Low Voltage Network Design

Low Voltage Network Design
1 alfanar Technical Sessions

Agenda
• The fault criteria and their protection in low voltage network.

• Protection against indirect contact.
• Type of load and their protective devices.
• Coordination and load flow.

The Faults in Low voltage network
• An overload current.
• An overcurrent.
• Earth/Ground fault.
• Others (O/U voltage, O/U frequency, phase lose/sequence/unbalance, power
reverse, Neutral voltage displacement, Arcing fault and etc.).

The An overload current definition
IEC 60050 describe it as a situation where a larger than intended

electric current exists through a conductor, leading to generation of
heat, and the risk of fire or damage to equipment.
It can be any current, flowing within the normal circuit path, that is
higher than the normal Full Load Amps (FLA).

Protection against overload current
 CB (MCB, RCBO, MCCB, ICCB, MCP, PCB or ACB);

 Fuse (gG, gTr, gM, gR or gB);
 Relay (Thermal Overload Relay, ANSI 49RMS Thermal overload and etc.);

An overload selection (cont.). U
Source-U1
Vn = 400 Vac
LLLN / TN-S
P = 35 kW
Suitable overload protection shall satisfy the two following conditions: Q= 17 kvar
1. Ib <= In (Ir) <= R X Iz 2. I2 / IF<= 1.45 X Iz CB-QF1

where: S160-GJ Icu=65 Ka TMA 63-630
R = 1 for circuit breakers
R = 0.75 for gG fuses < 16 A
R = 0.9 for gG fuses ≥ 16 A Cable-WC1
4x(1x10)+1G10
Insulator: XLPE/EPR
Where: XLPE/EPR Cu
dV = 2.15 %
 Ib is the load current (calculation); Ib = 56.1 A
 Iz is the current carrying capacity of the cable (catalogue); Iz = 75.0 A
L = 45 m
 In is the rated current of the protective device; for adjustable protective
releases, the rated current In is the set current (catalogue); Load-L1
L Sr = 38.89 kVA
 I2 / IF is the current ensuring effective operation in the conventional time of Cosphi = 0.90
the protective device (catalogue). Ir = 56.1 A
UF = 100%
dV = 2.15 %

Source-U1
U
An overload selection (cont.). Vn = 400 Vac
LLLN / TN-S
P = 35 kW
The formula for the calculation of the load current of a generic load is: Q= 17 kvar
CB-QF1
S160-GJ Icu=65 Ka TMA 63-630
• P is the active power [W];

Cable-WC1
• k = 1 for single-phase systems or for direct current systems;
4x(1x10)+1G10
\/¯3 for three-phase systems; Insulator: XLPE/EPR
• Ur is the rated voltage [V] XLPE/EPR Cu
dV = 2.15 %
for three-phase systems it is the line voltage, Ib = 56.1 A
Iz = 75.0 A
for single-phase systems it is the phase voltage; L = 45 m
• cos φ is the power factor; Load-L1
L
• KO is the oversize factor (Ko, >1) ; Sr = 38.89 kVA
Cosphi = 0.90
• Ku is the utilization factor ( 0< Ku <1) ; Ir = 56.1 A
UF = 100%
• KC/Df/Ks is the demand/diversity/simultaneity factor ( 0< Kc <1). dV = 2.15 %

An overload selection (cont.).
Notes:
 When using CBs in compliance with IEC
60898 and/or IEC 60947-2, the relation
(1) is enough;
 The “conventional” setting tripping time
may be 1 hour or 2 hours according to
local standards and the actual value
selected for I2.

The An overcurrent definition
IEC 60050 describe it as resulting from a fault of negligible impedance

between live conductors having a difference in potential under normal
operating conditions.
An overcurrent has the following effects:

 Electromagnetic effect;
 Mechanical effects;
 Thermal effect.

Protection against overcurrent
 CB (MCB, RCBO, MCCB, ICCB, MCP, PCB or ACB);

 Fuse (gG, aG, gM, aM, gTr, aTr, gR, aR or gB or aB);
 Relay (Overcurrent Relay, ANSI 50/51 Phase overcurrent and etc.);

Source-U1
An overcurrent selection (cont.). U Vn = 400 Vac
LLLN / TN-S
S = 1000 Kva
Suitable overcurrent protection shall satisfy the three following conditions: IKLLL= 43 Ka
1. Icu/Ics (catalogues) > IKLLL (calculation or measurement) CB-QF1

S160 TMD63-630 Icu=65 Ka
Where:
 Icu/Ics ultimate short circuit breaking capacity/service short Cable-WC1
circuit breaking capacity; 4x(1x10)+1G10
Insulator: XLPE/EPR
 IKLLL is the MAX fault level (short circuit value 3PH + NE+ PE). XLPE/EPR Cu
dV = 2.15 %
Ib = 56.1 A
Iz = 75.0 A
L = 45 m
Load-L1
L Sr = 38.89 kVA IKmin= 23 Ka
Ir = 56.1 A Cosphi = 0.90
UF = 100%
dV = 2.15 %

An overcurrent selection (cont.).
2. I²t (catalogues) <= K²S² (catalogues)

Cable K²S²
Where: I²t
 I²t is the specific let-through energy of the
protective device;
 K²S² is withstand energy level of cable;
 S is the cable cross section [mm2]; in the case of
Circuit breaker I²t
conductors in parallel it is the cross section of the
single conductor;
 k is a factor that depends on the cable insulating
and conducting material;
 Icp is the fault level (short circuit value) at the
incoming terminals;
 Icc is the prospective short circuit value.
Icp max ls

Source-U1
An overcurrent selection (cont.). U Vn = 400 Vac
LLLN / TN-S
S = 1000 Kva
3. Ikmin (Calculation or measure) => I (t< 5 s) (catalogues) IKLLL= 43 Ka
CB-QF1
Where: S160 TMD63-630 Icu=65 Ka
 Ikmin is MIN fault level (min short circuit value PH to PE);
 I (t< 5 s) is interrupted be the protection device (breaker or
fuse). Cable-WC1
4x(1x10)+1G10
Insulator: XLPE/EPR
XLPE/EPR Cu
dV = 2.15 %
Ib = 56.1 A
Iz = 75.0 A
L = 45 m
Load-L1
L Sr = 38.89 kVA IKmin= 23 Ka
Ir = 56.1 A Cosphi = 0.90
Ikmin =23000 A=> I (t< 5 s) = 750A UF = 100%
dV = 2.15 %

The ground fault definition
IEC 60050 describe it as a An occurrence of an accidental conductive

path between a live conductor and the Earth.
An overcurrent has the following effects:

 Initial arc currents;
 The danger to persons caused by indirect contact.

Protection against ground fault (cont.).
 CB (MCB, RCCB, RCBO, GFCI, AFCI, DFCI, MCCB, ICCB, MCP, PCB or
ACB);
 Fuse (gG or aG);
 Relay (ANSI 50N/51N or 50G/51G Earth fault or sensitive earth fault and
etc.);

Protection against ground fault (cont.).
 The Unrestricted Earth Fault Protection (UEFP);

 The Restricted Earth Fault Protection (REFP);
 The Source Ground Return, which is also called “Standby
Earth Fault Protection” (SEFP).

Protection against indirect contacts
 SELV (Safety Extra-Low Voltage);

 PELV (Protection Extra-Low Voltage).
By using SELV or PELV protection systems, there are no

dangers of indirect contacts since the supply voltage is
so low that it does not cause hazards for persons.
A PELV system has the same characteristics of SELV but it

shall have an earthed point.

The grounding or earthing definition
To connect the metallic (conductive) parts of an electric
appliance or installations to the earth (ground) is called
Earthing or Grounding.
In other words, to connect the metallic parts of electric

machinery and devices to the earth plate or earth electrode
(which is buried in the moisture earth) through a thick
conductor wire (which has very low resistance) for safety
purpose is known as Earthing or Grounding.

Why earthing is important
 To protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical devices
and appliances from leakage current;
 To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault occurs on any
one phase);
 To protect electric system and buildings form lighting;
 To serve as a return conductor in electric traction system and
communication;
 To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.

Earthing arrangements as per IEC 60364
There are three families, using the two-letter codes TT, TN and IT.
The first letter:
"T" — Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra).
"I" — No point is connected with earth (isolation).
The second letter:
"T" — Earth connection is direct connection to earth (Latin: terra),
usually via a ground rod.
"N" — Earth connection is supplied by the electricity supply Network,
either as a separate (PE) or combined with the neutral conductor.

Earthing arrangements TN (cont.).
Main application in industries and big installations with “MV

power” supply (power supply is distributed to users by
transformer substation).
 TN-C: less cost and reliability than “TN-S”;

 TN-S: higher cost and more reliability than “TN-C”;

Earthing arrangements TN (cont.).
TN-C-S: less cost than TN-S and more cost than TN-
C and more reliability than TN-C and less reliability
than TN-S.
A combined earth/neutral conductor hence the name

PME within BS7671 and IEE Wiring Regulations.

Indirect contact protection selection in TN-S (cont.).
Ik = U0 / Zs
Where:
 Zs is the impedance of the fault
loop;
 U0 is the rated voltage between
phase and ground.
It’s a short circuit

Indirect contact protection selection in TN-S (cont.). Source U
U Vn = 400 Vac
LLLN / TN-S
Protection device should comply with this:
IkLG (Calculation or measure) => I (t< 5 s) (catalogues)
CB-F1
S160 TMA 125-1250 Icu=65 Ka
Cable-WC1
3x(1x35)+ 1x(1x25)+ 1G16
XLPE/EPR Cu
Iz = 110
L = 50 m
Load-L1
L IKLLL= 6.4 Ka
IKLG= 3 Ka

Indirect contact protection selection in TN-S (cont.). Source U
U Vn = 400 Vac
LLLN / TN-S
Protection device should comply with this:
IkLG (Calculation or measure) => I (t< 5 s) (catalogues)
CB-F1
S250-GE LSIG Icu=65 Ka
Cable-WC1
3x(1x95)+ 1x(1x95)+ 1G50
XLPE/EPR Cu
Iz = 207
L = 50 m
Load-L1
L IKLLL= 9.9 Ka Ib = 200.0 A
IKLG= 0.2 Ka

Indirect contact protection selection in TN-S Source U
U Vn = 400 Vac
LLLN / TN-S
CBR-F1
ZS250-GJ TMD+RC Icu=65 Ka
Cable-WC1
3x(1x95)+ 1x(1x95)+ 1G50
XLPE/EPR Cu
Iz = 207
L = 50 m
Load-L1
L IKLLL= 9.9 Ka Ib = 200.0 A
IKLG= 0.2 Ka

Indirect contact protection selection in TN-C (cont.).
Ik = U0 / Zs
Where:
 Zs is the impedance of the fault
loop;
 U0 is the rated voltage between
phase and ground.
It’s a short circuit

Indirect contact protection selection in TN-C
In TN-C systems disconnection of the neutral and use

of the residual current devices or of devices with similar
operating principle (function G against earth faults) are
not possible.

Indirect contact protection selection in TN-S (cont.).
 Circuit-breakers with thermomagnetic releases;

 Circuit-breakers with electronic releases;
 Residual current devices (TN-S only);
 Fuse.
Max admissible voltage IEC 60038

TN earthing system advantages
 It is possible to have both TN-S and TN-C-S supplies taken

from the same transformer;
 The low impedance earth path so RCD is not must to
detect earth faults.

Earthing arrangements TT
Main application in domestic installations and small

industries where the distribution of the (PE) is impossible
and when the user is responsible for the protection
against indirect contact.
Such as supplies to mobile homes and telecommunication

sites.

Indirect contact protection selection in TT (cont.).
Ik = U0 / RA
RA = RT+ RN
RT= U0 / Ik Ground resistance for load
RN=0 Ground resistance for source
Very low current

Indirect contact protection selection in TT (cont.). U
Source-U1
Vn = 400 Vac
LLLN / TN-S
P = 35 kW
Q= 17 kvar
 For Magnetic coil, (RT = 230 / 750 = 0.3 Ω);
 For electronic trip unit with S, (RT = 230 / 510 = 0.45 Ω); CB-QF1
 For electronic trip unit with G, (RT = 230 / 24 = 9.6 Ω);
 If we have RCD then RT = 230 / 0.03 = 7666.6 Ω;
Cable-WC1
4x(1x10)+1G10
Insulator: XLPE/EPR
XLPE/EPR Cu
dV = 2.15 %
Ib = 56.1 A
Iz = 75.0 A
L = 45 m
Load-L1
L Sr = 38.89 kVA
Cosphi = 0.90
Ir = 56.1 A
UF = 100%
dV = 2.15 %

Indirect contact protection selection in TT
 Circuit-breakers with thermomagnetic releases;

 Circuit-breakers with electronic releases;
 Residual current devices;
 Fuse.

Earthing arrangements TT advantages
 There is no serious risks in the case of a broken neutral;

 In locations where power is distributed overhead, earth
conductors are not at risk of becoming live.

Earthing arrangements TT disadvantages
 The fault loop impedance is high so we should always have

an RCD (GFCI) as its first isolator to protect against
indirect contact.

Earthing arrangements IT
Main application in industrial or utilities installations

(especially chemical, petrochemical and
telecommunications) for which a very high level of
service continuity is required.
Exposed conductive part

Indirect contact protection selection in IT (cont.).
Ik = U0 / Zs
Where:
 Zs is the impedance of the
fault loop;
 U0 is the rated voltage
between phase and ground.
An extremely low current

Indirect contact protection selection in IT
A monitoring of insulation to earth of the network,

so that the occurrence of any fault is signaled.

Earthing arrangements IT advantages
 Small values of short circuit currents to earth (1st fault),

typically 1 to 10 A (0.1A/km cable);
 Medium-high values of short circuit currents to earth (2nd
fault).
Note:
It is strongly recommended not to distribute the N-conductor.

Summary for faults protection
PROTECTIONS TT TN S TN C IT
OVERLOAD*
Ib<= In <= Iz Ib<= In <= Iz Ib<= In <= Iz Ib<= In <= Iz
bimetal or L
1) Icu > Ik LLL 1) Icu > Ik LLL 1) Icu > Ik LLL
1) Icu > Ik LLL
SHORT CIRCUIT**
magnetic coil, S and I
2) I²t <= K²S² 2) I²t <= K²S² 2) I²t <= K²S²
2) I²t <= K²S²
3) Ikmin => I (t < 5s) 3) Ikmin => I (t < 5s) 3) Ikmin => I (t< 5s)
3) Ikmin => I (t < 5s)
INDIRECT TOUCH 1) Rt x Ia <= UL
magnetic Rt <= 50/Ia or Rt <= 50/Idn Zs x Ia <= U0 Zs x Ia <= U0 2) Zs <= Ur/2 Ia
coil,S,I,G,RCDs 3) Z's <= Uo/2 Ia
N° wires L-N-PE L-L-L-PE L-L-L-N-PE L-N-PE L-L-L-PE L-L-L-N-PE L-PEN L-L-L-PEN L-N-PE L-L-L-PE L-L-L-N-PE
N° opening poles 2 3 4 1 or 2 3 3 or 4 1 3 2 3 4
G protection and RCDs
Note don't work!!
1) For OVERLOAD Protection In is the setting current of the release
2) In SHORT CIRCUIT Protection Icu or Ics,according to the project, could be considered

Type of Load and its Protective Devices
 Protection of transformers;
 Protection of capacitors;
 Protection of generators;
 Cables or conductors;
 Motors;
 PSC;
 Etc.

Coordination and load flow
alfanar is working to have tool in 2018.

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1 alfanar Technical Sessions

• The fault criteria and their protection in low voltage network.

2 alfanar Technical Sessions

3 alfanar Technical Sessions

IEC 60050 describe it as a situation where a larger than intended

4 alfanar Technical Sessions

 CB (MCB, RCBO, MCCB, ICCB, MCP, PCB or ACB);

5 alfanar Technical Sessions

1. Ib <= In (Ir) <= R X Iz 2. I2 / IF<= 1.45 X Iz CB-QF1

6 alfanar Technical Sessions

• P is the active power [W];

7 alfanar Technical Sessions

8 alfanar Technical Sessions

IEC 60050 describe it as resulting from a fault of negligible impedance

An overcurrent has the following effects:

9 alfanar Technical Sessions

 CB (MCB, RCBO, MCCB, ICCB, MCP, PCB or ACB);

10 alfanar Technical Sessions

1. Icu/Ics (catalogues) > IKLLL (calculation or measurement) CB-QF1

11 alfanar Technical Sessions

2. I²t (catalogues) <= K²S² (catalogues)

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13 alfanar Technical Sessions

IEC 60050 describe it as a An occurrence of an accidental conductive

An overcurrent has the following effects:

14 alfanar Technical Sessions

15 alfanar Technical Sessions

 The Unrestricted Earth Fault Protection (UEFP);

16 alfanar Technical Sessions

 SELV (Safety Extra-Low Voltage);

By using SELV or PELV protection systems, there are no

A PELV system has the same characteristics of SELV but it

17 alfanar Technical Sessions

In other words, to connect the metallic parts of electric

18 alfanar Technical Sessions

 To protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical devices

and appliances from leakage current;

 To protect electric system and buildings form lighting;

 To serve as a return conductor in electric traction system and

 To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.

19 alfanar Technical Sessions

20 alfanar Technical Sessions

Main application in industries and big installations with “MV

 TN-C: less cost and reliability than “TN-S”;

21 alfanar Technical Sessions

A combined earth/neutral conductor hence the name

22 alfanar Technical Sessions

It’s a short circuit

23 alfanar Technical Sessions

24 alfanar Technical Sessions

25 alfanar Technical Sessions

26 alfanar Technical Sessions

It’s a short circuit

27 alfanar Technical Sessions

In TN-C systems disconnection of the neutral and use

28 alfanar Technical Sessions

 Circuit-breakers with thermomagnetic releases;

Max admissible voltage IEC 60038

29 alfanar Technical Sessions

 It is possible to have both TN-S and TN-C-S supplies taken

30 alfanar Technical Sessions

Main application in domestic installations and small