ACEE 434

Environmental Systems Design

Week 6
October 7,
7 2009

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 1

Flow Equalization

ACEE 214 Fall 2009 HDP 2

 Introduction
• Objective: give a relatively constant flowrate to the downstream operations and
processes

• Functions:
- Dampen the daily variation in flowrate and loadings
- Reduce the required
q size of the downstream treatment facilities
- feasible dry weather flows in separate sewer system and sometimes for storm
water flows

• Type: in-line or side-line facilities

• Effects:
- 10-20% of BOD entering is stabilized in the equalization basin
- 23-47% of SS is further removed in the primary clarifier
- reduce shock load on biological process

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 3

Location

In-line equalization basin

Side-line equalization basin

Reynolds and Richards Figure 7-17
Equalization basins

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 4

 Design

Average hourly flow rate

Reynolds and Richards Figure 7-19

Fluctuating volume determined by hydrograph

Reynolds and Richards

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 5

 Design Example
• Determine the fluctuating volume required volume for an in-line flow
equalization basin.

Average hourly flow rate = 6687 liters/min Reynolds and Richards Design Example 7-5

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 6

 Design Example
10000
Time Flow Delta
Required
q volume = 0 6590 -97
97
1,140,540 liters 1 6170 -517
9000
2 5260 -1427
3 4470 -2217
8000 4 3940 -2747
5 3440 -3247
6 3440 -3247
Average flow = 7000 7 3480 -3207
6687 lpm 8 5790 -897
9 7870 1183
Flow rate ((lpm)

6000 10 8590 1903

11 8820
88 0 2133
33
12 8820 2133
5000
13 8820 2133
14 8670 1983
4000 15 8400 1713
16 8400 1713
17 8140 1453
3000 18 7610 923
19 7340 653
20 7340 653
2000 21 7120 433
22 6170 -517
23 5900 -787
1000 24 6590 -97
6687.2 1140540

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Average flow Fluctuating volume
Time (hour)
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 7
Primary Sedimentation

ACEE 214 Fall 2009 HDP 8

 Introduction
• Objective: remove readily settable solids and floating materials and thus
reduce the suspended solids content.

• Removal rate: 50-70% of suspended solids and 25-40% of BOD

• Numbers of tank: g
generally
y more than two

• Type: rectangular or circular tanks

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 9

 Rectangular Tank

Chain-and-flight sludge collector Traveling bridge sludge collector

http://www.incineratorsystem.com/chain_and_flight_type_sludge.htm

http://www.hitachi-pt.com/products/es/purification.html

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 10

Rectangular Tank

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 5-40

Typical rectangular primary
sedimentation tank (a) plan and (b)
section

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 11

 Circular Tank

http://www.cityoffortwayne.org/images/stories/Primary%20clarifier%20dedication%209-26-
08/Primaryclarifierdedication%20006.jpg

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 12

 Circular Tank

Center feed Peripheral feed

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 5-41

Typical circular primary sedimentation tanks: (a) center
feed and (b) peripheral feed.
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 13
 Performance

The efficiency of the primary clarifier is reduced by

1. Eddy currents formed by the inertia of incoming fluid

2. Wind-induced circulation cells formed in uncovered tanks
3. Thermal convection currents
4 Cold
4. C ld or warm water
t causingi ththe fformation
ti off density
d it currents
t that
th t move
along the bottom of the basin and warm water rising and flowing across the
top of the tank
5 Thermal stratification in hot arid climates
5.Thermal

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 14

BOD and TSS Removal
t
R=
a + bt
where, R = expected removal efficiency
t = nominal detention time
a, b = empirical constants
Typical values for the empirical
constants

Item a b
BOD 0.018 0.02
TSS 0 0075
0.0075 0 014
0.014

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 5-46

Typical BOD and TSS removal in primary sedimentation
tanks. (Greeley, 1938)

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 15

 Short Circuiting

Ideal flow Effect of density flow or thermal stratification

Effect of thermal stratification Formation of wind-driven circulation cell

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 5-47

Typical flow patterns observed in rectangular
sedimentation tanks
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 16
 Design Considerations
1. Detention time
- Coalescence of a suspension of solids becomes more complete as time elapse
- Provide 1.5-2.5 hr based on the average rate of wastewater flow
2. Surface loading rates
- Set
S t low
l enoughh tto ensure satisfactory
ti f t performance
f att peakk flow
fl rate
t
3. Weir loading rates
4. Scour velocity
- To avoid resuspension (scouring) of settled particles
particles, horizontal velocities
through the tank should be kept sufficiently low

⎡ 8k(s − 1 )gd ⎤
VH = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ f ⎦
where, VH = horizontal velocity that will just produce scour (m/s)
k = constant that depends on type of material being scoured (unitless)
s = specific gravity of particles (unitless)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s 2 )
d = diameter
di off particles
i l (m)
( )
f = Darcy - Weisbach friction factor (unitless)
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 17
 Design Data
Unit Range Typical
Primary sedimentation tanks followed by secondary treatment
Detention time hr 1.5-2.5 2
Overflow rate
Average flow m3/m2∙day 30-50 40
Peak hourly flow m3/m2∙day 80-120 100
Weir loading m3/m∙day 125-500 250
Primary sedimentation tanks with activated sludge return
Detention time hr 1.5-2.5 2
Overflow rate
Average flow m3/m2∙day
day 24 32
24-32 28
Peak hourly flow m3/m2∙day 48-70 60
Weir loading m3/m∙day 125-500 250
MetCalf and Eddy Table 5-20
Typical design information for primary sedimentation tanks

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 18

 Design Data

Unit Range Typical

Rectangular
Depth m 3-4.9 4.3
Length m 15-90 24-40
Width m 3-24 4.9-9.8
Flight speed m/min 0.6 0.9
Circular
Depth m 3-4.9 4.3
Diameter m 3-60 12-45
B tt
Bottom Slope
Sl mm/mm
/ 1/16 1/6
1/16-1/6 1/12
Flight speed r/min 0.02-0.05 0.03

MetCalf and Eddy Table 5-21

Typical dimensional data for rectangular and circular
sedimentation tanks used for primary treatment of
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP wastewater 19
 Design Example
• Conditions:
- Average wastewater flowrate = 20,000 m3/d
- Peak dailyy flow = 50,000 m3/d
- Overflow rate 40 m3/m2d at average flow
- Side water depth = 4 m

• Design rectangular primary clarifiers with a channel width of 6 m (2 sets).

• Estimate BOD and TSS removals at average and peak flow

MetCalf and Eddy Design Example 5-10

5 10
Design of a primary sedimentation basin

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 20

 Design Example
1 Calculating
1. C l l ti surface
f area:
Surface area = 250 m2
Q 20,000 m 2 /d
A= = = 500 m 2
O/F 40 m /m ⋅ d
3 2 Q = 20,000
, m3/d
6m
Tank volume = 500 m2
2. Determining the tank length: 4m
42 m
2
A 500 m
L= = = 41.7 m ≈ 42 m
W 2×6 m
3 Computing detention time and overflow rate @ average flow:
3.

Tank volum e = 4 m × 2(42 m × 6 m) = 2016 m 3

20 000 m 3 /d
Q 20,000
Overflow rate = = = 39.7 m 3 /m 2 ⋅ d Okay
A 2(6m × 42m)
Tank Volume 2016 m 3 24hr
Detention time = = 3
⋅ = 2.42
2 42 hr Ok
Okay
Q 20,000 m /d day
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 21
 Design Example
4 Computing detention time and overflow rate @ peak flow:
4.

Q 50,000 m 3 /d
Overflow rate = = = 99.2 m 3 /m 2 ⋅ d Okay
( × 42m))
A 2(6m
Tank Volume 2016 m 3 24hr
Detention time = = 3
⋅ = 0.97 hr Okay
Q 50,000 m /d day
5. Calculating the scour velocity using the following values:
Cohesion constant k = 0.05
Specific gravity s = 1.25
1 25
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s 2
Diameter of particles d = 100 μm = 100 × 10 −6 m
Darcy - Weisbach friction factor f = 0.025
1/2
⎡ 8k(s − 1)gd ⎤ ⎡ (8)(0.05)( 0.25)(9.81 )(100 × 10 ) ⎤
−6
VH = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ = 0.063 m/s
⎣ f ⎦ ⎣ 0.025 ⎦
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 22
 Design Example
6 Computing the peak horizontal flow:
6.

Q ⎡ 50,000 m 3 /d ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
V= =⎢ ⎥ = 0.012 m/s
( × 4m)) ⎦ ⎢⎣ ((24h/d)(36
A x ⎣ 2(6m )( 00s/h)) ⎥⎦

Horizontal flow < Scour velocity Resuspension would not happen

7. Calculating BOD and TSS removal rates:

t 2.42
BOD removal = = = 36%
a + bt 0.018 + (0.020)(2. 42)
@ average flow
t 2.42
TSS removal = = = 58%
a + bt 0.0075 + (0.014)(2. 42)
t 0 97
0.97
BOD removal = = = 26%
a + bt 0.018 + (0.020)(0. 97)
@ peak flow
t 0.97
TSS removal = = = 46%
a + bt 0.0075 + (0.014)(0. 97)
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 23
Design using Settling Exp
Exp.

0.61 m

1.22 m
3.05 m

1.83 m

2.44 m

3.05 m

Batch settling
g column details for type
yp II settling
g
Reynolds and Richards Figure 9-11
Batch settling column details for Type II
settling
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 24
Design using Settling Exp
Exp.
H
V0 =
tc
where V0 = overflow rate for t c
where,
H = height of the column
t c = intercept of the R c curve and the x - axis

H2 H
R T = RC + (R D - R C ) + 1 (R E - R D )
H H
where, R T = the fractions of solids removed for t c
H 2 = the height tha t the particles of (R D - R C ) size would settle during t c
Reynolds and Richards Figure 9-12
Settling diagram for Type II settling

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 25

 Design Example
Design a primary clarifier satisfying the following conditions

1. The design detention time and design surface loading rates if 65% of the
suspended solids are to be removed
2. The diameter and depth of the tank

Time(min) 0.61m
0 61m 1.22m
1 22m 1.83m
1 83m 2.44m
2 44m 3.05m
3 05m
0 0 0 0 0 0
10 28 18 18 12 a
20 48 39 25 27 a
30 68 50 34 31 a
45 70 56 53 41 a
60 85 66 59 53 a
90 88 82 73 62 a
a Data showed an increase in solids concentration

Reynolds and Richards Design Example 9-1

Primary clarifier

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 26

Design Example

Reynolds and Richards Figure 9-17

0.27hr 0.55hr 0.77hr 1.13hr 1.60hr Graph showing suspended solids
removal (as a percent) at various
depth and settling times.
ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 27
 Design Example
3 05 m 24 hr m 2
H 3.05
Time Surface loading Fraction removed V0 = = ⋅ ⋅ 2 = 275 m 2 / m 2 ⋅ d
t(hr) 3
V0(m /d∙m )2
RT(%)
t c 0.27 hr d m
0.27 275 33.7
0.55 133 48.7
0.77 95.3 56.7 R T = 20 + (2.04/3.05 )(30 - 20) + (0.88/3.05 )(40 - 30)
1.33 64.8 63.8 + (0.61/3.05 )(50 - 40) + (0.40)(60 - 50)
1.6 45.6 68.6
+ (0.24/3.05 )(70 - 60) = 33.7%
Reynolds and Richards Table 9-4
94
Reduced dat for 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% curves

65% 65%

1.22 hr 58.0

Reynolds and Richards Figure 9-18

Reynolds and Richards Figure 9-19

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 28

 Design Example
1 The design detention time and design surface loading rates if 65% of the
1.
suspended solids are to be removed

1.22 x 1.75 = 2.14 hr

Scale-up factor

2. The diameter and depth of the tank

58.0 x 0.65 = 37.7 m3/d·m2

Scale-up factor

Q 7570 m 3 /d
A= = = 201 m 2

Loading rate 37.7 m 2 /m 2 ⋅ d

4 4
D= A= 201 = 16 m
π π

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 29

 Summary
• Flow
Fl equalization
li ti
• Calculation of the fluctuating volume
• Primary clarifier
• Estimation of detention time and overflow rate on a design guideline
• Estimation of detention time and overflow rate based on a settling experiment

ACEE 434 Fall 2009 HDP 30