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Seminar Report
On
MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Mechanical Engineering
From
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
Session 2009-13
Submitted to-
VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY - EAST
JAIPUR-303012
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled Magnetic Refrigeration, has been
carried out by Aman agrawal under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree of
Kota, during the academic session 2009 - 2013. To the best of my knowledge and belief
this work has not been submitted elsewhere for the best award of any other degree. The
GUIDE:
I take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and respect
towards our guide Mr. Narayan Lal Jain, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Vivekananda Institute of Technology East, Jaipur. I am very much indebted to his for
the generosity, expertise and guidance; I have received from him while collecting data
on this seminar and throughout our studies. Without his support and timely guidance,
the completion of my seminar would have seemed a far fetched dream. In this respect I
find ourselves lucky to have his as our guide. He has guided us not only with the subject
matter, but also taught us the proper style and technique of working and presentation.
Mr. Rahul Goyal for their guidance. I am also indebted to all Sr. Engineers and others
The various information and sources I used during my report completion find
place in my report.
. Aman Agrawal
The objective of this effort is to study the Magnetic Refrigeration which uses solid materials as
the refrigerant. These materials demonstrate the unique property known as magneto caloric
effect, which means that they increase and decrease in temperature when
magnetized/demagnetized. This effect has been observed for many years and was used for
cooling near absolute zero. Recently materials are being developed which have sufficient
temperature and entropy change to make them useful for a wide range temperature applications.
1.INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................7
2. HISTORY ...............................................................................................................................8
3.REFRIGERATION .................................................................................................................9
3.1 Unit of Refrigeration:- ................................................................................................................. 9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.....I
ABSTRACT...II
INDEX....................III
FIGURE INDEX.IV
1.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. HISTORY ........................................................................................................................................... 8
3.REFRIGERATION ............................................................................................................................. 9
4. METHODS OF REFRIGERATION ................................................................................................ 10
5. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION......................................................................................................... 18
6. OBJECTIVES OF MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION ...................................................................... 19
7. MAGNETO CALORIC EFFECT ..................................................................................................... 20
8. WORKING PRINCIPLE .................................................................................................................. 21
9.WORKING OF MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM............................................................. 22
10. MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE ...................................................................................... 25
11. COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION AND CONVENTIONAL
REFRIGERATION .............................................................................................................................. 28
12. COMPONENTS.............................................................................................................................. 30
13. REQUIREMENTS FOR PRATICAL APPLICATIONS ................................................................ 32
14. APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 38
15. BENEFITS ..................................................................................................................................... 40
16. ADVANTAGES .................................................................................................................................. 41
17. DISADVANTAGES ........................................................................................................................ 43
18. CURRENT AND FUTURE USES .................................................................................................. 44
19. CASE STUDY ................................................................................................................................. 45
20. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 46
21. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................... 47
1. INTRODUCTION
Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from matter which may be a solid, a liquid, or a
gas. Removing heatfrom the matter cools it, or lowers its temperature. In the mechanical
refrigeration a refrigerant is a substance capable of transferring heat that it absorbs at low
temperatures and pressures to a condensing medium; inthe region of transfer, the refrigerant is at
higher temperatures and pressures. By means of expansion, compression, and a cooling medium,
such as air or water, the refrigerant removes heat from a substance andtransfers it to the cooling
medium.
2. HISTORY
The effect was discovered in pure iron in 1881 by E. Warburg. Originally, the cooling effect
varied between 0.5 to 2 K/T.
Major advances first appeared in the late 1920s when cooling via adiabatic
demagnetization was independently proposed by two scientists: Debye (1926) and Giauque
(1927).
The process was demonstrated a few years later when Giauque and MacDougall in 1933
used it to reach a temperature of 0.25 K. Between 1933 and 1997, a number of advances in
utilization of the MCE for cooling occurred.
In 1997, the first near room temperature proof of concept magnetic refrigerator was
demonstrated by Prof. Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr. by the Iowa State University at Ames
Laboratory. This event attracted interest from scientists and companies worldwide that started
developing new kinds of room temperature materials and magnetic refrigerator designs.
Refrigerators based on the magneto caloric effect have been demonstrated in laboratories, using
magnetic fields starting at 0.6 T up to 10 teslas. Magnetic fields above 2 T are difficult to
produce with permanent magnets and are produced by a superconducting magnet (1 tesla is about
20,000 times the Earth's magnetic field).
3.REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, and
moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable. The primary purpose of refrigeration is lowering
the temperature of the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower temperature.
The term cooing refers generally to any natural or artificial process by which heat is dissipated.
The process of artificially producing extreme cold temperatures is referred to as cryogenics. Cold
is the absence of heat, hence in order to decrease a temperature, one removes heat", rather than
"adding cold." In order to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics, some form of work must
be performed to accomplish this. This work is traditionally done by mechanical work but can
also be done by magnetism, laser or other means.
Domestic and commercial refrigerators may be rated in kJ/s, or Btu/h of cooling. Commercial
refrigerators in the US are mostly rated in tons of refrigeration, but elsewhere in kW. One ton of
refrigeration capacity can freeze one short ton of water at 0 C (32 F) in 24 hours. Based on
that:
Latent heat of ice (i.e., heat of fusion) = 333.55 kJ/kg 144 Btu/lb. One short ton = 2000 lb Heat
extracted = (2000) (144)/24 hr. = 288000 Btu/24 hr. = 12000 Btu/hr. =200 Btu/min1 ton
refrigeration = 200 Btu/min = 3.517 kJ/s = 3.517kW
1 tonne of refrigeration is the rate of heat removal required to freeze a metric ton (i.e., 1000 kg)
of water at 0Cin 24 hours. Based on the heat of fusion being 333.55 kJ/kg, 1 ton of refrigeration
= 13,898 kJ/h = 3.861 kW. Most residential air conditioning units range in capacity from about 1
to 5 tons of refrigeration.
4. METHODS OF REFRIGERATION
Ice owes its effectiveness as a cooling agent to its melting point of 0 C (32 F) at sea
level. To melt, ice must absorb 333.55 kJ/kg (about 144 Btu/lb) of heat. Foodstuffs maintained
near this temperature have an increased storage life.
Solid carbon dioxide has no liquid phase at normal atmospheric pressure, and sublimes
directly from the solid to vapor phase at a temperature of -78.5 C (-109.3 F), and is effective
for maintaining products at low temperatures during sublimation. Systems such as this where the
refrigerant evaporates and is vented to the atmosphere are known as "total loss refrigeration".
A refrigeration cycle describes the changes that take place in the refrigerant as it
alternately absorbs and rejects heat as it circulates through a refrigerator. It is also applied
Heat naturally flows from hot to cold. Work is applied to cool a living space or storage
volume by pumping heat from a lower temperature heat source into a higher temperature heat
sink. Insulation is used to reduce the work and energy needed to achieve and maintain a lower
temperature in the cooled space. The operating principle of the refrigeration cycle was described
mathematically beside in 1824 as a heat engine.
The most common types of refrigeration systems use the reverse-Rankine vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle, although absorption heat pumps are used in a minority of applications.
The vapour-compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators as well as in many large
commercial and industrial refrigeration systems. Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of the
components of a typical vapor-compression refrigeration system.
In the early years of the twentieth century, the vapor absorption cycle using water-ammonia
systems was popular and widely used. After the development of the vapor compression cycle, the
vapor absorption cycle lost much of its importance because of its low coefficient of
performance (about one fifth of that of the vapor compression cycle). Today, the vapor
absorption cycle is used mainly where fuel for heating is available but electricity is not, such as
in recreational vehicles that carry LP gas. It is also used in industrial environments where
plentiful waste heat overcomes its inefficiency.
When the working fluid is a gas that is compressed and expanded but doesn't change phase, the
refrigeration cycle is called a gas cycle. Air is most often this working fluid. As there is no
condensation and evaporation intended in a gas cycle, components corresponding to the
condenser and evaporator in a vapor compression cycle are the hot and cold gas-to-gas heat
exchangers in gas cycles.
The gas cycle is less efficient than the vapor compression cycle because the gas cycle
works on the reverse Brayton cycle instead of the reverse Rankine cycle. As such the working
fluid does not receive and reject heat at constant temperature. In the gas cycle, the refrigeration
effect is equal to the product of the specific heat of the gas and the rise in temperature of the gas
in the low temperature side. Therefore, for the same cooling load, a gas refrigeration cycle needs
a large mass flow rate and is bulky.
Because of their lower efficiency and larger bulk, air cycle coolers are not often used
nowadays in terrestrial cooling devices. However, the air cycle machine is very common on gas
turbine-powered jet aircraft as cooling and ventilation units, because compressed air is readily
available from the engines' compressor sections. Such units also serve the purpose of
pressurizing the aircraft.
A strong magnetic field is applied to the refrigerant, forcing its various magnetic dipoles
to align and putting these degrees of freedom of the refrigerant into a state of lowered entropy. A
heat sink then absorbs the heat released by the refrigerant due to its loss of entropy. Thermal
contact with the heat sink is then broken so that the system is insulated, and the magnetic field is
switched off. This increases the heat capacity of the refrigerant, thus decreasing its temperature
below the temperature of the heat sink.
Because few materials exhibit the needed properties at room temperature, applications
have so far been limited to cryogenics and research.
Other methods of refrigeration include the air cycle machine used in aircraft; the vortex
tube used for spot cooling, when compressed air is available; and thermoacoustic
refrigeration using sound waves in a pressurized gas to drive heat transfer and heat
exchange; steam jet cooling popular in the early 1930s for air conditioning large buildings;
thermo elastic cooling using a smart metal alloy stretching and relaxing. Many Stirling cycle heat
engines can be run backwards to act as a refrigerator, and therefore these engines have a niche
use in cryogenics. In addition there are other types of cryocoolers such as Gifford-McMahon
coolers, Joule-Thomson coolers, pulse-tube refrigerators and, for temperatures between 2 mK
and 500 mK, dilution refrigerators.
Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a
steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's
stratosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over
Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. In addition to these
well-known stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polartropospheric ozone
depletion events.
The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photo dissociation of man-
made halocarbon refrigerants (CFCs, freons, halons). These compounds are transported into the
stratosphere after being emitted at the surface.[2] Both types of ozone depletion were observed to
increase as emissions of halo-carbons increased.
To develop more efficient and cost effective small scale H2 liquefiers as an alternative to
vapor-compression cycles using magnetic refrigeration.
With the help of magnetic refrigeration our objective is to solve the problem of hydrogen
storage as it ignites on a very low temperature. Hydrogen Research Institute (HRI) is studying it
with the help of magnetic refrigeration. We provide the cooling for the hydrogen storage by
liquefying it.
The hydrogen can be liquefied at a low temperature and the low temperature is achieved
with the help of magnetic refrigeration.
Thus, the magnetic refrigeration also provides a method to store hydrogen by liquefying
it. The term used for such a device is magnetic liquefier.
The Magneto caloric effect (MCE, from magnet and calorie) is a magneto-thermodynamic
phenomenon in which a reversible change in temperature of a suitable material is caused by
exposing the material to a changing magnetic field. This is also known as adiabatic
demagnetization by low temperature physicists, due to the application of the process
specifically to affect a temperature drop. In that part of the overall refrigeration process, a
decrease in the strength of an externally applied magnetic field allows the magnetic domains of a
Chosen (magneto caloric) material to become disoriented from the magnetic field by the
agitating
Action of the thermal energy (phonons) present in the material. If the material is isolated so that
no energy is allowed to (e) migrate into the material during this time (i.e. an adiabatic process),
the temperature drops as the domains absorb the thermal energy to perform their reorientation.
The randomization of the domains occurs in a similar fashion to the randomization at the Curie
temperature, except that magnetic dipoles overcome a decreasing external magnetic field while
energy remains constant, instead of magnetic domains being disrupted from internal
ferromagnetism as energy is added.
One of the most notable examples of the magneto caloric effect is in the chemical
element gadolinium and some of its alloys. Gadolinium's temperature is observed to increase
when it enters certain magnetic fields. When it leaves the magnetic field, the temperature returns
to normal. The effect is considerably stronger for the gadolinium alloy Gd5 (Si2Ge2).
Praseodymium alloyed with nickel (Pr Ni 5) has such a strong magneto caloric effect that it has
allowed scientists to approach within one thousandth of a degree of absolute zero.
Magnetic Refrigeration is also called as Adiabatic Magnetization.
8. WORKING PRINCIPLE
As shown in the figure, when the magnetic material is placed in the magnetic field, the
thermometer attached to it shows a high temperature as the temperature of it increases.
But on the other side when the magnetic material is removed from the magnetic field, the
thermometer shows low temperature as its temperature decreases.
Consists of two beds containing spherical powder of Gadolinium with water being used
as the heat transfer fluid. The magnetic field for this system is 5 Wb/m2, providing a temperature
span of 38 K. The process flow diagram for the magnetic refrigeration system is shown in
Figure-6.3.
A mixture of water and ethanol serves as the heat transfer fluid for the system. The fluid
first passes through the hot heat exchanger, which uses air to transfer heat to the atmosphere. The
The heat transfer fluid for the magnetic refrigeration system is a liquid alcohol water
mixture. The mixture used in the design consists of 60 % ethanol and 40 % water. This mixture
has a freezing point of 40F, assuring that the mixture does not freeze at operating
temperatures. This heat transfer fluid is cheaper than traditional refrigerants and also eliminates
the environmental damage produced from these refrigerants.
The temperature of the fluid in the cycle is in the range of 12F to 80F. The heat
transfer fluid, at approximately 70F, gets cooled to 12F by the non-magnetized cold set of
beds. This cooled fluid is then sent to the cold heat exchanger, where it absorbs the 15 excess
heats from the freezer. This fluid leaves the freezer at 0F. The warm fluid then flows through
the opposite magnetized set of beds, where it is heated up to 80F. This hot stream is now cooled
by air at room temperature in the hot heat exchanger to 70F. The cycle then repeats itself every
three seconds after the beds have switched positions. Copper tubing is used throughout the loop
and in the two heat exchangers. The two sets of beds contain the small spheres of magneto
caloric material. The beds are alternated in and out of the magnetic field using a chain and
sprocket drive shaft. The drive shaft rotates the beds back and forth while still keeping them in
contact with the heat transfer plates.
The magnetic refrigeration is mainly based on magneto caloric effect according to which Some
materials change in temperature when they are magnetized and demagnetized.
Near the phase transition of the magnetic materials, the adiabatic application of a
magnetic field reduces the magnetic entropy by ordering the magnetic moments. This results in a
temperature increase of the magnetic material. This phenomenon is practically reversible for
some magnetic materials; thus, adiabatic removal of the field revert the magnetic entropy to its
original state and cools the material accordingly. This reversibility combined with the ability to
create devices with inherent work recovery, makes magnetic refrigeration a potentially more
efficient process than gas compression and expansion. The efficiency of magnetic refrigeration
can be as much as 50% greater than for conventional refrigerators.
The process is performed as a refrigeration cycle, analogous to the Carnot cycle, and can
be described as a starting point whereby the chosen working substance is introduced into a
magnetic field (i.e. the magnetic flux density is increased). The working material is the
refrigerant, and starts in thermal equilibrium with the refrigerated environment.
Added heat can then be removed by a fluid like water or helium (-Q)
Magnetic Field held constant to prevent the dipoles from reabsorbing the heat.
After a sufficient cooling Magnetocalric material and coolant are separated(H=0)
(A) (b)
Figure 12 : Refrigeration cycles for conventional gas compression and magnetic refrigeration
12. COMPONENTS
1. Magnets
2. Hot Heat exchanger
3. Cold Heat Exchanger
4. Drive
5. Magneto caloric wheel
4. Drive : -
Drive provides the right rotation to the heat to rightly handle it. Due to this heat flows in
the right desired direction.
The magnitudes of the magnetic entropy and the adiabatic temperature changes are
strongly dependent upon the magnetic order process: the magnitude is generally small in
antiferromagnets, ferrimagnets and spin glass systems; it can be substantial for normal
ferromagnets which undergo a second order magnetic transition; and it is generally the largest for
a ferromagnet which undergoes a first order magnetic transition.
Also, crystalline electric fields and pressure can have a substantial influence on magnetic
entropy and adiabatic temperature changes. Currently, alloys of gadolinium producing 3 to 4 K
per tesla of change in a magnetic field can be used for magnetic refrigeration or power
generation purposes.
Recent research on materials that exhibit a giant entropy change showed that Gd5(SixGe1
x)4, La(FexSi1 x)13Hx and MnFeP1 xAsx alloys, for example, are some of the most
promising substitutes for Gadolinium and its alloys (GdDy, GdTy, etc...). These materials are
called giant magnetocaloric effect materials (GMCE). Gadolinium and its alloys are the best
Since Brown first applied ferromagnetic material gadolinium (Gd) in the room
temperature magnetic refrigerator in 1976, the research range for magnetic refrigeration working
materials has been greatly expanded. At first, some ferromagnets concerning the second order
transition were investigated for the large MCE existing inthem. Recently the magnetic materials
undergoing a firstorder magnetic transition become the focus after the giant MCE was found in
GdSiGe alloys.
Gadolinium, a rare-earth metal, exhibits one of the largest known magneto caloric effects.
It was used as the refrigerant for many of the early magnetic refrigeration designs. The problem
with using pure gadolinium as the refrigerant material is that it does not exhibit a strong magneto
caloric effect at room temperature. More recently, however, it has been discovered that arc-
melted alloys of gadolinium, silicon, and germanium are more efficient at room temperature.
The prototype magnetic material available for room temperature magnetic refrigeration is the
lanthanide metal gadolinium (Gd). At the Curie temperature of 294 K, Gd undergoes a second-
order paramagnetic ferromagnetic phase transition. The MCE and the heat capacity of Gd
have been studied in many research activities. However, many urgent problems such as
easy oxidation, hard preparation, and high price, need to be settled before they are applied in
room temperature magnetic refrigeration.
13.2 Regenerators :-
Magnetic refrigeration requires excellent heat transfer to and from the solid magnetic material.
Efficient heat transfer requires the large surface areas offered by porous materials. When these
porous solids are used in refrigerators, they are referred to as "regenerators.
14. APPLICATIONS
The Cryofuel Systems Group is developing an AMR refrigerator for the purpose of liquefying
natural gas. A rotary configuration is used to move magnetic material into and out of a
superconducting magnet.
This technology can also be extended to the liquefaction of hydrogen.
In general, at the present stage of the development of magnetic refrigerators with permanent
magnets, hardly any freezing applications are feasible. These results, because large temperature
spans occur between the heat source and the heat sink. An option to realize magnetic freezing
applications could be the use of superconducting magnets. However, this may only be economic
in the case of rather large refrigeration units. Such are used for freezing, e.g. in cooling plants in
the food industry or in large marine freezing applications.
15. BENEFITS
15.1 TECHNICAL :-
High efficiency: - As the magneto caloric effect is highly reversible, the thermo dynamic
efficiency of the magnetic refrigerator is high. It is somewhat 50% more than Vapor
Compression cycle.
Reduced operating cost: - As it eliminates the most inefficient part of todays refrigerator i.e.
comp. The cost reduces as a result.
Compactness: - It is possible to achieve high energy density compact device. It is due to the
reason that in case of magnetic refrigeration the working substance is a solid material (say
gadolinium) and not a gas as in case of vapor compression cycles.
Reliability: - Due to the absence of gas, it reduces concerns related to the emission into the
atmosphere and hence is reliable one.
15.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC :-
Competition in global market:- Research in this field will provide the opportunity so that new
industries can be set up which may be capable of competing the global or international market.
Low capital cost:- The technique will reduce the cost as the most inefficient part comp. is not
there and hence the initial low capital cost of the equipment.
Key factor to new technologies:- If the training and hard wares are developed in this field they
will be the key factor for new emerging technologies in this world
16. ADVANTAGES
Magnetic refrigeration performs essentially the same task as traditional compression-cycle gas
refrigeration technology. Heat and cold are not different qualities; cold is merely the relative
absence of heat. In both technologies, cooling is the subtraction of heat from one place (the
interior of a home refrigerator is one common place example) and the dumping of that heat
another place (a home refrigerator releases its heat into the surrounding air). As more and more
heat is subtracted from this target, cooling occurs. Traditional refrigeration systems - whether
air-conditioning, freezers or other forms - use gases that are alternately expanded and
compressed to perform the transfer of heat. Magnetic refrigeration systems do the same job, but
with metallic compounds, not gases. Compounds of the element gadolinium are most commonly
used in magnetic refrigeration, although other compounds can also be used.
The potential advantages of magnetic refrigeration bare valid in comparison with the direct
evaporation refrigerating machines:
Purchase cost may be high, but running costs are 20% less than the
conventional chillers.
Thus life cycle cost is much less.
Ozone depleting refrigerants are avoided in this system, hence it more eco-friendly.
Energy conservation and reducing the energy costs are added advantages.
The efficiency of magnetic refrigeration is 60% to 70% as compared to Carnot cycle.
Magnetic refrigeration is totally maintenance free & mechanically simple in
construction.
green technology, no use of conventional refrigerants
Noise less technology (no compressor). This is an advantage in certain contexts such as
medical applications
Higher energy efficiency. Thermodynamic cycles close to Carnot process are possible
due to the reversibility of the MCE
Simple design of machines, e.g. Rotary porous heat exchanger refrigerator
Low (atmospheric) pressure. This is an advantage in certain applications such as in air-
conditioning and refrigeration units in automobiles.
17. DISADVANTAGES
The magneto caloric materials are rare earth materials hence their availability also adds
up an disadvantage in MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION.
Protection of electronic components from magnetic fields. But notice that they are static,
of short range and may be shielded
Temperature changes are limited. Multi-stage machines lose effi ciency through the heat
transfer between the stages
Moving machines need high precision to avoid magnetic field reduction due to gaps
between the magnets and the magneto caloric material.
There are still some thermal and magnetic hysteresis problems to be solved for these first-order
phase transition materials that exhibit the MCE to become really useful; this is a subject of
current research. A useful review on magneto caloric materials published in 2005 is entitled
"Recent developments in magneto caloric materials" by Dr. Karl A. Gschneidner, .This effect is
currently being explored to produce better refrigeration techniques, especially for use in
spacecraft. This technique is already used to achieve cryogenic temperatures in the laboratory
setting (below 10K). As an object displaying MCE is moved into a magnetic field, the magnetic
spins align, lowering the entropy. Moving that object out of the field allows the object to increase
its entropy by absorbing heat from the environment and disordering the spins. In this way, heat
can be taken from one area to another. Should materials be found to display this effect near room
temperature, refrigeration without the need for compression may be possible, increasing energy
efficiency.
The magnetic refrigerator model they have constructed is based on a multistage active
magnetic regenerative (AMR) cycle. In their model, an ideal magnetic material with constant
magneto caloric effect is employed as the magnetic working substance. The maximum applied
magnetic field is 5T, and the liquid hydrogen production rate is 0.01t/day. Starting from liquid
nitrogen temperature (77K), it is assumed that four separate four stages of refrigeration are
needed to cool the hydrogen. The results of the simulation show that the use of a magnetic
refrigerator for hydrogen liquefaction is possibly more than the use of conventional liquefaction
methods. In general, they have found that, it is helpful to pre cool hydrogen prior to liquefaction
using a cryogenic liquid such as Liquid nitrogen (LN) or liquid natural gas (LNG).Therefore, we
chose three system configurations to analyze with our numerical simulation. In the first case, the
supplied hydrogen is pre cooled by the AMRR only. In this case it is assumed that the magnetic
refrigeration system pre cools the hydrogen from 300 K to 22 K using approximately 7-9 stages
of AMRR. In the second case, the supplied hydrogen is pre cooled from 300 K to 77 K by LN
and from 77 K to 22 K by 3 stages of AMRR. In the third case, the supplied hydrogen is pre
cooled from 300 K to120 K by LNG and from 120 K to 22 K by 5 stages of AMRR. The best
performance was achieved by a combined CMR plus a 3-stage AMRR with LN pre cooling. It
had a total work input of 3.52 kW and had a liquefaction efficiency of 46.9 %. This provides
promise that magnetic refrigeration systems may be able to achieve higher efficiency than
conventional liquefaction methods
20. CONCLUSION
If we say future perspectives of room temperature Magnetic Refrigeration; It can be seen from
the earlier Description that main progresses have been made in America. However, with the
continual phasic progresses of Room temperature magnetic refrigeration, the whole world Has
accelerated in the research. Nevertheless, it is notable that main work is concentrated On
investigations of magnetic materials, lack of Experimental explorations of magnetic refrigerator.
From The former results achieved by researchers, it can be seen That there is still a great
performance difference between Magnetic refrigerator and vapor compression refrigerator in
Terms of cooling capacity and temperature span. The number of reserach papers puplished.The
number of near room temparature magnetic Refrigerators reported.
At the end of this study we can say;
21. REFERENCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration
2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/19537314/Magnetic-Refrigeration
7. Magnetic Refrigeration, ASHRAE Journal (2007), by John Dieckmann, Kurt Roth and
James Brodrick