Chapter 10-The ASCE 7-10 Design Provisions For Seismically Isolated Buildings-Fall 2013-4

Seismic Analysis of Base Isolated Building
• Codes and References

– For the design example, reference will be made to the
following documents:
1. ASCE Standard (ASCE/SEI 7-10), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia.
2. C. Christopoulos and A. Filiatrault, Principles of Passive Supplemental Damping and Seismic

Isolation, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy, 2006.
3. Constantinou, M.C, Kalpakidis, I., Filiatrault, A., Ecker R.A., LRFD-Based Analysis and Design
Procedures for Bridge Bearings and Seismic Isolators, MCEER Report 11-0004, September 26,
2011.
4. Constantinou, M.C, Whittaker, A.S., Kalpakidis, Y., Fenz, D.M and Warn G.P., Performance of
Seismic Isolation Hardware under Service and Seismic Loading, MCEER Report 07-0012, August
27, 2007.
CIE Damping
Supplemental 626 - Structural Control
and Seismic Isolation
91
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
Seismic7-10 DesignSystems
Isolation Provisions for
Seismically Isolated Buildings
• Preliminary Design of Isolators
– Why preliminary?
• The design of isolators is highly sensitive to geometry and material.
• The capacity of the isolator depends on the displacement they are subjected to. This means that the
displacement has to be known (or assumed) to find out the properties.
• The preliminary design then, is used to start with some initial values of the isolators and then iterate up to the
point where the displacement assumed is equal to the displacement from the spectra. Also, project
requirements must be satisfied, i.e. minimum overlap factor, limits on the shape factor and maximum
displacement. Then, with the values of load and maximum displacements, adequacy assessment of the
stability and strength of isolators must be performed.
– Type of isolator.
• The selection of the type of isolator hardware (TFP, Lead-Rubber, among others) depends on many reasons.
For this project, the isolator to be used is Lead-Rubber.
– Recommended Procedure for Preliminary Design .
• There is an 8-steps procedure recommended to perform the Preliminary Design.
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– Step 1 – Geometric Properties
• Ref. 3 recommends the following as a starting point:
Do ≈ 3Di to 6Di
Tr ≥ Di
Where:
–Do: Diameter of rubber
–Di: Diameter of the lead plug.
–Tr: Total thickness of rubber.
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– Step 2 – Material Properties
• The properties of the material depends on fabricator, however, the
rubber and lead can be typically found with the following values:
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Average Lower Bound Upper Bound
Values Values Values
Geff (MPa) 0.7 0.595 0.805
K (MPa) 2000 2000 2000
GLEAD (MPa) 150 127.5 172.5
Where: τpy (MPa) 10 8.5 11.5
–Geff: Effective Shear Modulus of Rubber.

–K: Compression modulus (or Bulk Modulus).
–GLEAD: Shear Modulus of Lead.
−τpy: Shear Lead Strength.
–Lower and Upper Bound Values are according to recommendations of Ref. 3
and fabricator.
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– Step 3 – Hysteresis Information for One Isolator
• The hysteresis loop can be characterized with the following
parameters:
Where:
–Qd: Characteristic Strength (kN).
–AL: Lead Plug Area (mm2).
–Arubber: Bonded Rubber Area (mm2).
–Kd: Post-elastic Stiffness (kN/mm).
–Y = 25 mm as recommended in Ref. 2.
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– Step 4 – Weight to Isolate and Number of Isolators
• The number of isolators is selected depending upon the requirements for the project. For this example, the
isolators are located on top of the walls of the lower system.
NUMBER OF ISOLATORS : 28
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96
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– Step 5 – Properties of the System of Isolators
• With the number of isolators, the characteristics parameters for
the hysteresis loop of all the isolators can be computed:
• Where N Is the number of isolators.

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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– Step 6 – Assumption of Displacement Xb and
Computation of Dynamic Properties:
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98
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– Step 7 – Computation of Design Displacement (Sd) and
Verification of Xb
• With the damping of the system and the information of the
response acceleration spectra given, the design displacement
can be computed.
• To do so, a damping modification factor B must be computed,
according to Ref. 3:
• With the period Teff and the displacement reduced response

spectra, Sd can be read and iteration on Xb must be performed
until Xb=Sd.
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99
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– Step 8 – Preliminary Checking
• Some limits are checked in order to have preliminary results on
parameters that might changes assumptions done at the
beginning. These are:
– Project Requirement Checking:

» Maximum Displacement. For this project, the maximum
displacement allowed due to issues with the ducts is 250mm.
Xb ≤ 250mm
– Overlapping Area Factor (Ar /A ) and Shape Factor (S) Checking:

» This initial checking estimates buckling and shear strain issues.
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100
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– Summary Flow Chart for Preliminary Design
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101
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Results from Preliminary Analysis
– Once the iterative process is done for both, lower bound
(LB) and Upper Bound (UB) properties, two targets are
sought:
1. Dynamic Properties of the System:

LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND
DE MCE DE MCE
β EFF 0.208 0.161 0.223 0.18
Teff (s) 1.72 1.88 1.41 1.57
Sd (mm) 137 230 110 189
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102
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Results from Preliminary Analysis
2. Material Properties for Modeling:
2.1 Lateral Properties
DE MCE DE MCE
K1 SYSTEM (kN/mm) 120 120 163 163
Fy SYSTEM (kN) 3006 3006 4067 4067 For Non linear Analysis Cases
Qd SYSTEM (kN) 2692 2692 3642 3642
Kd SYSTEM (kN/mm) 29.4 29.4 39.8 39.8
KEFF (kN/mm) 49.1 41.1 72.9 59.1 For Linear Analysis Cases
Keff is the only one that changes because is the only one dependent on the displacement.
2.2 Vertical Stiffness

LB UB
Kvγ (kN/m) 1962261 2654824
KvV (kN/m) 3392920 3392920
KVERTICAL (kN/m) 1243244 1489416
All these values are for the system, therefore, have to be divided by 28.
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103
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Selection of analysis Procedure. ASCE 7-10, 17.4
– Seven criteria must be evaluated to know which
procedure is applicable. This selection is only for
Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) or Modal Response
Spectrum Analysis (MRSA). Time-History Analysis
1. S (g) 0.574 OK!
1
(THA) is always permitted 6. REGULAR? REGULAR OK!
2. SITE CLASS C OK! (ELF and MRSA)
3. Height Above Isol (m) 24 ELF IS NA!!

LOWER
7a Effective Stiffness BOUND
Keff at Xb (kN/mm) 49.1
3. # of Floors 10 ELF IS NA!!
Keff at 0.2Xb (kN/mm) 128 OK! (ELF and MRSA)
4. TM (s) 1.88 Tm < 3.0 s; OK! 7b Restoring Force
Xb (mm) 137
Tx FIXED-BASE (s) 0.52 F at Xb (kN) 6303
Ty FIXED-BASE (s) 0.58 0.5Xb (mm) 69
3 x TMAX FIXED-BASE (s) 1.74 F at 0.5Xb (kN) 4286 OK! (ELF and MRSA)
5. TD (s) 1.72 Td < 3Tfix; ELF IS NA!!
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104
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Selection of analysis Procedure. ASCE 7-10, 17.4

1. S1 (g) 0.574 OK!
UPPER BOUND
2. SITE CLASS C OK! (ELF and MRSA) 6. REGULAR? REGULAR OK!
3. Height Above Isol (m) 24 ELF IS NA!! 7a Effective Stiffness

3. # of Floors 10 ELF IS NA!! Keff at Xb (kN/mm) 72.9
Keff at 0.2Xb (kN/mm) 205 OK! (ELF and MRSA)
4. TM (s) 1.57 Tm < 3.0 s; OK! 7b Restoring Force
Xb (mm) 110
Tx FIXED-BASE (s) 0.52 F at Xb (kN) 7452
Ty FIXED-BASE (s) 0.58 0.5Xb (mm) 55
3 x TMAX FIXED-BASE (s) 1.74 F at 0.5Xb (kN) 5262 OK! (ELF and MRSA)
5. TD (s) 1.41 Td < 3Tfix ELF IS NA!!
USE: MRSA
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105
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
– Objectives:
• # of modes to use.
• Determine isolated and non-isolated modes and periods.
• Verify mass participation > 90%.
• Build up the “Reduced Spectra”.
• Must be done for Lower and Upper Bound and DE and MCE.
• Check seismic design requirement as per ASCE 7-10.
– Number of Modes to Use:
• It is recommended to use:
– (Number of DOF x 3) + (Number of Isolators x 3 ).
– 14* x 3 + 28 x 3 = 126 modes.
» * 14 = 10 residential floors + 2 machinery and elevators roofs + 2
basements.
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106
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
– Isolated and Non-Isolated Modes.
• This is done in order to identify the periods of vibration that
will be reduced by the new damping introduced by the isolator.
• In this example, the first three modes were clearly isolated.
• ISOLATED MODES:
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
• NON-ISOLATED FIRST THREE MODES:

Mode 4 Mode 5 Mode 6
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Modal Response Spectrum Analysis. (LB – DE)
– Isolated Periods and Mass Verification.
TABLE: Modal Participating Mass Ratios
OutputCase StepType StepNum Period UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY SumUZ
Text Text Unitless Sec Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless
MODAL Mode 1 1.805304 0.00176 0.83951 2.41E-09 0.00176 0.83951 2.41E-09
MODAL Mode 2 1.792631 0.84255 0.00193 3.059E-07 0.84431 0.84144 3.083E-07
MODAL Mode 3 1.519694 0.00133 0.00277 2.126E-08 0.84565 0.8442 3.295E-07
MODAL Mode 4 0.543093 2.252E-07 0.00172 3.795E-07 0.84565 0.84592 7.09E-07
MODAL Mode 5 0.413024 7.226E-06 0.00338 4.397E-07 0.84565 0.8493 1.149E-06
MODAL Mode 6 0.40044 0.0035 6.197E-06 0.00003517 0.84915 0.84931 0.00003632
MODAL Mode 66 0.01282 2.887E-06 0.00047 0.00135 0.98762 0.99247 0.90003

MODAL Mode 67 0.012592 0.0000222 0.00094 0.00147 0.98764 0.99341 0.9015
MODAL Mode 68 0.011889 0.00003171 0.00035 0.00088 0.98767 0.99376 0.90237
MODAL Mode 69 0.011391 2.767E-06 0.0011 0.00022 0.98767 0.99486 0.90259
MODAL Mode 70 0.011 0.00008376 4.638E-06 0.0005 0.98776 0.99487 0.9031
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Modal Response Spectrum Analysis. (LB – MCE)
MODAL Mode 1 1.959463 0.00094 0.84343 1.128E-09 0.00094 0.84343 1.128E-09
MODAL Mode 2 1.948408 0.84453 0.00101 2.169E-07 0.84547 0.84445 2.18E-07
MODAL Mode 3 1.630073 0.00117 0.00114 1.617E-08 0.84663 0.84559 2.342E-07
MODAL Mode 4 0.554051 1.826E-07 0.00124 3.975E-07 0.84663 0.84683 6.317E-07
MODAL Mode 5 0.415845 0.00000469 0.00239 4.267E-07 0.84664 0.84922 1.058E-06
MODAL Mode 6 0.403004 0.00246 4.096E-06 0.00003569 0.8491 0.84922 0.00003675
MODAL Mode 67 0.012607 0.00002566 0.00096 0.00158 0.98762 0.99405 0.90155

MODAL Mode 68 0.011882 0.00002191 0.00036 0.00085 0.98764 0.99442 0.9024
MODAL Mode 69 0.011397 5.029E-07 0.00126 0.00023 0.98764 0.99568 0.90263
MODAL Mode 70 0.010996 0.00008992 4.101E-07 0.00048 0.98773 0.99568 0.90312
MODAL Mode 71 0.009875 0.0002 0.00051 0.00002329 0.98793 0.99619 0.90314
CIE Damping
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Modal Response Spectrum Analysis. (UB – DE)
MODAL Mode 1 1.520651 0.00372 0.82 9.972E-09 0.00372 0.82 9.972E-09
MODAL Mode 2 1.502621 0.83607 0.0044 6.376E-07 0.83979 0.8244 6.475E-07
MODAL Mode 3 1.321077 0.00206 0.01467 3.431E-08 0.84184 0.83908 6.819E-07
MODAL Mode 4 0.51306 2.35E-07 0.00342 3.261E-07 0.84185 0.8425 1.008E-06
MODAL Mode 5 0.404853 0.00001963 0.00703 4.831E-07 0.84186 0.84953 1.491E-06
MODAL Mode 6 0.39304 0.00746 0.00001599 0.00003358 0.84933 0.84955 0.00003507
MODAL Mode 67 0.012489 0.00001133 0.00072 0.00058 0.98769 0.99104 0.90138

MODAL Mode 68 0.011918 0.00004821 0.00029 0.00097 0.98774 0.99133 0.90236
MODAL Mode 69 0.011396 0.00001479 0.00055 0.00016 0.98775 0.99187 0.90252
MODAL Mode 70 0.01101 0.00007117 0.00004731 0.00055 0.98783 0.99192 0.90307
MODAL Mode 71 0.009766 0.00035 0.00073 0.0000236 0.98818 0.99265 0.9031
CIE Damping
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Modal Response Spectrum Analysis. (UB – MCE)
MODAL Mode 1 1.664335 0.00268 0.83306 4.79E-09 0.00268 0.83306 4.79E-09
MODAL Mode 2 1.649563 0.83996 0.00301 4.32E-07 0.84263 0.83607 4.37E-07
MODAL Mode 3 1.420457 0.00159 0.00618 2.72E-08 0.84422 0.84225 4.64E-07
MODAL Mode 4 0.530193 2.54E-07 0.00238 3.57E-07 0.84422 0.84463 8.21E-07
MODAL Mode 5 0.409602 0.00001137 0.00477 4.57E-07 0.84423 0.8494 1.278E-06
MODAL Mode 6 0.397337 0.00499 0.00000955 0.00003452 0.84923 0.84941 0.0000358
MODAL Mode 66 0.01281 3.85E-07 0.00053 0.0006 0.98764 0.9916 0.90025

MODAL Mode 67 0.012563 0.0000182 0.00088 0.0012 0.98766 0.99248 0.90145
MODAL Mode 68 0.011899 0.00004062 0.00033 0.00091 0.9877 0.99282 0.90236
MODAL Mode 69 0.011388 6.987E-06 0.00088 0.0002 0.98771 0.99369 0.90256
MODAL Mode 70 0.011004 0.00007795 0.00001739 0.00053 0.98779 0.99371 0.90308
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Modal Response Spectrum Analysis.
– Comments on the Isolated Periods and Mass Verification.
• The following table shows the periods computed previously in the
Preliminary Analysis and the extracted from the Modeling process.
DE MCE DE MCE
Preliminary Analysis Teff (s) 1.72 1.88 1.41 1.57
T1 (s) 1.81 1.96 1.52 1.66
Modelling T2 (s) 1.79 1.95 1.50 1.65
T3 (s) 1.52 1.63 1.32 1.42
• Isolated translational modes (T1 and T2) vs Teff… Why the

difference?
– Influence of the translational natural modes of the building. Suggesting that the “Rigid Body” is, as expected, not that rigid.
– Influence of the base of the isolators which is not fixed but is an structural system with its own stiffness.
• Isolated rotational mode (T3) vs T1 and T2 … Why the difference?

– Strong Influence of the rotational natural mode of the building. Somehow expected because in the fixed-base structure, the
fundamental mode is rotational and is 40% bigger than translational fixed-base.
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Effective Damping and Reduced Spectra
– Once the analysis is done, the reduced spectra can be
build by applying the reduction due to the damping for
the isolated modes and keeping in 5% the damping for
the rest of the spectrum.
– LB - DE
ISOLATED MODES
1 1.81
2 1.79
3 1.52
DAMPING and REDUCTION FACTOR

β system 0.208
B 1.53
β < 30%, ASCE 7-10; 17.6.3.3
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– LB - MCE
ISOLATED MODES
1 1.96
2 1.95
3 1.63

β system 0.161
B 1.42
β < 30%, ASCE 7-10; 17.6.3.3
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE

– UB - DE
ISOLATED MODES
1 1.52
2 1.50
3 1.32

β system 0.223
B 1.57
β < 30%, ASCE 7-10; 17.6.3.3
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
– UB – MCE
ISOLATED MODES
1 1.66
2 1.65
3 1.42

β system 0.180
B 1.47
β < 30%, ASCE 7-10; 17.6.3.3
• Note: These spectra are already affected by the damping provided by the isolator system. Therefore, the function
damping ratio and the modal damping specified in the program shall be zero!
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
• Seismic Design Requirements
– For the dynamic analysis, the ASCE 7- Chapter 17,
specifies four criteria to be met:
1. Minimum Lateral Force – ASCE 7-10, 17.6.4.1 & 17.6.4.2
2. Minimum Displacement for the Isolation System – ASCE 7-
10, 17.6.4.1
3. Scaling Design Values of Combined Response – ASCE 7-10,
17.6.4.3
4. Checking Minimum Design Shear Stories – ASCE 7-10,
17.6.3.3 CIE Damping
117
Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE 7-10
Seismic DesignSystems
– Minimum Lateral Force.
• Design Displacement (DD) and MCE Displacement (DM) must
be computed according to 17.5.3.1 and 17.5.3.3
• Iterative process must be conducted and is shown
simultaneously forComputation
DD and D ofMDD and DM
Displacement - Initial Value Displacement - Initial Value

DD O (mm) 139 DM O (mm) 252
Effective Stiffness Effective Stiffness

K D MIN (kN/mm) 49 K M MIN (kN/mm) 40
Effective Period, eq) 17.5-2 Effective Period, eq) 17.5-4

TD (s) 1.73 TM (s) 1.90
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
Effective Damping Effective Damping
βDamper 0.000 βDamper 0.000
β Isol 0.207 β Isol 0.153
β system 0.207 β system 0.153
Damping Coefficient* Damping Coefficient*

BD. = (βsystem/0.05)^0.3 1.53 BM . = (βsystem/0.05)^0.3 1.40
BD. = 4/(1-ln βsystem) 1.55 BM . = 4/(1-ln βsystem) 1.39
*Two formulas are presented for comparison purposes only *Two formulas are presented for comparison purposes only
(ASCE 7-10; Table 17.5-1)

β D or β M (%) BD or BM.
<=2 0.8
5 1
10 1.2
20 1.5
30 1.7
40 1.9
> = 50 2
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE
Ground Motion Info Ground Motion Info
SD1 (g) 0.497 SM1 (g) 0.746
Checking Assumption of DD. Checking Assumption of DD.

DD (mm) eq) 17.5-1 139 DM (mm) eq) 17.5-3 252
DD O (mm) 139 Ok DM O (mm) 252 Ok
CIE Damping
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Chapter 10 – 10
Chapter The– ASCE

Chapter 10-The ASCE 7-10 Design Provisions For Seismically Isolated Buildings-Fall 2013-4

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Chapter 10-The ASCE 7-10 Design Provisions For Seismically Isolated Buildings-Fall 2013-4

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Seismic Analysis of Base Isolated Building

• Codes and References

2. C. Christopoulos and A. Filiatrault, Principles of Passive Supplemental Damping and Seismic

–Geff: Effective Shear Modulus of Rubber.

• Where N Is the number of isolators.

• With the period Teff and the displacement reduced response

– Project Requirement Checking:

– Overlapping Area Factor (Ar /A ) and Shape Factor (S) Checking:

1. Dynamic Properties of the System:

2.2 Vertical Stiffness

3. Height Above Isol (m) 24 ELF IS NA!!

• Selection of analysis Procedure. ASCE 7-10, 17.4

3. Height Above Isol (m) 24 ELF IS NA!! 7a Effective Stiffness

• NON-ISOLATED FIRST THREE MODES:

MODAL Mode 66 0.01282 2.887E-06 0.00047 0.00135 0.98762 0.99247 0.90003

MODAL Mode 67 0.012607 0.00002566 0.00096 0.00158 0.98762 0.99405 0.90155

MODAL Mode 67 0.012489 0.00001133 0.00072 0.00058 0.98769 0.99104 0.90138

MODAL Mode 66 0.01281 3.85E-07 0.00053 0.0006 0.98764 0.9916 0.90025

• Isolated translational modes (T1 and T2) vs Teff… Why the

• Isolated rotational mode (T3) vs T1 and T2 … Why the difference?

DAMPING and REDUCTION FACTOR

DAMPING and REDUCTION FACTOR

• Effective Damping and Reduced Spectra

DAMPING and REDUCTION FACTOR

DAMPING and REDUCTION FACTOR

Displacement - Initial Value Displacement - Initial Value

Effective Stiffness Effective Stiffness

Effective Period, eq) 17.5-2 Effective Period, eq) 17.5-4

Damping Coefficient* Damping Coefficient*

(ASCE 7-10; Table 17.5-1)

Checking Assumption of DD. Checking Assumption of DD.

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