CPAR Reviewer

By Anne Festejo 😊
Humanities
 From the Latin word ‘humanus’ means refined and cultured human
Refined – norms, being civilized and socialized
Cultured – adaptation to environment (social interaction, norms)
Human – Having the nature of people, being a person
 The expression of ourselves without using words
 The study of man’s expression, feelings, thoughts, intuitions, values and ideas
 The study of man’s experience, goals and aspirations
 Used to dramatize individual expressions
Aims
During Medieval Age
 The humanities dealt with the metaphysics of the religious philosophers
During Renaissance Period
 To make man richer because during that time only the rich can make art like paintings, sculpture
and etc.
During the 19th and 20th Century
 It is to appreciate and understand the importance of human beings, his ideas and aspirations
Arts
 From the Latin word ‘ars/artis’ which means to do or man-made
 Medium of expression
 Creative activity which involves the skills or expertness in handling materials and organizing
them into a new work
Work of Art
 A thing of beauty having aesthetic value
 An Obra Maestra providing aesthetic value to the viewers
 Must have artistic and literary merit
 Symbolic state of meaning rather having a practical solution
Characteristics of Work of Art (for it to be considered great)
Best-selling – It is very popular in the day or is produced by an artist who has done other
popular pieces
Ground-breaking – It does not follow regular conventions or already tried artistic method
 Inherently beautiful – It has inner harmony, beauty and emotional/intuitive meaning that are
unified, strong, intense and deeply moving to us.
 Something that appeals to your senses and emotions
Different Classification of Art
I. By the audience
1. Performing arts – Uses body as a medium
 Moving from one place to another
Ex. Ballet, Dance, Play
2. Visual Arts – Exist in two-dimensional form and stays in one place
Ex. Painting, Photography, Film
3. Literature – Talks about language that affects our imagination and makes us think
Ex. Fiction, Poetry, Prose
4. Sculptural – Three-dimensional form that we can touch, see and climb
Ex. Buildings, Monuments, Fountains
II. By critics
1. Major/Fine Arts – Includes music, literature, sculpture, paintings, etc.
2. Minor/Applied Arts – Include ceramics, furniture, weaving
a. Pure Art – Created for the sake of others
Ex. Watching Movies
b. Practical Art – With a purpose; for practical use
Ex. Chair and Tables
III. By an artist
1. Sight Art – Something you can see, imagine and create
Ex. Paintings, Drawing, Mosaic
2. Sound Art – Something you can hear
Ex. Literature, Poetry, Music
3. Touch Art – Something you can see and touch
Ex. Sculpture, Pottery, Buildings
IV. Other classifications
1. Real Art – What you see is what you get
 Something understandable, objective and representational
Ex. Photography, Dance, Sculpture
2. Abstract Art – No subject, non-representational, cannot be understood easily
Ex. Gray Tree by Piet Mondrian
Different Ways Of Presenting The Subject
1. Realism – the artist portrays the subject as is
2. Abstraction – there is no subject but only his feelings and ideas; you cannot figure out the
subject/object
3. Distortion – Usually done to dramatize the shape of a figure or to create an emotional effect
 Measurement is not proportioned
Artist and His Medium
1. Visual – Can be seen
Ex. Painting, Drawing
2. Auditory/Time – can be heard
Ex. Music, Literature
3. Can be both seen and heard
Ex. Opera, Movies
Purpose of Art
1. Religious rituals
2. Commemoration of an important event or
person
3. Propaganda or social commentary
4. Creating beauty
5. Storytelling
6. Intense emotion

Principles of Art
1. Emphasis – developing points of interest to pull
the vi ewer’s eye to important parts of the body of
work
2. Balance – sense of stability in the body of work. It
can be created by repeating the same shape or by
creating a feeling of equal weight
3. Harmony – achieved in a body of work by using
similar elements throughout the work
 4. Variety – the difference in the work. You can achieve it by using different shapes, textures,
colors and values in your work
5. Movement – add excitement to your work by showing action and directing the viewer’s eye
throughout the picture.
6. Rhythm – a type of movement in drawing and painting. It is seen in repeating of shapes and
colors
7. Proportion/Scale – relationship of the sizes of objects in a body of work
8. Unity – When all parts are equal and seen as a whole
Elements of Art
Line – A path that a point takes through space
Type of Lines
Horizontal - Restful like the horizon
Vertical – Reaching and inspirational
Diagonal – Disturbing, suggests decay and chaos
Expressive – Found in nature and very organic
Constructive – Very measured, geometric, directional and angular; man-made

Shape – Created when lines are connected and enclosed

 Two-dimensional, can be measured through height and width
Types of Shapes
Geometric – Smooth-even edges and measurable
 Made by constructive lines
Organic – Complicated edges and found in nature
 Made by expressive lines
Form – Shapes that has become three-dimensional, can be measured through height, width and
length
Value – Lightness or darkness of a color
 Makes objects appear more real because it imitates natural light
 Needs a light source (place where the light comes from)
Ways Value Can Be Added
Cross-Hatching – When you use irregular lengths of parallel lines that cross over each other
diagonally
Stippling – Use of dots to create shade
 Soft Shading – Use of pencil to create soft gradual movements from one value to the next
using the full value range
Color
Color Schemes
1. Analogous – 3 or 4 colors next to each other
2. Complimentary – 2 colors opposite each other
3. Split-Complimentary – 1 complimentary color and 2 colors on each side of the opposite
4. Triadic – 3 colors equally spaced
5. Monochromatic – 1 color and its tints and shades
Tint – Color mixed with white
Shade – Color mixed with black
Color Temperature
Warm – Advances in an artwork
Cool – Recedes in an artwork

Texture
Tactile/Real - The way the surface of an object actually feels
Implied – The way the surface of an object looks like it feels
Space
Background – Upper 1/3
Middle Ground – Middle 1/3
Foreground – Lower 1/3
Shallow Space – Objects very close to the viewers
Deep Space – Objects shown are far away
Positive Space – Actual objects within the artwork
Negative Space – Area in and around the object; ‘background’
Perspective – When the artist uses a vanishing point on the horizon to create a sense of deep space
Overlap – Enough space is needed to contain all the objects that have been included
Paints
Components of Paint
Pigment – Natural or synthetic colored material finely ground into powder clay, gemstones,
minerals, plants and insects
Binder – Holds the pigment together and adheres the paint to a surface
Solvent – Can be added to thin or thicken paint, slow or speed up the drying time with oil or water
Painting Techniques
Fresco – Mixing pigment with plaster
Buon fresco – Paint is bound in wet plaster
Fresco secco – Applied to dry plaster
Tempera – Water-based egg binder, used prior to 1400s, colors cannot be mixed
Oil – Easily mixed, more permanent, slow-drying, glossy and varnish-like effect
Mural painting – Blowing colored pigments through tubes onto the canvas

Painting Media
Pencil – Made more drawings than other medium
Metalpoint – Leaving a mark made by dragging a metal stylus
Charcoal – Dark, soft and harsh lines created by burned sticks of wood
Chalk – Non-fat binder
Crayons – Greasy, oily, fat and wax binders
Pastel – Stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder
Liquid Media
Pen and Ink – Creates uninterrupted lines
Brush and Ink – When ink is diluted in water and applied to a brush, the result is called a WASH
Encaustic – Hot wax painting, using heated beeswax
 Gives a clear luminous and shining effect
Oil – Dries slowly, makes painting shiny and varnished
Gouache – Water paint, splash or body color
 Particles are higher, ratio of pigment to water is higher
Watercolor – Paints are made of pigments suspended in water soluble vehicle
Synthetic Media
Water-Based Acrylics – Quick-drying and intense color
Thinned-Down Acrylics – Airbrushes and spray paints
Different Techniques – Ability of an artist to fulfill his work or art and manipulate idea
1. Realism – Adapted to describe things representing figures and exactly how they look like in real
life
2. Surrealism – Invented from super naturalism; used to emphasize the unconscious creative
activity of the mind
3. Cubism - Shows the flatness of the picture and rejects traditional perspectives
4. Expressionism – Tries to express subjective feelings and emotions of the artists. It is how the
artist feels about the subject
5. Impressionism – The artist depicts what stimulates the eyes
 More concerned with the effect of light that would get the attention of the
audience
6. Symbolism – Visible sign of something invisible
 Something you can create in the mind such as ideas that can be depicted through
paintings
7. Pointillism – Artist use small distinct dots of color forming a figure and it has an item of
luminosity and create the impression of a wide selection of colors and blendings
8. Futurism – An art movement where machines and robots are the main subject of the technique
which tries to show movement and speed
9. Minimalism – Form is reduced to outmost simplicity, geometric shapes which emphasize space