Engineering Formula Sheet

Statistics Mode

Place data in ascending order.

Mean

∑ xi
Mode = most frequently occurring value

µ= If two values occur at the maximum frequency the

data set is bimodal.
n
If three or more values occur at the maximum
µ = mean value frequency the data set is multi-modal.
Σxi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, …)
n = number of data values
Median
Place data in ascending order.
Standard Deviation If n is odd, median = central value

∑(xi - µ)2
If n is even, median = mean of two central values

σ=' n = number of data values

n
σ = standard deviation Range

* = mean value
xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3, …) Range = xmax - xmin
n = number of data values xmax = maximum data value
xmin = minimum data value

Probability
Independent Events
Frequency P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC
nx P (A and B and C) = probability of independent
fx = events A and B and C occurring in sequence
n
PA = probability of event A
fx
Px =
fa
Mutually Exclusive Events
fx = relative frequency of outcome x
nx = number of events with outcome x P (A or B) = PA + PB
n = total number of events
Px = probability of outcome x P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive
fa = frequency of all events event A or B occurring in a trial
PA = probability of event A
Σxi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, …)
Binomial Probability (order doesn’t matter) n = number of data values

n!(pk )(qn-k )
Pk = Conditional Probability
( ) ∙ (!| )
k!(n-k)!
( |!) =
( ) ∙ (!| ) + (~ ) ∙ (!|~ )
Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials
p = probability of a success
q = 1 – p = probability of failure
P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D
k = number of successes P(A) = probability of event A occurring
n = number of trials P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring
P(D|̶~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 1

 Plane Geometry Ellipse Rectangle
2b
Circle Area = π a b Perimeter = 2a + 2b
2a
Area = ab
Circumference =2 π r
Area = π r2
Triangle B
Parallelogram c
Area = ½ bh a h
a = b + c – 2bc·cos∠A
h 2 2 2

b = a + c – 2ac·cos∠B
Area = bh 2 2 2 A

c = a + b – 2ab·cos∠C
C b
2 2 2
b

Right Triangle Regular Polygons s

s(-. f) f
2
c =a +b
2 2 Area = n
2
a c
sin θ = a n = number of sides
c
b θ
cos θ =
c
a b Trapezoid a
tan θ = b h
Area = ½(a + b)h h
h
b
Solid Geometry h

Cube
Sphere
3
s
/
Volume = s r
2 3
0
Surface Area = 6s Volume π r
s s 2
Surface Area = 4 π r

Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
h r
Volume = wdh
Volume = π r h
2 h
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh) w d 2
Surface Area = 2 π r h+2 π r

Right Circular Cone

h
πr2 h Irregular Prism
Volume =

Surface Area = π r 1r2 +h2

3
r h
Volume = Ah

A = area of base
Pyramid

Ah h Constants
Volume =
3
2 2
A = area of base g = 9.8 m/s = 32.27 ft/s
-11 3 2
G = 6.67 x 10 m /kg·s
π = 3.14159

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 2

 Conversions

Mass Area Force Energy

2
1 kg = 2.205 lbm 1 acre = 4047 m 1N = 0.225 lbf 1J = 0.239 cal
2 -4
1 slug = 32.2 lbm = 43,560 ft 1 kip = 1,000 lbf = 9.48 x 10 Btu
2
1 ton = 2000 lbm = 0.00156 mi = 0.7376 ft·lbf
Pressure 1kW h = 3,6000,000 J

Length Volume 1 atm = 1.01325 bar

= 33.9 ft H2O
1m = 3.28 ft 1L = 0.264 gal Defined Units
3 = 29.92 in. Hg
1 km = 0.621 mi = 0.0353 ft
= 760 mm Hg
1 in. = 2.54 cm = 33.8 fl oz
3 = 101,325 Pa 1J = 1 N·m
1 mi = 5280 ft 1mL = 1 cm = 1 cc
= 14.7 psi 1N = 1 kg·m / s2
1 yd = 3 ft
1psi = 2.31 ft of H2O 1 Pa = 1 N / m2
Time
1V =1W/A
Temperature Change 1d = 24 h Power 1W =1J/s
1K = 1 ºC 1h = 60 min 1W =1V/A
1W = 3.412 Btu/h
= 1.8 ºF 1 min = 60 s 1 Hz = 1 s-1
= 0.00134 hp
= 1.8 ºR 1 yr = 365 d 1F = 1 A·s / V
= 14.34 cal/min
1H = 1 V·s / V
= 0.7376 ft·lbf/s

SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One Numbers Greater Than One
Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation
10-1 deci- d 101 deca- da
10-2 centi- c 102 hecto- h
10-3 milli- m 103 kilo- k
10-6 micro- µ 106 Mega- M
10-9 nano- n 109 Giga- G
10-12 pico- p 1012 Tera- T
10-15 femto- f 1015 Peta- P
10-18 atto- a 1018 Exa- E
10-21 zepto- z 1021 Zetta- Z
10-24 yocto- y 1024 Yotta- Y

Temperature Force
Equations
F = ma
TK = TC + 273
Mass and Weight F = force
TR = TF + 460 m = mass
M = VDm
a = acceleration
TF - 32 TC
W = mg =
180 100
W = VDw Equations of Static Equilibrium
V = volume TK = temperature in Kelvin ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣMP = 0
Dm = mass density TC = temperature in Celsius
m = mass Fx = force in the x-direction
TR = temperature in Rankin Fy = force in the y-direction
Dw = weight density TF = temperature in Fahrenheit
g = acceleration due to gravity MP = moment about point P

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 3

 Equations (Continued) Electricity
Ohm’s Law
Energy: Work Fluid Mechanics V = IR
W = F∙d F
P= P = IV
A
W = work RT (series) = R1 + R2+ ··· + Rn
V1 V2
F = force = (Charles’ Law)
d = distance T1 T2 1
RT (parallel) = 1 1 1
P1 P2 + + ∙∙∙ +R
= (Guy-Lussanc’s Law) R1 R2 n
T1 T2
Power Kirchhoff’s Current Law
E W P1V1 = P2V2 (Boyle’s Law) IT = I1 + I2 + ··· + In
P= = n
t t Q = Av or IT = ∑k=1 Ik
τ∙rpm A1v1 = A2v2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
P=
5252 VT = V1 + V2 + ··· + Vn
QP n
P = power Horsepower = or VT = ∑k=1 Vk
1714
E = energy
W = work absolute pressure = gauge pressure V = voltage
t = time + atmospheric pressure VT = total voltage
τ = torque I = current
rpm = revolutions per minute P = absolute pressure
IT = total current
F = Force
R = resistance
A = Area
RT = total resistance
Efficiency V = volume
P = power
T = absolute temperature
Pout Q = flow rate
Efficiency (%) = ∙100% v = flow velocity
Pin Thermodynamics

Pout = useful power output P = Q′ = AU∆T

Mechanics
Pin = total power input Q
s=
d
(where acceleration = 0) P=
t ∆t
Energy: Potential " 1 k
v= (where acceleration = 0) U= =
t R L
U = mgh
vf # vi
U = potential energy a= kA∆T
t P=
m =mass L
vi sin(2θ)
g = acceleration due to gravity X= A1v1 = A2v2
h = height -g
v = v0 + at Pnet = σAe(T2 4 -T1 4 )
Energy: Kinetic d = d0 + v0t + ½at
2
P = rate of heat transfer
1 Q = thermal energy
K = mv2 2 2
v = v0 + 2a(d – d0)
2 A = Area of thermal conductivity
τ = dFsinθ U = coefficient of heat conductivity
K = kinetic energy (U-factor)
m = mass s = speed ∆T = change in temperature
v = velocity v = velocity ∆t = change in time
a = acceleration R = resistance to heat flow ( R-value)
Energy: Thermal X = range k = thermal conductivity
t = time v = velocity
Q =mc∆T d = distance Pnet = net power radiated
g = acceleration due to gravity -8 W
Q = thermal energy σ = 5.6696 x 10 m2 ∙K
4
d = distance
m = mass θ = angle e = emissivity constant
c = specific heat τ = torque T , T = temperature at time 1, time 2
∆T = change in temperature F = force

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas POE 4 DE 4

 Section Properties

Moment of Inertia Rectangle Centroid

h
x;= and y;=
x b h
3
x
bh 2 2
Ixx =
12 b Right Triangle Centroid

x;= and y;=

b h

Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section 3 3

about x-x axis

Semi-circle Centroid
Complex Shapes Centroid

x; = r and y;=
4r
∑ xi Ai ∑ yi A i
x$ = ∑ Ai
and y$ = ∑ Ai 3π

x;= x-distance to the centroid

x$= x-distance to the centroid
y? = y-distance to the centroid
y% = y-distance to the centroid
xi = x distance to centroid of shape i
yi = y distance to centroid of shape i
Ai = Area of shape i
Structural Analysis
Material Properties
Beam Formulas
P
Stress (axial) Reaction RA = RB =
2
PL
F Moment Mmax = (at point of load)
4
σ= 3
A Deflection PL
Δmax = 48EI (at point of load)
σ = stress ωL
F = axial force Reaction RA = RB =
2
A = cross-sectional area ωL2
Moment Mmax = (at center)
8
5ωL4
Strain (axial) Deflection Δmax = 384EI
(at center)
Reaction RA = RB = P
ϵ= δ
L0 Moment Mmax = Pa (between loads)
%3L2 -4a2 &
ϵ = strain Pa
Deflection Δmax = 24EI (at center)
L0 = original length
δ = change in length Pb Pa
Reaction RA = and RB =
L L
Pab
Moment Mmax = (at Point of Load)
L
Modulus of Elasticity Deflection Δ)*+ = ,a-(a./-)12a(a./-)
/345
σ
(at x = 6 when a > b )
a(a7!8)
E=
ε 9,

(F2 -F1 )L0

( ! − # )A
E= Deformation: Axial Truss Analysis
FL0 2J = M + R
E = modulus of elasticity δ = AE
σ = stress J = number of joints
ε = strain δ = deformation M =number of members
A = cross-sectional area F = axial force R = number of reaction forces
F = axial force L0 = original length
δ = deformation A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4

 Simple Machines
Inclined Plane

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

L (slope)
DE FR IMA=
IMA= AMA= H
DR FE
AMA
% Efficiency= @ A 100
IMA Wedge
IMA = Ideal Mechanical Advantage
AMA = Actual Mechanical Advantage
DE = Effort Distance DR = Resistance Distance L (⊥ to height)
IMA=
FE = Effort Force FR = Resistance Force H

Lever
Screw
1st
C
Class IMA =
Pitch

1
Pitch =
TPI
2nd C = Circumference
Class r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = Threads Per Inch
3rd
Class Compound Machines

MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .

Wheel and Axle Gears; Sprockets with Chains; and Pulleys with
Belts Ratios
Nout dout ωin τout
GR= = = =
Nin din ωout τin
Effort at Axle
dout ωin τout
= = (pulleys)
din ωout τin

Compound Gears

B D
Effort at Wheel GRTOTAL =
A
! C
!

GR = Gear Ratio
ωin = Angular Velocity - driver
Pulley Systems ωout = Angular Velocity - driven
Nin = Number of Teeth - driver
IMA = Total number of strands of a single string Nout = Number of Teeth - driven
supporting the resistance din = Diameter - driver
dout = Diameter - driven
DE (string pulled) τin = Torque - driver
IMA = τout = Torque - driven
DR (resistance lifted)

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas POE 6

 Structural Design

Steel Beam Design: Shear Steel Beam Design: Moment Spread Footing Design
Vn Mn qnet = qallowable - pfooting
Va = Ma =
Ωv Ωb lb
pfooting = tfooting ∙150 2
ft
Vn = 0.6FyAw Mn = FyZx
P
q=
Va = allowable shear strength Ma = allowable bending moment A
Vn = nominal shear strength Mn = nominal moment strength qnet = net allowable soil
Ωv = 1.5 = factor of safety for shear Ωb = 1.67 = factor of safety for bearing pressure
Fy = yield stress bending moment qallowable = total allowable soil
Aw = area of web Fy = yield stress bearing pressure
Zx = plastic section modulus about pfooting = soil bearing pressure
neutral axis due to footing weight
Storm Water Runoff tfooting = thickness of footing
q = soil bearing pressure
Rational Method Runoff Coefficients P = column load applied
Storm Water Drainage Categorized by Surface A = area of footing
Q = CfCiA Forested 0.059—0.2
Asphalt 0.7—0.95
C1 A1 + C2 A2 + ∙∙∙
Cc = Brick 0.7—0.85
A1 + A2 + ∙∙∙
Concrete 0.8—0.95
3
Q = peak storm water runoff rate (ft /s) Shingle roof 0.75—0.95
Cf = runoff coefficient adjustment Lawns, well drained (sandy soil)
factor Up to 2% slope 0.05—0.1
C = runoff coefficient 2% to 7% slope 0.10—0.15
i = rainfall intensity (in./h) Over 7% slope 0.15—0.2
A = drainage area (acres) Lawns, poor drainage (clay soil)
Up to 2% slope 0.13—0.17
Runoff Coefficient 2% to 7% slope 0.18—0.22
Adjustment Factor Over 7% slope 0.25—0.35
Return Driveways, 0.75—0.85
Period Cf walkways Categorized by Use
1, 2, 5, 10 1.0 Farmland 0.05—0.3
25 1.1 Pasture 0.05—0.3
50 1.2 Unimproved 0.1—0.3
100 1.25
Parks 0.1—0.25
Cemeteries 0.1—0.25
Water Supply Railroad yard 0.2—0.40
Playgrounds 0.2—0.35
(except asphalt or Districts
Business
Hazen-Williams Formula
Neighborhood 0.5—0.7
1.85
10.44LQ City (downtown) 0.7—0.95
hf = 1.85 4.8655 Residential
C d
Single-family 0.3—0.5
hf = head loss due to friction (ft of H2O) Multi-plexes, 0.4—0.6
L = length of pipe (ft) detached
Multi-plexes, 0.6—0.75
Q = water flow rate (gpm)
attached
Suburban 0.25—0.4
C = Hazen-Williams constant
d = diameter of pipe (in.) Apartments, 0.5—0.7
condominiumsIndustrial
Light 0.5—0.8
Dynamic Head Heavy 0.6—0.9
dynamic head = static head – head loss

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas CEA 5

 Hazen-Williams Constants

PLTW, Inc.
Equivalent Length of (Generic) Fittings

Engineering Formulas
CEA 6
 555 Timer Design Equations

T = 0.693 (RA + 2RB)C

1
f =
T
(RA + RB )
duty-cycle = ∙100%
(RA +2RB )
T = period
f = frequency
RA = resistance A
RB = resistance B
C = capacitance

Boolean Algebra

Boolean Theorems Commutative Law Consensus Theorems

X• 0 = 0 X•Y = Y•X #Y = X + Y
X+X
X•1 = X X+Y = Y+X #Y
X+X #= X + Y
#
X• X =X X# + XY =%X
%%%+ Y
Associative Law
# =0
X•X X# + XY
# = X# + Y
#
X(YZ) = (XY)Z
X+0=X
X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z
X+1=1 DeMorgan’s Theorems
X+X=X Distributive Law %%%%%
XY = X# + #
Y
X+#
X=1 X(Y+Z) = XY + XZ %%%%%%%
X+Y = # #
X•Y
$=X
X (X+Y)(W+Z) = XW+XZ+YW+YZ

Speeds and Feeds

CS 12in.
ft
!
N= πd
fm = ft·nt·N
Plunge Rate = ½·fm
N = spindle speed (rpm)
CS = cutting speed (in./min)
d = diameter (in.)
fm = feed rate (in./min)
ft = feed (in./tooth)
nt = number of teeth

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas DE 5 CIM 4

 Aerospace Equations Propulsion Orbital Mechanics
F N = W(vj - vo )

# =$1 -
Forces of Flight b2
I = Fave ∆t
2D a2
CD = Fnet = Favg - Fg
Aρv2 % %
a& a&
√μ √GM
ρvl a = vf ∆t T = 2π = 2π
R e=
μ
FN = net thrust
GMm
2L W = air mass flow F=
CL = vo = flight velocity r2
Aρv2
# = eccentricity
vj = jet velocity
M = Fd I = total impulse
b = semi-minor axis
Fave = average thrust force
a =semi-major axis
CL = coefficient of lift Δt = change in time (thrust
T = orbital period
CD = coefficient of drag duration)
a = semi-major axis
L = lift Fnet = net force
μ = gravitational parameter
D = drag Favg = average force
F = force of gravity between two
A = wing area Fg = force of gravity bodies
ρ = density vf = final velocity G = universal gravitation constant
Re = Reynolds number a = acceleration M =mass of central body
v = velocity Δt = change in time (thrust m = mass of orbiting object
l = length of fluid travel duration) r = distance between center of two
μ = fluid viscosity
objects
F = force NOTE: Fave and Favg are
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity easily confused.
Bernoulli’s Law
M = moment
Ps + ! = Ps + !
d = moment arm (distance from Energy ρv2 ρv2
datum perpendicular to F) 1 2 1 2 2
K = 2 mv2

− GMm
PS = static pressure
U= v = velocity
R ρ = density
E=U+K=−
GMm
2R
Atmosphere Parameters
K = kinetic energy T = 15.04 - 0.00649h
m =mass
(T + 273.1)
p = 101.29 * -
v = velocity 5.256

U = gravitational potential energy 288.08

G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body p
ρ=
m = mass of orbiting object 0.2869(T + 273.1)
R = Distance center main body to
center of orbiting object T = temperature
E = Total Energy of an orbit h = height
p = pressure
ρ = density

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas AE 5