildings with
protective systems experienced strong shaking
• Buildings with seismic isolation did not experience nonstructural
damage
• It has also been reported that occupants sometimes have been
unaware earthquake was occurring

CIE 626 - Structural Control SOURCE: L. Masanori, BRI

Chapter 1 - Introduction
Example of Loss Estimation Studies

• Comparison of expected repair cost for fixed based and seismically

isolated structure with 4 different systems
• Loss Ratio = Repair/Replacement cost

Fixed based steel

moment resisting
frame

Steel moment
frame on various
isolation systems

(From V. Terzic et al., PEER 2012)

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Chapter 1 - Introduction
2. Brief History of Supplemental Damping and
Seismic Isolation Systems
• Supplemental Damping Systems
– Development more recent than base isolation systems
– 1956: Pioneering work by G. Housner on energy in earthquake engineering
– 1969-1972: Development of early metallic dampers in New Zealand and
Japan
– 1981: First application of hysteretic dampers on South Rangitikei viaduct in
New Zealand
– 1980-83: Development of friction dampers in Canada
– 1987: First application of friction dampers at the Concordia University
Library in Montreal, Canada
– 1990-1995: Development of fluid type viscous dampers at the University at
Buffalo
– 1995: First application of fluid dampers in Pacific Bell North Area
Operations Center in Sacramento, California
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 • South Rangitikei River Railroad
Bridge, New Zealand, built in 1981
• Piers: 70 m tall, six spans pre-stressed
concrete hollow-box girder, overall
span: 315 m
• Rocking of piers combined with energy
dissipation devices (torsional dampers)
• Gravity provides self-centering force

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 Wells Fargo Bank Building San Francisco
• Two-story non-ductile concrete
frame
• Constructed in 1967
• Damaged during the 1989 Loma
Prieta Earthquake
• Voluntary upgrade with chevron
braces and ADAS devices
• Conventional retrofit rejected
because of foundation work
• Seven ADAS devices, each with a
yield force of 150 kips

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Boeing Plant, Seattle, Washington

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Reservoir, Sacramento, California

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 Diagonal bracing with
viscous fluid dampers
in San Francisco
Civic Center.

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 Woodland Hotel, California
• Four-story reinforced
concrete/shear wall
building
• Constructed in 1927
• 16 Taylor Dampers
• Capacity of each damper =
100 kips

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3. Categories of Supplemental Damping
and Seismic Isolation Systems

SID Course
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Questions/Discussions

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