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Thermography
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A SEMI NAR REPORT ON

THERMOG RA PHY

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

COMPUT ER SCIE NCE AN D E NGINEE RING

Submitted by

ANUP KUM AR KHANDELWAL: 0801204013

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ROLAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SURYA VIHAR, BERHAMPUR.

APRIL-2011

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THERMOGRA PHY

ROLAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SURYA VIHAR, BERHAMPUR.

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICA TE

Ce rtified that seminar wo rk en titled

“ th ermogr aphy” is a bona fid e work carri ed out in
the sixth semester by “ An up k umar kh an delwal”
in par tial fulfillment fo r th e aw ard of Ba chelor of

Te chnology in “Comput er Sc ience &

Enginee ring” f rom Biju Pa tna ik U niver sity of

Te chnology, during the aca de mic year 2010-

2011. W ho ca rr ie d out th e se mina r work under

the guida nce a nd no part of this work has bee n

submitted e arlier fo r the a war d of a ny degree .

Anup Kumar khand elw al Miss A. Gayatri

Acha ry

Seminar coordinator
Lecturer in CSE Depa rtment

Mr. Sanjit Ac har ya

H EAD OF THE COMPUT ER SCIE NCE &

ENGG , DEPARTME NT

RO LAND INSTIT UTE O F

TE CHN OL OGY

SU RYA VI HAR, BERHAMPUR-761008

THERMOGRA PHY

A CKN OWL EDGEME NT

The sa tisf ac tion that a ccompa ni es the

suc cessf ul completio n of a ny work would be

inc omplete witho ut na ming the pe ople who made

it possible, wh ose c onsta nt guidan ce a nd

e ncour ageme nt made the work a perf ec t piec e.

I pr ovide my deep sense o f gra titude to our

H OD Mr. Sanjit Kum ar Ac har ya f or his moral

a nd te chnic al suppo rt th at he has given me

thr ough out eve ry sta ge of this report

de velopment.

Aga in I avail this oppor tunity to ex pr ess my

de ep sense of gra titude to Miss A.Ga yatri Acha ry

a nd Ch.Supr aja the se mina r coordina tor for her

va luable sug gesti ons a nd a dvise s for this seminar

r eport.

I tha nk m y par ents, Fam ily member s and

a lmighty Go d f or the succ essful completion of this

se mina r rep or t.

ANUP KUMAR
KHANDELW AL

Regd no: -
0801204013

THERMOGRA PHY

TABLE OF CONTENTS:-

LIST OF FIGURES… ................................................................................... . .5

ABSTRACT…................................................................................................ 6

INTRODUCTION…......................................................................................... 7

PRINCIPLE OF THERMOGRAPHY…........................................................... .9

TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHY…................................................................. . 10

THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS…................................................................ . . 11

TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS….................................................. 13

APPLICATION OF THERMOGRAPHY…...................................................... . . 14

MED ICAL IMAG ING............................. .14

N IGHT VISI ON........................................ 15

NON DESTRUCTIV E TEST ING............. 16

COND IT IONAL MONITORING............... 17

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOGRAPHY............. . .18

CONCLUSION............................................................................................... 19

REFERENCE............................................................................................... . . 20

THERMOGRA PHY

L IST OF FIGURES :-

1. IM AGE OF A PERSON IN THERMAL CAMERA....................................... .. 8

2. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM............................................................. 9

3. THERMAL IMAGING OF A CAMERA MAN............................................ . 1 2

4. TOP VIEW OF BRAIN IN THERMAL CAMERA...................................... .14

5. NIGHT VISION CAMERA USED FOR ARMED FORCE…........................... 1 5

6. CONDITION MONITORING…................................................................... . .1 7

THERMOGRA PHY

ABSTRACT

The rmal imaging c amera s detect rad ia tion in the

infra red r ange of th e electromag netic sp ectrum
(r oughly 90 00 –14,00 0 nan ome ters or 9 –14
µm ) an d produc e ima ges of that ra dia tion,
called the rmogra ms . Since inf rare d radiation is
e mitted by a ll obje cts ne ar r oo m tempera ture,

a cco rding to the bla ck body r adiation law,

therm ogr aphy ma kes it pos sible to s ee one 's

e nvir onm ent with or without visible

illum inat ion. T he a mou nt of radia tion emitte d

by an objec t incr eas es wit h temper ature;

there f or e , thermogra phy allows one to see

var ia tions in tempe rature . When vie we d

through a therma l imaging ca me ra , war m

obje cts stan d out well against cooler

bac kgrou nds; huma ns and othe r w arm- bloode d

a nima ls bec ome e asil y visible aga inst the

e nvir onm ent, day or night.

I n o rder to perf orm the r ole of no nc ontact

tempe rature r ec or der , the ca me ra will c hange

the tempe rature of the ob je ct bein g viewe d wit h

its emissiv ity se tting. Other a lgor ithms c an be

used to aff ec t the mea sur ement, including the

tra ns mission ability of the tra nsmitting medium

( usu ally air) a nd the t empe ra tur e of that

tra ns mitting me dium . All these settings will

a ffec t the ultimate

output for the temper ature of the obje ct being

view ed. This functionality ma ke s the thermal

imaging came ra an e xcelle nt tool for the

maintena nce of elec tr ica l and mec ha nical

syste ms in ind ustry and commer ce .

THERMOGRA PHY

INTRODUCTION:-
Ther mogra phy is the scie nce of ac tua lly seeing he at.
Ther mal ima ging c amer as de te ct r adiation
in the infrared ran ge of the electromagnetic

spectrum (roughly 900 0 –1 4,000 n anomete rs or 9

–14 µ m) and produce ima ges o f tha t

r adia tion, calle d ther mogr ams. It is a method

that provides information about he at

distr ibution over an y surf ace . A re mote sensing

tec hnique is us ed in this method .It also use d to

dete ct a ir leaka ge, pa thways, a nd insulatio n

discontinuities .

I nf ra red c amer a s ystem can det ect heat that

would no rmally be invisible to th e hu ma n eye

a nd re pr e se nt it as an imag e. Th e a ppear anc e

a nd ope ration of a mode rn therm ogra phic

c amer a is ofte n simila r to a cam corde r. Of te n

the live th ermogram r eve als temper atur e

var ia tions so clea rly that a photogra ph is not

nec e ssar y for anal ysis. A re cord ing module is

there f or e not always built- in.

The CCD and CM OS se nso rs used fo r visible

light ca mera s ar e sensiti ve only to the

nontherm al pa rt of the infra re d spec tr um calle d

near-infrared (N IR) . Th erma l imaging

c amer as use spec ializ e d f oc al plan e a rr ays

( FPA s) that re spond to l onge r The rmal ima ging

c amer as d etec t ra di ation in the infr ared r ange of

the electr oma gnetic spe ctrum (r oughly 9000 –

14,0 00 nanometers or 9 –1 4 µm) and produce

ima ge s of that radia tion, called ther mog rams.

Sinc e infrare d radia tion is emitted b y all o bjects

n ear r oo m temp erature, acco rding to the black

b od y

r ad iation law, thermography make s it po ssible to see one's

e nvironment w ith or with ou t visible
illum inat ion. The amount of r adia tion emitted

by an obje ct in crea ses wit h temper ature;

there f or e , ther mogr aphy al lows one to see

var ia tions in tem pe ra ture . W hen viewed

through a therma l imaging ca me ra , war m

obje cts stan d out well against cooler

bac kgrou nds; huma ns and othe r w arm- bloode d

a nima ls bec ome easily visible again st the

e nvir onm ent, day or night.

I n o rder to perf orm the r ole of no nc ontact

tempe rature r ec or der , the ca me ra will c hange
the tempe rature of the ob je ct bein g viewe d wit h
its emissiv ity se tting. Other a lgor ithms c an be
used to aff ec t the mea sur ement, including the
tra ns mission ability of the tra nsmitting medium
( usu ally
a ir ) and the temper ature of that tran smitting

med ium. All these se ttings will a ff ect the

ultim ate outp ut fo r the temper ature of the

obje ct be ing v ie wed. Th is fu nctio nalit y make s

the therma l im agin g ca me ra an e xce llent tool

f or the ma intena nce of ele ctrica l a nd

mec hanic al systems in in dustr y an d commerce .

THERMOGRA PHY

Ther mogra phy is the scie nce of ac tua lly seeing he at.
Ther mal ima ging c amer as de te ct r adiation
in the infrared ran ge of the electromagnetic

spectrum (roughly 900 0 –1 4,000 n anomete rs or 9

–14 µ m) and produce ima ges o f tha t

r adia tion, calle d ther mogr ams. It is a method

that provides information about he at

distr ibution over an y surf ace . A re mote sensing

tec hnique is us ed in this method .It also use d to

dete ct a ir leaka ge, pa thways, a nd insulatio n

discontinuities .

I nf ra red c amer a s ystem can det ect heat that

would no rmally be invisible to th e hu ma n eye

a nd re pr e se nt it as an imag e. Th e a ppear anc e

a nd ope ration of a mode rn therm ogra phic

c amer a is ofte n simila r to a cam corde r. Of te n

the live th ermogram r eve als temper atur e

var ia tions so clea rly that a photogra ph is not

nec e ssar y for anal ysis. A re cord ing module is

there f or e not always built- in.

The CCD and CMOS se nsors used for visible light

c amer as

wa veleng ths (mid- and long- wa vele ngth

infra re d). The most co mmon types a re InSb,
I nGa As, HgCdTe and Q WIP FPA . Th e ne west
tec hnolog ie s use low- cost, u nc ooled
micr obolomete rs as FPA se nsors. Their
r esolution is c onsider ably lower than that of
optic al ca mera s, mostly

160x120 or 320x240 pixels, up to 640 x512 for

the most expensive models. The rmal ima ging

c amer as ar e much more e xpensive than their

visib le -spec tr um c ounte rpart s, an d hi gher -end

models a re often expor t-r estricte d due to the

military use s f or this tec hnolo gy.

IMAGE OF A PERSON IN THERMAL CAMERA

THERMOGRA PHY

PRINCIPLE OF THERMOGRAPHY :-

Bla c k body ra diation la w is th e ac tual principle

whic h wor ks on the rmogra phy. A blac k body is

a n idea liz ed ph ysic al bo dy that absorbs all

incide nt e le ctromagne tic radiation. Be c ause of

this per fe ct a bsorptivity at all wav elengths, a

blac k body is a lso the be st possibl e emitte r of

therm al r adiation, which it ra dia te s

inca ndesc ently in a char acter istic , continuous

spec trum that depen ds on the body's

tempe rature . At Ea rth-a mbie nt tem pe ra ture s this

e mission is in the inf rare d region of the

e le ctroma gne tic spe ctrum and is not visible . The

obje ct ap pears blac k, sin ce it does not r eflect or

e mit any visible light.

The ther mal ra dia tio n fr om a bla c k body is

e ne r gy c onver te d e le ctrod yna mically from the

body's po ol of inter nal th erma l ene rgy a t a ny

tempe rature gr eate r tha n absolute zero. It is

c alle d bla ckbody ra diati on and has a fre quenc y

distr ibution with a c ha ra cteristic fr eque nc y of

max imum r adiative power tha t shi fts to higher

f reque ncies with incr easing te mper atur e . As the

tempe rature inc rea ses pa st a f ew hundr e d

degr ee s Celsius, bla ck bodies sta rt to emit

visib le w avele ngths , appea ring r ed, ora nge,

yellow, w hite, and blue with incre asing

tempe rature . W he n an object is visually white ,

it is emitting a substantial f ra ctio n as ultraviolet

r adia tion.

Bla c kbod y em ission pro vides insig ht into the

therm ody na mi c equilibr ium state o f c avity

r adia tion. If ea ch Fourie r mod e of the

a bso lutely sta ble equilibr ium ra dia tion in a

c avity with pe rf ectly ref lective wa lls w ere

c ons ider e d as a degr ee of fr ee dom, a nd if all

those degr ees of fre edom could f re ely e xchange

e ne r gy, the n, ac cor ding to the equipartition

theor em i n cla ssica l physics, eac h de gr e e of

f reed om wo uld have one a nd the sam e qua ntity

of ener gy. This approa ch led to th e para dox

known a s the ultr aviolet cata strop he, th at the re

would b e an inf inite amou nt of e nerg y in a ny

c ontinuous field. The study of the laws of black

bodies helped to e stablish the foundations of

quan tum mec hanics.

THERMOGRA PHY

TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHY:-
Ther mogra phy is mainly
divided into two types,
i.e.:- 1. Act ive
ther mo gr aphy.
2. Pa ssive thermograp hy .

All o bjec ts a bo ve the absolute zer o

tempe rature ( 0 K) e mit infrar ed ra dia tio n.

He nce , an excelle nt way to me asure th ermal

v ariation s is to u se an inf rared v isio n device,

u su ally a focal

p lane a rray (FPA) infr ared ca me ra capab le o f d ete cting

r adiation in the mid (3 to 5 μ m) a nd lon g
( 7 to 14 μm) wave inf rar ed ba nds, denote d as

MW IR an d LW IR, corre sponding to tw o of the

high tr ansmitta nc e infrar e d windows. A bnormal

tempe rature pr ofile s at the surf ace of a n object

a re a n ind ic ation of a potential problem.

I R film is sensitive to infra red (I R) r adiation in

the 250°C to 5 00°C range , while the r ange of
therm ogr aphy is ap pr oxi ma te ly - 50°C to over
2,00 0°C. So, f or an I R film to show som ething,
it m ust be ove r 250 °C or be r ef le cting infr ared
r adia tion from something tha t is at leas t tha t hot.
Night vision inf rare d de vices image in the ne ar-

infra re d, just beyo nd the vis ua l spectr um, and

c an see e mi tted or r ef le cte d near -infr ar ed in

c om plete visual da rkne ss. Starlight-type night

visio n de vice s gene ra lly only magnify ambient

light .

In passive ther mogr a phy, the feat ur es of

inter est are natura lly at a higher or lowe r

tempe rature than the bac kground. Pa ssi ve

therm ogr aphy ha s many a pplic ation s such as

surv eillan ce of people on a sce ne and medica l

diag nosis (spe cific ally the rmology) .

W he re a s I n ac tive the rmogra phy, an ener gy

sour ce is r equi red to pro duc e a the rmal contr ast

betw een the fe atur e of interes t and the

bac kgrou nd. T he a ctive appro ach is nec e ssary

in m any c ases give n that the inspe cte d par ts a re

usua lly in equilibr iu m with the surr oun dings.

10

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THERMOGRA PHY

THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS:-
A th ermogra phic c amer a is a dev ic e th at for ms

a n i ma ge using infr are d radia tion, similar to a

c ommon ca mera that forms an image using visible

light. I nstead o f th e 450 –7 50 nanometer range

of th e visible light ca m er a, infr are d c amer as

oper ate i n wa velen gths a s l ong as 14,000 nm

( 14 µm) .

Working of camera:-
An infr ar ed c amer a is a non -contac t device that

dete cts inf ra red e ner gy (hea t) an d c onve rts it

into an electr onic signal, w hic h is the n

proc essed to prod uc e a ther mal imag e on a

vide o mo nitor and pe rform te mpe rature

c alculations. He at s ense d by a n infr ared c amer a

c an be ve ry pre cise ly quanti fied, or measur ed,

a llowing you to not only monitor therma l

per forma nce , but also identif y and e va luate the

r elative seve rity of heat -re la ted pr oble ms.

I nf ra red e ne r gy is jus t one part of the

e le ctroma gne tic sp ectru m that encompasse s

r adia tion from gamma r ays, x- rays, ultra vi olet,

a thin r egion of visible light, infra red, ter aher tz

wa ves, micr ow aves , and radio wave s. The se a re

a ll re la ted a nd diff er entia ted in the le ngth of

their wa ve (wa velen gth). All objec ts e mit a

c erta in a moun t of blac k body ra diati on as a

f unc tion of their te mpe ra ture s. Ge nerally

spea king, the higher an obje ct's tempe rature is,

the mor e inf rare d radiation as black- body

r adiation it emits. A special camer a can detect

this ra dia tion in a w ay

similar to an ordinary ca mera do es visible ligh t. It works

e ven in total darkne ss b ecau se amb ien t
light leve l doe s not matte r. This ma ke s it useful

f or r escue oper ations in smoke-f il le d buildings

a nd unde rground.

I ma ges fro m infr ar ed cam eras te nd to have a

single c olor channe l be ca use the came ras

gene ra lly use a se nso r tha t doe s no t d isting uish

diffe re nt wave lengths of inf ra red rad ia tio n.

Colo r c amer as requir e a mor e complex

c onstructio n to differe ntiate wave len gth and

c olor h as less meaning

outsid e of the normal v isib le spectrum becau se the

d if fering wavelengths do not map uniformly
into the syste m of c olor vision use d by humans.

Som etim es the se mono chromatic im ages are

displayed in pseudo- color, wher e cha nges in

c olor a re used ra th er than change s in intensity

to displa y change s in th e s ignal . Thi s is usef ul

bec a use although hu ma ns h ave much gr ea te r

dyna mic range in inte ns ity de te ction than color

over all, the abili ty to se e f ine inte nsity

diffe re nce s in br igh t are a s is f airly limited. This

tec hnique is ca lle d de nsity slic ing.

For use in tem pe rature measure ment the

brightest (wa rmest) par ts of the image ar e

c ustomar ily colore d white , inter me di ate

tempe rature s reds and ye llows , and the

dimmest (coolest) pa rts blue . A sc ale should be

shown ne xt to a f alse color image to re la te

c olor s to te mperat ur es. Th eir

r esolution is considerab ly lo wer than of op tical came ras,

mo stly on ly 160x120 or 32 0x 24 0
pixels. Ther mogr aphic ca me ra s ar e muc h more

e xpe nsive than th eir visible-s pe ctr um

c oun te rpa rts, and highe r- end models a re often

dee med as dua l-use a nd e xpo rt-res tr ic te d.

11

THERMOGRA PHY

In unco ole d de tec to rs the te mperatur e

diffe re nce s at the sensor pixe ls ar e mi nute; a 1

°C differ enc e a t th e sce ne ind uces j ust a 0.03

°C dif fere nce at the sensor . The pixe l response

time is al so fa irly slow, at th e r ange of tens of

millise conds.

THERMA L IMAGE OF A CAMERA

MAN

Ther mal ima ging photogra phy finds ma ny

other uses. Fo r e xample, fir efighters use it to
see through smoke , find per sons, a nd loc alize
hotspots of fir es. W ith ther mal imaging , powe r
line maintenance technicians locate ove rhea ting
joints and p arts, a te lltale sign of th eir failu re, to
e liminate pot entia l ha zar ds. Wher e the rmal

insulation bec omes f aulty, building

c ons tr uc tion tec hnic ians c an se e heat leaks to

improve the eff icien cies of cooling or heating

a ir -c onditionin g. Thermal ima ging cameras are

a lso installed in so me lux ury c ars to aid th e

d river, the first bein g

the 2000 Cad illa c DeVille . Some physiological a ctivitie s,

p artic ula rly respo nse s, in human
bein gs and o ther wa rm- blooded animals can

a lso be monito red with thermogra phic imaging.

Cooled infr are d ca mera s can also be found at

most maj or as tr onomy re se ar ch te lesco pe s.

12

THERMOGRA PHY

TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS:-

There are two type s of thermographic c amer as i.e .:-

1. Coole d thermographic camera .

2. uncooled thermographic camera.

COOL ED T HE RMO GRA PHI C CAMERA:-

Coo led d etectors ar e typically con tained in a

vacuum- sealed case o r D ewar and cr yogenically

cooled. The cooling is necessary for the operation of

the semiconductor mater ials used. Typical operating

temperatures r ange fr om 4 K to just below ro om

temperature, dep ending on the detector techn ology.

Most moder n cooled detector s oper ate in the 60 K to

100 K r ange, depend in g on type an d per formance

level. With out cooling, these sensors (w hich detect

and conv ert light in much the same way as common

digital camer as, but are made of different materials)

would b e 'blinded ' or flooded b y their own radiation.

The drawbacks o f cooled infr ar ed cameras ar e that

they are expensive both to p roduce and to run.

Coo ling is power- hun gry an d time-consu ming.

The camera may need several minutes to cool dow n

before it can b egin w orking. The most commonly

used cooling sy stems are rotary Stirlin g engine

cryocooler s. Alth ough the cooling app aratus is

comparatively bulky and exp ensive, cooled infrared

camer as pr ovide superior image quality compar ed to

uncoo led ones. Additionally, the greater sen sitivity of

cooled cameras also allow the use of higher F-

number lenses, making high per formance long focal

length lenses both smaller and ch eaper for cooled

detectors. An alternative to Stirling eng in e coolers is

to use gases bottled at high pressur e, nitrogen being

a common choice. The p ressur ised gas is expanded

via a micro- sized orifice and passed over a miniature

heat exchanger re sulting in regener ative cooling

via the Joule –T hom son ef fec t. For such syste ms

the supply of pr essurized g as is a logistical co ncer n

fo r f ield use.

UNCOOLED T HE RMO GRA PHI C CAMERA:-

Uncooled ther mal camer as use a sensor operating at

ambient temperatur e, or a sensor stabilized at a

temperature close to ambient using small temperatur e

contr ol elements. Modern uncooled detectors all use

sensor s th at work by the change of resistance,

voltage or cur rent when heated by inf rar ed r adiatio n.

These changes ar e then measured and compar ed to

 the values at the operating temper ature o f the sensor.

Uncooled infrared sensors can be stabilized to an

oper ating temperatu re to r educe image noise, but

they are not cooled to low temperatur es and d o not

require bulky, expensiv e cr yogenic cooler s.

This makes inf rared camer as smaller and less costly.

However , their resolution and image qu ality tend to

be low er than coo led detectors. This is due to

difference in their f abrication processes, limited by

currently availab le techn ology.

Uncooled detector s are mostly based on pyr oelectric and

ferroelectr ic materials or microbolometer
tech nology. Th e material are used to form pixels with

highly temper ature-dependent pr operties, which are

thermally insulated from the envir onment an d read

electronically.

13

THERMOGRA PHY

A PPLICATIO N O F THERMOGRPA HY :-

Thes e a re the ma jor f ie ld s

whe re th ermogra phy i s

used - 1. M edic al imaging.

2. Night vision.
3. Non

destr uctiv e

testing. 4.

Condition

monitor in g.

M EDICAL IMAGING:-

Med ic al ima ging is the tec hniqu e and proc ess

used to cr eate images o f the human body (or
par ts and function th er eof) for clinical pu rpose s
( medical pro cedu res seek in g to revea l, diagno se
or

e xa mine disea se) o r medical sc ie nce (including

the study of norma l ana tomy and physiology) .

Although ima ging of r emoved organs and

tissu es ca n be pe rf or me d fo r medical rea sons,

such proc e dur es ar e not usually re fe rre d to as

med ic al ima ging, but r athe r ar e a par t of

path ology.

As a discipline and in its widest se nse, it is part

of biologica l im aging and incor por ates

r adio logy ( in the wid er sense), nuclear medicine,

inv estigative r adiologica l scienc es, endo scopy ,

( medical) thermogra phy, med ic al photogra phy

a nd micr oscopy (e .g. f or human pathologica l

investigations) .

Mea sureme nt and rec ording te chnique s whic h

a re not primar ily designed to produce images,

suc h as elec tro ence phalogr aphy (EEG ),

ma gn eto ence phalog raphy (MEG),

E le ctr oca rdiogr aphy ( EKG) and o ther s, but

whic h pro duc e da ta suscep tible to be

r epre sented as ma ps ( i.e. c ontaining positional

infor ma ti on) , ca n be see n as forms of medical

imaging.

TOP VIEW OF BRAIN IN THERMAL CAMERA

14

THERMOGRA PHY

NIGHT VISION:-

Night vision is the abil ity t o se e in low light

c ond itions. W he ther by biologi cal or

tec hnolog ic al me ans, night vis ion is made

possible by a combination of two approa che s:

suffi cient spe ctra l ra nge, an d suf ficie nt

intensity range . Humans have poor night vision

c om pa red to many animals, in par t bec ause the

human e ye lac ks a ta pe tum lucidum.

N ight vision is divided into thr ee technology:-

1. Image
in ten sif ic ation :-
I ma ge intensif ic atio n tec hnol ogies wor k on the

princ iple of magnif ying the a moun t of rece ived

photons f rom vario us natura l sou rce s such as

starl ight or moonlight. Ex amples of suc h

tec hnolog ie s include night gla sses a nd low light

c amer as.

2. Active
illumina tion: -

Ac ti ve illumin ation tec hnologies work on the

princ iple of coupling ima ging intensification

tec hnolog y with an ac tive s our ce of

illum inat ion in the ne ar inf rare d (N IR) or

shortwa ve i nf rar ed (SWIR) ba nd. Examples of

such tec hnolog ie s inc lude low light ca me ra s.

3. Ther mal
imaging:-
Ther mal imaging tec hnologies w or k by

dete cting the tempera tu re diffe re nc e betwe en

the bac kground and the foreg round objec ts.

NIG HT VI SI ON CAM ERA S USED FOR

ARMED FO RCE

15

THERMOGRA PHY

NON –DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:-

Non de str uctive testing ( NDT) is a wide group

of an alys is tec hnique s used in scie nce a nd

industry t o eva lua te the pr ope rties of a material,

c om pone nt or syste m without causing d amage .

The te rms Nondestr uctiv e examination (NDE) ,

Non de str uctive insp ection ( NDI) , and

Non de str uctive eva lua tio n (N DE) ar e a lso

c om monly use d to descr ibe this te chnology.

Beca use NDT does not per ma ne ntly alter the

a rtic le b eing inspecte d, it is a high ly- valuable

tec hnique tha t c an save both mo ne y and time in

prod uc t evaluation, troubleshootin g, a nd

r esea rch.

Common NDT me thods include ultrasonic,

mag ne tic -par ti cle, liqu id p enetra nt,

r adio grap hic , r emote visual inspe ctio n ( RVI) ,

e ddy -curr e nt testi ng, and low c ohere nce

inter ferome tr y .NDT is a commonly- used tool

in for ensic e ngine ering, mec ha nical

e ngi ne eri ng, elec trica l e ngine ering , civil

e ngi ne eri ng, systems engine ering, ae rona utic al

e ngi ne eri ng, medicine , and ar t.

NDT met hods may rely upon use of

e le ctroma gne tic radiation, sound, a nd inherent

prop erties of m ater ia ls to exa mine sa mp le s.

This inclu de s some kinds of micro sc op y to

e xa mine exter nal surf ac es in de tail, alth ough

samp le prepa ratio n tech niqu es for metallog raphy,

o ptica l micro sc opy and elec tron microscop y ar e

gene ra lly destruc tive a s the surfa c es must be

mad e smooth throu gh polishing or the sa mple

must be e le ctr on tra nspa rent in thickness. The

insid e of a sa mple c an be exa mine d with

pene trating elec tr omagne tic r adia tion, such as

X- ra ys or 3D X -ra ys f or volumetri c inspec tion.

Soun d wa ves ar e utilized in the ca se of

ultra sonic testing. Contr ast be twee n a def ect

a nd the bulk of the sample may be enha nc ed for

visual examination by the una ided eye by using

liqui ds to pe ne trate fatigue cr acks.

One me th od ( liquid pen etran t testing) involves

using dy es, f luor esc ent or non-f luore scing, in

f luids fo r no n-ma gnetic ma terials, usually

meta ls. Another c ommo nly use d me thod f or

mag ne tic ma te rials inv olve s using a liquid

suspension of fine iron pa rticles applied to a

par t while it is in an externally applied magnetic

f ield (magnetic-particle testing) . Ther mo electric

e ffe ct (o r use of

the Seebeck effect) uses thermal pro perties o f an alloy to

q uick ly and easily char acter ize many
a lloys. The che mic al test, or chemical spot test

method, utilizes app lica ti on of se nsitive

c he micals that can indic ate the pre senc e of

indiv idua l a lloying eleme nts.

16

THERMOGRA PHY

CONDITION MONITORING:-

Condition mon itoring is the p roces s of

monitor in g a par ame te r of condition in

mac hine r y, suc h tha t a signific ant chan ge is

indic ative of a deve lopin g fai lure . I t is a major

c om pone nt of pre di ctive ma in te na nc e. The use

of co nditional mon itoring allo ws ma inte na nce to

be sc he duled, or other ac tions to be tak en to

a voi d the conseque nce s of fa ilur e, bef ore the

f ailu re occ ur s. Nev erthe le ss, a deviation from a

r efer e nc e value (e .g . te mpera tur e or vibr ation

beha vior) must occ ur to identify im pe ding

dam ages.

Pred ic tive Mai ntena nce doe s not p redic t

f ailu re. M achines with def ect s ar e mor e at r isk
of fa ilure tha n de fe ct f re e ma chines. On ce a
def e ct ha s bee n ide ntifie d, the failure pr oc ess
has alre ady co mmenc ed and CM syste ms ca n
o nly measure th e deterioration of th e c ondition.
I nter vention in the ea rly stag es of de te riora tion

is usually much m or e c ost e ffe ctive than

a llowing the machine ry to fail. Condition

monitoring ha s a uniqu e b enef it in tha t the a ctu al

loa d, and

subsequent heat d issipation that re pr esents normal serv ice

c an be see n and co nd itions that would
shorte n norma l life spa n c an b e addre sse d before

r epe ated failure s oc cur. Ser vi cea bl e ma chiner y

include ro ta ting equipment a nd sta tiona ry pla nt

such as boile rs and heat exch anger s.

Electr ic al mainten ance -c amer a can see the

dif fe renc e in the hea t of defe cted & no rmal

componen ts.

Buildings-mo nitor s the heat loss & air le akag e.

Fur nace & boilers-f inds incip ient d efec ts in p ower

pla nt equ ip men ts.

Ta nks & vessels-inspec ts for tank lea ks & to ver ify

ta nk leve l.

17

THERMOGRA PHY

A DVANTA GE S OF THERMOG RA PHY :-

1. Non- de str uctive test method.

2. Capable of ca tching moving tar gets in rea l time .

3. Find d efects in sh af ts and other me tal parts.

4. Meas ur eme nt in ar eas ina cc essible or haz ardo us for

othe r methods.

5. Cond ition monitoring .

6. Help to compare tempera tures over a lar ge a re a .

DISADVA NTA GES OF THERM OGRAPHY:-

1. Train ing and staying profici ent in I R sca nnin g is time

consuming .

2. Imag es is h ard to inte rpret a cc urate ly e ve n with

exper ience .

3. Quality c amer as have a high pr ic e ra nge .

4. Ca me ra s ha ve worse ac cura c y.

18

THERMOGRA PHY

CON CLUSION :-

Ther mogra phy enable s us to see and mea sure

hea t. It is a met hod that utilize s a therm al

image to dete ct, dis pla y and re cord ther mal

patte rns a nd tempera tures a cross the sur fac e of

a n obje ct. I t is the futu re in wate r dama ge and

mold c la ims a dju dica tion for the insuranc e

industry.

By using thermogr aphy, we can find de fec ts in

shaf ts, pipes, and other meta l or plastic pa rts

c an be us ed to detec t ob je cts in da rk a re as and

c an help us u n our da y to da y life .

19

TH ERMO
RA PHY G

The re fe renc es that he lpe d me in collecting t

informa tion for completing this se mina r repo

a re as follo ws:-

20

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