TO KNOW THE EXACT QUANTITY OF FUEL DURING FILLING

IN THE FILLING STATION (PETROL PUMP)

Submitted by in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GUIDE Submitted By:-

P.PUL SINGH PARVEEN KUMAR
PRAKASH BABU AMIT YADAV
AMIR KHAN
NITISH KUMAR

SHRI GANPATI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(2007-2011)

1
 Certificate

This is to certify that below mentioned students has successfully completed

the minor project work titled (COURSE CODE) entitled “TO KNOW THE
EXACT QUANTITY OF FUEL DURING FILLING IN THE FILLING STATION (PETROL

PUMP)” which is carried out under my guidance & supervision is an

authentic work carried out by them at SHRI GANPATI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY under my guidance. The matter embodied in this project
work has not been submitted earlier for the award of any degree or diploma
to the best of my knowledge and belief.

S.No Student Name University Roll No

1. PARVEEN KUMAR (2821540002)

2. AMIT YADAV (0721540005)

3. AMIR KHAN (0721540002)

Date Signature
Mr. PRAKASH BABU
Mr. P.PUL SINGH

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We feel profound pleasure in bringing out this project report for which we
have to go from pillar to post to make it reality. This project work reflects
contribution of many people with whom we had long discussions and without
which it would have not been possible. We must first of all, express our
heartiest gratitude to respecte Mr. PRAKASH BABU
Mr. P.PUL SINGH for providing us all guidance to complete project.
It would be unfair if we do not mention the invaluable contribution and
timely Co-operated extended to us by staff member of our department.
Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to the institute
SHRI GANPATI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for providing
such a platform for implementing the ideas in our mind.

CANDIDATE`S DECLARATION

We hereby certified that the work has been done in this project/module title –

3
“TO KNOW THE EXACT QUANTITY OF FUEL DURING FILLING IN

THE FILLING STATION (PETROL PUMP).”

for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of B.TECH (ME)
and submitted to “UTTAR PRADESH TACHNICAL UNIVERSITY, UTTAR
PRADESH” is an authentic record of our own work carried out under the
guidance of, Mr. PRAKASH BABU AND P.PUL SINGH, of the best of our
knowledge no part of the above said project has been submitted earlier
for the award of any degree at any institution/ organization.

S.No Student Name University Roll No

1. PARVEEN KUMAR (2821540002)

2. AMIT YADAV (0721540005)

3. AMIR KHAN (0721540002)

ME VIII Sem.(Final year)

SHRI GANPATI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

OBJECTIVE

 To convert the fuel indicator into simpler and better

understanding digital meter, so that the people using the
vehicle know the exact quantity of fuel in his vehicle tank and
not cheat by the petrol pumps employee.

4
  Exact quantity of fuel can be known.
 Petrol cheatings are prevented.
 Calculate the mileage of our vehicle.

INDEX PAGE NO

Introduction …………………………………8
Load cell …………………………………10
Applications …………………………………14
Load cell choice …………………………………16
Environmental considerations …………………………………20

5
Wheatstone bridge …………………………………21
Method used in mounting …………………………………23
Method use in project …………………………………24
Load Cell Performance …………………………………25
Working of our project …………………………………27
Specification of load cell …………………………………30
Spacer …………………………………32
Display …………………………………33
Fuel Specification …………………………………34
Method of calculating volume …………………………………35
Conclusion …………………………………37
References …………………………………38

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO

 Single point load cell ………………………………… 10

 Pancake Load Cell ………………………………… 11

 S Beam Load Cell ………………………………… 12

 Load Button ………………………………… 13

 Types of Point Load Cell ………………………………… 14

6
  Wheat stone bridge ………………………………… 21

 Method of mounting ………………………………… 23

 Method used in project ………………………………… 24

 Base of fuel tank ………………………………… 27

 Bottom view of tank ………………………………… 28
 View of upper part of tank ………………………………… 31

 Spacer ………………………………… 32

 Display ………………………………… 33

INTRODUCTION

To convert the fuel indicator into simpler and better understanding

digital meter, so that the people using the vehicle know the exact
quantity of fuel in his vehicle tank and not cheat by the petrol pumps
employee.

INTO

7
  Technical details: A fuel indicator is an 1 used to indicate
the level of contained in a tank. Commonly used in cars.
As used in cars, the indicator consists of two parts:

 The sensing unit

 The indicator
The sensing unit usually uses a float connected to a
potentiometer. As the tank empties, the float drops and slides a
moving contact along the resistor, increasing its resistance. In
addition, when the resistance is at a certain point, it will also turn
on a "low fuel" light on some vehicles.
We convert the filled fuel into digital reading.

Innovativeness & Usefulness: Digital Fuel Indicator helps you to

measure the quantity of fuel in fuel tank, to find about the right
amount of fuel pumped from petrol bunks.

8
 LOAD CELL

A load cell is a transducer that is used to convert a force into electrical signal.

This conversion is indirect and happens in two stages. Through a mechanical
arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge. The strain
gauge converts the deformation (strain) to electrical signals. A load cell usually
consists of four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Load cells
of one strain gauge (quarter bridge) or two strain gauges (half bridge) are also
available. The electrical signal output is typically in the order of a few millivolts
and requires amplification by an instrumentation amplifier before it can be
used. The output of the transducer is plugged into analgorithm to calculate the
force applied to the transducer.

9
 Single point load cell

Load Cell Types

Load Cell types based on working principle

Load Cell types based on construction
Load Cell types based on electrical properties

Selecting the proper load cell type for your application is a critical task as each
load cell offers its own unique attributes. The following page will help clarify
the different types of load cells available to you on our site and essentially
guide you towards selecting the right load cell type.

Pancake Load Cell

Pancake Load Cells, also known as low profile Load Cells, are commonly
used in applications that require high precision, and less sensitive to load
condition. For most capacities the Pancake Load Cell is normally designed
with multiple shear struts. For lower capacities it’s designed with bending
beams. If properly designed and manufactured, the nature of its structure is
less sensitive to extraneous load and moments (especially Torque) compared
to other inline sensors such as the S Beam Load Cell, diaphragm or column
type. This type of Load Cell is normally used in press in compression for
controlling the applied load or pressure during the test or production.  

10
Some manufacturers also offer built-in amplifiers with VDC/4-20mA or with
TEDS per IEEE1451.4 option for plug & play.

LCF451 LCF455 LCF456 (L2902)Fatigue LCF 500(L2900)Low

Pancake Load Pancake Rated Low profile Profile Universal
Cell With Tension universal Pancake Load Pancake
Base Cell

S Beam Load Cell

The S Beam Load Cell, also known as the Z Beam Load Cell, is one of the
most popular types of load cells. It was originally designed for inline
applications to convert mechanical scale to digital by replacing the spring or
other in-line hardware. The S Beam Load Cell is available in variety of load
ranges with both English & Metric threads. It is very popular due to its high
precision, low price, and ease of installation. But since S Beam Load Cells are
strictly designed for in-line applications they are very sensitive to extraneous
load, torque, and moments. Off center loading must be avoided for the best
performance & longer service life. Please refer to the pancake type load cell
for applications requiring off center loading or extraneous load, moment and
torque capabilities. 

LSB200 S-Beam LSB300 LSB350 Tensi LSB400 Tension &

Load Cell Tension & on & Compression Load Cell
Compressio Compression
n Load Cell Load Cell

11
Load Button
Load button load cells are designed for compression and known for their small
package size. They are used in tight and limited spaces. General purpose
ones are normally designed with diaphragm construction but some higher
precision ones are designed with bending beams for low capacity and shear or
column design for higher capacity. For best performance the load should be
applied without the presence of any side load or torque. Mounting could be a
challenge with standard load button load cells. To overcome this challenge,
some models are available with mounting provision on the base. The ones
without mounting provisions are normally retained by an outside wall or
sandwiched between the assemblies. Some versions are also available with a
threaded stud in the center for probe style loading. Load button load cells are
available in various capacities ranging from 1lb to 100,000 lbs and in
packages ranging from ¼” (6mm) to 3” (76mm) OD. Load button load cells are
widely used in Medical applications as well as automation where small size is
a must and space is limited. If space is not an issue and higher precision is
required then use a pancake style load cell.

LLB200 LLB300 LLB400  LLB500 

Subminiature Subminiature Load Button  LoadButton 
Load Button Load Button Load Cell Load Cell

Single Point Load Cell

12
(Also known as Side Mount Load Cells, Parallelogram Sensors or Belt Buckle
Sensors)

Single Point Load Cells are usually designed for processing applications which
require weight control platforms, usually on the small scale type. They are
given their name because they can be used for these platform applications
supporting off center loading by utilizing only one sensor. The advantage of
this particular load cell design over others is that it is low profile, has high
precision, and can be adjusted for off center loading. This particular load cell
type is generally easy to mount. Other products for similar applications such
as load buttons are not as easy to mount. This load cell is also designed for
high volume OEM applications and offered in a wide range of capacities from
Gram ranges to 500 lbs in the same form fit function.

Also due to its compact size, high precision and long Mean Time Between
Failure (MTBF of very well over 100 million cycles) it has been an ideal choice
for many medical applications such as automated blood management system,
dialysis and bag hanging applications for drug delivery application.

LSM200 Fold LSM250 (L2330) LSM400 (L1900)

Back Beam Parallelogram Parallelogram Mini Beam Load Cell
Load Cell Load Cell Load Cell

13
Applications

 Force measurement
 Portable weigh scales
 Platform scales
 Electronic weighbridge or truck weighing
 Electronic crane scales
 Hopper/Tank/Silo weighing
 Finding Center of gravity
 Onboard weighing
 Railcar weighing
 Structural health monitoring
 In-motion dynamic weighing check weigher
 Batch weighing
 Monitor inventory
 Feedback control
 Impact measurement

14
 Force gauge

LOAD CELL CHOICE

The main points to consider (point load cell) are:

 Basic type and mode of operation.

 Number of load cells.
 Capacity.
 Performance or accuracy level -related to system
requirements.
 Method of mounting.
 Approval requirements (metrological, safety, environmental)
 Sealing level and material of construction.
 Cost.

There is wide choice of load cell types available and selecting which
type of load cell to use may, at first sight, seem a daunting task.

15
However once the size, type and mode of operation of the weighing
system is determined then choosing the type of load cell becomes
very straightforward.

Essentially load cells operate in two basic modes.

The weighing vessel (or similar) either sits on one or more load cells
-compression mode or hangs from one or more load cells -tension
mode.

Although tension applications are relatively easy to set up and

gravity ensures optimum load introduction, weighing vessel design
and safety considerations usually limit the practical load cell
capacity range, typically to 5 tonne and below.

Once the mode of operation has been decided, system capacity

usually determines which type of load cells should be used.

Single point load cells

Although originally designed for platform scales these versatile load
cells are now being used in a wide range of industrial applications.
Improvements in sealing levels and increased capacity allow these
units to be used in the harshest of environments. Single point load
cells are designed so that a platform or similar can be fixed directly
to the load cell they provide accurate weighing wherever the load is
placed. This simplifies scale design and reduces cost. Both bending
and shear versions are now available.

LOAD CELL CAPACITY (WE USED LOAD CELL

16
CAPACITY UPTO 60 Kg)

There are a number of recognised ways of calculating the required

load cell capacity for particular application.

Essentially the load cells must be capable of supporting:

 The weight of the weighing structure (dead load)

 The maximum live load which can be applied (including any
static overload)
 Additional overload arising from external factors such as wind
loading or seismic activity.

Significant overturning forces can be generated as a result of

wind on vessels installed in exposed areas. The forces
generated are proportional to the square of the wind speed
which can be significantly increased by adjacent buildings, local
topography and altitude. Such overturning forces will
significantly increase the loading on the load cells and this
must be calculated when deciding on the required capacity.
Any loading assemblies must also meet necessary safety and
integrity requirements. In severe cases, it may be necessary to
fit load cells with at least twice the capacity which would be
required for the same system fitted indoors.

One important point, often over looked, which has a major impact
on overall system performance is "load cell output per unit load
change". It is vitally important that the engineer fully understands
this when designing any system.

It is very straightforward to calculate the output per unit load

change provided the engineer understands how any weigh system
will be operated. In other words, consideration should be given to
the minimum load change that has to be measured and relate this

17
back to load cell output and the ability of the electronics to
discriminate effectively changes of this magnitude.

The key phrase here is 'minimum load change'. Often, for a number
of practical reasons, weighing systems have a significantly larger
capacity then their actual operating capacity. In these situations the
load cells are chosen to accommodate the overall capacity and are
then required to provide weight data over a much smaller range. As
an example consider a 90 kg vessel supported on four 30 kg load
cells which is used to deliver batches of material of 10 kg anywhere
over the 90 kg range. If we assume the load cells have 2 mV/V
rated output and are connected to electronics supplying 10 volts,
then :

Full scale system output (at 90 kg) =90x2x10/4x30 = 15 mV or

15000uV

Actual output over 10 kg range =10x15000/90 = 1667 uV 

This is the output that the electronics has to process and the
resolution of the weighing system must be related back to this
figure.

If the electronics has a minimum requirement of 1V per scale

increment, then the

best resolution that could be expected is 10x1000/1667= 6 gm

Practically, the scale increment must be a multiple of 10 (ie 1, 2 or

5, or decimals thereof) and so the best working resolution in this
example would be 10 gm giving a working resolution of 1 part in
1000.

It should be noted that this calculation is based on the minimum

signal level required by the electronics. Consideration must be given
to the performance of the load cells within the working conditions of
the system to try to relate this resolution to overall accuracy or
uncertainty of measurement, Relating this figure of 10 gm back to
the load cells themselves gives a required resolution of :

18
 10/30x4000x4 or 1 part in 12,000

Note that we are talking about resolution here and this should not
be confused with load cell or system accuracy.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
It is important to ensure that the load cells chosen for a particular
application will meet the required sealing levels to prevent
premature failure. Consideration should be given to:

 The material of construction

 The method of sealing (welded, potted, open)
 Cable entry integrity

Although IP ratings are used by load cell manufacturers, such

ratings do not fully define environmental compatibility. Fully welded
stainless steel load cells usually provide the best protection but
remember that the stainless steel used is not 316 and can corrode
under certain conditions especially if chlorine is present. 

19
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LOAD CELL
. Through a mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain
gauge. The strain gauge converts the deformation (strain) to electrical signals.
A load cell usually consists of four strain gauges in a Wheatstone
bridge configuration. Load cells of one strain gauge (quarter bridge) or two
strain gauges (half bridge) are also available. The electrical signal output is
typically in the order of a few millivolts and requires amplification by
an instrumentation amplifier before it can be used. The output of the
transducer is plugged into analgorithm to calculate the force applied to the
transducer.

Wheatstone bridge

A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833

and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. [1] It is used to measure
an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which
includes the unknown component. Its operation is similar to the original potentiometer.

Wheatstone's bridge circuit diagram

20
Operation

In the figure, Rx is the unknown resistance to be measured; R1, R2 and R3 are

resistors of known resistance and the resistance of R2 is adjustable. If the ratio
of the two resistances in the known leg (R2 / R1) is equal to the ratio of the two
in the unknown leg (Rx / R3), then the voltage between the two midpoints
(B and D) will be zero and no current will flow through the galvanometer Vg. If
the bridge is unbalanced, the direction of the current indicates whether R2 is
too high or too low. R2 is varied until there is no current through the
galvanometer, which then reads zero.
Detecting zero current with a galvanometer can be done to extremely high
accuracy. Therefore, if R1, R2 and R3 are known to high precision, then Rx can
be measured to high precision. Very small changes in Rx disrupt the balance
and are readily detected.
At the point of balance, the ratio of R2 / R1 = Rx / R3

Therefore, 
Alternatively, if R1, R2, and R3 are known, but R2 is not adjustable, the voltage
difference across or current flow through the meter can be used to calculate
the value of Rx, using Kirchhoff's circuit laws (also known as Kirchhoff's rules).
This setup is frequently used instrain gauge and resistance
thermometer measurements, as it is usually faster to read a voltage level off a
meter than to adjust a resistance to zero the voltage.

21
 METHOD USED IN MOUNTING OF LOAD CELL

Single point cells are cantilever cells.The load cell is bolted at the cable side (to
floor) and the otherside will have a pan attached to it.(Like the retail scales you
see i departmental store!).

Most low capacity single point cells can take a platform size of
300*400mm(around 500 mm diagonally). Please check with manufacturer for
the eccentic load capability.

22
METHOD USED IN PROJECT

23
Load Cell Performance Comparison

Type Weight Accuracy Apps Strength Weakness

Range (FS)

Mechanical Load Cells

Hydraulic Up to 0.25% Tanks, bins Takes high Expensive,

Load Cells 10,000,000 and impacts,  complex.
lb hoppers.  insensitive to
Hazardous temperature.
areas.

Pneumatic Wide High Food Intrinsically Slow

Load Cells industry, safe.  response. 
hazardous Contains no Requires

24
 areas fluids. clean, dry
air

Strain Gage Load Cells

Bending 10-5k lbs. 0.03% Tanks, Low cost, Strain

Beam platform simple gages are
Load Cells scales, construction exposed, 
require
protection

Shear 10-5k lbs. 0.03% Tanks, High side  

Beam platform load
Load Cells scales,  rejection,
off- center better 
loads sealing and
protection

Canister to 500k lbs. 0.05% Truck, tank, Handles No

Load Cells track, and load horizontal
hopper movements load
scales protection

Ring and 5- 500k   Tanks, bins, All stainless No load

Pancake lbs. scales steel movement
Load Cells allowed

Button 0-50k lbs 1% Small scales Small, Loads

and 0-200 lbs. inexpensive must be
washer  typ. centered,
Load Cells no 
load
movement
permitted

Other Load Cells

Helical 0-40k lbs. 0.2% Platform, Handles off-  

forklift, axis loads, 
wheel load,  overloads,
automotive shocks
seat weight

Fiber optic   0.1% Electrical Immune to  

transmission RFI/EMI and
cables, stud high temps,
or bolt intrinsically
mounts safe

Piezo-   0.03%   Extremely High cost,

resistive sensitive, nonlinear

25
 high  output
signal output
level

WORKING OF OUR PROJECT

We have taken a bike tank, saw the shape of tank from inside, and decided to make
another tank in the previous tank.

The internal view of tank as shown below

26
 BASE OF FUEL TANK

The shape of the tank is complicated from inside, so firstly we required to design a
base for the mounting of tank on the load cell .

BOTTOM VIEW OF TANK AS SHOWN BELOW.

The shape of the tank is curved shape from inside because it is mounted on the
frame of the bike, which is to be tight on the frame by nut and bolt, which remains
fixed on the bike.

27
 BOTTOM VIEW OF AN OIL TANK

LOAD CELL VIEW AS SHOWN BELOW

We have mounting the tank on the load cell which is fixed on the flat surface formed
during designing of tank with the help of spacer fixed on both side through the hole
provided on both the ends with the screw. One end is fixed to the base and the other
end is fixed to the measuring surface, which is the fuel tank.

28
 POINT LOAD CELL

STRENGTH OF LOAD CELL

1. Takes high impacts,

2. insensitive to temperature.

3. Low cost

4. better sealing and protection

5. simple in construction

6. Intrinsically safe.

7. Contains no fluids.

Specification of load cell

29
 UPPER PART OF AN OIL TANK

This is the upper part of the fuel tank act as a cap for the inner mounting tank on the load cell. If the load
is putting on the upper tank then there is no affect on the measurement of the fuel and the only weight of
the fuel is determined.

30
 Different view of upper part of tank

SPACER

A spacer is generally something used to create a space between

two objects, often to properly position them.

31
 Metal Standoffs: Again also called "spacers" and a few other names these are used
with nuts with a threaded screw on the end. They are usually made of brass,
sometimes steel, and they are used for mounting to threaded holes in this case.

DISPLAY

32
A display device is an output device for the presentation of information for
visual, tactile orauditive reception, acquired, stored, or transmitted in various
forms. When the input information is supplied as an electrical signal, the
display is called electronic display. Electronic displaysare available for
presentation of visual, tactile and auditive information.

DISPLAYS

Some Segment displays

Some displays can show only digits or alphanumeric characters.

They are called segment displays, because they are composed of
several segments that switch on and off to give appearance of
desired glyph. The segments are usually single LEDs or liquid
crystals. They are mostly used in digital watches and pocket
calculators. There are several types:

33
 Seven segment display (most common, digits only)
 Fourteen segment display
 Sixteen segment display
 HD44780 Character LCD a widely accepted protocol for LCDs

Our aim is to used a display that gives us reading up to hundredth

place, which is as suitable as our load cell.

Fuel Specification
The Fuel Quality plays a very important role in meeting
the stringent emission regulation.

The fuel specifications of Gasoline and Diesel have been

aligned with the Corresponding European Fuel
Specifications for meeting the Euro II, Euro III and Euro

34
 IV emission norms.

The use of alternative fuels has been promoted in India

both for energy security and emission reduction Delhi
and Mumbai have more than 100,000 commercial
vehicles running on CNG fuel. Delhi has the largest
number of CNG commercial vehicles running any where
in the World. India is planning to introduce Biodiesel,
Ethanol Gasoline blends in a phased manner and has
drawn up a road map for the same. The Indian auto
Industry is working with the authorities to facilitate for
introduction of the alternative fuels. India has also setup
a task force for preparing the Hydrogen road map. The
use of LPG has also been introduced as an auto fuel and
the oil industry has drawn up plans for setting up of
Auto LPG dispensing station in major cities.
 
Sl. Characteristics Unit Bharat Bharat Bharat
No Stage II Stage III Stage
IV
0  3
1 Density 15  C Kg/m 710-770 720-775 720-
775

METHOD OF CALCULATINGVOLUME OF FLUID IN LITRE

Density
Density is defined as an objects mass per unit volume. Mass is a
property.

35
The density can be expressed as

ρ = m / V = 1 / vg                  (1)

where

ρ = density (kg/m3)

m = mass (kg)

V = volume (m3)

vg = specific volume (m3/kg)

The SI units for density are kg/m3.

Specific Weight

Specific Weight is defined as weight per unit volume. Weight is

a force.

Specific Weight can be expressed as

γ = ρ g         (2)

where

γ = specific weight (N/m3)

ρ = density (kg/m3)

g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)

The SI-units of specific weight are N/m3.

36
Specific Gravity (Relative Density)
The Specific Gravity - SG - is a dimensionless unit defined as the
ratio of density of the material to the density of water at a specified
temperature. Specific Gravity can be expressed as

SG = = ρ / ρH2O         (3)

where

SG = specific gravity

ρ = density of fluid or substance (kg/m3)

ρH2O = density of water (kg/m3)

It is common to use the density of water at 4  oC (39oF) as reference -

at this point the density of water is at the highest - 1000 kg/m3

CONCLUSION

37
AT THE INTERFACE OF OUR MINOR PROJET, WE INTRODUCE
WITH THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT OF DIFFERENT
INDUSTRY TO GAIN HELP RELATED TO OUR PROJECT AND
DEALS WITH THE REQUIREMENT OF OUR PROJECT .

REFERENCES

38
 TEACHER(Mr. BHATTACHARYA SIR)

 PRECISION INDIA LTD.,DELHI

 PICTURES FROM GOLDTECH LTD. DELHI

 INTERNET

39
40