Building Construction

HARDWARES
and
SEALANTS
 Definition
⚫HARWARE – metal products used
in construction, such as bolts,
hinges locks, tools, etc.
 Classification
FINISHING HARDWARE ROUGH HARDWARE
⚫ - hardware, such as ⚫ - in building construction,
hinges, locks, catches, hardware meant to be
etc., that has a finished concealed, such as bolts,
appearance as well as nails, screws, spikes,
function, esp. that used rods, and other metal
with doors, windows, and fittings.
cabinets, may be
considered part of the
decorative treatment of a
room or building
 Finishing Hardware Brands
⚫ Sargent ⚫ LCN
⚫ Stanley ⚫ Norton
⚫ Yale ⚫ Eagle
⚫ Corbin ⚫ Master
⚫ Schlage ⚫ Alpha
⚫ Kwikset ⚫ Yeti
 Doors
TYPES KINDS
⚫ Flush ⚫ Swinging door
⚫ Panel door ⚫ Overhead swinging-up garage door
⚫ Overhead roll-up garage door
⚫ Roll-up door
⚫ Accordion door
⚫ Bi-folding door
⚫ Revolving door
⚫ Sliding door
⚫ By-passing sliding door
⚫ Sliding pocket door
⚫ Dutch door
⚫ French door
 Swinging door Roll-up door Revolving door Sliding pocket door

Overhead swing- Accordion door Sliding door Dutch door

up garage door

Overhead roll-up Bi-folding door By-Passing French door

garage door sliding door
 Finishing Hardware

A. To Hung a Door

HINGE
⚫ - a movable joint used to attach support & turn a door
about a pivot, consists of 2 plates joined together by a
pin which support the door & connect it to its frame,
enabling it to swing open or closed.
 Finishing Hardware
Kinds of Hinge BUTT HINGE
⚫ Butt hinge ⚫ Consist of 2 rectangular metal
⚫ Spring hinge plates which are joined with a
⚫ Pivot hinge pin.
⚫ In large hinge, the pin is
removable;
⚫ In small hinges, it is fixed.
 Finishing Hardware
Kinds of Butt Hinge Description
⚫ Fast Pin Hinge ⚫ Fast Pin Hinge – a hinge in
⚫ Full Surface Hinge which the pin is fastened
⚫ Loose Joint Hinge permanently in place.
⚫ Loose Pin Hinge ⚫ Full Surface Hinge – a hinge
designed for attachment on the
⚫ Paumelle Hinge surface of the door and jamb
⚫ Olive Knuckle without mortising.
Hinge
 Finishing Hardware
Kinds of Butt Hinge Description
⚫ Fast Pin Hinge ⚫ Loose Joint Hinge – a door
⚫ Full Surface Hinge hinge having 2 knuckles, one of
⚫ Loose Joint Hinge which has vertical pin that fits in
a corresponding hole in the
⚫ Loose Pin Hinge other, by lifting the door up, off
⚫ Paumelle Hinge the vertical pin, the door may be
⚫ Olive Knuckle removed with unscrewing the
Hinge hinge
⚫ Loose Pin Hinge – a hinge
having a removable pin which
permits its 2 parts to be
separated.
 Finishing Hardware
Kinds of Butt Hinge Description
⚫ Fast Pin Hinge ⚫ Paumelle Hinge – a type of
⚫ Full Surface Hinge door hinge having a single joint
⚫ Loose Joint Hinge of the pivot type, usually of
modern design.
⚫ Loose Pin Hinge
⚫ Olive Knuckle Hinge – a
⚫ Paumelle Hinge paumelle hinge with knuckles
⚫ Olive Knuckle forming an oval shape.
Hinge
 Finishing Hardware
Kinds of Hinge SPRING HINGE
⚫ Butt hinge ⚫ A hinge containing 1 or more
⚫ Spring hinge springs.
⚫ Pivot hinge ⚫ When a door is opened, the
hinge returns it to the open
position automatically.
⚫ May act in one direction only, or
in both directions.
 Finishing Hardware
Kinds of Spring Hinge Description
⚫ Double Action ⚫ Double Action Hinge – excellent
⚫ Single Action for use in restaurants, hospitals,
kitchens. The door opens by
just pushing it with the shoulder
or feet.
⚫ Single Action Hinge – swings in
1 direction only.
 Finishing Hardware
Kinds of Hinge PIVOT HINGE
⚫ Butt hinge ⚫ The axis or pin about which a
⚫ Spring hinge window or door rotates.
⚫ Pivot hinge
 Finishing Hardware
Example of Pivot Hinge Description
⚫ Vertical Spring ⚫ Vertical Spring Pivot Hinge – a
Pivot Hinge spring hinge for a door which is
mortised into the heel of the
door. The door is fastened to
the floor and door head with
pivots.
 Rough Hardware
NAILS Description
⚫ C.W. ⚫ C.W. – common wire nail
⚫ FIN with head & for strength.
⚫ Masonry nails or concrete Box nail also used for
nails strength.
⚫ FIN – finishing nail
without head. Casing nail
also without head.
⚫ Sizes: 1”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 2-
1/2”, 3”, 3-1/2”, 4”, 6”
 Rough Hardware
NAILS Description
⚫ C.W. ⚫ Masonry nails or concrete
⚫ FIN nails – these are nails
⚫ Masonry nails or which can be driven ¾
concrete nails deep to concrete mortar
or brick.
⚫ NOTE: Choose a nail 3
times longer than the top
thickness being fastened.
For example, use a 1-1/2
nail when nailing ½
plywood to a 2x4 stud.
(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)
 Rough Hardware
Other hammer-driven fasteners:
⚫ Scotch nails
⚫ Brads
⚫ Staples
⚫ Tacks
 Rough Hardware
SCREWS Description
⚫ Classified by gauge ⚫ Gauge – Gauge 2, 3, 4,
(diameter), length, head 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
type, & metallic make-up 13 & 14.
⚫ Length – ¼”, 3/8”, ½”,
5/8”, ¾”, 1”
⚫ Head type – Flat, round,
oval, Philipps,
Actual Size of Common Wood
Screws

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

 Rough Hardware
WASHERS
⚫ Flat
⚫ Counter sunk
⚫ Flush
 Rough Hardware
BOLTS
⚫ Bolts have threaded shafts that
receive nuts.
⚫ To use them, a hole is drilled,
pushing the bolt through and
adding a nut
⚫ Hunger bolts – for hanging
fixtures from walls
⚫ U-bolts – to attach flat surface
to round poles or pipes
⚫ Binding Screws – join 2
surfaces.
Rough Hardware
NUTS
⚫ Flat square nut
⚫ Hex nut
⚫ Square nut
⚫ Acorn nut
⚫ T-nut
⚫ Knurled nut
⚫ Wing nut
 Rough Hardware
JOINERY BRACKETS Description
⚫ To form strong joints ⚫ Mending Plate
⚫ For decorative – zinc- ⚫ T-Plate
plated steel ⚫ Flat Corner Plate
⚫ For hidden view – steel ⚫ L-Bracket
⚫ For “chest” type –brass-
plated type.
 Finishing Hardware

B. To Fix One Sash

CHAIN HEAD AND FOOT BOLT

⚫ Surface Bolt
⚫ Door Bolt (Barrel Bolt)
⚫ Flush Bolt
⚫ Chain Door Fastener
 Finishing Hardware
C. To Lock The Door
LOCKSET LATCH
⚫ A complete lock system ⚫ A simple fastening device
including the basic having a latch bolt, but
locking mechanisms and not a dead bolt.
all the accessories, such ⚫ Contains no provisions
as knobs, escutcheons, for locking with a key,
plates, etc. usually openable from
both sides.
 Finishing Hardware
LATCH Description
⚫ Night Latch ⚫ Night Latch– Key operated
latch.
 Finishing Hardware
LATCH Description
⚫ Lift Latch ⚫ Lift Latch– a type of door latch
which fastens a door by means
of a pivoted bar that engages a
hook on the door jamb, a lever
which lifts the pivoted bar used
to unfasten the door.
 Finishing Hardware
LOCK Description
⚫ Rabbeted Lock ⚫ Rabbeted Lock– a lock or latch
⚫ Bolt in which the face is flush with
the rabbet on a rabbeted door
jamb.
⚫ Bolt– a type of door lock, the
bolt, which is square in section
is operated by the door key or a
turn piec.
 Finishing Hardware
LOCK Description
⚫ Button ⚫ Button– a small rejecting
⚫ Knob member used to fasten the
⚫ Escutcheon frame of a door or window.
⚫ Knob– a handle, more or less
spherical, usually for operating
a lock.
⚫ Escutcheon – a protective plate
surrounding the keyhole of a
door or a light switch (also a
flange on a pipe).
 Finishing Hardware
LOCK Description
⚫ Plates ⚫ Plates– a thin flat sheet of material.
⚫ Plates ⚫ Strikes– a metal plate or box which is
set in a door jamb & is either placed or
⚫ Lip Strike recessed to receive the bolt or latch of
a lock, fixed on door.
⚫ Lip Strike – the projection from the
side of a strike plate which the bolt of
a lock strikes first, when a door is
closed; projects out from the side of
the strike plate to protect the frame.
 Finishing Hardware
LOCK Description
⚫ Bored Lock ⚫ Bored Lock– a lock intended for
installation in a circular hole in a door.
⚫ Roller Latch
⚫ Roller Latch– a type of door latch that
has a roller under spring tension
instead of a beveled spring bolt. The
roller engages a strike plate, having a
recess formed to receive.
 Finishing Hardware
LOCK Description
⚫ Integral Latch ⚫ Integral Latch– a type of mortise lock
having its cylinder in the knob.
⚫ Cylinder Lock
⚫ Cylinder lock – a bored lock which has
a cylindrical case into which a
separate latch case fits
 Finishing Hardware
LOCK Description
⚫ Screen Door Latch ⚫ Screen Door Latch– a small locking or
latching device used on screen doors
⚫ Bored Latch & generated by a knob or lever
⚫ Hasp handle, sometimes equipped with a
dead bolt.
⚫ Key-Padlock
⚫ Bored Latch– a latch intended for
installation in a circular hole in door.
⚫ Hasp– a fastening device consisting of
a loop or staple & a slotted hinge plate
normally secured with a padlock.
⚫ Key-Padlock – a device which fastens
in position, may be operated by a key.
 Finishing Hardware
LOCK Description
⚫ Magnetic Padlock ⚫ Magnetic Padlock– a kind of lock
which opens by using the
⚫ Hasplock corresponding magnet which goes
with it.
⚫ Hasplock– a kind of hasp that has a
built-in locking device which can be
opened only with a key.
 Finishing Hardware
Different Room Locksets Description
⚫ Entrance Lockset ⚫ Entrance Lockset– with a key and
universal button which when pushed
⚫ Bedroom Lockset stays put and locks the door.
⚫ Toilet Lockset ⚫ Bedroom Lockset– same as the
entrance lockset but simpler in design.
⚫ Toilet Lockset– without a key has a
button that is pushed to lock inside.
 Finishing Hardware
D. To Close The Door
Automatic Door Closer
⚫ Pneumatic Type
⚫ Semi-Concealed
Overhead Type
⚫ Concealed Type
⚫ Overhead
Liquid Type
 Finishing Hardware
Sliding Door Tracks
 Finishing Hardware
Cabinet Doors Description
⚫ Single flush ⚫ Flush door
⚫ Double flush ⚫ Over-lapping door
⚫ Lip door
⚫ Rounded edge
 Finishing Hardware
Cabinet Door Hinges Description
⚫ Butt Hinges ⚫ Butt Hinges – can be common butt,
loose pin, T-hinge, piano (continuous)
⚫ Offset Hinges up to 6 feet, decorative (butterfly
⚫ Pivot Hinges hinge)
⚫ Invisible Hinges
⚫ Flush Counter
Hinges
 Finishing Hardware
Cabinet Door Hinges Description
⚫ Butt Hinges ⚫ Offset Hinges – used for hanging
lipped or overlapping doors, available
⚫ Offset Hinges in semi-concealed and surface
⚫ Pivot Hinges mounted styles.
⚫ Invisible Hinges
⚫ Flush Counter
Hinges
 Finishing Hardware
Cabinet Door Hinges Description
⚫ Butt Hinges ⚫ Pivot Hinges – made for both flush
and overlapping doors.
⚫ Offset Hinges
⚫ Come in 3 main types: 1. Side – frame
⚫ Pivot Hinges pivot hinges that attach to a door’s top
⚫ Invisible Hinges & bottom edges; 2. Side – frame pivot
hinges that attach intermediately along
⚫ Flush Counter a door’s side edge; 3. Top & bottom –
Hinges mounted “knife” hinges that are quite
difficult to attach. (This is
recommended for use where the
cabinet door is touching the side wall;
Sometimes called the Washington
hinge.)
 Finishing Hardware
Cabinet Door Hinges Description
⚫ Butt Hinges ⚫ Invisible Hinges – don’t show from the
front and is expensive. They can be
⚫ Offset Hinges used for both flush and overlapping
⚫ Pivot Hinges door.
⚫ Invisible Hinges
⚫ Flush Counter
Hinges
 Finishing Hardware
Cabinet Door Hinges Description
⚫ Butt Hinges ⚫ Flush Counter Hinges – for a
dropdown door that can be lowered to
⚫ Offset Hinges serve as work surfaces (level with the
⚫ Pivot Hinges cabinet’s bottom) require hinges that
lay flush in the surface, mortise them
⚫ Invisible Hinges
into both surfaces. They don’t shown
⚫ Flush Counter when the door is closed. A drop down
Hinges door also requires a chain or stay
support to hold the door’s weight when
it’s open.
 Finishing Hardware
Cabinet Catches Description
⚫ Friction Catch ⚫ Friction– any catch which when it
engages a strike, is held in the
⚫ Magnetic Catch engaged position by friction.
⚫ Bullet Catch ⚫ Magnetic Catch – a door catch flat that
uses a magnet to hold the door in a
closed position.
⚫ Bullet Catch – a fastener which holds
a door in place by means of a
projecting spring arctuated steel hall
which is depressed when the door is
closed.
 Finishing Hardware
Cabinet Knobs Description
⚫ Screw-in knob
⚫ Bolt-on knob
⚫ Flush knob
⚫ Flush ring

Pulls
 Finishing Hardware
Other Finishing Accessories
Adjustable bracket Comes in any width from
4” to 12”.

Shelf Bracket Any over hanging

member projecting from
a wall or other body to
support a weight.

Grab Bar A hand grip usually

installed in a shower,
which may be used for
steadying self.
 Finishing Hardware
Other Finishing Accessories
Metal Bracket Used to support any
cabinet or shelf

Spring Door Closer Attached above a

screen door to
automatically close it.

Hospital Arm Pull A handle for opening a

hospital door without the
use of hands, by
hooking an arm over the
handle.
 Finishing Hardware
Other Finishing Accessories
Panic Exit Device Fire exit bolt a door
locking device used on
exit doors; the door latch
releases when a bar,
across the inside of the
door is pushed.
Convenient for use in
hospitals, theatres,
hotels, schools, with fire
exits.

Hooks and Eyes Eye Bolt – a bolt having

its head in the form of a
loop or eye.
 Finishing Hardware
Other Finishing Accessories
Combination Hook and Used for putting in
Eye place, a door or a
window

Concrete Insert A plastic, wood fiber, or

metal usually leads plug
either built in a wall or
ceiling or inserted by
drilling, used as an
anchor or support to
hold attached load
Hook Bolt A bolt having one end in
the form of a hook.
Diameter ¼” to 2”
Length 1” to 4”.
 Finishing Hardware
Other Finishing Accessories
Threaded Rod All thread from 2, 3, 6,
and 12 feet long (0.60,
0.90, 1.80, 3.60)
¼” to 1” diameter

Door Stopper or Door Stopper – to

Bumpers prevent the door with its
lockset from harming the
wall or tiles.
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
⚫ 2 Common ⚫ Covetiveness – the ability of
Characteristics particles of a material to cling
of Materials tightly to one another; and

⚫ Adhesiveness – the ability of a

material to fix itself and cling to
an entirely different material.
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
GLUES GLUES
⚫ Animal Glue ⚫ Neoprene-rubber
⚫ Blood-Aluminum Glue adhesives
⚫ Casein Glue ⚫ Urea formaldehyde resin
⚫ Starch & Dextrin Glues glues
⚫ Asphalt Cements ⚫ Phenolic Resin Glues
⚫ Cellulose Cements ⚫ Melamine Resins
⚫ Chlorinated-rubber ⚫ Resorcinol Resins
adhesive ⚫ Epoxy Resins
⚫ Natural-rubber adhesives ⚫ Polyvinyl-resin adhesives
⚫ Nitrite or Buna N rubber ⚫ Sodium silicate adhesives
adhesive
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
SEALERS SEALERS
⚫ Sealing compounds are ⚫ To do this they must have
products which are used some adhesive qualities
to seal the surface of & the ability to fill the
various materials against surface pores & form a
penetration of water or continuous skin on the
other liquids or in some surface to which they are
cases to prevent the applied.
escape of water through ⚫ In many application, the
the surface. adhesion should be
permanent, while others
it need only to be
temporary.
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
TYPES OF SEALERS TYPES OF SEALERS
⚫ Liquid asphalt ⚫ Oils and turpentines
⚫ Polysulfide polymers ⚫ Synthetic plastic products
⚫ Solution of sodium ⚫ Thin solutions of animal
silicate and casein glues
⚫ Wax compounds ⚫ Epoxy-resin formulation
⚫ Liquid silicones
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
⚫ GLAZING & ⚫ These are similar materials, but
CAULKING difference is that when used for
COMPOUNDS sealing glass they are known
as glazing compounds.
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
⚫ Properties of⚫ Be able to adhere to the surface with
Caulking which it comes in contact.
materials ⚫ Remain workable over a considerable
range of temperature.
⚫ Be able to form a tough, elastic skin over
the surface, while the interior of the mass
remains flexible.
⚫ Be able to adhere to stretch or elongate
with changes that may occur in the width
of the joint
⚫ from that mean.
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
⚫ Properties of⚫ Have good movement capability that is, it
Caulking must have movement in either extension
or compression from that mean.
materials
⚫ Be able to recover well after having been
extended or compressed.
⚫ Have very low sensitivity to water.
⚫ Have low volatility.
⚫ Be able to provide good service
performance.
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
⚫ 5 Groups of ⚫ Mastic
Caulking ⚫ Elastomerics
Compounds ⚫ Elastomers
⚫ Elastoplastics
⚫ Plastics
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
⚫ 5 Groups of ⚫ Mastic – group of caulking compounds
Caulking includes linseed-oil-putty, linsee-oil-
Compounds isobutylene caulks, mastic glazing &
caulking compounds. This have recovery
of 0 to 10 percent.
⚫ Elastomerics – includes butyl caulks
having a solvent base, acrylic caulks with
solvent or emulsion base, & acrylic caulks
which are 100% solids & one part
polymer caption. This has a recovery of
10 to 49 percent.
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
⚫ 5 Groups of ⚫ Elastomers –include one & two part
Caulking polysulfides containing 100% solids one
Compounds part silicone with 100% solids, one & two
part urethanes with 100% solids, vinyl
chloride polymers, & butadiene –styrene
copolymers.
⚫ Elastoplastics –include neoprene and
hypolon caulks with a solvent base.
⚫ Plastics – include high molecular weight
caulking materials which are specially
treated to be extruded as plastic or
cellular sheets or strips
 ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
⚫ Materials for ⚫ Linseed-oil-putty (most common)
Caulking ⚫ Asphalt and polybutene caulking
compounds
⚫ Polysulfide elastomers
⚫ Silicone mastic caulking
⚫ Butyl, neoprene and Hypalon
mastic caulkings
⚫ Cellular sponge sheet and strips.
Anticipated Problem:

How can I select and use

nails?
 Nails
⚫Most commonly used wood
fasteners.
⚫Each type of nail has specific uses.

⚫Penny: Nail size unit, abbreviated

with the lower case letter “d”.
(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)
 Nails
⚫Sold by weight:
Pound, 50 pound box, and 100
pound keg.
⚫Split less wood, make your work
stronger, save fingers, and save
money by:
Choosing the right type and size of
nail
 Fasteners
⚫Fasteners, sometimes called rough
hard-ware, are items used to hold
the parts of a project together
⚫nails, screws, bolts, and glue
 Hardware
⚫Hardware, sometimes called finish
hardware, is metal items used for
ornamental as well as functional
purposes.
⚫Examples include hinges, drawer
pulls, knobs, handles, catches, and
locks.
 Common Nails
⚫Largest in diameter and have
thick heads.
⚫Designed for rough carpentry
(like building framing) and are
easy to drive without bending.

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

 Box Nails
⚫Used wherever common nails
might split the wood.

⚫Bend more easily because of

the smaller wire used to form
them.

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

 Box Nails
⚫Head is thinner and larger in
diameter than the head of the
common nail.
⚫Sinkers: Box nails which are
cement coated
⚫Nail holding power may also be
improved by:
Galvanizing, ringing, or threading.
 Casing nails
⚫Same weight as box nails, but
have a small, conical head.

⚫Used to attach door and

window casings and other
wood trim.

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

 Finish Nails
⚫Have the thinnest cross section
and the smallest head.
⚫Head is only slightly larger in
diameter than the body of the
nail.
Slight depression on the top of
the head helps keep the nail set
from slipping when “setting the
nail”.
Specialized nails
 Driving the Nail
⚫1. Hold it upright firmly between the
thumb and first finger
⚫2. Tap the nail with the hammer until
it will stand by itself
⚫3. Then drive the nail with full swings
of hammer using both the wrist and
forearm.
 Driving the Nail
⚫Use a swinging motion rather than
short jabs.
⚫Hit the nail squarely each time.
⚫Use a hammer size to match the
size of the nail to be driven (20 oz.
hammer for 16d nails, 12 oz.
hammer for small finish nails, etc.).
 Driving the Nail

⚫If the nail is likely to bend, lubricate

the point with soap, wax, or oil or
drill a pilot hole slightly smaller than
the diameter of the nail.
 To Avoid Splitting:
⚫Never use a nail larger than
needed.

⚫Blunt the point of the nails (turn the

nail upside down and hit the point
with a hammer),
 To Avoid Splitting:
⚫Do not drive a series of nails in a
straight line parallel to the grain.
⚫Never toenail when you can nail
straight into the wood.
Toenailing is driving a nail at an
angle into the side of a board rather
than driving straight into the wood.
Anticipated Problem:

How can I select and use

wood screws?
 Wood Screws
⚫Advantages over nails:
Screws hold wood more securely
than nails,
Are easily tightened or removed, and
Leave a neat appearance.
⚫Disadvantages compared to nails:
Screws are more expensive and
Require more labor for installation.
 Basic Wood Screws
⚫Have several screw head slot types
straight,
cross (Phillips),
square,
star
⚫Three commonly shaped screw heads
are flat, oval, and round.
 Screw Heads
⚫Flat heads may be countersunk
(meaning that the top of the head is
flush with the surface of the wood).
⚫ Oval headed screws are used mainly
to fasten hinges or other finish
hardware.
 Screw Heads
⚫Round headed screws are utility
screws and are used where the
fastened piece is too thin to permit
countersinking.
⚫Wood screws are made of steel,
brass, or other metals.
Matching the Screwdriver Size to
the Slot

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

 Special Wood Screws
⚫Drive Screw: Special screw made
to be driven with a hammer
Threads that are far apart and may
not have a slot for a screwdriver.
 Special Wood Screws
⚫One-way screw: Designed to be
tightened with a standard
screwdriver but cannot be turned
out with the screwdriver
Designed to prevent burglary and
theft.
 Lag Screws
⚫Lag screws, sometimes called lag
bolts, are special heavy duty screws
made with a square or hex bolt
head.
 Screw Gauges
⚫Screws are sized by length in
inches and by diameter.
⚫Gauge Number: Diameter of the
screw.
To calculate the gauge number
subtract 1/16 inch from the diameter
and multiply the result by 80.
Actual Size of Common Wood
Screws

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

 Using Large Wood Screws
⚫Require three holes in order to be
inserted and countersunk.
⚫When two pieces of wood are
joined with screws, the clearance
hole (hole which is slightly larger
than the screw shank) is drilled in
the first board to allow the shank of
the screw to pass without binding.
 Pilot Hole
⚫Pilot hole: Hole slightly smaller than
the diameter of the threaded portion
of the screw
Drilled into the second board.
Allows easy tightening without
danger of splitting the wood.
 Pilot Hole
⚫If the screw is to be countersunk,
use a countersink bit to drill a
beveled hole to match the width of
the top of the screw.
 When the screw is tightened:
⚫Top of the head should be even with
the wood.
Use a standard, Phillips, or square
shank screwdriver large enough to fill
the screw slot.
Using the correct size screwdriver will
result in tightening with less effort and
fewer damaged screw slots.
 Anticipated Problem:

What types of bolts are used

to fasten wood?
 Bolts
⚫Made of steel with either round,
square, or hexagonal heads and
threaded shanks.
⚫Threads may run the full length of
the bolt, or they may stop a certain
distance from the head, and leave a
smooth upper shank.
Stronger than nails or screws, but are
more expensive.
 Stove bolts
⚫Have either flat or round heads that
look like wood screws but a threaded
shank with a nut like other bolts.
⚫To tighten:
Use a screwdriver on the head and a
wrench on the nut.
⚫Commonly used with the installation
of hinges.
 Carriage bolts
⚫Have a round head with a square
shank which pulls into the wood to
hold the top of the bolt while a
wrench is used to tighten the nut.
 Machine bolts

⚫Have either a square or hexagonal

head with a nut shape that matches
the head shape.
⚫ Machine bolts are used with metal
and wood.
⚫To tighten:
Use a wrench on the bolt head and
another on the nut.
 Anticipated Problem

What glues are suitable for

fastening wood?
 Glue
⚫Properly glued wood joint is stronger
than the wood itself.

⚫Wood to be glued should be dry,

smooth, and free of dirt, oil, and other
coatings.
 Glue
⚫Clean dirt, paint, and other coatings
from wood with an abrasive such as
a scraper, wire brush, or steel wool.

⚫Regardless of the type of glue used,

a good fit with both pieces of wood in
contact at all points is necessary for
a strong joint.
 Glue

⚫Can be applied with a

⚫Squeeze bottle,
⚫Brush, or
⚫Paint roller.
⚫ Pressure is applied to the glue joint
with:
⚫Clamps, nails, screws, or other fasteners.
 Glue
⚫When the pressure is applied, the
glue should ooze out from around
the joint. If it does not, you are
skimping on glue and may have a
weak joint.
 Glue
⚫Exterior glues should be labeled as
waterproof.
⚫Interior glues will be labeled as
water resistant.
When in doubt about the future use
of your project apply exterior glue.
 Older Glues
⚫Older glues are protein glues.
⚫Protein glues: Glues made from
animal or plant parts or products.
⚫Casein glue: Made from milk protein
and is a powder that is mixed with
water.
Interior water resistant glue.
 Older Glues

⚫Cellulose cement, also called

“airplane cement”: Quick drying,
waterproof glue made from plants.
This glue is used most often in building
models.
 Newer Glues
⚫Newer glues are synthetic glues.
⚫Synthetic glues: Glues made from
man-made products.
⚫Examples:
• Resorcinol resin glue
• Urea-formaldehyde glue
• White polyvinyl glue
• Aliphatic yellow wood glue
• Mastics
 Resorcinol resin glue:
⚫Waterproof two part liquid and
powder mix.
The cost and mixing disadvantages
are outweighed by the waterproof
characteristics for projects exposed to
soaking such as boats and outdoor
furniture.
 Resorcinol resin glue:
⚫Mix only the amount needed just
before use, since its “pot life” is only
three or four hours.

⚫Pot life: Time in which an adhesive

can be used after mixing.
 Resorcinol resin glue:
⚫The higher the temperature, the
shorter the “pot life” and “setting
time”.

⚫Setting time: Length of time

necessary for the glue to harden or
cure.
 Urea-formaldehyde glue
⚫Plastic resin one part powder that
you mix with water, as per
instruction, just before use.

⚫High water resistance with a pot life

of three to five hours.
 Urea-formaldehyde glue
⚫Popular, easy-to-use glue that
hardens quickly when water is
added.

⚫Close fit with the need for tight

clamping and a nine to thirteen hour
setting time are disadvantages.
 White polyvinyl glue
⚫All-around household glue used
inside where high moisture
resistance is unnecessary.

⚫Is a one part ready to use liquid that

generally comes in a squeeze
bottle.
 Aliphatic yellow wood glue
⚫One part ready to use liquid that
requires less clamping time, sets
quicker, and forms a stronger
waterproof bond than the white
glue.
 Mastics
⚫Heavy, pasty type glues or
adhesives used for fastening
drywall, paneling, and flooring.

⚫Generally applied with a notched

trowel or a caulking gun.
Comparing Synthetic Resin Glues
 Anticipated Problem:

What types of finish hardware

should be used with wood?
 Metal Fasteners and Hardware
⚫Finish Hardware: Metal items used
for ornamental as well as functional
purposes, such as:
hinges
drawer pulls
knobs
handles
catches
 Metal Fasteners and Hardware

⚫Should not be installed until the

project has been painted.

⚫Come in many different types,

styles, and sizes.
 Hinges

⚫Sold in pairs and serve as a

moveable joint between two pieces
of wood.
 Hinges
⚫Types of Hinges:
Butt hinges
Strap hinges
Tee hinges
Continuous hinges
Spring Hinges
Surface Hinges
Hasp Hinges
 Butt Hinges
⚫Have two rectangular leaves
usually ranging from one to four
inches in length and a connecting
pin.

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

 Strap hinges
⚫Have two triangular shaped leaves
that vary in size from one to twelve
inches in length.

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

 Tee Hinges

⚫Has one butt leaf and one strap

leaf.
⚫When using a tee hinge, the butt
leaf is fastened to the stationary
parts, and the strap leaf is fastened
to the swinging piece of wood.

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

 Continuous Hinge

⚫Also called a piano hinge.

⚫Really a long butt hinge.
⚫It is often used on desk and piano
lids.
 Knobs, Pulls, and Handles
⚫Made in various designs and from
many types of materials(wood,
glass, wrought iron, aluminum, and
bronze).
⚫Used to keep doors closed:
Friction catches,
Magnetic catches, and
Hasp/lock combinations
 Knobs, Pulls, and Handles
⚫Hasp: Hinged piece of hardware
with a U-shaped loop that comes
through a slot in the other leaf
where a padlock is fastened.
 Door Locks
⚫May be mortise, cylinder, or rim.
⚫Mortise locks: require a deep
mortise or pocket cut in edge of the
door for the locking mechanism.
Used primarily with interior doors.
 Mortise Locks
⚫Require a deep mortise or pocket
cut in edge of the door for the
locking mechanism.
Used primarily with interior doors.
 Cylinder locks
⚫Require drilling a 1½ to 2 inch hole
in the door and a slot cut for the
working mechanism.
Used for exterior or interior doors and
more dependable than a mortise lock
because they remove less wood.
 Rim locks
⚫Surface mounted on the inside of a
door and are used primarily as night
latches or safety locks.
 Miscellaneous Hardware
⚫Include such things as
Doorsteps,
Latches,
Door closures, and
Window sash locks.
 Review
⚫ What are the different types and
uses of:
⚫A. Nails
⚫B. Screws
⚫C. Bolts
⚫D. Glue
⚫E. Hardware.