Technical college engineering

Energy engineering department

Third stage
2019-2020

Summer training
Workshop .1
Report about: Air conditioning system

.Name: Samer Mohammad Sallim Hassan

Date: 7/20/2020

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:Introduction

Air Conditioning has been defined as the process for treating air, so as to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet
the requirements of the conditioned space. Even though the foregoing paragraph
describes air conditioning in its broadest terms, this section is not intended to
cover air conditioning too theoretically or in all details necessary to fulfill all the
objectives indicated in the definition. To do so would completely bewilder those
who have not had a thorough training in engineering and thermodynamics. It is
intended to present the theory of air conditioning in everyday language and to
give such data as required to actually estimate the average commercial type of
.air conditioning close enough for all practical purposes

What is the Air conditioning system?

An air conditioner is a system or a machine that treats air in a defined, usually
enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and
replaced with cooler air.

In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

is referred to as HVAC. Whether in homes, offices or vehicles, its purpose is to
provide comfort by altering the properties of the air, usually by cooling the air
inside. The main function of air conditioner is to change adverse temperature

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Types of air conditioners :

1. Central air conditioning.

Of all the different types of air conditioners, this is the most common type of
cooling system as it is the most preferable for larger homes due to its ability to
cool efficiently. Central air conditioners circulate cool air through supply and
return ducts. Supply ducts and registers, which are in the wall or floors, carry
cooled air into the home. Then, once the air becomes warm it circulates back
into the supply ducts and registers where it will then be transported back to the
air conditioner. Installing a central
air conditioning system requires a
lot of planning and preparation as
sizing is crucial to the functionality
of the system. If you install a system
that is of the wrong size, even if it’s
energy-efficient, you’ll find that
your utility costs are more than they
should be.

2. Ductless, mini-split air conditioner.

Ductless, mini-split systems are most common in parts of the home that have
been retrofitted. Like central air conditioning systems, these systems have an
outdoor compressor/condenser and an indoor handling unit.

If you’re looking to cool individual rooms

in your house, this system might be just
for you. Many ductless, mini-split
systems can have as many as four indoor
handling units.

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Each zone has its own thermostat, allowing you to adjust the temperature for
each room accordingly. This is especially advantageous if you’re wanting to
cool only a particular part of the house that is being used.

3. Window air conditioner.

Think of a window air conditioner as a compact unit, cooling only one particular
room. Also known as a “unitary unit,” this system is installed in the window of a
room.

Window units cool a room be emitting the warm air out the back of it and
blowing cool air into it. These types
of units are best for those who live in
small spaces. It would not be ideal for
a larger home as you will discover
that it doesn’t cool efficiently in that
kind of environment.

4. Portable air conditioner.

Portable air conditioners are considered as the next generator of window units.
This type of air conditioning unit takes in air from the room and cools it, then
directs it back into the room. The unit then
vents any warm air outside by means of an
exhaust hose that is installed in a window.

Like window air conditioning units, portable

air conditioners are designed to cool only
one room.

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They’re easy to install, versatile, and an affordable option. You’ll find that the
portability of your air conditioner makes staying cool on a hot summer day that
much easier.

5. Hybrid air conditioners.

Like hybrid cars, hybrid heat pump systems alternate between burning fossil
fuels and using electricity to run. The system intelligently chooses between the
two energy sources in order to save money and energy. You won’t have to be
held hostage by rising energy prices. In the summer, your heat pump works as it
normally does, pulling heat from your home and distributing it outdoors. In the
winter, your hybrid heat pump system works in reverse, pulling heat from the
outside environment and distributing it into your home.

If you remember the Second Law of

Thermodynamics from high school, you
know that heat gets transferred from a hot
object to a cold object. When the refrigerant
drops below the outside temperature, the
heat from the outdoors gets transferred to
your heat pump’s coils and thus into your
refrigerant. Now, the extracted heat can be
turned into warm, conditioned air for your
home.

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6. Geothermal heating & cooling.

Geothermal energy is sustainable, energy-efficient, and has a long lifespan.

Since the ground temperature below us remains a fairly consistent 55 degrees no
matter how hot or cold it is in the atmosphere, geothermal technology is able to
extract the heat from below and transfer it into your home. A geothermal coil
(”loops” or “wells”) is installed deep
in the ground and can be used to
heat and cool your home. In the
winter, heat is extracted from the
earth; in the summer, heat is
extracted from your home and
distributed back into the ground.

Which type of air conditioner is best?

Central air conditioning is the most efficient way to keep your whole house cool.
You can expect lower energy bills alongside better indoor comfort, cooler
temperatures and lower humidity. With all air conditioning components located
outside, you can keep cool with a virtually invisible, silent system.
Installation is fairly straightforward if you already have ductwork, but you’ll still
need to hire a professional for the job. Still, since it becomes a permanent fixture
in your home, it is an investment that adds value to it.

The process of choosing an air conditioner is depending

what?
1) Work out what cooling capacity of unit you require. 
2) Select the type of unit you require.
3) Balance the other factors (including physical size, function, noise, aesthetics
and cost) before making your model selection. 

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Parts of an air condition:

1. Evaporator.
An evaporator is basically a heat exchanger coil that’s responsible for collecting
heat from inside a room through a refrigerant gas. This component is known as
the evaporator, and is where the liquid refrigerant absorbs heat and evaporates to
become gas.
Some of the most common refrigerant gases used in air conditioning systems
include hydro fluorocarbons or HFCs (like, R-410A) hydro chlorofluorocarbons
or HCFCs (like, R-22) and hydrocarbons (like R-
290 and R-600A). It is this gas that actually
absorbs the heat from the room and travels to the
next component for further processing.

2. Compressor.
As the name clearly signifies, this is where
compression of the gaseous refrigerant occurs.
It’s located in the outside unit, i.e., the part
that’s installed outside the house.

3. Condenser.
The condenser receives the vaporized
refrigerant from the compressor, converts it
back to liquid and expels the heat outside.

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4. Expansion valve
Also referred to as the throttling device, the
expansion valve is located between the two
sets of coils (the chilled coils of the
evaporator and the hot coils of the
condenser). It keeps tabs on the amount of
refrigerant moving towards the evaporator.

Some of gases are used in air conditioning systems

hydro fluorocarbons or HFCs (like, R-410A) hydro chlorofluorocarbons or
HCFCs (like, R-22) and hydrocarbons (like R-290 and R-600A). It is this gas
that actually absorbs the heat from the room and travels to the next component
for further processing

Principle working of air conduction:

An air conditioner (AC) for example in a room or a car works by collecting hot
air from a given space, processing it to release cool air into the same space
where the hot air had originally been collected.

This processing is primarily done using five components:

 Evaporator
 Compressor
 Condenser
 Expansion valve
 Refrigerant

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An air conditioner (AC) in a room or a car works by collecting hot air from a
given space, processing it within itself with the help of a refrigerant and a bunch
of coils and then releasing cool air into the same space where the hot air had
originally been collected. This is essentially how air conditioners work.
Imagine that you’re outside in the sweltering heat of a particularly hot summer
day, running some godforsaken errands that couldn’t be put off any longer. The
heat is so unbearable that it feels like the hottest day on Earth since the dawn of
civilization. However, there is one thing that keeps you going: the
knowledge that you’ll be inside your air conditioned home in one hour.
Finally, that moment comes. You open the door and step inside your house. A
gust of chilled air envelops every cell of your body and you instantly feel better.

I’m sure that all of you have had this experience at least once in your lives. The
‘cooling revolution’ that air conditioners brought to human society can never be
discounted. Although previous generations had fans and other methods of
keeping cool on hot days, they were never as amazingly effective as modern air
conditioners in terms of sheer cooling capacity.
In this article, we’re going to talk about air conditioners and what they do – as
well as how do
they do it –
which makes
them almost a
necessity in
urban regions.

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Objectives :
1. Identify the principles of air conditioning.
2. Describe the components of air conditioning systems.
3. Describe the major components and controls associated with air conditioning.
4. Describe the purpose, components, and certification of automotive air
conditioning.
5. Describe the different classifications of ductwork

Advantages of Air Conditioner:

Extreme heat shows a negative impact on the intelligence and on individuals

physical activity and the use of air conditioning and feel of cool air can go some
way to correcting this.

 Improves comfort levels at work as well as leisure.

 Enhances job performance.
 Results in augmented intellectual and physical activity.
 Lower or chilled temperature diminishes the existence of parasites and insects.
 Lower temperature means less sweating, decreasing the dehydration risk.
 Air conditioning system also assists in excluding external allergens like pollen.
 Good installation and maintenance of air conditioner, renews &enhances the
quality of air.

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Disadvantages of Air Conditioner on Health:

In spite of the relief it brings on a hot sunny day, there are some health problems
which occurs due to the 24/7running of air conditioning. The following are some
of the Disadvantages of Air Conditioner on Health.

 Unexpected changes in humidity & temperature affects individual’s

respiratory system
 Regular usage of air Conditioner dries skin & mucous membranes
 Its ambient noise, leads to noise pollution.
 Air circulation even transmits infectious respiratory diseases
 Airborne dust & fungi cause allergic reactions
 Air conditioning is related with chronic rhinitis & pharyngitis, hoarseness
and throat irritation
 Air conditioning can worsen eye conditions like conjunctivitis & blather it
is, and also results in causing problems for contact lens wearers.
 Sometimes indoor air pollution is greater than outdoor air pollution. If
indoor air contains allergens, you may suffer from nasal issues,
headaches, itchy eyes, difficulty breathing and dizziness. In extreme
cases, pneumonia and asthma attacks can also develop.
 Spending long hours in air conditioned of offices or home you may cause
also suffer heat intolerance when you go outside.
 If you suffer from allergies in the summer months, running air
conditioning constantly worsen your symptoms if AC system has not been
regularly maintained.

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How to prevent yourself against Disadvantages of Air Conditioner on
Health?

Follow below points to prevent yourself against Disadvantages of Air

Conditioner on Health:

 Check the manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning/changing unit’s air filters.

 Open windows and allow fresh air to circulate in order to flush out
pollutants.
 Replace a new AC unit for every 10 years.
 Have an HVAC technician perform annual maintenance checks
 Try using the fan-only mode on your AC unit.
 Ensure to change your cabin air filters every 12,000 to 15,000 miles in car.

Discussion:

How can I tell if my air conditioner is broken?

If the cool air has stopped flowing, the first thing you should do is check
your thermostat here are the steps you should take:

1.If your thermostat display is blank, change the batteries.

2.If the display is still blank, remove the thermostat from the wall and check the
wires to make sure it’s getting power. Use a multimeter to check the voltage.
3.If you’re not getting voltage, check your fuse box to see if any fuses have
been blown or tripped. If the fuses look good, locate the switch connected to
your central A/C and switch it on and off to reset the connection.
4.If it’s getting power, but the screen is still blank, go outside and check the
condenser to see if a fuse has been tripped.
5.If your thermostat still isn’t working, it may be time to replace it. Check the
warranty to see if it’s expired.

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If your thermostat is working, but the air conditioner won’t turn on, you
should also:

 Turn on the fan to see if the blower is getting power.

 Change your air filter if it’s more than one month old. The buildup of dirt
and debris could be preventing air flow.
 Check the condensation drain.

How do I change my air filter?

As mentioned above, you should regularly change your air filter to ensure the air
conditioner is running efficiently — and not contributing to other maintenance
problems.
To change your filter, follow these steps:

 Choose the right size. Remove your old filter and measure it, or read your
user’s manual.
 Choose a MERV. MERV stands for “minimum efficiency reporting value”
and ranges from 1-20. The higher the MERV, the more effective the air filter.
 Choose the type of filter. You can choose from fiberglass, washable, pleaded
or electronic.
 Install it. Most air filters are extremely easy to install. Follow the
manufacturer’s instructions.

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Why is my air conditioner freezing up?

Nearly all air conditioner freeze ups are caused by either a lack of refrigerant, or
a lack of air flow to the evaporator coils. If your air conditioner is freezing up,
the first thing you should do is turn it off. If you continue to run it, the
compressor could be damaged.
How to check and fix it?

 Thermostat temperature setting. If your thermostat is set below 70 degrees it

could be causing your air conditioner to freeze up and it’s actually not
cooling your home any faster.
 Refrigerant level. If your refrigerant level is low, this could signal a larger
issue and we’d recommend calling a professional to have a look.
 Air filter. A clogged, dirty air filter could be causing the issue. As mentioned
above, change the filter if it’s been more than a month since the last change.
 Vents. Make sure all vents are open to ensure air flow to the evaporator coil.
 Evaporator coils. If the evaporator coils are blocked by dirt and debris, this
could be cause of the problem.
 Fan. Your fan is what blows cool air through the ductwork in your home and
also helps circulate air back to your evaporator coil.

Reference:
https://welterheating.com/answers-5-commonly-asked-air-conditioning-repair-
questions/

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioner

https://welterheating.com/types-air-conditioners/

https://www.petro.com/resource-center/compare-best-home-air-conditioner-unit-
or-system
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https://www.reliancedigital.in/solutionbox/how-to-go-about-buying-the-right-
air-conditioner-at-reliance-digital/

https://www.allweatherheatingandairconditioning.com/blog/five-basic-
components-of-an-effective-air-conditioning-system/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant

https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/air-conditioner-ac-work.html

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-advantages-disadvantages-air-conditioner-
health-years

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