Indoor Propagation Environmental Profile Analysis at

2300 MHz

Sandryones Palinggi Iskandar

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Bandung Institute of Technology Bandung Institute of Technology
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
23217112@std.stei.itb.ac.id iskandar 815@gmail.com

Abstract— The aim of this research proposal is to find out the

losses that occur in the profile of the indoor propagation
environment, especially in the LTRGM ITB Building based on
seat locations in the classroom. The method used is to calculate
the attenuation that occurs at a frequency of 2300 MHz based on
the profile of the indoor environment. The results of this study
are estimating propagation attenuation based on seat location of
LTE cellphone users and translated into graphical form based on
calculations in Matlab.
Keywords— estimation, location, cellular, propagation, free
space loss, indoor profile.
I. INTRODUCTION
Technological advances, especially in the
telecommunications sector, have had a tremendous impact on
the entire community. Various impacts that arise in all aspects
of life, both positive and negative ones. Considering the
increasingly rapid development of technological advances,
various negative effects have emerged The presence of cellular
telephones in the school environment has the potential to
disrupt the discipline of teaching and learning, especially the
use of cell phones in the classroom. Mobile communication
technology devices that are currently in trend are 4G
technology. One characteristic of 4G technology is that the
network will be IP-based. The speed offered makes 4G the
most advanced technology in the field of wireless
telecommunications.
This paper contains the results of an investigation of radio
propagation use indoor profile at 2300 MHz. Measurements of
the average signal strength and the signal variability have been
made using buildings within the LTRGM, Bandung Institute of
Technology. These tests were intended, inter alia, to establish
whether the Rayleigh-plus-lognormal statistical model that
successfully describes the signal received at street level outside
buildings still applied, or whether it would be necessary to
devise an alternative model. The signal variability is discussed
in both into and within building measurements. The building
loss factor, which is included in the vehicular mobile model to
account for the increase in attenuation of the received signal
observed when the mobile is moved from outside a building to
inside, is discussed in the into building measurements.[2]
II. 2300 MHz PROPAGATION BASIC PRINCIPLES
A. Cellular Propagation
Cellular telephone systems are divided into 3 (three) parts,
namely radio systems, telephone communication systems and
programming systems. Radio and telephone communication
systems consist of passive and active electronic circuits.
Cellular phones are electronic devices that are very commonly
used in society today with the operating area of the UHF
(Ultra High Frequency) band, 800 to 1900 MHz (Mega Hertz).
For higher levels, the frequency used is 2300 MHz. This
frequency range is categorized as a very high frequency range
and has been regulated by all countries in the world. Each
cellular telephone operator uses different frequencies within
that frequency range. [8]
Artefioa
Ciystal
Anteww IMA OSC SfiMhz
switch itaw nc«s9 ampiiliefl
PA
(poer cmpifa]
VCQ
Figure 1. VCO of Block Diagram [8]
Selection of a good antenna can improve overall system
performance because the antenna can function as an amplifier
for both the sender and receiver. In general, the level of signal
reception at a point is formulated:
P
KK = P
TX + 2G- FSL (2.1)
FSLidB) = —67.SS + 20logf(MHz) + 20logD(cm) (2.2)
B. Location Estimation Using RF Technology [8]
In the execution of this paper, it takes 2 forms of analysis
as a form of targeting, namely static scene analysis is the

978-1-7281-4796-3/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

testing of certain features in an environment that contains a
location system. Static scene analysis consists of offline and
runtime stages.
- offline stage: During this stage, measurements of RF
features are carried out at known locations.
- runtime stage: Measurement of the same metric
signal as offline.
C. Location Estimation Using RF Technology [8]
On radio channels, signal propagation in the indoor
environment is dominated by reflection, diffraction and
scattering of radio waves caused by building structures. The
transmitted signal generally reaches the recipient through
multiple paths (termed the multipath phenomenon). Multipath
causes fluctuations in the envelope signal and the received
phase, and the components that arrive from the indirect path
and directly combine to produce a distorted transmission
signal. Propagation in a building is strongly influenced by
specific features such as room layout, room material and room
type.
D. Partition Losses on the same Floor [8]
A building has various types of partitions and constraints
that shape the internal and external structures of the building.
Houses usually use wooden partitions with plaster boards to
form internal walls or with wood without any reinforced
concrete between the floors. Office buildings, on the other
hand, usually have large open areas (open designs) that are
built using movable office partitions so that the room can be
easily reconfigured, and the use of reinforced concrete
between floors. Partitions formed as part of a building
structure are called hard partitions, and partitions that can be
moved and those that do not span to the ceiling are called soft
partitions.
E. Track Loss Model [8]
The loss distance log model in the indoor environment
determined by the type of building is:
PL(DB) = PLido) + 10FI log ( £ ) + Xa (2.3)
where the value of n depends on the surroundings and type of
building, and represents a zero mean Gaussian random
variable distributed in dB with a standard deviation X a dB.
PL (do) is the loss of the path depending on the reference
distance, do (distance where the value of n depends on die
surrounding conditions and type of building, and represents a
zero mean Gaussian random variable distributed in dB with a
standard deviation a dB. PL (do) is the loss of the dependent
path at reference distance, do (measurement distance close to
the transmitter) and d is the TR separation distance.
The attenuation factor for the floor (level) of the building
ignores the floor effect (FAF) and considers the effect of the
barrier between the transmitter and receiver, the Wall
Attenuation Factor model is used so that it produces an
equation to calculate the following signal power:
nw*WAF nw<C (2.4)
Pid)[dBm] = P(d0)[dBm]-mbg
C*WAF
Calculation of path loss based on power and gain on the
transmitting antenna and receiver is as follows:
PLidB) = Pt + Gt + Gr - Pr (2.5)
F. Indoor Propagation Environmental Profile [8]
There are 3 (three) types of profiles of known indoor
environnements, namely open space, semi-open space and
closed space.
In this case, the profile of indoor space used is the profile
of an open room. The propagation environment has a
characteristic where the transmitter and receiver can see each
other, meaning that there is no barrier wall between them.
Often referred to as a line-of-sight topology.
Figure 2. Open Space Profile
III. RESEACH METHOD
By using the empiric method and ideal calculation, it can
be described in the form of tables or visually which can then
be seen visually, making it easier to read based on the existing
scheme.
Sampling is done randomly to find out the losses that occur
in the room. Randomly, the signal strength will be recorded
and entered into a table which is then processed based on real
calculations. Statistical data processing will provide an
overview of propagation losses in the LTRGM ITB
classrooms.
I V . SIMULATION AND DATA ANALISIS
Classrooms have dimensions of 8.10 meters in length.
While the width dimension of the classroom is 4.8 meters. In
general, the area of the classroom is 38.88 meters. The
classroom consists of 35 tables with a distance between tables
of about 50-70 cm.
In experiments conducted in the classroom using mobile
phones as a detector to capture signal strength from the nearest
BTS. The cellphone is installed supporting devices in the form
of software that is open signal and also network signal info.
Open signal software represents which BTS is the base station
transmitter. While software network signal info provides an
overview of the signal strength of the LTE network. In this
case, the network provider used is Indosat Ooredoo. Indosat
Ooredoo is one of the cellular operators that provides LTE
services in Indonesia.
The hardware functions as a signal receiving device and is
receive only. The experiment was carried out randomly to
obtain valid data. The number of seats is 35 with the number
of rows of seats is 5. Each row represents 2 experiments taken
randomly.
Determination of related propagation loss based on the
table presented as in Table 1. [2]
TABLE 1. PROPAGATION LOSS BASED O N MATERIAL [ 2 ]

No Material Tipe Loss (dB) Referensi

1 Metal 26 (dB) [Cox83b]
2 Alunimium 20.4 (dB) [Cox83b]
3 Wall Block 13 (dB) [Rap91c]
4 Loss 1 Floor 20-30 (dB) [Rap91c] Figure 3. Profile of Classrooms
5 Wall 8-15 (dB) [Rap91c]
WHITI 1011B
6 Fbor 10 (dB) [Rap91c]
In addition, the effect on the losses received depends on Small Class R o o m
the deviation and floor effect, as presented in Table 2. [2]
TABLE 2 . PROPAGATION L o s s TABLE BASED ON F A F AND DEVIATION 2 1
STANDARDS [ 2 ]

Deviation
No Building Type FAF(dB)
Standard (dB) _ • : : :
Building 1 :

1
Through One Fbor
Through Two Fbor
12.9
18.7
7.0
2.8 ; 1 1 Ii i m
gk
Through Three Fbor 24.4 1.7
Through Four Fbor 27.0 1.5
Building 2 :
2
Through One Fbor
Through Two Fbor
Through Three Fbor
16.2
27.5
2.9
5.4 jfHim ! : I |
31.6 7.2
Figure 4. Layot Profile of Classrooms
Figure 3 is a real view of the LTRGM ITB classroom The calculation of the row from the seat is calculated based
which is the place for sampling signal strength. In the room on the closest location of the whiteboard. While the
there are some furniture that can weaken the signals coming calculation of seats from right to left. The upper right seat, seat
from the nearest BTS, such as wood, glass and aluminum as 1, shows the closest location to the BTS. Thus, providing an
presented in Table 2. overview of the relationship between distance and signal
In conducting research experiments, it is necessary to strength can be answered.
delineate the profile of the room where the sampling took Table 3 is a trial result table that is done by using
place. Figure 4 shows the profile of the room which is a handphone as a detector and is receive only.
visualization of the experiments conducted. In data collection,
mobile phones that function as detectors and are equipped TABLE 3. THE RESULT OF SIMULATION BASED SEAT IN L T R G M I T B

with software, are placed on each seat for 5-10 minutes. The CLASSROOM.

duration of time is used to retrieve some data and then the Row of Nnmber of Chairs

average is entered in Table 1. The data is changed to dB to Chairs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

facilitate calculations. 1 130 . . 131 -

In conducting research experiments, it is necessary to 2 - - 130 133 - - -

delineate the profile of the room where the sampling took 3 129 - - - 129 - -

place. Figure 4 shows the profile of the room which is a 4 - - 128 - 132 - -

visualization of the experiments conducted. In data collection, 5 127 - - - - - 132

mobile phones that function as detectors and are equipped
with software, are placed on each seat for 5-10 minutes. The
BTS to the seat where the sample data is taken. While
duration of time is used to retrieve some data and then the
Table 2 shows real calculations based on existing formulas.
average is entered in Table 1. The data is changed to dB to
This formula is then used to compare simulations and real
facilitate calculations.
calculations. This is important to do considering that the
differences that occur will provide a new understanding in the
segmentation in the wireless field today. Table 4 shows the
results of calculations performed to obtain signal strength and
become a comparison of data from Table 3.
TABLE 4. CALCULATION DATA BASED ON THE FORMULA USED
Row of Number of Chairs
Chairs 1 2 3 4
1 168.942 . -
2 - - 170.656 170393
3 170.258 - - - 172.62
4 - - 172.304 - 173315
5 171.976 - - - -
From Table 4, the calculation is done using a formula (2.2)
and added to the total value of material losses displayed in
Table 1 amounting to -114.4 dB. Losses in indoor spaces
greatly affect the amount of damping that occurs. Human
attenuation of 3.5 dBm, equivalent to 33.3 dB, is ignored. This
is due to estimation of data at the time of sampling, the
condition of the room is empty, as shown in Table 3 so that
human attenuation is also neglected. In a class filled with
students, it is a new challenge in taking samples in subsequent
studies, where the attenuation of the human body influences
the propagation of signal strength propagation.
If the data presented in Table 3 and Table 4 are presented
in the form of a diagram with the help of Matlab software, can
be seen that the difference between the simulation and the real
calculations that occur in the classroom.
Simulation Result
D i s t a n c e (meter)
Figure 4. Scattring of Simulation in Matlab
Calculation Result
8 9
D i s t a n c e (meter)
Figure 5. Scattring of Calculation in Matlab
Figure 4 shows the scattering pattern in the relationship
between signal strength and distance. It is seen that in a
simulation, there is a random spread. While Figure 5 shows
the scattering pattern of the calculation results by considering
the losses that occur are linear in relation to signal strength
and distance in meters.
V. CONCLUSION
5 6 7
- 171.636 - From the results of this study, some conclusions can be
- - - drawn which can be described as follows:
- - 1. At a distance of 5.5 meters, which is in seat 2 of the first
- - row, based on the simulation results by using mobile as a
- 174.803 detector and receive only 130 dB. While at the same
* value in dB distance and location of the same seat, based on the
results of the calculation is 168.942 dB.
2. For the farthest distance, namely with a total distance of
10.8 meters, namely seat 7 in the fifth row, based on the
simulation results is 132 dB. While based on the results of
the calculation is 174.803 dB.
3. The lowest signal strength value from the simulation
results is 127 dB, which is in seat 1 of the 5th row with a
distance of 7.8 meters. While based on the results of the
calculation is 168.942, namely in seat 2 of the first row
with a distance of 5.5 meters.
4. The biggest signal strength value from the simulation
results is 133 dB, which is on seat 4 of the second row
with a distance of 6.5 meters. While based on the
calculation results is 174.803 which is on seat 7 of the 5th
row with a distance of 10.8 meters.
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