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Restricted Earth Fault Relay

Technical Report · August 2017

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 Restricted Earth Fault Relay

Firooz Marvi, Mostafa Eidiani

Abstract: Power transformer is one of the most expensive power
equipment equipment, with a good combination of protective elements, a
comprehensive and complete protection system for this equipment. In most
errors, differential protection has a very good performance, except when a
single-phase fault occurs in the ground in a transmitted earth without
impedance near the integral point. In the fuzzy fault, the flow increases
slightly, and this is a good reason for the failure of the differential relay.
As a result, REF relay should be used as a complementary differential
relay. To operate in phase-to-earth fault conditions, the REF protection
uses a sufficient current to flow into the neutral conductor. REF protection
is a subject that has received little attention and little content is already
there. To get the best out of REF relay, you need to pay attention to many
factors. To choose between the impedance and the low impedance of the
two types of REF relays, we need to have a good understanding of the
theory behind each type. In the past due to the limited technology and
equipment available, only the high impedance of the REF relay was
available. At the moment, a low impedance type was also provided for the
neomaric relay. Each of these two types has disadvantages and advantages.
A key advantage of low impedance REF protection, which relates to new
generation relays, ie, non-metallic, is the ability to use CTs with different
specifications and ratios. A key advantage of protecting REF is the high
impedance, relay protection and its security against CT saturation for off-
site errors. The key advantage of the two is the ability to provide the
highest level of protection and coverage against ground faults. In this
project, we investigated the limited field error relay comprehensively. [5,6]
 ‫ﺳﻤﯿﻨﺎر ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ارﺷﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﺮق ﻗﺪرت – ﮔﺮاﯾﺶ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ رﻟﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه‬

‫ﻓﯿﺮوز ﻣﺮوي‬

‫اﺳﺘﺎد ﺳﻤﯿﻨﺎر‪:‬‬

‫دﮐﺘﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﯽ ﻋﯿﺪﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺎد راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫دﮐﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﺎدا‪ ...‬ﮐﺎﻣﯿﺎب‬

‫ﺗﯿﺮﻣﺎه ‪1396‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ‬
‫ﺑﮫ ﭘﺪر و ﻣﺎدرم‪:‬‬
‫آﻧﺎن‬
‫ﮐﮫ ﻧﺎﺗﻮان ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﮫ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺳﯿﻢ‪...‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ روﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺷﻮﯾﻢ‪...‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮھﺎﯾﺸﺎن ﺳﭙﯿﺪ ﺷﺪ‬

‫و‬
‫ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎﻧﮫ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺑﺨﺶ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺎ و روﺷﻨﮕﺮ‬
‫راھﻤﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪...‬‬
 ‫ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮد ﻣﯽداﻧﺪ‬

‫ﮐﻪ از زﺣﻤﺎت ﺑﯽدرﯾﻎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼشﻫﺎي ﺑﯽوﻗﻔﻪ و راﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽﻫﺎي ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬

‫اﺳﺎﺗﯿﺪ ﮔﺮاﻣﯽ ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي دﮐﺘﺮ ﻋﯿﺪﯾﺎﻧﯽ و ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي دﮐﺘﺮ ﮐﺎﻣﯿﺎب‬

‫در راﺳﺘﺎ ﭘﯿﺸﺒﺮد اﯾﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﺗﺸﮑﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

 ‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬

‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﻗﺪرت از ﮔﺮانﻗﯿﻤﺖﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻗﺪرت اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﯾﮏ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺧﻮب از‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎنﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ و ﮐﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰ رﺳﯿﺪ‪ .‬در اﻏﻠﺐ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ دارد ﺑﻪﺟﺰ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻄﺎي ﺗﮏ ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ در ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ‪ ،‬در ﻧﺰدﯾﮑﯽ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال رخ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪ .‬در ﻓﺎزي ﮐﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎده اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار اﻧﺪﮐﯽ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ و اﯾﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﮑﺮدن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ رﻟﻪ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬درﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ از رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﮑﻤﻞ رﻟﻪ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬از ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﮐﻪ در درون ﻫﺎدي ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺟﺎري ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﻪ آن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﮐﻤﯽ در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ وﺟﻮد دارد‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ از رﻟﻪ ‪ ،REF‬ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي زﯾﺎدي اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد و‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﮐﻪ دو ﻧﻮع رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺧﻮب از ﺗﺌﻮري ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﭘﺸﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع‬
‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ‪ .‬درﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي و ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﻮع اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ رﻟﻪ ‪REF‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞدﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﻮد‪ .‬در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺪان آﻣﺪن رﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﯿﻮﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎل ﻧﻮع اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻬﯿﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از‬
‫اﯾﻦ دو ﻧﻮع داراي ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺐ و ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﮐﻠﯿﺪي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ‬
‫رﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻧﯿﻮﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎل ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﮐﻠﯿﺪي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ رﻟﻪ و اﻣﻨﯿﺖ آن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺷﺒﺎع ‪CT‬‬
‫در ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺤﺪوده اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﮐﻠﯿﺪي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ دو‪ ،‬ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮐﺮدن ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي زﻣﯿﻦ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮوژه رﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺎي زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﺪه ﺑﺼﻮرت‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار دادﯾﻢ‪[5,6].‬‬

‫أ‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪1 ......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوم‪ :‬رﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه )‪(REF‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪ 1 -2‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ‪3 .................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2 -2‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‪6 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-2‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ آن ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ‪6 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-2‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪6 ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-1-3-2‬ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺘﺎره – زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ ‪6 ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-1-3-2‬ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺘﺎره – ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ‪9 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-1-3-2‬ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ – زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ‪10 ......................................................................................... NEC/R‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬رﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد )‪(HREF‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪ 1-3‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ‪11 .................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ‪13 .............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت ‪13 .........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-3‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ ﻣﺤﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه وﻟﺘﺎژ )‪18 ....................................................................... (Metrosils‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬رﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ )‪(LREF‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬

‫‪ 1-4‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ‪20 ................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4‬ﻣﺘﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ‪22 ............................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-4‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ‪23 ............................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫‪-5‬‬

‫‪ 1-5‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ‪24 ............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-5‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪25 .............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-5‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي ‪26 .....................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ب‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1-1‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ رﻟﻪ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ ‪1 .....................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1-2‬اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ CT‬در ﻓﺎﻧﮑﺸﻦ ‪2 ....................................................................................................................................................... REF‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 2-2‬ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ و ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره ‪2 ...................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 3-2‬ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺎ ‪5 ...................................................................................................... NEC‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 4-2‬ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ X‬ﭘﺮﯾﻮﻧﯿﺖ از ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ‪7 ........‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 5-2‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﻮﺗﺮال در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﺘﺎره ﯾﮏ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﺎاﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ ‪8 .........‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1-3‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد ‪.....................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 2-3‬وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ ‪.............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪16‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1-4‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻤﺖ اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ‪20 ........................................................‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 2-4‬اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ‪20 .......................... NEC‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 3-4‬اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺎﯾﯽ داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره ‪.................................................................‬‬
‫‪21‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 4-4‬اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢ ﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ‪21 ............................. NEC‬‬

‫ج‬
‫د‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ اول‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﻗﺪرت ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ و ﮔﺮانﻗﯿﻤﺖﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﺟﺰاي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ‬
‫دﻟﯿﻞ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎدﺛﻪ و اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰ را ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﻮد و آن را از‬
‫ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﺧﺎرج ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﮔﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﯾﯽ رخ دﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﯽ دوامداري ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪن ﯾﮏ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺿﺮر اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪[6].‬‬

‫اﮔﺮﭼﻪ رﻟﻪ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ‪ 1‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎز و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭻ داﺧﻠﯽ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬اﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺎن در ﯾﮏ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ داراي ﻧﻮﺗﺮال زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ‪،2‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﮐﻤﯽ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺗﮏ ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﻪ در ﻧﺰدﯾﮑﯽ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻨﺎل زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎ دارد‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺧﻄﺎ‪ ،‬زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن زﯾﺎد در ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺟﺎري ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﻤﯽ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ ‪[5].‬‬

‫رﻟﻪ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ]‪[4‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1-1‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Differential Relay‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- Solidly Earthed‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‪ REF1‬در اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺰرﮔﯽ ﮐﻪ از ﻫﺎدي ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ و‬
‫ﻃﺮح ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎ ﭼﺴﺒﯿﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ازآﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ آن‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه‪ 2‬ﯾﺎد ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻃﺮح ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ رﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﮔﺮ اﯾﻦ رﻟﻪ‬
‫در ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮد‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ آﺳﯿﺐ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ دﯾﺪ‪[5].‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Restricted Earth Fault‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- Restricted‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوم‬

‫رﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه‬

‫‪ 1 -2‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ‬

‫رﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه )‪ (REF‬رﻟﻪ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ راه دو ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻗﺮار دارد ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﻮﺗﺮال‪ 1‬ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪه‪ 2‬از ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎز ﻓﯿﺪر ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ‬

‫‪ Ansi code‬اﯾﻦ رﻟﻪ ‪ 87n‬اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬اﯾﻦ ﻓﺎﻧﮑﺸﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ از دو ﻧﻮع اﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ .1‬رﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد ‪87n (H) :‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ .2‬رﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ‪87n (L) :‬‬

‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬ﺑﺮ روي ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﻗﺪرت‪ ،‬راﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي و ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦﻫﺎي دوار ﺟﻬﺖ رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺰان ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺎن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي زﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ رﻟﻪ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ‪،‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي ﺑﮑﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬ﺑﺮ روي ﺗﺮاﻧﺲﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎم ‪CT٥‬ﻫﺎي ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎز در‬
‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺳﺘﺎره و ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺘﺎره ﻗﺮار داده و رﻟﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزي و ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ از ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺟﺒﺮاﻧﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‪ ،‬در دﯾﺎﮔﺮام ﺗﮏﺧﻄﯽ زﯾﺮ ﻧﺤﻮه‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﺎﻧﮑﺸﻦ ‪ REF‬در دو ﻃﺮف ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ‪ Ydn‬ﻧﺸﺎن دادهﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪[1,5,6].‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Neutral Current‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- Residual‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪- High Impedance‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪- Low Impedance‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪- Current Transformer‬‬
 ‫‪ CT‬در ﻓﺎﻧﮑﺸﻦ ‪[6] REF‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1-2‬اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪CT‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﯿﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺮدش ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺎزي در ‪CT‬ﻫﺎ را در ﻃﯽ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ آنﻫﺎ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن را در ﻃﯽ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ‪ 2‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ رﻟﻪ ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎرتدﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬از‬
‫آﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ اﺷﺒﺎع ﮔﺬرا ﺗﺤﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ وﺟﻮد دارد‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬
‫‪ REF‬ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‪ 3‬ﭘﯿﺪا ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ را ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي زﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﻪ در ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎز و ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻗﺮار دارد را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺧﻄﺎ دﯾﮕﺮي در ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﮑﺸﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪[5].‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 2-2‬ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه ﺧﻄﺎﯾﯽ در ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺤﺪوده و در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺳﺘﺎره ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﯾﺎ ﺳﻤﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻗﺮار دارد‪ ،‬اﺳﺖ و ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 3-2‬ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه ﺧﻄﺎﯾﯽ در داﺧﻞ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ و روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ‪ p.u.‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره]‪[5‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 2-2‬ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ و ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- External Fault‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- Internal Fault‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪- Restraint Current‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺎ ‪[5] NEC‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 3-2‬ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ‬

‫در ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 2-2‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻓﺎز ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ در ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ‪ ،1‬ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ NCT‬و ‪ CT‬ﻓﺎز ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﮔﺮدش ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﻫﯿﭻ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدي ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ اﻟﻤﺎن رﻟﻪ ﺟﺎري ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ،3-2‬در ﻣﻮرد ﺧﻄﺎ‬
‫داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‪ ،‬واﺿﺢ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺟﺎري ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‬
‫) ‪ ( I Fp  I np‬و ﻫﯿﭻ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎز ﺟﺎري ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬ازاﯾﻦرو‪ ،‬در اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ اﻟﻤﺎن رﻟﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﻨﺪ‪[5].‬‬

‫ازآﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽﮐﻪ ‪ REF‬اﺗﺼﺎل ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺒﺎر ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ از ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﺗﺎ ﻓﯿﺪر ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ را ﻣﯽﺑﯿﻨﺪ‪ ،‬در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎل رﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدي ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ زﯾﺮا ﻫﯿﭻﯾﮏ از ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪه و ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﯽ از ﻧﻮﺗﺮال وﺟﻮد ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫داﺷﺖ‪ .‬اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﻣﺤﺾ ﺑﺮوز ﺧﻄﺎ در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻣﻮردﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً زﯾﺎدي از ﻫﺎدي ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﻤﯿﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﻣﺎ در ﻣﻮاﻗﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ در‬
‫ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺤﺪوده رخ دﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﻮدن ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪه و ﻋﺒﻮري از ﻧﻮﺗﺮال‪ ،‬رﻟﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﯾﮏ ﺷﺪن ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ و ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﮐﺮد‪.‬‬

‫اﯾﻦ رﻟﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت آﻧﯽ‪ 2‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و دﻟﯿﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آن در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺑﺎس ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر‬
‫اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﺗﺼﺎﻟﯽﻫﺎي رﺧﺪاد‪ ‬در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ را ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت آﻧﯽ ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر و ﻫﻤﯿﻦﻃﻮر ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺒﺎر ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر آﺳﯿﺐ ﮐﻤﺘﺮي ﺑﺒﯿﻨﺪ‪ .‬دﻟﯿﻞ آﻧﯽ‬
‫ﺑﻮدن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‪ ،‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ زﯾﺎد ﻧﯿﺴﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺧﻄﺎ رخداده در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ‪ ،‬از ﺷﺪت ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Up Stream‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- Instantaneous‬‬
 ‫‪ 2 -2‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‬

‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ رﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﯿﮏ آپ‪ 1‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ‪ 50‬ﻣﯿﻠﯽآﻣﭙﺮ را دارا ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ رﻟﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ داراي اﻟﻤﺎنﻫﺎي ﻧﻈﺎرﺗﯽ اﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﭘﯿﮏ آپ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺣﺎﻟﺖ داﺋﻤﯽ‪ 2‬و ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎدﻟﯽ ﺑﺎراﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي واﻗﻌﯽ و ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎدﻟﯽ ﺑﺎرﻫﺎ را ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪[5].‬‬

‫اﺻﺮار و ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‪ 3‬ﻃﺮح ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ ،‬زﯾﺮا ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اوﻟﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬درﺻﻮرﺗﯽﮐﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺾآﻣﯿﺰ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ از اﺷﺒﺎع ‪ CT‬و ﺑﻘﯿﻪ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎاﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﮑﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ در‬
‫ﺟﺎي ﺧﻮد ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ و اﻣﻨﯿﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪[5].‬‬

‫‪ 3-2‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ آن ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‬

‫‪ 1-3-2‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ را ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺧﻄﺎ‬
‫زﻣﯿﻦ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آن ﭼﯿﺰي ﮐﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ در ﻋﻤﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰاﻧﯽ دﻗﯿﻖ از اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬ﻣﺮدد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬در اداﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره )زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ و زﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﺸﺪه( و‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪[5].‬‬

‫‪ 1-1-3-2‬ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺘﺎره – زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮاي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ‪ ،‬وﻗﻊ ﺧﻄﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ از ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺗﻮ‬
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮري اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ آن ﺧﻄﺎ رخداده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Pick up‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Steady State‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪- Sensitivity‬‬
‫را‬ ‫اﯾﻦ رﺧﺪاد‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ زﯾﺮ‬
‫ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮح‬

‫‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال]‪[6‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 4-2‬ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ X‬ﭘﺮﯾﻮﻧﯿﺖ از‬

‫از ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ دورﻫﺎ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪I n (N c  N s ) 1‬‬
‫‪TR ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(1،1‬‬
‫‪Ip‬‬ ‫‪Nc‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬

‫‪Ip‬‬
‫‪I n  I p .T R ‬‬ ‫)‪(2،1‬‬
‫‪X‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = TR‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ دور‬

‫‪ = Nc‬ﺗﻌﺪاد دور ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك )روي ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ از ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ(‬

‫‪ = NS‬ﺗﻌﺪاد دور ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺮي )روي ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ(‬

‫‪ = X‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال )‪(p.u.‬‬

‫‪ = Ip‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺳﻤﺖ اوﻟﯿﻪ‬

‫‪ = In‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ‬
‫ازاﯾﻦرو‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﭼﺴﺒﯿﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال )ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ ‪ X‬ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ 0,1‬ﭘﺮﯾﻮﻧﯿﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺟﺎريﺷﺪه در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ip‬‬
‫‪In ‬‬ ‫‪ 10I p‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه در ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺑﻪﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﺎز ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ ‪5-2‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﺗﺮال و ﻓﺎز اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ از ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال رﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎمﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ روي ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ‪،‬‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫آﻣﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺧﻄﺎ]‪[5‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 5-2‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﻮﺗﺮال در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﺘﺎره ﯾﮏ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﺎاﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪن ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮﺣﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ اراﺋﻪ ﯾﮏ‬
‫راﺑﻄﻪ واﺣﺪ و ﮐﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺮف دﻗﯿﻘﯽ ازﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺌﻮري ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎن‬
‫ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 6‬ﭘﺮﯾﻮﻧﯿﺖ دارد‪ .‬اﮔﺮﭼﻪ در ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬زﯾﺮا ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﺆﺛﺮي ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ‬
‫وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﻮﺗﺮال )‪ (١NCT‬و داﺧﻞ رﻟﻪ ﺟﺎري ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﺳﺎزي‪ 2‬اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ را ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪[5].‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Neutral Current Transformer‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- Varistor‬‬
 ‫‪ 2-1-3-2‬ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺘﺎره – ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه‬

‫در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺘﺎره ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻄﺎ و ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﯾﮏ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺧﻄﯽ‬
‫اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﮔﺮ در ﺷﮑﻞ اﺗﻮ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﻓﺮض ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪدرﺳﺘﯽ راﺑﻄﻪ زﯾﺮ رﺳﯿﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪In = ( X . V ) / 31/2 . R‬‬ ‫)‪(1،3‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = In‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ‬

‫‪ = X‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال‬

‫‪ = V‬وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎز‬

‫‪ = R‬ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه‬

‫راﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (1،3‬ﯾﮏ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺧﻄﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﮑﺎن و ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و در دﺳﺘﺮس اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬
‫رﻟﻪ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﮐﻢ ‪ ،X‬ﻣﻘﺪار ‪ In‬ﮐﻢ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﺆﺛﺮي ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ازاﯾﻦرو‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ‪[5].‬‬

‫ﺑﺰرﮔﯽ ‪ X‬ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ رﻟﻪ ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ‪CT‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮانﻣﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد روي ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻧﯿﺎز‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داﺷﺖ‪[5].‬‬
 ‫‪ 3-1-3-2‬ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ – زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ‪NEC/R‬‬

‫در ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﺆﺛﺮي ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪن ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ در ﻃﯽ ﺧﻄﺎ و ‪NEC/R١‬‬
‫وﺟﻮد دارد‪ .‬از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺗﺌﻮري‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ آﻣﺎده ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪن ﺧﻄﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد‪.‬‬
‫اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ در ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺧﻄﺎ و ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ رﻟﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬زﯾﺮا ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭻﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﺘﺎره‬
‫)ﺻﻔﺮ( ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮان از ﺑﺎﺻﻄﻼح اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺎﻧﮑﺸﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ‪ REF‬را در ﻣﻮاردي‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﻗﺮار دارد‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮد‪.‬‬

‫در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮرد‪ NCT ،‬از ﻣﺪار ﺑﯿﺮون ﻧﮕﻪداﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎز ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﻮازي ﺑﺎ اﻟﻤﺎن‬
‫رﻟﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﻫﻨﻮز ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭻ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬اﻣﮑﺎن آن وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ در ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭻ ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﺸﺪه ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده واﻗﻊ ﺷﻮد‪[5].‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Neutral Earthing Compensator Resistance-Earthed‬‬
 ‫رﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد‬

‫‪ 1-3‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ‬

‫رﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي راﮐﺘﻮر و ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي روﺗﻮر ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ‪ REF .‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان رﻟﻪاي‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﺷﺪه‪ (Vset) 1‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ وﻟﺘﺎژي ﮐﻪ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ دو‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻨﺎلﻫﺎﯾﺶ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬در واﻗﻊ رﻟﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار زﯾﺎد ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺳﺮي‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ در ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺷﺪﯾﺪ از ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻧﺎﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪[6].‬‬

‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ،1-3‬در ﻃﯽ ﺧﻄﺎي اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﺑﯿﺮون ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ ﮔﺮدش ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺪار رﻟﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺟﺎري ﺷﻮد‪ ،‬آن ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﯽ در ﺧﺮوﺟﯽﻫﺎي ‪ CT‬ﺑﻪ ازاي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اوﻟﯿﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬اﮔﺮ در ﻃﯽ ﯾﮏ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺎي اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ اﺷﺒﺎع را ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﺘﺎژ ‪ CT‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
‫ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪[6].‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ از ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﺷﺒﺎع رﺳﯿﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و در اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﮔﺮ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺳﺮي ﺑﺎ رﻟﻪ‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ از اﻟﻤﺎن رﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮐﺮد و در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ رﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮐﺮد‪) .‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ( ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً زﯾﺎد اﻫﻤﯽ در ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺟﻮري ﻣﺆﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
‫اﺷﺒﺎع ‪ CT‬اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻮرت ﮐﺎﻣﻞ در ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﺟﺎري ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ وﻟﯽ از ﻣﯿﺎن اﻧﺪوﮐﺘﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﮐﻢ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ ﺟﺎري ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و رﻟﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﻣﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪[6].‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Set Voltage‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- Magnetizing Inductance‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1-3‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬را در ﺣﻀﻮر اﺷﺒﺎع ‪ CT‬ﺷﺮح ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺟﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﮑﺎن ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-3‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد]‪[3‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬

‫اﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺎن ﯾﮏ رﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮕﺮ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺣﺴﺎس اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري را ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه دارد‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺮي اﺳﺖ‪ .‬رﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ دو ﻧﻮع ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬داراي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ داﺧﻠﯽ و ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ وﻟﺘﺎژ‬

‫ﺑﺮاي وﻟﺘﺎژ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري و اﯾﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ در ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت‪ ،‬از ﺳﻮﺋﯿﭻ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬داراي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ و ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ اﻫﻢ اﻧﺠﺎمﺷﺪه و از ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ در ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯿﺰان ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ اﻟﻤﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ دارد و ﺑﺮاي‬
‫دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ داراي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻮان ﻧﺎﻣﯽ و اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪[5,6].‬‬
 ‫‪ 2-3‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬

‫ﯾﮏ ﺗﻌﺪاد از ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ رﻟﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮارد زﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزي و ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ CT .2‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ داراي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﺷﺒﺎع ﯾﮑﺴﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ‪ Vset‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮم‬
‫اﻋﺪاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻣﻘﺪار وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬وﻟﺘﺎژ دو ﺳﺮ رﻟﻪ و ﺗﺮاﻧﺲﻫﺎي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن )ﻣﻮازياﻧﺪ‪ (2‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ﯾﮏ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻣﻦ و ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﮐﺎﻓﯽ زﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه و وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ وﻟﺘﺎژ دو ﺳﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ در ﯾﮏ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر زﯾﺎد ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﻢ ﺷﺪن ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﻃﺮح ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮﺳﺎز آﻫﻨﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪﺷﺪه‪ (MOV) 3‬ﯾﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻨﻊﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ دو ﺳﺮ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻮازي رﻟﻪ و ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻦ وﻟﺘﺎژ در ﺣﺪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ )ﺑﺪون ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺮ روي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ(‪،‬‬
‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮﺳﺎز آﻫﻨﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪﺷﺪه از رﻟﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ وﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎي زﯾﺎد ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه در اﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي داﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪[5,6].‬‬

‫‪ 3-3‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت‬

‫ﻃﺮح رﻟﻪ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ در ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ و اﺷﺒﺎع ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺗﺮاﻧﺲﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺤﺪوده‪ ،‬وﻟﺘﺎژ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري از راﺑﻄﻪ زﯾﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﯽآﯾﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪If‬‬ ‫) ‪.( R CT , P  R L , P‬‬
‫‪Vs ‬‬ ‫‪max‬‬
‫)‪(1-3‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = Vs‬وﻟﺘﺎژ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Knee-Point Voltage‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- Parallel‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪- Metal Oxide Varistor‬‬
 ‫‪ = Ifmax‬ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ )اﺣﺴﺎس( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ رﻟﻪ‬

‫‪ = RL‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﮐﻞ ﻃﻮﯾﻞﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻫﺎدي ﺑﯿﻦ رﻟﻪ و ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال و ﯾﺎ ‪ CT‬ﻓﺎزي‬

‫‪ = n‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ‬

‫در ﻣﻮاردي ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺟﺒﺮاﻧﯽ )‪ (NEC‬ﯾﺎ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺟﺒﺮاﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه‬
‫)‪ (NEC/R Earthed‬ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ‪ 3‬ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺎوﺟﻮد‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ‪ 4‬ﻋﺪد ‪ CT‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﻈﺎر دارﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎز )ﻧﻪ ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال( ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﻪ اﺷﺒﺎع ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬زﯾﺮا ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎز ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎدر‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ ﺗﺎ از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ CT‬ﻓﺎزي اﺷﺒﺎعﺷﺪه و رﻟﻪ ﺻﺮفﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ CT ) .‬ﻓﺎزي اﺷﺒﺎعﺷﺪه و رﻟﻪ ﻟﺰوﻣﺎً در‬
‫ﮐﻨﺎر ﻫﻢ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﭼﯿﺰ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ CT (.‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﻣﺠﺎورت ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Vs‬ﻣﻘﺪار وﻟﺘﺎژ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري دو ﺳﺮ رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ و ﯾﮏ ‪ CT‬اﺷﺒﺎعﺷﺪه‪ ،‬اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﮔﺮ وﻟﺘﺎژ‬
‫اﻋﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ رﻟﻪ از ‪ Vset‬ﺗﺠﺎوز ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﻈﺎر دارﯾﻢ ﺗﺎ رﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﺮاي رﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯿﻢ ‪ Vset = Vs‬اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﺪام در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ Vset ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ‬
‫از ‪ Vs‬ﺟﻬﺖ رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪[5].‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ‪CT‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﺎزي در وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢﺷﺪه )‪ (Vset‬ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻬﻢ‬
‫از ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺼﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ و ﺳﻬﻢ ﮐﻤﺘﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻢ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫) ‪V s V SC ,ext ,max  I f (RCT ,P  2R L ,P‬‬ ‫)‪(2-3‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = Vsc,ext,max‬وﻟﺘﺎژ دو ﺳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري در ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ‬

‫‪ = RCT,P‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ‬

 ‫‪ = RL,R‬ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ CT‬و ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﻋﺪم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮش را در ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ‪ CT‬در ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ رﻟﻪ ﺟﺎري اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺬاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺟﺎري ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﻤﺖ اوﻟﯿﻪ و ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺟﺎري ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﺎري ﺷﺪن ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺑﯽدﻗﺘﯽ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺎاﯾﻦﺣﺎل‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺟﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ رﻟﻪ وﻟﺘﺎژ ‪ VSC,ext,max‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻏﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﻨﻮﺳﯽ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪ ،‬در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ‪ VS‬ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺳﯿﻨﻮﺳﯽ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪[5,6].‬‬

‫رﻓﺘﺎر رﻟﻪ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮐﻤﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﻨﻮﺳﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ رﻟﻪ ﺑﺼﻮرت ذاﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻗﺴﻤﺘﯽ از آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر ‪ K‬ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪي ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺗﻮﺳﻂ راﺑﻄﻪ زﯾﺮ ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪Vs  KV‬‬
‫‪. SC ,ext max‬‬ ‫)‪(3،3‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل در ﻣﺪل ‪ Schneider Electric MiCOM 30‬ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر ‪ K‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ 1,1‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر ﻣﻬﻢ دﯾﮕﺮ در ﻃﺮاح و ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ‪ REF‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎز و ﻧﻮﺗﺮال اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ‪ ،‬در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬درﮔﯿﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽرود‪ .‬زﻣﺎن ﺗﺮﯾﭗ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از ‪ 2‬در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﯾﭗ‪ 1‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ‪ 2‬ﺳﯿﮑﻞ در ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﯽ ‪ 50‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪ‪ CT ،‬ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ درﮔﯿﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ REF‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ از راﺑﻄﻪ زﯾﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽآﯾﺪ‪[6]:‬‬

‫‪V Knee  2.V s‬‬ ‫)‪(4-3‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = VK‬وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ ‪CT‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Tripping‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪ ،Iop‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اوﻟﯿﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪I op  n .(I R  m .I m  IV‬‬ ‫)‪(5-3‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = Iopration‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اوﻟﯿﻪ‬

‫‪ = IR‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ‬

‫‪ = m‬ﺗﻌﺪاد ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﺮدن ) ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪ 3‬ﻋﺪد (‬

‫‪ = Im‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ در ‪ ) Vset‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫(‬

‫‪ = IV‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺳﺎز در ‪Vs‬‬

‫‪ = n‬ﺗﻌﺪاد ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫واﺿﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﺳﺎز‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫را‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬
 ‫وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ]‪[7‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪2-3‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از راﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (3،6‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ اﻟﻤﺎن ‪ REF‬را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد‪ .‬ﭼﻮن ‪ Vset‬وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ رﻟﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ RCT‬و ‪ RL‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ رﻟﻪ را ﻣﯽﺗﻮان از راﺑﻄﻪ زﯾﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آورد ‪:‬‬

‫‪V set‬‬
‫‪RR ‬‬ ‫)‪(3،6‬‬
‫‪IR‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = RR‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ رﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل در رﻟﻪ ‪ ،MCAG14/34‬ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ رﻟﻪ ﺑﮑﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺟﺪول زﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ]‪[6‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪول ‪ 1-3‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺑﺮاي ‪CT‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻼس دﻗﺖ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ‪(A) CT‬‬ ‫‪(ohm) RR‬‬

‫‪0,5‬‬ ‫‪470‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬

‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﮐﺮدن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ در ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ ﺧﺎص ﻣﯽﺗﻮان وﻟﺘﺎژ‬
‫دو ﺳﺮ رﻟﻪ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮد‪ .‬اﮔﺮ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ )‪ (Vset‬ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪ ،‬اﯾﻦ ﺑﺪان ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫رﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮐﺮد‪ .‬وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ را ﻣﯽﺗﻮان از راﺑﻄﻪ زﯾﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آورد‪:‬‬
 ‫) ‪(I op  m .n .I m  IV ).(RCT  R L  R R‬‬
‫‪V op ‬‬ ‫)‪(3،7‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫ﭼﻮن رﻟﻪ ﻃﻮري ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﺷﺒﺎع ﯾﮏ ‪ CT‬ﺑﻪ اﺷﺒﺎع ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ‬
‫و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد اﻣﻨﯿﺖ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدش ﺗﺎﺧﯿﺮ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ اﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﻧﯿﺎز ﻧﺪارد‪[6,5].‬‬

‫‪ 4-3‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ ﻣﺤﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه وﻟﺘﺎژ )‪(Metrosils‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﺮﻗﮕﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﻣﺪار ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﺪه ﻣﺤﺪود‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﺿﺮورﺗﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﻗﮕﯿﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ Metrosils .‬ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﻮازي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪار رﻟﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﭘﯿﮏ وﻟﺘﺎژي ﮐﻪ در دو ﺳﺮ اﺟﺰا ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد ﮐﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ زﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬در ﯾﮏ ﻣﯿﺰان‬
‫اﻣﻦ و ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺮ از ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎ در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪود ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ‪ .‬رﻟﻪ و وﺳﺎﯾﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫داﺧﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﭘﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ‪ 3 KV‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﮔﺮ ‪ Metrosil‬ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ رﻟﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﺸﻮد‪ ،‬وﻟﺘﺎژ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯽ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ CT‬در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ از راﺑﻄﻪ زﯾﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽآﯾﺪ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪V peak  2. (2.V Knee .(V f V Knee‬‬ ‫)‪(3،8‬‬

‫) ‪V f  I f .(RCT ,P  2.R L ,P  R ST  R R‬‬ ‫)‪(3،9‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = Vf‬ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ وﻟﺘﺎژي ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد در ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ اﺷﺒﺎع ‪ CT‬اﺗﻔﺎق ﻧﯿﻔﺘﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ = If‬ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺧﻄﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ‬

‫واﺿﺢ اﺳﺖ در ﭘﯿﮏ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ‪ 3 kv‬اﺳﺖ‪ Metrosil ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‪Metrosil .‬‬

‫ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﺷﺒﯿﻪ دﯾﺴﮏﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي دارد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ‪ DC‬و ﻟﺤﻈﻪاي‪:‬‬

‫‪V = C . Iᵝ‬‬ ‫)‪(3،10‬‬

 ‫ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از وﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﻨﻮﺳﯽ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ 2V rms‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪I rms‬‬ ‫‪ 0.52 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(11،3‬‬
‫‪ C‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﻨﻮﺳﯽ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪V peak  1.09CI rms‬‬ ‫)‪(12،3‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ‪ C‬و ‪ β‬ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ Metrosil‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده رﺿﺎﯾﺖﺑﺨﺶ از اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﻗﮕﯿﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت آن ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪيﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آورد‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ در وﻟﺘﺎژ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﺎﭼﯿﺰي از داﺧﻞ ‪ Metrosil‬ﻋﺒﻮر ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺤﺪود ﮐﺮدن وﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و اﻣﻨﯿﺖ )‪[6] (Vpeak < 3kv‬‬

‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ‪ CT‬ﺑﺎ آﻣﭙﺮاژ ‪: 1‬‬

‫ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده رﺿﺎﯾﺖﺑﺨﺶ از واﺣﺪ ‪ Metrosil‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ‪ CT‬ﺑﺎ آﻣﭙﺮاژ ‪ ،1‬ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖﻫﺎي‬
‫زﯾﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬در وﻟﺘﺎژ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ‪ Metrosil‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ‪ 30mA rms‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬اﮔﺮ اﻣﮑﺎنﭘﺬﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬در ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ داﺧﻠﯽ ﻣﻘﺪار وﻟﺘﺎژ را ﺗﺎ ﻣﯿﺰان ‪ 1500Vrms‬ﻣﺤﺪود‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪[3].‬‬

‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺟﺪول زﯾﺮ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از واﺣﺪ ‪ Metrosil‬ﺑﺎ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎي ‪ ، 1A‬ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ‪:‬‬

‫‪[3] 1A CT‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪول ‪ 2-3‬اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ‪ Metrosil‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪Nominal‬‬
‫‪Stability‬‬ ‫‪Characteristic‬‬ ‫‪Recommended Metrosil Type‬‬
‫‪voltage‬‬
‫‪Single Pole Relay‬‬ ‫‪Triple Pole Relay‬‬
 ‫‪Up to 125 V‬‬ ‫‪C = 450‬‬ ‫‪600A/S1/256‬‬ ‫‪600A/S3/1/S802‬‬
‫‪rms‬‬

‫‪125 to‬‬
‫‪300 V rms‬‬ ‫‪C = 900‬‬ ‫‪600A/S1/S1088‬‬ ‫‪600A/S3/1/S1195‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم‬

‫رﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪودﺷﺪه اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ‬

‫‪1-3‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ‬
‫‪REF‬‬
‫ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ‬
‫آﻣﺪن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺪان‬
‫رﻟﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻮﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎل‬
‫رﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﭘﺮوﺳﺴﻮر ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن رﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آوردن ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬ﻣﺘﺪﻫﺎي‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ را ﺑﮑﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮارد‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺣﺬف ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻫﺎرﻣﻮﻧﯿﮏﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪REF‬‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ دﻫﻨﺪه ﺳﯿﻢ ﮐﺸﯽ واﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
‫‪ CT‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﺎن ﻫﺎي ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ اﺳﺖ‪[5,6].‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Harmonic‬‬
 ‫روي ﺳﻤﺖ اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ]‪[5‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1-4‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎي ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﺮ‬

‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪2-4‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ‪[5] NEC‬‬ ‫‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶدﻫﻨﺪه ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺟﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﺮ روي اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره و ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 3‬اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪-4‬‬

‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ‬ ‫‪REF‬‬

‫داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ‬ ‫روي‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎره]‪[5‬‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬
 ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪4-4‬‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ‬ ‫‪REF‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ‬

‫روي ﺳﯿﻢ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫‪NEC‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ]‪[5‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ‬
‫زﯾﺎد‪،‬‬ ‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫آﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ رﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﯿﻮﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎل‪ ،‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ داﺧﻠﯽ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ REF .‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺷﺒﺎع ‪ CT‬در ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ داراي ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ذاﺗﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد‬
‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬دوﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﯿﺪن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ CT‬ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺮاي ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻟﺰوﻣﯽ ﻧﺪارد ﮐﻪ ‪ CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزي و‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪[5].‬‬
‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ رﻟﻪﻫﺎي ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه و اﻟﮕﻮرﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ رﻟﻪ در اﺷﺒﺎع ‪ ،CT‬ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ REF‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آﺷﮑﺎر ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪم ﻣﺼﻮﻧﯿﺖ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع رﻟﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺷﺒﺎع ‪ ،CT‬اﺻﻞ ﮐﻠﯽ آن داراي ‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي آراﯾﺶ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ از ‪ 3‬ﻋﺪد ‪ CT‬ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن از ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﺒﺮانﮐﻨﻨﺪه زﻣﯿﻦ]‪[5‬‬

‫‪ 2-4‬ﻣﺘﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬

‫‪ .1‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه و ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‪.‬‬

‫‪Ir  Ia  Ib  Ic‬‬ ‫)‪(1-4‬‬

‫‪Id  Ia  Ib  Ic  I n‬‬ ‫)‪(2-4‬‬

‫‪ .2‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪه ‪ I r  I a  I b  I c‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ‪In‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ،2-4‬ﺑﺮاي ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺑﺮ روي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ‪ I a  I b  0 ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از راﺑﻄﻪ ‪ ،2-4‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ را ﺑﺼﻮرت زﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﮐﺮد‪:‬‬

‫‪I d  I a  I b  I c  I n  0  0  (  I ns )  ( I ns )  0‬‬
‫‪I r  I a  I b  I c   I ns‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪهي اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه وﺟﻮد دارد وﻟﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ راﺑﻄﻪ )‪ ،(2-4‬دارﯾﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪I d  I ns & I r  0‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻘﺪار زﯾﺎدي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﯾﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي داﺧﻞ و ﺑﯿﺮون ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ اﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺎن‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪REF‬‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﮏ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﯾﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪3‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ‪ CT‬ﻓﺎزي ﺑﻮده و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ازآﻧﺠﺎﮐﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه و ﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ‬

‫)ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﯾﮑﯽ از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ (.‬زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﺸﻮد‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪REF‬‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮرﻫﺎي زﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﺸﺪه‪ ،‬ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪[5,6].‬‬

‫‪ 3-4‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ذاﺗﯽ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ‪ ،‬زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ از ‪CT‬ھﺎی ﻓﺎزي ﺑﻪ اﺷﺒﺎع ﺑﺮﺳﺪ در‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎم وﻗﻮع ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ) ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً در ﻣﻮرد ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ درﮔﯿﺮ آن ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎز و ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎز (‪ ،‬اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻋﮑﺲاﻟﻌﻤﻞ آن وﺟﻮد دارد‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از رﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد اﻣﻨﯿﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ درﺻﺪد رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪[5].‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﺪي‬

‫‪ 1-5‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ رﻟﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﯽ ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ‬
‫وﺟﻮد دارد‪ .‬ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ و ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در ﻃﺮح ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ‪ REF‬ﻣﻮاردي ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ‪ CT‬ﯾﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت آن‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ در ﺣﯿﻦ ﺧﻄﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬
‫زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه در اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ‪ CT‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ اﻟﻤﺎن ‪ REF‬دارد‪CT ،‬ﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‬
‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺮاي رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮن وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﻤﯽ دارد و ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺮ روي ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮي درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫راﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (5،3‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ رﻟﻪ را ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺑﯿﻦ دو ﻧﻮع اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ و زﯾﺎد اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي‬
‫رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد اﯾﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺻﺤﺖ دارد‪ ،‬در ﻣﻮرد ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ رﻟﻪ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺳﺎز در‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮد و رﻟﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ در وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﺮد‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎنﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮي دوﺳﺮ ‪CT‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﯿﻨﺪ و ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺿﺮوري ﺑﺮاي آن ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪ .‬اﮔﺮﭼﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﺮاي رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ 50‬ﻣﯿﻠﯽآﻣﭙﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﮐﻤﺒﻮد ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﺮاي آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﯿﮏ آپ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﻻزم ﻣﯽداﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ‪ REF‬ﺑﺮاي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺗﺼﺎل زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﭘﯿﮏ آپ را ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 10‬اﻟﯽ ‪ 25‬درﺻﺪ از ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﺎ زﻣﯿﻦ در ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻨﺎلﻫﺎي ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع ﻣﯽﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪد‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻧﻤﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﯾﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ دو ﻧﻮع اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد و ﮐﻢ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ رﺳﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮐﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ‪ CT‬در ‪ Vset‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﺮدن ‪CT‬ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻓﺎز ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺼﻮرت ﮐﻠﯽ‬
‫ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ را ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪[5].‬‬

‫‪ 2-5‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎنﻃﻮر ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺶﺗﺮ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽﻫﺎي ﺳﺘﺎره ﺑﺎ اﺗﺼﺎل زﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﯽ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺮح و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬دو ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ و ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ روي ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢﮔﯿﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار زﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده و در دﺳﺘﺮس‬

‫‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺧﻮب ‪CT‬ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺧﻄﯽ و ﺷﯿﺐ ﺗﻨﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪي ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﮐﻤﯽ در ﮐﻞ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ و ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪CT‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﻮدن ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬

‫اﮔﺮ ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﺗﺮال و ﻓﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻧﺒﻮدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ از رﻟﻪ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﭼﻮن اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع از رﻟﻪ ‪ REF‬ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﺗﺮال و ﻓﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻣﺎ اﮔﺮ‬
‫‪CT‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺑﻮد‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﻌﺪي ﺑﺎﯾﺪ آﺷﮑﺎر ﺳﺎزد ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ ‪ REF‬اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﯾﺎ زﯾﺎد‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‪[5].‬‬

‫‪ 3-5‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Ratio‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎورﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﭼﺴﺒﯿﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺆﺛﺮي در ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ‪ REF‬ﻧﺪارد‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎور ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮاﻧﺲﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ و ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ‪ CT‬در ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در ﻣﻮاردي ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﺆﺛﺮي ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد رﻟﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد و‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ‪CT‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ‪CT‬ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزي وﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮاي ‪CT‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي اﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ‪ CT‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺧﻮب در ﯾﮏ رﻧﺞ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺎن اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﮐﻢ داراي ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي اﺳﺖ‪[5].‬‬

‫رﻟﻪ دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي ﺗﮏ ﻓﺎز ﺑﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﻪ در ﻧﺰدﯾﮑﯽ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺗﻔﺎق‬
‫ﻣﯽاﻓﺘﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭻﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺘﺎره در ﺗﺮاﻧﺲﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫دارا ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع از ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ‪ ،‬زاوﯾﻪ ﻓﺎز ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎزور ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻧﺪﮐﯽ‬
‫دﭼﺎر ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺎن ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ‪ REF‬از ﺟﺮﯾﺎن زﯾﺎدي ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺧﻄﺎ از ‪ CT‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮال ﻣﯽﮔﺬرد‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮه‬
‫ﻣﯽﺑﺮد ﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ ﻗﺪرت در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻗﺴﻤﺘﯽ از ﺳﯿﻢﭘﯿﭽﯽ ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﯽاﻓﺘﺪ‪.‬‬

‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺳﺮي اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﺪارﺳﺎز ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ اﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﯿﺮون ﻣﺪار ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد‪ ،‬زﻣﺎن ﺗﺮﯾﭗ رﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻤﮏ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ و وﻟﺘﺎژ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از ‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫وﻟﺘﺎژ دو ﺳﺮ رﻟﻪ و ‪CT‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در رﻧﺞ اﻣﻦ ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ )‪ (Metrosils‬ﺑﺼﻮرت‬
‫ﻣﻮازي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪار رﻟﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﯿﮏ وﻟﺘﺎژ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ در ﻃﯽ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ در دو ﺳﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬
‫اﻣﭙﺪاﻧﺲ زﯾﺎد را ﻣﺤﺪود ﮐﻨﺪ‪[6,5].‬‬
References:
[1] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, "CTS COMPLEX TRANSIENT STABILITY THE
NEW METHOD FOR DIRECT ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT STABILITY", 12th Interna onal Power System
Conference, PSC, 4-6 Nov. pp. 13-18, 1997
[2] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, "POMP, point of maximum potential energy,
the new method for direct analysis of transient stability", 6th Iranian Conference on Electrical
Engineering, Vol.5, pp. 23-27, May 1998
[3] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, "Power system voltage stability assessment
using energy method", 13th Interna onal Power System Conference (PSC. 98), pp. 772-777, Nov. 1998.
[4] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, Ebrahim Vaahedi, " Rapid and accurate
method to determine the ATC with regard to voltage stability", Bargh Journal (Journal of NRI), pp. 56-
68, No. 35, 2002.
[5] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, Ebrahim Vaahedi, "FCTTC determina on with
regard to voltage stability and transient stability energy method", Icee_2002, 10th Iranian Conference
on Electrical Engineering, At Tabriz, Iran, pp: 86-94, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4770.1288.
[6] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, Ebrahim Vaahedi, "A quick method for
calculation ATC with considering transient stability and voltage stability", 18th Interna onal Power
System Conference, PSC, 4-6 Nov. 2004, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1624.4000
[7] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, Ebrahim Vaahedi, "ASSESSMENT OF ATC
USING SIMULTANEOUS VOLTAGE AND TRANSIENT STABILITY", Journal of Advanced Materials in
Engineering Esteghlal 2(23):11-24 · March 2005.
[8] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, "FAD-ATC: a new method for computing
dynamic ATC", International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 28(2):109-118, February
2006, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2005.11.004
[9] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, Ebrahim Vaahedi, "Fast and Accurate Method
for compu ng FCTTC", , PowerCon 2002, Power System Technology, Proceedings. PowerCon 2002.
Interna onal Conference on, Volume: 2, Vol. 2, pp. 1213-1219, Oct. 13-17, Kunming, China, 2002. , DOI:
10.1109/ICPST.2002.1047595
[10] Mostafa Eidiani, "Atc evaluation by CTSA and POMP, two new methods for direct analysis of
transient stability", Transmission and Distribu on Conference and Exhibi on 2002: Asia Pacific.
IEEE/PES, Volume: 3, pp. 1524-1529, DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2002.1176824
[11] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Hassan Modir Shanechi, Kazem Ameli, Saeid Ahmadi, "Voltage
Stability Assessment with Expanded NRS", 14th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, ICEE2006.
[12] Mostafa Eidiani, Hashem Mortazavi, "Assessment of Voltage Stability and Sta c ATC with Newton-
Raphson-Seydel and General Minimal Residual", PSC 2008, 23 rd Interna onal Power System
Conference, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2934.2160
[13] Mostafa Eidiani, "The Op mal Loca ng of Power Controller in Transmission Line With
Consideration of Optimal Power Flow", Journal of Electrical Engineering · January 2009
[14] Hossein Zeynal, Alimorad Khajeh Zadeh, Khalid Mohamed Nor, Mostafa Eidiani, "Locational
Marginal Price (LMP) Assessment Using Hybrid Active and Reactive Cost Minimization", International
Review of Electrical Engineering 5(5):2413-2418 · September 2010
[15] Mostafa Eidiani, Dariush Yazdanpanah, "Minimum distance, a quick and simple method of
determining the sta c ATC", Journal of Electrical Engineering 11(2):16 · October 2011
[16] Mohammad Ebrahimean Baydokhty, Mostafa Eidiani, Mahdi Ghama , Mohsen Ebrahimean ,
"Transient Stability Improvement via Combined Method", Journal of Electrical Engineering 5(No.
4) · January 2011
[17] Mostafa Eidiani, " A New Method for Assessment of Voltage Stability in Transmission and
Distribution Networks ", International Review of Electrical Engineering 5(1) · January 2011
[18] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Ebrahimean Baydokhty, Mahdi Ghama , Hossein Zeynal, " Transient
Stability Improvement Using an Efficient Generator Tripping Scheme ", Canadian Journal of Electrical
and Computer Engineering 2(No. 7):313-319 · January 2011
[19] Mostafa Eidiani, Natan Asghari, Hossein Zeynal, " Dynamic Response Improvement of DFIG Driven
by Wind Turbines Using a Novel Algorithm ", International Review of Electrical Engineering
4(No.5):700-706 · January 2011
[20] Mohammad Ebrahimean Baydokhty, Mostafa Eidiani, Hossein Zeynal, Hossein Torkamani, Hashem
Mortazavi, "Efficient Generator Tripping Approach with Minimum Generation Curtailment based on
Fuzzy System Rotor Angle Predic on", Przeglad Elektrotechniczny 88(9a):266-271 · January 2012,
[21] Mostafa Eidiani, Kazem Ameli, Dariush Yazdanpanah, "EVALUATING THE IMPACTS OF LARGE
WIND FARMS◌َ APPROVED ON KHORASAN NETWORK STABILITY AND RELIABILITY", 28th Interna onal
Power System Conference, PSC, 4-6 Nov. 2013, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4082.0003
[22] Mostafa Eidiani, Dariush Yazdanpanah, Mehdi Oloomi, "Available transfer capability
determination in Khorasan network considering all the static and dynamic constraints", DOI:
10.13140/2.1.4606.2883, 28th Interna onal Power System Conference, PSC, 4-6 Nov. 2013.
[23] Mostafa Eidiani, Hosein Zeynal, "New approach using structure-based modeling for simulation of
real power/frequency dynamics in deregulated power systems", Turkish Journal of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Sciences · February 2013, DOI: 10.3906/elk-1208-90
[24] Mostafa Eidiani, Ahmad Bani Hashemi, "The use of variable frequency transformers in electric
power transmission networks", ICEE 2009.
[25]Mostafa Eidiani, Dariush Yazdanpanah, Seyyed Mohsen Sadr, " ATC calculation in Khorasan
network with 575 MW wind farm in Khaf", PSC 2015, Interna onal Power System Conference, 23-25
Nov, Tehran, Iran, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3638.7280
[26] Mostafa Eidiani, "agenda of the Laboratory of DIgSILENT 14.1.3 (Persian/Farsi)", Technical report,
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3129.5368,
[27] Mostafa Eidiani, "Book-Power System Analysis- Dr Eidiani 1393", Book, DOI:
10.13140/2.1.4966.7366
[28] Mostafa Eidiani, "Power System Analysis II (Dr. Eidiani)", Book, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3557.7127,
[29] Mostafa Eidiani, "Build a wind farm in DIgSILENT (persian-farsi)", research, June 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.3460.6242,
[30] Hossein Zeynal, Shiva Mansorzade, Hurieh Talebi, Majid Saeedi, Mostafa Eidiani, "The amount and
type of substation automation systems", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4878.9849,
[31] Mohammad Ali Jafari Tazeh Jani, Mostafa Eidiani, "Best ways to reduce consumption (persian
Farsi)", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2822.6007, January 2011,
[32] Mostafa Eidiani, Saeed Rezaee, Ali Sarkardeh, "Analyzes the asymmetric network by DIgSILENT
Persian farsi", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4995.5285, January 2010,
[33] Ehsan Khani, Mostafa Eidiani, "Reactive control-By Digsilent Persian Farsi", DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4002.2487, January 2009,
[34] Mostafa Eidiani, Ahmad Bani Hashemi, Mohammad Sadegh Alizadeh, Reza Jalaeidan, "Dynamic
Stability Analysis by DIgSILENT Persian Farsi ", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4387.4641, January 2009,
[35] Reza Saljoghi, Mostafa Eidiani, " Optimal Capacitor Placement by DIgSILENT Persian Farsi", DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4526.5366, January 2008,
[36] Reza Sokhandan, Mostafa Eidiani, "Modeling and Evaluation of Protective Relays by DIgSILENT -
persian farsi", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4954.7602, January 2015,
[37] Mahboobeh Ghasemi, Mostafa Eidiani, "What's going On ResearchGATE", DOI:
10.13140/2.1.3351.7125,
[38] Mostafa Eidiani, " What's Researchgate (Persian Farsi)" , DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1220.8086, 2015-
11-09,
[39] Mostafa Eidiani, "Linear Dynamic 1394-01-19", Dataset, April 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.1732.8169.
[40] Mostafa Eidiani, " Persian-Why choose Khorasan Institute of Higher Education for your
Postgraduate Study", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3044.2400, 2015-05-14,
[41] Mostafa Eidiani, "Persian-Short circuit current reduction strategies in Khorasan", Research, May
2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3804.3045.
[42] Mostafa Eidiani, "Seminar-Virayesh-Farsi-2", DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1460.5605, January 2014,
[43] Mostafa Eidiani, "3-Seminar-GooGle-1", DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2509.1361, January 2014,
[44] Mostafa Eidiani, " Reliability assessment by DIgSILENT", Research, May 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.2755.7281.
[45] Hosin Hosinpoor, Mostafa Eidiani, "reac ve power compensa on power system-persian-farsi",
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4479.6241, January 2015,
[46] Saeed Noori, Mostafa Eidiani, "Unit Commitment.persian farsi", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3693.1924,
January 2015,
[47] Hamid Eslahi, Mostafa Eidiani, "Automa on feeders effect in increasing the reliability of the
distribu on network Persian Farsi", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4872.8404, January 2015,
[48] Hamid Esmaeily, Mostafa Eidiani, "Assessing the applica on of facts equipments Persian Farsi",
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2513.5443, January 2015,
[49] Hassan Fakhrtaha, Mostafa Eidiani, "Harmonic analysis in power system- Persian-Farsi", DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4266.6328, January 2015,
[50] Saeed Dashtban, Mostafa Eidiani," Emissions in the restructured power systems -Persian-Farsi",
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1713.8007, TECHNICAL REPORT · JANUARY 2015,
[51] Toktam Jamshidpanah , Mostafa Ediani, " Image Processing and its Applica ons Persian Farsi-
web", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3208.8402 , TECHNICAL REPORT · JANUARY 2015,
[52] Mohammad Nikkhou , Mostafa Eidiani, " Mohammad Nikkhou - Microgrid Reliability -Persian-
Farsi", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2602.6326 , TECHNICAL REPORT · JANUARY 2015,
[53] Reza Sokhandan, Mostafa Eidiani, "Modeling and Evalua on of Protec ve Relays by DIgSILENT -
persian farsi", TECHNICAL REPORT · JANUARY 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4954.7602 ,
[54] Mohammad Reza Norouzi, Mostafa Eidiani, "The bidding problem for hydropower producers",
Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3960.4564,
[55] Habib Khani, Mostafa Eidiani, "Habib Khani-A Review On Automation of High Voltage Substations-
Persian Farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1961.6086,
[56] Morteza Seddighighachkanloo, Mostafa Eidiani, "Evalua on of reliability in the presence of small
wind power plants in a microgrid-persian farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.2719.3681,
[57] Armin Arasteh, Mostafa Eidiani, " Armin Arasteh-Identification with iris eye -Persian-Farsi-web",
Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1582.4728,
[58] Ali Gharaee, Mostafa Eidiani, "Smart sensor technology-Persian-Farsi", Technical Report, April
2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3702.4083.
[59] mohamad hossein Hosseinipoya, Mostafa Eidiani, "Types of Op cal Fiber &comparison them-
Persian-Farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.5162.1200,
[60] Mohsen Fahmide, Mostafa Eidiani, "Bidding Of VPP-Persian Farsi", Technical Report, January 2015,
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4965.5125,
[61] Majid Basafa, Mostafa Eidiani, "Majid Basafa-SCADA network strategy-Persian-Farsi", Technical
Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2937.9926,
[62] Mohammad Behboodi, Mostafa Eidiani, "Mohammad Behboodi demand side management-
Persian-Farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.5125.2561,
[63] Amir Abbas Talebi, Mostafa Eidiani, "Amir Abbas Talebi-The role of electric vehicles In the power
system-Persian-Farsi-web", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2302.8561,
[64] Yaser Gohary, Mostafa Eidiani, "Yaser Gohary-The effect of distributed generation on distribution
network reliability-Persian-Farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4248.4564,
[65] Mehdi Hemma fard, Mostafa Eidiani, "Mehdi Hemma fard-Removal of Ocular Artifacts from
Electro Encephalogram by Adaptive Filters-persian", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.2413.4481,
[66] Parisa Teymori, Mostafa Eidiani, "Parisa teymori - Beamforming with LMS algorithm -Persian-Farsi-
web", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3986.3125.
[67] Elnaz Nema , Mostafa Eidiani, "Elnaz Nema -Electrical Installations in High Rise Buildings-Persian
Farsi", Technical Report · January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1165.1922.,
[68] Younes Fathabadi, Mostafa Eidiani, "Younes Fathabadi-Fault current limiting-Persian-Farsi",
Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4597.6402.
[69] Mohammad Motevalli, Mostafa Eidiani, "Mohammad Motevalli- design appropriate signal to
control the chaos at the heart of the system-Persian-Farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4046.7286,
[70] Ali Alizadeh, Mostafa Eidiani, " Ali Alizadeh - A variety of load models in power system - Persian-
Farsi-web", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4097.4166.
[71] Mohammad Kargar , Mostafa Eidiani, "Mohammad Kargar - PMU- Persian Farsi", Technical Report,
January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3204.4888.
[72] mostafa mashmool, Mostafa Eidiani, "mostafa mashmool - Cooling systems of power plants -
Persian-Farsi-web", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2467.2088.
[73] Mohammad ali Jafari, Mostafa Eidiani, " smart sweeper robot", Research Proposal, January 2015,
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3222.1520.
[74] Mostafa Eidiani, "Transient stability analysis a generator connected to infinite bus with uncertainty
in the power generation", Conference Paper, January 2000, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1362.2562, Conference:
ISCEE, Iranian Student Conference on Electrical Engineering, 3th, 2000, At Tehran,
[75] Mostafa Eidiani, Hasan Shanechi, Habib Rajabi Mashhadi, Ali Deihimi, "Improvement of power
system dynamic stability using SMES", Conference Paper · January 1999, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4507.9840,
Conference: PSC 1999, At Tehran Iran,
[76] Mostafa Eidiani, Hasan Shanechi, " Using energy func on to detect voltage collapse", Conference
Paper · January 1999, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1886.5441, Conference: PSC 1999, At Tehran, Iran,
[77] Mostafa Eidiani, " Maximizing public welfare instead of Minimizing costs - Persian Farsi",
Conference Paper · January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3454.3440, Conference: Conference: ISCEE,
Iranian Student Conference on Electrical Engineering, 2Sc, 1999, At Tehran,
[78] Mostafa Eidiani, "Review of transient stability direct method-Persian Farsi", Conference
Paper · January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4502.9205, Conference: Conference: ISCEE, Iranian
Student Conference on Electrical Engineering, First, At Tehran, At Tehran,
[79] Mostafa Eidiani, "Power system transient stability analysis for uncertain structure-Persian Farsi",
Conference Paper, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1226.1203, Conference: Conference: ISCEE,
Iranian Student Conference on Electrical Engineering, First, At Tehran, At Tehran,
[80] Mostafa Eidiani, Hasan Shanechi, " Op mal e line planning between two interconnected systems
(Khorasan and Systan) using optimum failure probability", Conference Paper · January 2000, DOI:
10.13140/2.1.3459.4084, Conference: PSC, At Tehran, Iran,
[81] Mostafa Eidiani, Dariush Yazdanpanah, " Improve the performance of power systems
interconnected using variable frequency transformers-Persian Farsi", Conference Paper, January 2009,
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4835.6641, Conference: PSC 2009, At Tehran, Iran, Volume: 09-F-PTL-0117,
[82] Mostafa Eidiani, Hashem Mortazavi, "The economic dispatch of power system controllers with
asymmetric power transmission lines", Conference Paper, January 2009, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2738.5129,
Conference: PSC 2009, At Tehran, Iran, Volume: 09-F-PSS-0132,
[83] Yaser Ashkhanei, Mostafa Eidiani, Mojtaba Khederzadeh, "Improve voltage stability in a weak grid
with wind power plant equipment FACTS", Conference Paper, January 2009, DOI:
10.13140/2.1.1689.9365, Conference: PSC 2009, At Tehran, Iran, Volume: 09-F-PSS-0107,
[84] Mostafa Eidiani, Hasan Shanechi, Ebrahim Vaahedi, "FCTTC determination with regard to voltage
stability and transient stability energy method-Persian Farsi", Dataset, September 2014, DOI:
10.13140/2.1.1722.7044,
[85] Mostafa Eidiani, Hasan Shanechi, Ebrahim Vaahedi, " A quick method for calculation ATC with
considering transient stability and voltage stability-Persian Farsi", Dataset, September 2014, DOI:
10.13140/2.1.4344.1443,
[86] Mostafa Eidiani, ME Baydokhty, M Ghamat, H Zeynal, H Mortazavi, " Transient stability
enhancement via hybrid technical approach", Conference Paper, January 2011, DOI:
10.1109/SCOReD.2011.6148768, Conference: Research and Development (SCOReD), 2011 IEEE Student
Conference on,
[87] Mostafa Eidiani, Natan Asghari Shahdehi, Hossein Zeynal, "Improving dynamic response of wind
turbine driven DFIG with novel approach", Conference Paper, January 2011, DOI:
10.1109/SCOReD.2011.6148770, Conference: Research and Development (SCOReD), 2011 IEEE Student
Conference on,
[88] Hossein Zeynal, Mostafa Eidiani, Dariush Yazdanpanah, "Intelligent Control Systems for Futuristic
Smart Grid Initiatives in Electric Utilities", Conference Paper January 2013, DOI:
10.1109/AIMS.2013.65, Conference: First Interna onal Conference on Ar ficial Intelligence, Modelling
& Simulation (AIMS), Volume: pp:315-319,
[89] Hossein Zeynal, Mostafa Eidiani, Dariush Yazdanpanah, " Intelligent Substa on Automa on
Systems for Robust Operation of Smart Grids", Conference Paper, August 2014, DOI:
10.13140/2.1.3819.8567, Conference: IEEE Innova ve Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Asia) Conference-
Asia, At Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 20-23, 2014, Volume: pp:862-866
[90] Hossein Zeynal, Mostafa Eidiani, " Hydrothermal Scheduling Flexibility Enhancement with Pumped-
Storage Units", Conference Paper, June 2014, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4868.4322, Conference: 22nd Iranian
Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE 2014), At Tehran, Iran,
[91] Hossein Zeynal, Yap Jiazhen, Brian Azzopardi, Mostafa Eidiani, " Impact of Electric Vehicle’s
Integration Into the Economic VAr Dispatch Algorithm", Conference Paper, July 2014, DOI:
10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2014.6873892, Conference: Innova ve Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia),
2014 IEEE, At Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 20-23, 2014, Volume: pp:856-861
[92] Hossein Zeynal, Lim Xiao Hui, Yap Jiazhen, Mostafa Eidiani, Brian Azzopardi, " Improving
Lagrangian Relaxation Unit Commitment with Cuckoo Search Algorithm", Conference Paper, December
2014, DOI: 10.1109/PECON.2014.7062417, Conference: PECON 2014, 2014 IEEE Interna onal Power
and Energy Conference, At Malaysia, Kuching, Volume: Page(s): 77 - 82,
[93] Mostafa Eidiani, Hossein Zeynal, " Exact and efficient approach in static assessment of Available
Transfer Capability (ATC)", Conference Paper · January 2010, DOI: 10.1109/PECON.2010.5697580,
Conference: Power and Energy (PECon), 2010 IEEE Interna onal Conference on,
[94] Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad hassan Modir Shanechi, Kazem Ameli, Saied Ahmadi, " Analysis of
Methods of Short Circuit Limita on in Khorasan's Region (1385, 1390) Considering Reliability",
Conference Paper · January 2006, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1100.1121, Conference: 21th Interna onal Power
System Conference (PSC 2006), At Tehran, Iran, Volume: 98-F-PSS-171,
[95] Mostafa Eidiani, M. Hasan Modir Shanechi, Ebrahim Vaahedi,·" Assessment of ATC Using Voltage
and Transient Stability, Simultaneously", Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and
Engineering 2(23):11-24 · March 2005,
[96] Mostafa Eidiani, " A review of the concepts of network losses", Article · January 2010,
[97] Mohammad Ebrahimean Baydokhty, Mostafa Eidiani, Hossein Torkaman " Transient Stability
Prediction by Fuzzy System for to Be Minimum and Recognition of Necessity of Implementing
Generator Tripping ", Conference Paper · July 2012, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.5130.5760, Conference: 4th
Iranian Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, ICEEE2012, Volume: pp. 629-635, 28-30
Aug. 2012,
[98] Mostafa Eidiani, " Restructuring of the power system for the privatization of the electricity
industry", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1576.3285, Conference: ISCEE, Iranian Student Conference on
Electrical Engineering, 3th, At Tehran, At Tehran,
[99] Atefe Nemani, Mostafa Eidiani, " Linearly Constrained minimum variance Beamforming- Persian
Farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1314.1845,
[100] Akram Mahoodi, Mostafa Eidiani, " Akram Mahoodi-Distribution system load forcasting using
neural network-persian-farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1715.5927,
[101] Shima Bashiri Rezaei, Mostafa Eidiani, " Shima Bashiri Rezaei - Recognition of facial expressions -
Persian Farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3537.2881,
[102] Mahdieh Akbari, Elahe Haeri, Mostafa Eidiani, "Clearing Price Predic on using neural network -
Persian-Farsi", Technical Report, January 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3324.2968.
[103] Mostafa Eidiani, Mahboobeh Ghasemi, "seminar in researchGate (Persian Farsi) at khorasan
institute of higher edcation", Technical Report, January 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3262.2165,
[104] Meghdad Khaleghi, Mostafa Eidiani, "Meghdad Khaleghi-Breaker impact on the reliability of the
distribution network-persian farsi", Technical Report, December 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4443.9120,
[105] Mostafa Eidiani, " An overview of energy strategies in the diagnosis of transient stability by the
example of the closest unstable equilibrium point-persian", Technical Report, December 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.1928.9684.
[106] Mostafa Eidiani, " Dynamic studies with DIgSILENT Power Factory- part1", Technical
Report,·March 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3740.9365
[107] Mostafa Eidiani, " Supplementary resource for Using energy function to detect voltage collapse",
Dataset·December 2015.
[108] Mostafa Eidiani, " Dynamic studies with DIgSILENT Power Factory- part2", Technical
Report·February 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1381.6404.
[109] Mostafa Eidiani, " Op mal capacitor placement in distribution network Bojnourd using
DIgSILENT-part3", Technical Report,·May 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3597.5765
[110] Mostafa Eidiani, " Optimal capacitor placement in distribution network Bojnourd using
DIgSILENT-part2", Technical Report·April 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4908.2969
[111] Mostafa Eidiani, " Optimal capacitor placement in distribution network Bojnourd using
DIgSILENT-part1", Technical Report,·March 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4384.0080
[112] Mostafa Eidiani, " Probabilis c Power Flow in distribution and transmission network with
uncertainty as Hermann-beta", Conference Paper,·January 2008, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2942.2161
[113] Mostafa Eidiani, " Power industry prospects and new strategies for taking advantage of the
industry", Conference Paper,·January 2011, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2680.0722
[114] Mostafa Eidiani, " supplementary resource for An overview of energy strategies in the diagnosis
of transient stability by the example of the closest unstable equilibrium point-Persian", Dataset·January
2016.
[115] Mostafa Eidiani, "Power System Analysis So ware by DIgSILENT Power Factory",Technical
Report · December 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1414.8883
[116] Mostafa Eidiani, "Report in the course of Computer Power Systems Analysis by DIgSILENT
PowerFactory", Technical Report, December 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4806.3763
[117] Mostafa Eidiani, "Computer Methods in Power Systems Analysis by DIgSILENT Power Factory",
Technical Report, November 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2578.1527
[118] Mostafa Eidiani, "Power System Analysis and Engineering Laboratory by DIGSILENT",Technical
Report, November 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2303.7200
[119] Mostafa Eidiani, "Power system analysis Laboratory by DIGSILENT", Technical Report, October
2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3745.5120
[120] Mostafa Eidiani, "Mohammad Nikkhou Work Report Digsilent", Technical Report, October 2016,
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3319.5286
[121] Mostafa Eidiani, "Basic network analysis and design of power systems using DigSILENT", Technical
Report, October 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2926.3122
[122] Mostafa Eidiani, "Introduction to software DIgSILENT", Technical Report, September 2016, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.1222.3764
[123] Mostafa Eidiani, "Analysis and Simulation of Power Systems by DIGSILENT", Technical Report,
August 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3974.8880
[124] Mostafa Eidiani, "A SURVEY OF DIGSILENT IN THE KHORASAN INSTITUTE LAB PERSIAN FARSI",
Technical Report, August 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4350.1842
[125] Mostafa Eidiani, "USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE POWER SYSTEMS DIGSILENT",
Technical Report, July 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4499.1767
[126] Mostafa Eidiani, "AGENDA ANALYSIS COMPUTER SOFT SOFTWARE DIgSILENT", Technical Report,
June 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2402.0243
[127] Mostafa Eidiani, "Power system simulator by software DIgSILENT", Technical Report, April 2016,
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4753.1287
[128] Mostafa Eidiani, "Change pulse transformer software DIgSILENT", Technical Report, March 2016,
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4315.8808
[129] Mostafa Eidiani, " DIgSILENT training by Dr Eidiani from Khorasan institute of higher education",
Technical Report, February 2016, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4446.9523
[130] Mostafa Eidiani, "Total Ref. for power system student", Research, December 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4459.9123
[131] Mostafa Eidiani, "Morteza Seddighighachkanloo - Evaluation of reliability in the presence of small
wind power plants in a microgrid-web", Dataset, December 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2809.5120
[132] Mostafa Eidiani, "UPFC-DIgSILENT II (persian farsi)", Research, November 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.2898.3764
[133] Mostafa Eidiani, "DPL-DIgSILENT (persian farsi)", Research, November 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.2013.6401
[134] Mostafa Eidiani, "Assessment of lamps Specifications (persian farsi)", Research, November 2015,
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4635.0801
[135] Mostafa Eidiani, "BMS (Persian farsi)", Research, November 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.2537.9281
[136] Mostafa Eidiani, "Cable modelling in digsilent", Research, November 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4897.2241
[137] Mostafa Eidiani, "EVALUATING THE IMPACTS OF KHAF WIND FARMS", Research, November 2015,
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3615.1768
[138] Mostafa Eidiani, "ATC Toolbox", Research, November 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1296.8407
[139] Mostafa Eidiani, "System information to calculate ATC", Research, November 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4606.4089
[140] Mostafa Eidiani, "New methods to determine the dynamic ATC", Research, November 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.3295.6886
[141] Mostafa Eidiani, "New methods to determine the static ATC", Research, November 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.3426.7609
[142] Mostafa Eidiani, "Definitions of ATC", Research, November 2015,DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4213.1925
[143] Mostafa Eidiani, "Best Reference of ATC", Research, November 2015,DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4540.8727
[144] Mostafa Eidiani, "ATC Calculation Methods", Research, November 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.3230.1521
[145] Mostafa Eidiani, "Paper 3-ATC-WInd-ver15", Dataset, November 2015, DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4693.6720
[146] Mostafa Eidiani, "Course of computer translation of Power Systems Teacher: Dr Mustafa Eidiani
Student: Hossein Hossein Pour", Ar cle, November 2015
[147] Mostafa Eidiani, "Multi-dimensional procurement strategy on Substation Automation System
(SAS) packages for Electric Utilities", Research, July 2015, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1003.8889
[148] Mostafa Eidiani, " CTV complex transient and voltage stability A new method for computing
dynamic ATC", International Journal of Power and Energy Systems, DOI:
10.2316/Journal.203.2006.3.203-3597

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