REPORT: Hardware joinery

Group Members:
Anuja N, KeyaJ, Rutika P, Mihika R, Shreya K,
Swapnali W, Tejal V, Tanvi S, Yukta P
1] Hinges:
Definition: A hinge is a mechanical bearing that connects two solid objects, typically
allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them.A hinge comprise of
three parts: Pin, Knuckle and leaf

Materials: Stainless Steel, Aluminium and Aluminium AlloysBrass AndBrass Plated,

Bronze, Copper, Plastic
Types of Hinges Application of Usage:
Barrel Hinges: ▪ Used in woodworks with high finishes of relatively
smaller scale like cabinets, wooden storage boxes and
cases.
▪ Aren’t recommended for vertical /Load bearing
applications
▪ Great option where one doesn’t want the hinge visible.
Butt/ Mortise ▪ A butt hinge is used to mount and operate doors on
commercial properties and residential homes.
Hinges: ▪ A butt hinge is usually comprised of two leaves that
match.
▪ One is usually attached to a fixed component (such as a
door jamb) and the other is attached to a moving
component (such as a door).
Parliamentary ▪ Mainly used on external doors, parliament hinges are
used when you want the door to be able to rotate
Hinges: through 180 degrees, clearing the frame to lie flat
open against the wall.
Piano Hinges: ▪ They run the entire length of a door, panel, box and
provide alignment over the whole length of the door, as
well as achieving even distribution of the load.
Pivot Hinges: ▪ They are mounted top-to-bottom at the corners of the
door, allowing the door to swing 180 degrees in each
direction.
▪ Also referred to as a DOUBLE-ACTING or HAAR-HUNG
doors floor hinge.
Damper ▪ Damper Hinges absorb the shock when doors and lids
close.
Hinges: ▪ The hinges allow them to close gently and help protect
against fingers getting caught.
Concealed ▪ A concealed hinge is one that lays flush within a door
to mask the hinges location and is not visible on the
Hinges: external face
▪ Widely used in furniture
▪ Enhances the aesthetical value ofinteriors.
II] Bolts
Definition: A Bolt, mechanical fastener that is usually used with a nut for connecting
two or more parts. A bolted joint can be readily disassembled and
reassemble. A
Bolt comprisesof a head and a cylindrical body with screw threads along a
portion of its length. The nut is the female member of the pair, having
internal threads to match those of the bolt.

Materials: Stainless Steel, Aluminium and Aluminium AlloysBrass

Types of Bolts Application of usage

Anchor Bolts: ▪ They are used to connect structural and non-
structural elements to the concrete.
▪ Anchor bolts transfer different types of load: tension
and shear forces
Arbor Bolts: ▪ Bolt with a washer permanently attached and
reversed threading.
▪ Designed for use in miter saw and other tools to
auto tighten during use to prevent blade fall out
Barrel Bolts: ▪ It is a type of fastener (nut) that has a barrel-
shaped flange and protruding boss that is
internally threaded.
▪ The boss sits within the components being fastened;
the flange provides the bearing surface
Carriage Bolts: ▪ A carriage bolt (also called coach bolt and round-
head square-neck boltis a form of bolt used to fasten
metal to metal or metal to wood.
Rock Bolts: ▪ A rock bolt a long anchor bolt for stabilizing rock
excavations, which may be used in tunnels or rock cuts.
▪ It transfers load from the unstable exterior to the
confined (and much stronger) interior of the rock mass
Shoulder Bolt: ▪ Bolt with a broad smooth shoulder and small threaded
end used to create a pivot or attachment point.
Hanger Bolt: ▪ Bolt that has no head, machine threaded body
followed by a wood threaded screw tip.
▪ Allow nuts to be attached to what is really a screw.
Elevator Bolt: ▪ Bolt with a large flat head used in conveyor system
setups.
I1I] Screws
Definition: Screw is a metal fastener having a tapered shank with a helical thread,
and topped with a slotted head, driven into wood or the like by rotating, especially
by means of a screwdriver.

Materials: Steel,Brass,Titanium,Bronze,Silicon,Monel.

Types of Screw Application of usage

Wood Screw: • A metal screw with a sharp point designed to
attach two pieces of wood together. .
• Screws form strong connections between parts
made from solid wood, plywood and other sheet
goods without the need for cut joinery
Machine Screw: • A fastening device similar to a bolt but having a socket
in its head which allows it to be turned with a
screwdriver.
• The most common types of machine screw head shapes
are pan head, flat head, round head, oval head, truss
head and hex head.

Lag Screw: • Lag screws are some of the toughest fasteners. These
extremely sturdy fasteners are usually used to connect
heavy lumber or other heavy materials that are bearing
an intense load.
• These screws differ from normal wood, self-drilling or
sheet metal screws.

Sheet Metal • It is used for tightening metal objects.

Screw: • The tip and the threads are quite sharp, thereby
enabling them to easily get cut through the
hard metal surface or any other type of surface.
• The sheet metal screws are used to connect two
different pieces of metal.
Twin Fast Screw: • These are the most commonly used metal pieces,
be it in factories or homes.
• Can be easily removed whenever required.
• These screws can be used for virtually any
interior wood to wood fastening job.
Security Screw: ▪ They are standard screws but with a unique head,
making it nearly impossible to remove with
common tools.
▪ Security Screws are used for securing materials
from being tampered with, such as gutters,
license plates, grills in jails, schools, boats and
cars.
Iv]SCREW FASTENERS
• Screws are metal fasteners that have a threaded shank, which is
driven by turning. The threads prevent the screw from pulling out.
Materials:steel, stainless steel, brass, titanium, bronze, silicon
bronze or monel may be used.
Types of screws Application of Usage:

1. Wood ▪ .As the name suggests, these screws are used to

fasten wood materials together.
screws ▪

2. Drywall ▪ These screws come with a bugle head which prevents

tearing of the surface.
Screws

3. Deck Screw ▪ better corrosion resistance coating like zinc plating

galvanized, ceramic coated, etc.

4. Sheet Metal ▪ These are used to join metal pieces together or

metal pieces to wooden, plastic, or any other kind of
Screws surface.

5. Eye Screw ▪ .These shank tips easily go into wood without

stripping and provide strength and durability.

6. Concrete ▪ The concrete screw is also known as masonry screw

used to fasten metal, wood or any other material to
Screw the concrete or masonry.
▪
7. Double ▪ These are used to conceal the joints.
Ended Screw or
Dowel Screw
8. Set Screws These types of screws are used to resist relative
motion between the two rotating objects such as
movement of a pulley on a shaft, thus it is used to
secure one object within another.
9. Lag Screw These screws are the toughest one and are generally
used to fasten heavy lumber pieces or materials
which bear a heavy load.

OTHER TYPE OF SCREWS:

On the Basis of Drive Style or Recess
1. Slotted 2. Phillips.3. Pozidriv
4. Robertson or Square 5. Torx.6. Hex
7 .Tri-Wing.8. Spanner 9.One Way Screw
On the Basis of Threads
1. On The Basis of Inch Per Length
A. Coarse Thread Screws B. Fine Threaded Screw
2. On the Basis of Application
A. Single Thread Screw B. Twin Thread Screw
C. High-Low Thread Screw D. Serrated Thread Screw
E. U or Hammer Drive Thread Screw
On the Basis of Head Style
A. Countersunk Screw Head
1. Flat Head 2. Oval or Raised Head 3. Bugle Head
B. Non-Countersunk Screw Head
1. Pan Head.2. Button Head. 3. Round Head 4. Truss Head
5. Binding Head 6. Flange Head 7. Fillister Head 8. Socket Head
V] Nails:
Definition:Nailis a hardware tool which plays an essential role in binding objects
together to ensure household items or parts of a building are safely
connected.They can be inserted into a number of materials and are
designed to grip and hold two components together for a reliable, long-
term fix.

Materials:Originally, nails were made of bronze, then came copper & eventually iron.
Nail coatings: Vinyl Coatings, Hot-DippedGalvanized Coatings, Stainless
Steel Coatings.

Types of Nails Application of Usage:

Common Nails: ▪ This is the most common, everyday type of nail that is
used for a variety of simple and complex jobs.
▪ These types of nails are often called spikes and they
can be used in everything from basic inside chores to
more complex outside jobs.
▪ Used for rough construction work &for business-
related tasks as well.

Box Nails: ▪ These look like common nails, but are thinner.
▪ They are less likely to cause splits in the wood; as
they displace less wood &hence used for wooden
material.
▪ They also have less holding power, so are not
generally used where structural strength is critical.

Duplex Nails: ▪ This is a variation of the common nail.

▪ Featuring a second head formed a short distance
down the shaft from the end to the nail.
▪ The duplex nail is used for temporary construction
(like scaffolding and staging) because it can be driven
snug, yet be easily removed.

Finishing Nails: ▪ Finishing nails are used for finish work.

▪ These nails are used in a variety of finishing jobs and
have very small heads.
VI] WASHERS:
Definition:Washers is a is a thin plate with a hole that is normally used to distribute.
the load of a threaded fastener, such as bolt or nut

Materials:Zinc, copper, iron, stainless steel,plastic, rubber, galvanized carban.

Types of washers Application of usage

Plain washer : ▪ They distribute pressure and protect the object to
which th .e screw or nut is fastened .
▪ If a hole is too big for the fastener, a plain washer can
be used to correct the size difference.
▪
Fender washer: ▪ Fender washers are flat washers with a small hole and
comparatively large outside diameter.
▪ Used to distribute force over a large surface area—
usually thin metal.

Torque washer : ▪ A torque washer has a square hole and outer prongs
that prevent its accompanying bolt from spinning while
a fastening a nut.
▪ Used with a carriage bolt for woodworking projects.

C -washer: ▪ A C-washer resembles a flat washer, but it has a slot

cut from the center hole to form a “C” shape .
▪ Used any time a washer might need to
Belleville washer: ▪ A belleville washer, sometimes called a conical spring
washer, has beveled sides that support heavy force
with small deflections.
▪ Used for projects that involve thermal expansion.
▪
Dome spring ▪ Dome spring washers are similar in appearance to
a belleville washer but with rounded sides.
washer: ▪
Split lock ▪ Sometimes called helical washers, split lock
washers are non-continuous rings that have each end
washer: bent slightly outward in opposite directions.
▪ Used to lock a fastener into place.

External and ▪ External lock washer used to lock shallow-headed

fasteners into place and absorb shock and vibrations.
internal tooth ▪ Internal lock washer used to lock wide-headed
lock washer : fasteners into place.
▪
VI1] WINDOW FRAMES:
Definition :Asupporting frame for the glass of a window
Materials:Vinyl ,Wood Aluminium ,Fiberglass and Composite

Vinyl windows: ▪ Offers good thermal performance and requires little

maintenance.
▪ Cost effective and available in many different colors and
finishes .
▪ Most incorporate multi-chambered profiles for strength
and insulation.
Aluminium frame ▪ Stronger than wood or vinyl.
▪ Aluminum is a good thermal conductor and is usually
window: offered with a structural insulation inside the frame

Wood frame ▪ Offers good thermal performance and natural beauty.

▪ Offered in a wide variety of species.
windows: ▪ Wood requires maintenance that other materials may
not (paint or stain) .

fiberglass frame ▪ Offers strength comparable to aluminum and insulating

properties similar to wood and vinyl.
windows: ▪ Offered in a variety of colors and finishes.

Composite ▪ Made from a combination of synthetic and natural

materials like vinyl and wood, they are held together
windows : with an epoxy resin .
▪ Can be molded to any shape or size .
▪ Maintains stability in high-heat environments.
VI1I] Shelf Cams &Supports
Definition: These are easy to use fittings and are used for
connecting shelves and sides of cabinets. This saves on assembly time
as the shelves can be fitted easily from front or from above into the
carcass of the cabinet. The screw is fitted on the side wall of the
cabinet.
Materials: Steel,Brass,Titanium,Bronze,Silicon,Monel.
Types of Cams Application of usage
Disc or Plate • The most commonly used cam is the cam
Cams: plate (also known as disc cam or radial cam)
which is cut out of a piece of flat metal or plate.
• This cams used in machines.

Cylindrical Cams: • Applications include machine tool drives, such as

reciprocating saws, and shift control barrels
in sequential transmissions, such as on most
modern motorcycles.

Face Cams: • A common example is the traditional sash window lock,

where the cam is mounted to the top of the lower
sash, and the follower is the hook on the upper sash.
In this application, the cam is used to provide a
mechanical advantage in forcing the window shut, and
also provides a self-locking action,
Linear Cams: • A linear cam is one in which the cam element moves in
a straight line rather than rotates.
• The cam element is often a plate or block but maybe
any cross-section.
•
IX]Nuts:
Definition:Nuts are a fastener with an internally threaded hole. They are
almost exclusively used to mate with a bolt that has the correct threading
pattern. Nuts and bolts work to hold materials together by creating a
temporary joint. Although the idea seems simple, nuts can be a complex
product as they are offered in a variety of shapes and sizes for a wide range
of purposes
Materials:Bolts and nuts can be made of various materials such as steel, titanium or
plastic. The finish or plating on a metal bolt or nut affects its look and durability.
Zinc , Nickel , Chromium , Chromate , Anodizing

Types of Hinges Application of Usage:

▪ The cap nut, also known as the acorn nut, gets its
Cap Nuts name from its shape. The nut has a domed top to
prevent contact with the external thread.

Castle Nuts ▪ Used with cotter pins to prevent loosening, a

castellated nut, also called a castle or slotted nut, is
a not with slots cut into the top. Used in low-torque
applications such as holding a wheel bearing in place.

Coupling Nuts ▪ A coupling nut is a threaded fastener used for joining

two male threads, most commonly threaded rod. The
outside of the fastener is a hex so it can be driven
with a wrench.

Flange Serrated ▪ A flange nut is a nut that has a wide flange at one
end which acts as an integrated washer that does
Nuts not move or spin. The serrated flange distributes the
pressure of the nut over the part being secured and
creates a locking action to prevent loosening.

Hex Finish Nuts ▪ Hex finish nuts are used for fastening to a hex cap
screw, socket cap screw or bolt. The most common
nuts, hex finish nuts are hex shaped with internal
threads and driven with a wrench.

Wing Nuts ▪ Wing nuts are threaded nuts with wings on each side
of the body allowing for manual turning and
installation. Easy hand assembly and used when the
nut needs to be removed often.
Keps-K Lock ▪ Also known as a keps nut, a k-nut or a washer nut, a
keps-k lock nut has an attached free spinning lock
Nuts washer. Keps nuts are designed to make assembly
more convenient.

Knurled Thumb ▪ A knurled head thumb nut or thumb nut has a knurled
outside surface rather than a hex, which facilitates
Nuts tightening by hand. Often used in decorative finishes
or applications.

Nylon Hex Jam ▪ A low-profile lock nut is hex shaped, internally

threaded with a nylon insert. The nylon material
Nuts prevents loosening from vibration and cross threads
to stop the nut from backing off of the fastener.

Prevailing ▪ Commonly known as stover nuts, prevailing torque

lock nuts have chamfered corners and a conical top.
Torque Lock The distortion in the top threads resists loosening
Nuts (Stover) from vibration. Also called one-way nuts, they can
only be installed one way and are often used in high
temperature application because they are all metal
with no nylon insert.
▪
Slotted Hex ▪ Slotted hex nuts are nuts with portions cut out
designed to be used with a cotter ping to create a
Nuts locking mechanism. These nuts are similar to a castle
nut but have a lower profile which sometimes makes
them a better option.

Square Nuts ▪ A four-sided nut that may be flat or beveled on top.

Square nuts provide a greater surface contact area
which provides more resistance to loosening.
Typically mated with square head bolts.

T-Nuts ▪ A t-nut or tee nut is used to fasten wood, particle or

composite board leaving a flush surface. A long thin
body with a flange at one end resembles a T in
profile. T-nuts often have 3 or 4 prongs that sink
into the surface providing better retention.

Break Away or ▪ Shear nuts are cone nuts with a hexagonal gripping
point. They are designed with an intentional flaw to
Shear Nuts snap the hexagonal head off once the maximum
torque is reached. Leaving behind a protective cone
nut that cannot be easily removed.
 X]Wall Plugs:
Definition: It is a type of anchor that, for example, allows screws to be fitted into
masonry walls. ... This is inserted loosely into a drilled hole, then a screw is tightened
into the centre. As the screw enters the plug, the soft material of the plug expands
conforming tightly to the wall material.

Materials:There are many forms of wall plug, but the most common principle is to use
a tapered tube of soft material, such as plastic. This is inserted loosely into a drilled
hole, then a screw is tightened into the centre.

DIFFERENT MATERIALS USED ARE:

WOODEN RAWL PLUGS, PVC RAWL PLUGS , PLASTIC RAWL PLUGS

These alternatives to wall plugs and screws are good

Hammer-in plugs
for fixing timber battens to masonry. One type has a
wall plug with a ready-fitted screw. It's inserted into
a drilled hole with a hammer, then driven home with
the screw. There's also a version of this designed for
plasterboard. The other type has a flanged expansion
sleeve fitted with a masonry nail.

Moulded plastic ▪ These have a split end and can be bought to take a
range of screw lengths and gauges.
wall plugs ▪

Straight plastic These are tubes with ribs running lengthways. They
take the screw thread only, so they have to be cut
plugs shorter than the depth of the hole.
XI] ANGLES
Definition: Angles are the connector which can be used in many different ways by
either surface mounting or rebate mounting and oriented vertical or
horizontal.

Materials: Stainless Steel,Brass, Wood, Zinc

Types of Angles Application of usage

Right Angle ▪ Right angle bracket used to joining the flat
Bracket: furniture.
▪ It is also used in commercial as well as RV and
marine applications.

Angle Blocks: ▪ Angle block is used ideal for joining cabinets at right
angles
▪ These blocks also match the colour inside the cabinets

Angle plate: ▪ An angle plate is a work holding device used as a

fixture in metalworking.It has been stabilized to prevent
further movement or distortion.
X1I] Sliders and Runners
Definition: Sliders and runners offer same basic functions, they both
allow a drawer to move in and out.
Materials: Steel,Brass,Zinc,Copper
Types of Runners& sliders Application of usage
Wooden slides: • Employing wooden slides in furniture and
cabinet piecesrequires precision fabrication
and assembly to allow for smooth movement
of drawer without being too loose or too
tight.

Roller slides: • It is typically used for more lightweight

applications.

Groove Drawer • Attached directly to the side of drawer or

Runner: slot into the groove.

Bottom fixed drawer: • It is one single drawer runner mounted under

the centre of drawer

Telescopic runner: • Telescopic channel/runner, also known as a

drawer runner/channel is generally used in
drawers, which are used for storing things.
It is a small device which helps to simplify
fluid motion while the drawer is closed and
opened. The telescopic channel/runner is
integrated with a small set of wheels which
are attached to the external sides of the
drawer.
• Drawers need telescopic channel/runner for
smooth functioning; they smoothen the
opening and closing function of drawers.