Lathe

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 Lathe
⚫ A lathe is a large machine that rotates the work, and cutting
is done with a non-rotating cutting tool. The shapes cut are
generally round, or helical. The tool is typically moved
parallel to the axis of rotation during cutting.
⚫ head stock - this end of the lathe contains the driving motor
and gears. Power to rotate the part is delivered from here.
This typically has levers that let the speeds and feeds be set.
⚫ ways - these are hardened rails that the carriage rides on.
⚫ tail stock - this can be used to hold the other end of the part.

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 Lathe
⚫ Bed - this is a bottom pan on the lathe that catches chips, cutting
fluids, etc.
⚫ carriage - this part of the lathe carries the cutting tool and moves
based on the rotation of the lead screw or rod.
⚫ Lead screw - A large screw with a few threads per inch used for
cutting threads. It has ACME threads with included angle of 29o
for easy engagement and disengagement of half nut.
⚫ Lead rod - a rod with a shaft down the side used for driving
normal cutting feeds.
⚫ The critical parameters on the lathe are speed of rotation (speed
in RPM) and how far the tool moves across the work for each
rotation (feed in IPR)
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 General classifications used when describing lathes
⚫ Swing - the largest diameter of work that can be rotated.
⚫ Distance Between Centres - the longest length of
workpiece
⚫ Length of Bed - Related to the Distance Between Centres
⚫ Power - The range of speeds and feeds, and the horsepower
available

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 Turning
⚫ Turning - produces a smooth and straight outside radius on a
part.

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 Threading
⚫ Threading - The cutting tool is moved quickly cutting
threads.

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 Facing
⚫ Facing - The end of the part is turned to be square.

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 Tapering
⚫ Tapering - the tool is moves so as to cut a taper (cone
shape).

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 Parting/Slotting/Grooving
⚫ A tool is moved in/out of the work. shallow cut will leave a
formed cut, a deep cut will cut off the unsupported part.

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 Drilling/Boring
⚫ Drilling/Boring - a cutter or drill bit is pushed into the end to
create an internal feature.

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 Knurling
⚫ Knurling is a manufacturing process whereby a
visually-attractive diamond-shaped (criss-cross) pattern
is cut or rolled into metal.
⚫ This pattern allows human hands or fingers to get a
better grip on the knurled object than would be provided
by the originally-smooth metal surface.

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 Reaming
⚫ A reamer enters the workpiece axially through the end and
enlarges an existing hole to the diameter of the tool.
Reaming removes a minimal amount of material and is
often performed after drilling to obtain both a more
accurate diameter and a smoother internal finish.

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 Tapping
⚫ A tap enters the workpiece axially through the end and
cuts internal threads into an existing hole. The existing
hole is typically drilled by the required tap drill size that
will accommodate the desired tap.

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 Work holding Devices for Lathes
⚫ 3 jaw self centering chuck (Disc type jobs being held in
chucks )
⚫ 4 jaw independently adjusted chuck
⚫ Held in a collet (Cylinder rod like jobs being held in
collets )
⚫ Mounted on a face plate (Odd shape jobs, being held in
face plate)
⚫ Mandrels
⚫ Magnetic chuck – for thin job

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3 Jaw Chuck 4 Jaw Chuck

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Collets Magnetic Chuck

Face Plate
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Turning

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 Turning Tapers on Lathes
⚫ Using a compound slide,

⚫ Using form tools,

⚫ Offsetting the tailstock, and

⚫ Using taper turning attachment.

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 Using a Compound Slide
⚫ Limited movement of the compound slide
⚫ Feeding is by hand and is non-uniform. This is responsible
for low-productivity and poor surface finish.
⚫ Can be employed for turning short internal and external
tapers with a large angle of (steep) taper.

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 Using a Compound Slide contd..
⚫ The angle is determined by

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 Offsetting the tailstock
⚫ It is necessary to measure the tailstock offset when using this
method.
⚫ This method is limited to small tapers (Not exceeding 8o )
over long lengths.
⚫ By offsetting the tailstock, the axis of rotation of the job is
inclined by the half angle of taper.

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 Form tool
⚫ Special form tool for generating the tapers is used. The feed
is given by plunging the tool directly into the work. This
method is useful for short external tapers, where the
steepness is of no consequence, such as for chamfering.

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 Taper Turning Attachment
⚫ Additional equipment is attached at the rear of the lathe.
⚫ The cross slide is disconnected from the cross feed nut.
⚫ The cross slide is then connected to the attachment.
⚫ As the carriage is engaged, and travels along the bed, the
attachment will cause the cutter to move in/out to cut the
taper.
⚫ For turning tapers over a comprehensive range is the use of
taper turning attachment.

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Objective:- To perform different operations on a
cylindrical rod using Lathe Machine

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