Project Making of High Durability Plates With Rice Husk

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Taluk
Ramanagara District, Karnataka, India -562112
2020-2022
A Dissertation on
MAKING OF HIGH DURABILITY PLATES OUT OF RICE

HUSK
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
M A S T E R O F T E C H N O L O GY
IN
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMEN TAL MANAGEMENT
Submitted by
Mr. ARNAB SARKAR

20MTREM002
Under the guidance of
Dr. ASHUTOSH PATTANAIK

Assistant Professor
JAIN (Deemed-to-be University)
Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Taluk
2020-2022
A Dissertation on
MAKING OF HIGH DURABILITY PLATES OUT OF

RICE HUSK
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
M A S T E R O F T E C H N O L O GY
IN
ENERGY A N D E N V I R O N M E N T A L M A N A G E M E N T
Submitted by
Mr. ARNAB SARKAR

20MTREM002
Under the guidance of
Dr . ASHUTOSH PATTANAIK
Assistant Professor
JAIN (Deemed-to-be University)
Jain Global Campus, KanakapuraTaluk
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “MAKING OF HIGH DURABILITY
PLATES OUT OF RICE HUSK” is carried out by Mr. ARNAB SARKAR
(20MTREM002), a bonafide student of Master of Technology, at the Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) in partial fulfilment for
the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Energy and Environmental
Management, during the year 2021 2022.
Dr. Ashutosh Pattanaik Dr. Adarsha H Dr. Hari prasad S. A.

Assistant Professor Professor and Head Director
Dept. of Mechanical Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering
Engineering Faculty of Engineering & & Technology
Faculty of Engineering & Technology JAIN (Deemed-to-
Technology JAIN (Deemed-to-be University). be University).
JAIN (Deemed-to- Date: Date:
be University).
Date:
Name of the Examiner Signature of Examiner
1.
2
DECLARATION
I, Mr. ARNAB SARKAR, a student of fourth semester M. Tech in Energy and
Environmental Management, at Faculty of Engineering & Technology, JAIN
(Deemed-to-be University) hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “MAKING OF
HIGH DURABILITY PLATES OUT OF RICE HUSK” has been carried out by me and
submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
Master of Technology in Energy and Environmental Management, during the
academic year 2021-2022. Further, the matter embodied in the dissertation has not been
submitted previously by anybody for the award of any degree or diploma to any University,
to the best of my knowledge and faith.
PLACE: FET, JAIN GLOBAL Mr. ARNAB SARKAR

CAMPUS 20MTREM002
DATE:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is a great pleasure for us to acknowledge the assistance and support of a large

number of individuals who have been responsible for the successful completion of this project
work.
First, I take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to Faculty of Engineering
& Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) for providing us with a great opportunity to
pursue our master’s degree in this institution.
I would like to thank Dr. HARIPRASAD S A, Director, Faculty of Engineering &

Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) for his constant encouragement and expert
advice.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. CHANDRASEKAR SHASTRY, Dean-

PG studies, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) for his
valuable guidance throughout the post-graduation course.
It is a matter of immense pleasure to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Adarsha H,

Head of the department, Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology,
JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), for providing right academic guidance that made our task
possible.
I would like to thank Dr. Beemkumar.N Program Head, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), for
sparing his/her valuable time to extend help in every step of our project work, which paved the
way for smooth progress and fruitful culmination of the project.
I would like to thank my guide Dr. Ashutosh Pattanaik Assistant professor,

Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be
University), and all the staff members of Mechanical Engineering for their support.
I am also grateful to my family and my friends who supported me and gave me the right
environment to finish this work.
Signature of Student
Name of the student
ARNAB SARKAR
Dedicated To My
Beloved Parents,
Grandparents,
Friends, Teachers
and Guide.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
KEYWORDS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.1 RICE SECTOR AT GALANCE---------------------------------------12

1.2 U.S.A RICE PRODUCTION-------------------------------------------12-13
1.3 U.S.A RICE EXPORTS--------------------------------------------------14
1.4 U.S.A RICE IMPORTS--------------------------------------------------16
1.5 MARKETING AND USE OF RICE-----------------------------------17
1.6 GLOBAL RICE TRADE-------------------------------------------------18
1.7 GLOBAL RICE IMPORTS---------------------------------------------19
1.8 WORLD SENERIO--------------------------------------------------------20
1.9 RICE PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESH---------------------------21
CHAPTER- 2
LITERATURE SURVEY--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26-41
2.1 LITERATURE GAPS---------------------------------------------------------------------42
2.2 OBJECTIVES------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
CHAPTER- 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43
3.1 UNIVERSITY PAPERS USED------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43
3.1.1 PAPER CUTTING PROCESS----------------------------------------------44
3.1.2 MECHANISMS OF PAPER CUTTING MACHINE--------------------44

3.1.3 FIBERS AVAILABLE IN PAPER------------------------------------------44
3.1.4 MICROSTRUCTURE OF PAPER--------------------------------------------45
3.1.5 DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF PAPER-----------------------------------45
3.2 RICE HUSK---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
3.2.1 PRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------47
3.2.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF RICE HUSK-----------------------------------50
3.2.3 PERMEABILITY--------------------------------------------------------------------------50
3.3 NATURAL BINDERS/ ADHESIVE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
3.3.1 ARE ANIMALS USE TO MAKE GLUE-------------------------------------52
3.3.2 PROPERTIES OF ANIMAL GLUE---------------------------------------------54
3.3.3 CAPACITY OF ANIMAL GLUE------------------------------------------------55
3.3.4 EARLY USAGE OF ANIMAL GLUE--------------------------------------------55
3.3.5 MODERN USES OF ANIMAL GLUE---------------------------------------- -----56
3.4 DIE MAKING---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57-58
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60
REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61-67
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1 --- SOIL POLLUTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
FIGURE 1.2 --- SEA POLLUTION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
FIGURE 1.3 --- BIGGEST RICE PRODUCING STATE IN INDIA-----------------------------------------------5
FIGURE 1.4 --- U.S. RICE FROM PLANTING TO HARVEST------------------------------------------------14
FIGURE 1.5--- U. S RICE EXPORTS BY MARKET 2016-2017- 2020-2021 ANNUAL AVERAGE OF SHIPMENT
1000 TONNES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
FIGURE 1.6 --- U.S.A RICE EXPORTS BY TYPE IN THE YEAR 1977/78 TO 2020/21--------------16
FIGURE 1.7 --- U.S.A RICE IMPORTS BY SOURCE 1980/81- 2020/21----------------------------------17
FIGURE 1.8 --- RICE EXPORTS BY COUNTRY 2006-2021------------------------------------------------19
FIGURE 1.9 --- SHARE OF GLOBAL RICE EXPORTS 2019-2021----------------------------------------19
FIGURE 1.10 --- RICE PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD-------------------------------------20
FIGURE 1.11 --- (A)SUITABILITY OF AUS RICE IN BANGLADESH (B) SIUTABILITY OF BORO RICE IN
BANGLADESH (C) SUITABILITY OF AMAN RICE IN BANGLADESH----------------------------------22-23
FIGURE 1.12 --- (A) AUS (B) AMAN (C) BORO RICE CULTIVATION AREA IN BANGLADESH---24-25
FIGURE 2.1--- RICE HUSK AND PAPERS-------------------------------------------------------------------------42
FIGURE 3.1--- UNIVERSITY BLUE BOOK------------------------------------------------------------------------43
FIGURE 3.2 --- MAJOR CROPPING AREAS IN INDIA----------------------------------------------------------49
FIGURE 3.3--- MATURE RICE IN THISSUR KERALA INDIA--------------------------------------------------50
FIGURE 3.4 --- ANIMAL GLUE IN GRANULES-------------------------------------------------------------------52
FIGURE 3.5--- ANIMAL GLUE AT ROOM TEMPARATURE---------------------------------------------------53
FIGURE 3.6 --- HOT HIDE GLUE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
FIGURE 3.7 --- DIE OF THE PLATE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------57
FIGURE 3.8 --- UTM MACHINE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57
FIGURE 3.9 --- FINAL RICE HUSK PLATE------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1 LIST OF RICE PRODUCING STATES IN INDIA----------------------------------------------------5
TABLE: 2.1 AUTHOR’S CONCLUSION ABOUT RICE HUSK----------------------------------------------26-41

MAKING OF HIGH DURABILITY PLATES OUT OF RICE HUSK
ABSTRACT- Now a days the environmental pollution is increasing day by day, so we need to
avoid plastics, thermocols and other nonbiodegradable products to protect environmental, air and
water pollution. And the now currently we can use biodegradable products such as rice husk, wheat
husk, papers to prepare the daily usage things. And by the help of these biodegradable products
we can verify our Environmental losses. These biodegradable products need to be recycled to make
some useful products. Now a days peoples are using plates made of plastic or thermocols, when
it’s thrown after usage it pollutes Earth, Water, Soil, creates trash problem and pollutes the air. So,
in this project our aim is to produce a plate which is fully made of rice husks and paper, which will
be having the durability of 2hrs and also will have the carrying capacity of 500 gm. Globally, 300
million tons of plastic are produced roughly every year and half of these are disposable, only 10-
13% of plastic items are recycled. Nature of petroleum-based disposable plastic makes it hard to
recycle so new virgin materials and chemicals are added to it for the purpose of recycling. Also,
there are a restricted number of items recycled plastic can be used to build. Over 8 million metric
tons of plastic end up in the ocean every year. One study found that by 2050, there will be more
plastic in the ocean than fish. Micro-plastics, which are small enough to enter the food chain, have
been discovered to contaminate bottled water. Statistics have shown that about 15,000 tonnes of
plastic waste are generated across India daily, with some 6,000 tonnes remaining uncollected.
Much of this is produced from single-use plastic, such as PET bottles. According to more current
news, India’s 1.3 billion population produces 25,000 metric tons of plastic per day. Around 60%
of that is recycled as per government claims but civil society groups put the figure closer to 40 %.
A growing number of agricultural scientists. environmentalists, government) officials, farmers,
and both urban and rural laymen, have become increasingly alarmed over the potential vulerability
of the energy-intensive systems of food and fiber production which now characterize U.S.
agriculture. During the past 40 years, conventional agriculture has become increasingly dependent
upon petroleum-based. chemically-synthesized fertilizers and pesticides for crop protection and to
supply plant nutrients. Certainly, these energy intensive technologies have contributed greatly to
this Nation's agricultural productivity. However, sharply escalating production costs associated
with the increasing cost and uncertain availability of energy. i.e., fuel and fertilizers, have
generated considerable interest in less expensive and more environmentally compatible production
alternatives such as organic farming.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, FET, JAIN (Deemed - to – be University) 1

KEY WORDS- Rice husk, Paper, Natural adhesive
1.INTRODUCTION
Now a days plastics and other nonbiodegradable products like thermocols, PET bottles are creating
soil, water and air pollution. India’s 1.3 billion population produces 25,000 metric tons of plastic
per day. And the now currently we can use biodegradable products such as rice husk, wheat husk,
papers to prepare the daily usage things. And by the help of these biodegradable products we can
verify our Environmental losses. These biodegradable products need to be recycled to make some
useful products. Now a days peoples are using plates made of plastic or thermocols, when it’s
thrown after usage it pollutes Earth. Water, Soil, creates trash problem and pollutes the air. So, in
this project our aim is to produce a plate which is fully made of rice husks and paper, which will
be having the durability of 2hrs and also will have the carrying capacity of 500 gm. Globally, 300
million tons of plastic are produced roughly every year and half of these are disposable, only 10-
13% of plastic items are recycled. Nature of petroleum-based disposable plastic makes it hard to
recycle so new virgin materials and chemicals are added to it for the purpose of recycling. Also,
there are a restricted number of items recycled plastic can be used to build.
Currently with the use of plastics, polythene, thermocols causing soil

pollution, air pollution and trash problem, water pollution. People use to throw the plastic bottles
into the river, sea, oceans. Which is very harmful for plant growth and as well as for the aquatic
animals resides in the sea.The burning of plastic use to cause the environment pollution and global
warming for which the temparature of the atmosphare is increasing day by day. It helps to melt the
ice in Alaska and Antarctica for which the sea level is increasing day by day. If the safety
precautions should not followed then in India costal cities like Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata will
be under water in next few years Global warming causes ozone depletion, ultraviolet raditation
and also changing the climate day by day.

FIG: 1.1--SOIL POLLUTION
FIG 1.2: SEA POLLUTION WITH PLASTIC BOTTLES, WHICH IS HARMFUL FOR AQUATIC ANIMALS
This are the challenges which are faced by human beings, plants, and also for the aquatic animals
day by day. So, we are focusing to prepare a bio degradable plates having 2hrs of durability.
Burning of rice husk, used papers also causes global warming, so we are recycling it to make for
the daily use. Plastic bags can also contaminate foodstuffs due to leaching of toxic dyes and

transfer of pathogens. Careless disposal of plastic bags chokes drains, blocks the porosity of the
soil and causes problems for groundwater recharge. Plastic disturbs the soil microbe activity.
West Bengal tops the list of rice-producing states with 15.3 million tonnes of rice
production in the year 2016-17. India is one of the largest producers of rice in the world, second
only to China. Approximately one-fifth of the total world production of rice is cultivated in India
with an annual production of 109.7 million tonnes in 2016-17. A principal food crop, rice
cultivation covers the most extensive area among food grains in India. Since rice is a tropical plant,
it flourishes with ease in hot and humid Indian climate, especially in the areas receiving heavy
rainfall. It demands more than 100-centimetre of rainfall and a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius.
The state alone produces more than 13.95% of the country’s rice. Rice is grown in major parts of
lower Ganges planes, especially in the districts of Midnapur, Bardhhaman, 24 Paraganas, Birbhum,
etc.
Uttar Pradesh comes in second place with 13.75 million tonnes of rice production in the year 2016-
17. About 25% of the cultivated area of the State is devoted to rice production. Bareilly,
Muzaffarnagar, Gorakhpur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Faizabad, Barabanki, etc. are the principal rice-
producing districts of the State.
The State of Punjab occupies third place with a production of 11.59 million tonnes of rice in the
year 2016-17. Although primarily a wheat-growing state, the farmers have utilized crop rotation
and used perennial irrigation sources to grow rice. In terms of per hectare yield of rice, Punjab tops
the charts. Patiala, Ferozepur, Ludhiana, Sangrur are the primary rice-producing districts of the
State.
Odisha has made tremendous progress in rice production and now occupies the fourth place with
a production of 8.33 million tonnes of rice in the year 2016-17; ahead of Andhra Pradesh – which
used to occupy the second position before the creation of Telangana.
Chhattisgarh, traditionally known as the “Rice Bowl of India” – usually comes next, but in the
year 2016-17, Bihar has edged passed the State with a rice production of 8.24 million tonnes,
securing a place at the fifth spot. The rice production of Chhattisgarh for the year 2016-17
was 8.05 million tonnes, placing it at the sixth position.

TABLE 1.1 List of rice producing states in India
SERIAL STATES PRODUCTIO

NUMBE N (MILLION
R TONNES)
2016-17
1 WEST BENGAL 15.3
2 UTTAR 13.75
PRADESH
3 PUNJAB 11.59
4 ODHISA 8.33
5 BIHAR 8.24
6 CHATTISGAR 8.05
H
7 ANDHRA 7.45
PRADESH
5.17
8 TELENGANA
9 ASSAM 4.73
10 HARYANA 4.45
11 MADHYA 4.23
PRADESH
12 TAMIL NADU 2.37
13 OTHERS 16.04
FIG: 1.3 MAP OF INDIA DEPICITING BIGGEST RICE PRODUCING STATE IN COUNTRY

Rice husk plates will be useful for peoples during the occasions and after throwing the plates it
will decompose into the soil and will make it fertilized. Rice husk, as a thin but abrasive skin in
nature, which covers the edible rice kernel, contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, silica,
soluble, and moisture. The worldwide annual rice husk output is about 80 million tones and over
97% of the husk is generated in developing countries. Since rice hulls are comprised of mostly
silica, they can be of great use as a soil amendment. Silica helps to strengthen your plants cell
walls, and build up their immunity to things like drought and heat. Applying spray or fertigated
silica products, can be costly, time consuming, and problematic on a large scale. With the addition
of rice hulls into your soil, you will have a supply of silica that may last many years. In my own
gardens, and container plants, I have seen rice hulls last 3 to 5 years before most has broken down.
This makes rice hulls a very economical, low labor way of adding silica back into your soil that
can lasts for many seasons to come.
Natural water, which has miscellaneous uses, is one of the most precious gift for the living
beings to survive on earth. Any human or industrial activity that negatively affects water quality
is called water pollution. Water pollution is a critical global problem, which needs to be evaluated
constantly, and for this reason, it is important to revise water resource policies regularly at all
levels. Water resources are becoming highly polluted mainly because of the worldwide expansion
of industrialization, which has created huge environmental problems and spreading toxicity in
living beings. Highly saline wastewater is very common nowadays because of the rapid growth of
various industries like textile, coal mining, leather, chemical, pharmaceutical, petroleum, coal,
machine and steel building, food processing etc. Clean freshwater is increasingly difficult to obtain
and thus recycling of the wastewater is one of the treatment solutions. Many countries are spending
billions of dollars on the treatment and desalination technologies to convert wastewater into
drinking water. There are many hazardous pollutants and materials, which get mixed in the water
and create water problems. It is assumed that water pollution is the main cause of worldwide
diseases. The presence of heavy metal ions in both surface and groundwater is a major concern
because they are not easily decomposable and due to their non-biodegradable nature, these are
considered as main environmental hazards. Excessive amounts of many heavy metals may cause
severe toxic effects on human health. When these metal ions enter into the water bodies, they
become harmful to the living organisms present in water. Heavy metals may also accumulate

throughout the food chain and their specific chemical form is potentially toxic to affect the human
health. The problem is the unregulated
discharge of many organic and inorganic ions in municipal and industrial wastewater. Due to their
severe toxicity, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the USA and, World Health Organization
(WHO) have set the tolerance limits of various heavy metal ions into the water.
From many years up to now, the removal of various heavy metals from contaminated
wastewater has been one of the most important research topics. Many effective conventional
separation technologies methods including precipitation, separation, chemical oxidation, reverse
osmosis, electrochemical treatment, emulsion, ultrafiltration, photocatalysis, ion exchange,
preconcentration, evaporation, sedimentation, adsorption etc have been developed to remove
heavy metals from aqueous solution. Out of these, adsorption has been widely used and is a most
efficient method to eliminate heavy metals from contaminated water. This technique is superior
because of its low cost, ease of operation, efficiency in treatment, high capacity, reliability, less
energy consumption, and simplicity. Therefore, there is an increasing interest among researchers
to prepare, search and utilize an inexpensive, efficient, easily available, environmentally friendly
material to serve as an adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater. The removal of heavy metals
using agricultural waste materials has been extensively explored during the last decade.
For your garden soil, spread about a two" layer across the surface when you
fertilize in the spring, and mix it into the top 6–12" of soil. For potted plants, you should mix 10–
50% rice hulls into the potting soil. Rice hulls can be used as a mulch for your bedding, similar to
how you would use straw. Rice hulls are extremely lightweight, so they’re especially ideal for
rooftop gardening or other gardens that require an amendment to make your soil lighter. Countries
like Myanmar are blessed with valuable fertile land and abundant rainfall, two of the most essential
prerequisites for enhanced agricultural output. It is also the ideal place to cultivate rice which
requires abundant water resources, and justifiably then, rice is the main agricultural crop, exported
globally, and its output steadily increasing, to meet both the increasing domestic demand and for
earning foreign exchange through international trade.
As output increases, the byproducts of this produce also increase, many

requiring environmentally friendly ways of disposal that neither occupy space or cost too much to

transport, nor pollute the air. All agricultural produce is not fully utilized, and some waste
byproducts always require utilization and disposal. Biodegradable products go back into the soil
and aid cultivation, and others by products are being innovatively used to create products that can
serve human society in some way or other. Rice is the main agricultural product in Myanmar and
the processing of rice paddy yields large quantities of rice husk, also called the hull or chaff. Rice
husk is the outermost covering layer that protects the grain of rice.
Once paddy is harvested, rice husk forms 20% of the crop’s volume that is both bulky and
cumbersome since it occupies too much space and potentially expensive to transport. In earlier
times, rice husk was treated as a waste product that was a farmers’ nightmare to get rid of, simply
because of its large volume. However, its multiple uses now make it a traded commodity that just
has to be transported. Rice husk has been used as insulating material for cold storage for many
years in China, and it is available locally. Rice husk is usually used for wall and roof insulation.
Occasionally it is used for floor insulation in small cold storages.
Biodegradable cutlery has emerged as a much better alternative to plastics across the
world and Indians are early adopters of biodegradable products. all types of plant biomass material
like bagasse, rice husk, coconut coir etc. are being utilized for producing eco-friendly cutlery,
tableware and packaging products that would see a surge in usage within the coming decade.
Disposable plate and cups has emerged as a better alternative to plastics across
the globe and Indians have been early adopters of biodegradable products. All kinds of plant
biomass material such as bagasse, rice husk, coconut coir etc. are being utilized for producing eco-
friendly cutlery, tableware and packaging products that could see a surge in usage in the coming
decade.
Rice husk is a surprisingly strong material that can withstand significant

wear and tear and has a long life. Rice husk tableware is one of the most durable forms of
disposable plate and cups that can withstand temperatures of more than 100ºC without getting
damaged. This reusable tableware has a smooth glossy covering that is 100% natural and derived
from the wax present in rice husks.
Rice husk plates is highly friendly, high performing, and cost-effective

products manufacturing using top-quality materials and industry-leading technology. Great to hold

and use and no unpleasant feeling of wooden single use tableware in your mouth. Ditch the single
use plastic and bio plastic and reuse the natural sustainable alternative. Give a gift that has a
positive effect, take to work, use at the deli takeout, switch from plastic at the refectory and avoid
single use surcharges too.
Disposable plates and cups has gathered groundswell of interest among

consumer worldwide due to compelling environmental reasons. To that end, augmenting the
popularity of biodegradable utensils are their better sustainability than plastics and the salient
environmental-friendliness of biodegradable materials. In particular, biodegradable tableware
made of plant-based materials and biodegradable bio-plastics have attracted widespread attention
world over. Most popularly, eco-friendly tableware is made using corn, areca leaves, and bagasse,
and rice husk. Over the years, the remains of fast-growing trees have been utilized. The demand
for disposable plate and cup with bamboo in regions where they are abundantly available has
gathered stream, such as in India.
Disposable plates and cups have emerged as a superior alternative to plastics all around
the world, with Indians among the first to adopt biodegradable items. Plant biomass materials such
as bagasse, rice husk, coconut coir, and others are being used to make eco-friendly cutlery,
tableware, and packaging products that are expected to become more popular in the future decade.
Rice husk is a surprise tough material that can resist a lot of abuse and lasts a long time. Rice husk
dinnerware is one of the most durable types of disposable plates and cups, withstanding
temperatures of over 100°C without being destroyed. This reusable tableware features a smooth,
glossy finish that is made entirely of natural wax obtained from rice husks. Rice husk plates are
environmentally friendly, high-performing, and cost-effective items made using premium
materials and cutting-edge technology. It's a pleasure to touch and use, and there's no disagreeable
taste of single-use wooden tableware in your mouth. Reuse the natural sustainable alternative
instead of single-use plastic and bioplastic. Give a gift that has a beneficial impact, take it to work,
use it for deli takeout, save single-use surcharges at the refectory, and so on. • Reduces Pollution:
Agricultural waste is repurposed into new products rather than being burned, which releases
dangerous compounds into the air. • Chemical-free: Agricultural waste tableware is fully
environmentally friendly. There are no chemicals or dyes used on these. • Helps to save valuable
natural resources by converting agricultural waste into new resources such as oil, metal, wood,

and water. Due to compelling environmental concerns, disposable plates and cups have sparked a
groundswell of interest among consumers all over the world. To that aim, the greater sustainability
of biodegradable utensils over plastics, as well as the significant environmental friendliness of
biodegradable materials, are boosting their popularity. Biodegradable dinnerware constructed of
plant-based materials, as well as biodegradable bio-plastics, have gotten a lot of interest around
the world. Corn, areca leaves, bagasse, and rice husk are the most commonly used materials in
eco-friendly tableware. The remains of fast-growing trees have been used over the years. In areas
where bamboo is abundant, such as India, demand for disposable plates and cups containing
bamboo has grown rapidly. Manufacturers in emerging economies are increasingly using e-
commerce channels to offer premium products like tableware made from rice husk.
Rice husks have been attracted as value added material towards waste
utilization and cost reduction in domestic and industrial processing. Rice husk is widely available
in rice producing countries like China and India which contributes 33% and 22% of global rice
production respectively, as by-product of the rice milling.
The production of rice husks is about 100 million tons per year. Only a fraction of
it is used as animal bedding or as fuel for energy production. In Asia briquettes are produced from
rice husks. These are expensive to produce, due to the silicon content of the husks.
Rice husk is a sustainable resource, and it’s emerging as a value-added material across
a variety of applications. What a wonderful way to reduce waste while preserving resources and
saving money not to mention benefitting the countries where most of the world’s rice is grown.
Less expensive and more abundant than the wood chips found in traditional particle
board. Termite-resistant because of their silica, which termites have difficulty consuming.
Potentially preferable to typical particle board, which often contains formaldehyde in the glue
holding the wood chips together. This can off-gas toxic fumes.
Rice husk is an incredibly strong material, built of a naturally occurring silica that can
help strengthen building structures. This means it can be used in things like cinder blocks,
brickwork, and other building materials and it won’t collapse in on itself.

Biodegradable, Untreated rice husk needs to be burned in order to disappear and that is terribly
bad for the environment. Recycled rice husk, however, is biodegradable, meaning if you put it in
the group, it will eventually dissolve.
Resists moisture penetration, one of the qualities that makes it so good as a coffee cup, leakages
are all but eradicated when it comes to using rice husk as your primary material.
Good Insulation, another quality that makes it a good coffee cup, due to rice husks’
thickness it becomes a great insulator, meaning it’s good for trapping in heat. It’s not just for
coffee, either. Use this in building materials and you can guarantee your building will be a tad bit
on the warmer side.
The best thing about recycled rice husk is that it’s completely
renewable. It can be reused again and again, and it won’t wear down. It’s incredibly resilient and
can be used for a multitude of things. Better than this is that it’s cheaper than wood chips and
completely termite resistant.
To use rice husk ash for fertilizer, it is critical that the silica is in an
amorphous state. It is impossible to distinguish amorphous and crystalline silica by visual
observation; X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is required. The solubility of silica into 1 N NaOH
is a reliable indicator of the state of silica in the ash.
Dealing with the large amount of remaining ash is extremely difficult

and stressful for stakeholders. Therefore, they have preferentially used timber for heat recovery,
with rice husks as their last choice. To use rice husks as a renewable energy source, it is essential
to find a way to economically recycle the ash generated from burning rice husks. Rice husks can
be sustainably used as a fuel for energy recovery only when their ash is used as a resource. The
ash is mostly made up of silica, which, if amorphous, has many industrial applications. An optimal
condition to produce effectively amorphous silica was investigated in a field-scale furnace. Given
that rice plants in Japan require additional silica to grow healthily, silica fertilizer must be applied
to paddy fields. Currently, the fertilizer used in Japan is produced by materials from other
industries. Slag from the steel industry has mainly been used for this purpose. The main goal of

this research is to return silica in rice husks to the original paddy field as a fertilizer, in order to
make rice production more environmentally and economically sound. The purpose of this study
was to evaluate the feasibility of rice production based on rice husk ash recycling by comparing
two schemes: heat recovery and silica fertilizer production. The study was based on a questionnaire
method.
Rice husks are the hard protective coverings of rice grains which are separated from the
grains during milling process. Rice husk is an abundantly available waste material in all rice
producing countries, and it contains about 30%–50% of organic carbon. The particle sizes of rice
husks and straws were in the ranges of 0.212-0.850 mm and 0-0.710 mm, respectively.
Rice husk constitutes about 20% of the weight of rice and its composition is as
follows: cellulose (50%), lignin (25%–30%), silica (15%–20%), and moisture (10%–15%). Bulk
density of rice husk is low and lies in the range 90–150 kg/m3.
Rice husk has been used as insulating material for cold storage for many years in
China, and it is available locally. Rice husk is usually used for wall and roof insulation.
Occasionally it is used for floor insulation in small cold storages. Rice husk is an organic waste
and is produced in large quantities. It is a major by-product of the rice milling and agro-based
biomass industry.
1.1Rice Sector at a Glance- Rice is the primary staple for more than half the world's population,
with Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South America the largest consuming regions. The main
species is Oryza Sativa, which is believed to have originated in Asia from the Graminaceae (grass)
family. Although rice is produced over vast areas of the world, the physical requirements for
growing it are limited to certain areas. Economically sound production typically requires high
average daytime temperatures but cooler nights during the growing season, a plentiful supply of
water applied as needed, a smooth land surface to facilitate uniform flooding and drainage, and a
subsoil hard-pan that inhibits percolation (downward movement of water through the rice bed).
Four major types of rice are produced and traded worldwide.
1.2 U.S. Rice Production- Four regions produce almost the entire U.S. rice crop:
Arkansas Grand Prairie;

Mississippi Delta, (parts of Arkansas, Mississippi, Missouri, and Louisiana);
Gulf Coast (Texas and Southwest Louisiana); and
Sacramento Valley of California.
Each of these regions normally specializes in a specific type of rice, referred to in the United States
by length of grain—long, medium, and short. U.S. long-grain varieties typically cook dry and
separate, while U.S. medium- and short-grain varieties are typically moist and clingy or sticky. In
general, long-grain production accounts for around 75 percent of U.S. rice production, medium-
grain production for about 24 percent, and short-grain for the remainder. In 2020, the United States
produced 227.6 million hundredweight (cwt) of rough rice, up 23 percent from 2019 but well
below the record 243.1 million cwt harvested in 2010.
U.S. long-grain rice production is concentrated in the South (Arkansas

grows approximately 56-58 percent of the U.S. long-grain crop.) California is the main producer
of medium-grain rice, growing 69-76 percent of the crop, although Arkansas grows a substantial
amount of medium-grain, especially in years when California is experiencing drought. Louisiana
typically harvests a much smaller quantity of medium-grain rice. Short-grain rice is almost
exclusively grown in California. All U.S. rice is produced in irrigated fields, achieving some of
the highest yields in the world. Producers in the United States can seed aerially in flooded fields,
or they can drill or broadcast seed into dry fields. California producers seed primarily by air
directly into flooded fields. Most producers in the Delta drill or broadcast seed into dry seedbeds,
while growers in southwest Louisiana and on the Texas Gulf Coast seed both aerially into flooded
fields and drill or broadcast seed into dry seedbeds.
Marketing years vary by State, in Texas and Louisiana beginning

July 1, in Arkansas and Mississippi August 1, in Missouri September 1, and in California October
1. Some producers in Texas and southwest Louisiana are able to reflood their fields after harvest
and achieve a partial second or "ratoon" crop from the stubble remaining in the field after the first-
crop harvest.

FIG 1.4: U.S. RICE FROM PLANTING TO HARVEST
In 1981, the United States planted the largest all-rice acreage to date, more than 3.8 million acres.
During the remainder of the 1980s, participation in acreage-reduction programs, along with
typically low prices, pushed the number of planted acres down in most years. Yields per acre for
long-, medium-, and short-grain rice have steadily increased since the 1970s. Yields per acre are
typically higher in California than in the South, largely due to normally different yields of the
varieties grown in each region. As a result of a severe drought and low reservoir levels in 2014,
California rice plantings dropped sharply, and the State’s rice area has yet to return to predrought
levels.
1.3 U.S. Rice Exports- The United States is a consistent, timely supplier of high-quality rice in
both the long- and combined medium- and short-grain global markets. While the United States
accounts for less than 2 percent of global rice production, it ships around 6 percent of global
exports and is currently the fifth-largest exporter. Exports are thus important to the U.S. rice
industry, with 45-50 percent of the crop typically exported each year.

FIG: 1.5 U.S. A rice exports by market 2016-2017- 2020-2021 annual average of shipment 1000 tonnes
U.S. rice exports include:
*Rough (unmilled rice)
*Parboiled rice
*Brown rice
*Fully milled (white) rice.
Milled rice (including brown rice) accounts for the majority of U.S. exports, followed by rough
rice. Rough rice exports began a long-term increase in the mid-1990s as several countries in Latin
America—primarily Mexico and Central American countries—reduced support to producers and

opened their markets to imported rice. The United States initially faced little competition in these
predominately rough rice markets. However, since 2010, South American exporters have shipped
substantial amounts of milled rice to the markets, and more recently some rough rice as well. In
addition, since 2008, the United States has shipped rice to northern South America, where it also
faces competition from South American exporters. Asian exporters have shipped milled rice into
Latin America as well. However, except for shipments to Cuba, the quantities are much smaller.
Historically, the United States has been the only major exporter that allows rough rice exports,
although most South American exporters—all medium-sized exporters—ship some rough rice to
other Latin American countries.
Demand for U.S. parboiled rice began a long-term decline in the

mid-1990s. The United States also exports processed rice products such as rice cakes, rice mixes,
and cereal, although they remain a very small share of U.S. exports. The United States annually
exports small quantities of broken kernel rice as well.
FIG 1.6: U.S.A rice exports by type in the year 1977/78 to 2020/21
1.4 U.S. A Rice Imports- U.S. rice imports have trended up sharply over the past 20 years. Most
are aromatic varieties from Asia—jasmine from Thailand and basmati from India and Pakistan. In
addition, China has recently returned as a supplier of medium-grain rice to Puerto Rico, a U.S

territory. Over the past 5 years, the United States has imported, on average, about 11 percent of its
total supply of rice, with a record 14 percent in 2019/20.
FIG 1.7: U.S.A rice imports by source 1980/81- 2020/21
1.5 Marketing and Use of Rice- The United States has five or six different grades and grade
requirements for rough rice, brown rice, milled rice, second-head milled rice, screenings milled
rice, and brewers milled rice. In general, the grading requirements are based on maximum limits
for seeds and heat-damaged kernels, paddy kernels, red rice and damaged kernels, and chalky
kernels, as well as requirements for color, well-milled kernels, and minimum milling requirements.
Red rice consists of whole or large broken kernels of rice with a substantial amount of red bran.
Care is necessary throughout the production,

drying, storage, milling, and marketing phases to minimize the number of broken kernels, which
sell at a considerable discount to whole-kernel rice. Virtually all U.S. rice purchased by consumers
or sold to restaurants is whole-kernel milled rice. However, 15–18 percent of the U.S. crop is

exported annually as rough (unmilled) rice and is eventually milled in the importing country. See
U.S. Standards for Rice.
Long-term growth in rice use in the United States is partly a result of the Nation’s changing ethnic
composition, with high per capita rice-consuming groups increasing their shares of the U.S.
population. Rising demand for gluten-free and continue introduction of new rice-based products
have also contributed to growth in domestic use. Domestic uses of rice include food for human
consumption (both direct food use and processed foods), beer, and pet food.
In most other countries, increases in rice consumption can largely be

attributed to population growth, especially in countries where rice is a staple food item—primarily
in Asia and much of Latin America. In Sub-Saharan Africa, both strong population growth and
rising per capita use are boosting total rice consumption. Globally, however, per capita rice
consumption has been decreasing because as countries have become more developed their
populations have begun to eat more meat and fewer staple grains.
1.6 Global Rice Trade- Since 2012, India has been the largest global rice exporter, currently
shipping more rice annually than the combined shipments of the next two largest exporters. India’s
rice exports more than doubled in 2012, after the Government eliminated its export ban on non-
basmati rice. Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, the United States, China, Burma, and Cambodia are the
next largest rice exporters, accounting for a combined 87-90 percent of the global rice trade.
Burma, Cambodia, and China substantially increased exports in recent years, with China returning
as a major exporter in 2017. In contrast, U.S. rice exports declined 17 percent in 2018 and have
only partially recovered, due in part to greater competition in several Latin American markets from
South American suppliers, and, in some years, to tight U.S. supplies. Thailand’s exports dropped
substantially in 2019 and 2020 and have remained well below prior levels.

FIG 1.8: Rice exports by country 2006-2021
FIG 1.9 Share of global rice exports 2019-2021
1.7 Global Rice Imports- On the global rice import side, Sub-Saharan Africa is the largest rice
importing region, exceeding total imports by all of Asia. The Middle East remains a large global
import market, with imports trending higher and accounting for more than 70 percent of the
region’s rice consumption. Southeast Asia is also an important import market but exhibits no long-
term expansion, counting on bumper crops in most years. East Asia’s rice imports have been
boosted over the past decade by strong purchases by China. South Asia is the smallest rice

importing region in Asia, although Bangladesh’s imports can rapidly increase after a crop shortfall,
as happened in 2017 and 2018 after a weather-reduced harvest. South American rice imports have
shown no sustained growth since 2012, mostly due to little, if any, consumption growth and near-
steady production. Both North America and the EU are currently importing record or near-record
amounts of rice, although both regions have a low per capita rice consumption compared with Asia
and Sub-Saharan Africa. These two regions are large markets for Asian aromatic varieties,
specialty rices that are high-priced and account for a small, but growing share of global rice trade.
1.8 World Scenario- Rice is the most widely grown cereal in the world and is staple food for
more than 60% of world’s population. World rice production has increased steadily but at a slow
pace from about 400 million tonnes to 477 million tonnes in the past 15 years.
FIG 1.10 Rice producing countries in the world

1.9 Rice production in Bangladesh- The dominant food crop of Bangladesh is rice,
accounting for about 75 percent of agricultural land use (and 28 percent of GDP). Rice production
increased every year in the 1980s (through 1987) except FY 1981, but the annual increases have
generally been modest, barely keeping pace with the population. Rice production exceeded 15
million tons for the first time in FY 1986. In the mid-1980s, Bangladesh was the fourth largest rice
producer in the world, but its productivity was low compared with other Asian countries, such as
Malaysia and Indonesia. It is currently the world's fourth-largest producer. High yield varieties of
seed, application of fertilizer, and irrigation have increased yields, although these inputs also raise
the cost of production and chiefly benefit the richer cultivators.
The cultivation of rice in Bangladesh varies according to seasonal

changes in the water supply. The largest harvest is aman, occurring in November and December
and accounting for more than half of annual production. Some rice for the aman harvest is sown
in the spring through the broadcast method, matures during the summer rains, and is harvested in
the fall. The higher yielding method involves starting the seeds in special beds and transplanting
during the summer monsoon. The second harvest is aus, involving traditional strains but more
often including high-yielding, dwarf varieties. Rice for the aus harvest is sown in March or April,
benefits from April and May rains, matures during the summer rain, and is harvested during the
summer. With the increasing use of irrigation, there has been a growing focus on another rice-
growing season extending during the dry season from October to March. The production of this
boro rice, including high-yield varieties, expanded rapidly until the mid-1980s, when production
leveled off at just below 4 million tons. Where irrigation is feasible, it is normal for fields
throughout Bangladesh to produce rice for two harvests annually. In 2020, rice, paddy production
for Bangladesh was 54.9 million tonnes. Rice, paddy production of Bangladesh increased from
14.9 million tonnes in 1971 to 54.9 million tonnes in 2020 growing at an average annual rate of
2.84%. Bangladesh is currently ranked 4th in the world in rice production


FIG 1.11 (A)SUITABILITY OF AUS RICE IN BANGLADESH (B) SIUTABILITY OF BORO RICE IN BANGLADESH
(C) SUITABILITY OF AMAN RICE IN BANGLADESH
Rice (dhan) a cereal food plant, Oryza sativa, of the grass family Gramineae, extensively cultivated
in warm climates, especially in East Asia, producing seeds that are cooked and used as food. The
word Ouliz of the Ningpo dialect of old Chinese language became Oruz in Arabic and Oryza in
Greek languages which were changed to Ritz and Rice. Origins of the words dhan, dhanya is not
known. Rice, the staple cereal of millions of people, is a crop of antiquity. Under the patronage of
the kings of China and Japan rice began to be cultivated about 10,000 years ago. This crop has a
wider adaptability and grows from North Korea to South Australia and from sea level to an
elevation of about 2,600 m (Jumla, Nepal).
Rice is cultivated in Bangladesh throughout the year as Aush, Aman or Boro. Aman (broadcast
and transplanted) is generally cultivated in December-January, Boro in March-May, and Aus in
July-August cropping seasons. Among these croppings transplanted Aman is most important and
occupied about 46% of the rice cultivated land in 2009-10.


FIG 1.12: (A) AUS (B) AMAN (C) BORO RICE CULTIVATION AREA
Rice is interwoven with Bengali culture. It is the symbol of wealth. The Food Department
of the Government of Bangladesh recommends 410 gms of rice/head/day. In 2009-10,
Bangladesh produced about 32 million metric tons of rice.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
TABLE: 2.1 AUTHOR’S CONCLUSION ABOUT RICE HUSK
SERIAL NAME OF THE AUTHORS THEIR

NUMBER PAPER CONCLUSION
1 Rice Husk Research: From Baima khan Satbaev, The country’s
Environmental Pollutant to Svetlana Yefremova, leadership is keen to
a Promising Source of Abdurassul develop agribusiness,
Organo-Mineral Raw Zharmenov, Askhat inevitably contributing
Materials Kablanbekov, Sergey to the growth of
Yermishin, Nurgali vegetable agricultural
Shalabaev, Arsen waste. This strongly
Satbaev and Vitaliy calls for the
Khan RSE implementation of the
country’s Green
Economy Concept.
Since Kazakhstan is a
rice-growing country, it
is now experiencing the
problem of efficient
processing of rice
production waste—rice
husk, which is globally
one of the major
environmental
pollutants. It is known
that the performance
characteristics of
finished materials and
the scope of their
application largely
depend on the

technological
parameters of
processing of raw
materials. Hence, as it
was revealed by an
earlier review of the
literature, the studies of
rice husk are mainly
devoted to the research
of conditions and
operating parameters of
processes of its refining.
There are positive
results of of rice husk
and products of its
processing in different
areas of practical use.
The two most common
of them are the
production of activated
carbon and the
extraction of silicon
dioxide as a source of
silicon for the
production of pure
metal and its
compounds, concrete,
cement, and refractory
ceramics. However, the
large number of

methods of processing
rice husk, proposed by
various researchers,
does not eliminate the
problem of its
utilization. In
Kazakhstan, industrial
processing of this waste
is not implemented, and
rice husk continues to
accumulate. Due to a
number of
environmental and
economic reasons, other
countries are holding
back the organization of
such industrial
enterprises.
2 The chemical composition Humayatul Ummah The distillation process

and physics rice husks used Syarif, seawater into clean
as an absorber plate Suriamihardja, Mary water. Rice husk is a
Selintung, Abdul hard layer covering
Wahid Wahab caryopsis, consisting of
parts of the lemma and
plea is interlocked
commonly found in
area of milling husk has
density of 125 kg/m3
bulk density. The
composition of rice

husk ash silica

dominated. The
chemical composition
of rice husk is used as
an absorber after the
distillation process
result of the evaporation
of sea water into clean
water results showed
that the production of
sea water can be
converted into clean
water by looking at the
values of pH, salinity,
sulfate (SO4),
carbonate (CO3),
Calcium (Ca),
magnesium (Mg),
chloride (Cl), Sodium
and into composition
clean water that is fit for
use by humans. Rice
husk can be used as an
absorbent in distillation
process sea water into
clean water.
3 A Preliminary Study on the Muhammad Faisal, Smoke powder

Use of Rice Husk-Based Hera Desvita, Yusya prepared from
Smoke Powder for Meatball Abubakar, and pyrolyzed rice husks
Preservatives Azwar, Kuala has the potential as an

Darussalam, Banda alternative preservative

Aceh, for meatballs, results
showed that the TPC
and TVB values were
within the permissible
limits up to 72 hours of
storage, with the TPC
and TVB values being
6.87 ×104 CFU/g
and0.18 mgN/g,
respectively. LSD test
showed that the
differences in pyrolysis
temperature during the
preparation of liquid
smoke before being
converted to smoke
powder affected the
characteristics of the
smoke powder, which
in turn affected the
aroma, texture, and
color of the preserved
meatballs. Results of
the organoleptic test
and MPN test showed
that the smoke powder-
coated meatballs could
last up to 72 hours

3 High-Performance Min-Hong Zhang The concretes had

Concrete Incorporating and V. Mohan slumps ranging from
Rice Husk Ash as a Malhotra 140 to 210mm and unit
Supplementary Cementing weights from 2345 to
Material 2401 kg/m3. The air
content of the concrete
was in the range of 4.0
to 5.2 percent. Because
of the high specific
surface of the RHA, the
required air-entraining
admixture dosage for
the concrete is
relatively high.
Furthermore, the air-
entraining admixture
dosage increased with
an increase in the
percentage of the RHA
used as cement
replacement. At a
replacement level of 15
percent for Portland
cement, it required
about 1000 mL of the
air-entraining
admixture per m3 of
concrete to obtain the
proper amount of air.
RHA is a highly

reactive pozzolanic
material and can be
used as a supplementary
cementing material to
produce high-
performance concrete.
The compressive
strength of the concrete
containing up to 15
percent of the RHA was
higher than that of the
control Portland cement
concrete. The strength
of the concrete
increased with
decreasing w/(c +
RHA). Due to the high
specific surface of the
RHA, the concrete
incorporating RHA
required higher dosages
of the superplasticizer
and the air-entraining
admixture than the
control Portland cement
and silica fume
concretes to achieve the
same slump and air
content. The RHA
concrete had slightly

longer setting times

than those of the control
and the silica fume
concretes. The bleeding
of the concrete
incorporating RHA was
negligible. The
autogenous temperature
rise of the RHA
concrete was
comparable to that of
the control and silica
fume concretes. The
maximum temperature
for the RHA concrete
reached 2 to 3 hour
earlier than for the
control and silica fume
concretes. The RHA
concrete had higher
compressive strengths
at ages up to 180 days
compared with that of
the control concrete, but
lower values than those
of the silica fume
concrete. The flexural
and splitting tensile
strengths, modulus of
elasticity, and drying

shrinkage of the control

concrete and the
concrete incorporating
RHA or silica fume
were comparable. The
RHA concrete had
excellent resistance to
chloride ion penetration
and the charge passed in
coulombs was below
1000 both at 28 and 91
days, which was well
below that of the control
concrete but higher than
that of the silica fume
concrete. The RHA
concrete showed
excellent performance
under freezing and
thawing cycling with a
durability factor of 98.
The resistance of the
RHA concrete to
deicing salt scaling was
similar to that of the
control concrete and
marginally better than
that of the silica fume
concrete

4 Performance of rice husk M. Nehdi, J. The average particle

ash produced using a new Duquette, A. El size of the raw RHA
technology as a mineral Damatty sample produced using
admixture in concrete fluidized bed
technology was 107
mm, while that of all
RHA samples produced
using a Torbed reactor
ranged between 44 and
46 mm. This was
expected to affect the
grinding time required
to reach an average
particle size of 7mm, a
value considered
adequate for this study.
Using a vibratory ring
pulverizer with a 100-
ml capacity, it took
about 2.25 times longer
for the coarser RHA
produced in a fluidized
bed to reach the mean
particle size. It is not
clear why raw RHA
produced using a
Torbed reactor was
finer than that from a
fluidized bed, but it
could be due to the

difference in kinetics of
particle motion and heat
transfer inside the
reactor. The particle
size distribution after
grinding was very
similar for all RHA
samples, and therefore
the effect of differences
in particle size
distribution on
properties of concrete
incorporating the
various RHAs should
be minimal. The figure
also shows that ground
RHA is finer than
cement and should be
expected to play not
only a pozzolanic role,
but also a microfiller
effect to enhance the
particle packing density
of concrete.
5 Rice husk/rice husk ash as SK S. Hossain, a) The purity,

an alternative source of Lakshya Mathur and particle size and surface
silica in ceramics P.K. Roy area of extracted silica
depend on the
extraction route, acid
treatment and annealing

temperature. The purity

of silica obtained from
different route increases
with increases in the
number of chemical
treatments.
b) b) Utilization of
RH for extraction of
silica is not
economically
beneficial; however, its
conversion to RHA
adds a step of energy
generation which
contributes positively to
economic viability.
c) c) RHA can be
used for preparation of
insulating refractories
due to its low thermal
conductivity.
d) d) As RHA is a
huge source of
amorphous silica, It has
potential applications in
glass formation. Silica
acts as a “network
former” in glass, with
network formation
easily achieved in the

case of amorphous
silica due to its high
reactivity. This reason
also makes it suitable
for use in the
preparation of SA.
e) e) RHA can
reduce the vitrification
temperature of ceramic
bodies a capability
allowing its use in
whiteware bodies up to
a certain percent.
f) f) The activation
energy required for
crystallization has been
reduced by application
of RHA, which assists
in formation of mullite
and cordierite.
g) g) SiC
conventionally is
prepared by the
Acheson method in
which quartz and coal
are mixed, followed by
heat treatment at a very
high temperature
(2400ºC). The addition
of RH decreases the

formation temperature
of SiC, however, since
it already contains a
homogeneous mixture
of carbon and silica.
Similarly, RH has
tremendous potential
for using as an
ingredient for
preparation of Si3N4 by
the carbothermal-
nitridation method, as it
contains a
homogeneous mixture
of carbon and silica at
the atomic level

6 The Effect of Rice Husk Binyamien I. Rasoul, The results of the

Ash on the Strength and Friederike K. compressive strength
Durability of Concrete at Gunzel, M. Imran tests to determine the
High Replacement Ratio Rafiq optimum RHA
replacement in concrete
of each data point
represents the average
value of three samples.
The RHA blending
increases the strength at
the early age (7 days) up
to 15% replacement
ratio, for all RHA types.
This early strength
increase is unexpected
as reactive silica cannot
provide significant
strength contribution
unless hydration is at a
progressed state. The
early strength
development may be
attributed to the filler
effect (physical) of the
fine-grained RHA
rather than the
pozzolanic effect
(chemical). However,
the strength increase is
most pronounced at the

age of 28 days as a
result of RHA silica
reacting with the
calcium hydroxide of
cement hydration. This
means that in RHA
blended concrete, the
Ca (OH)2 formed
during hydration of
Portland cement is
rapidly consumed due
to the high pozzolanic
reactivity of RHA. As
time passes the rate of
hydration reaction is
faster than OPC and
thus producing more
secondary CSH. The
volumes of Ca (OH)2
crystal are reduced and
higher volume of CSH
than OPC are seen and
consequently
accelerates and
enhances the hydration.

2.1. LITERATURE GAP
By studying the above papers High-Performance Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash as a
Supplementary Cementing Material, the chemical composition and physics rice husks used as an
absorber plate, Rice husk/rice husk ash as an alternative source of silica in ceramics we have
noticed that everyone has used only rice husk and rice husk ash for their experimental report they
have recycled it and using as concrete, silica ceramic alternative source. But no one has used papers
with it to recycle and making for daily use. So, in this current research experiment we are using
university exam papers, blue books which are used and thrown after 3 years and as binder we are
using natural adhesive. To make bio-degradable plates so after usage it will decompose in the soil.
These plates will be having durability of 2hrs and carrying capacity up to 500gms. Because our
aim is to avoid soil, water, environment pollution and to avoid trash problems. And also, we need
to avoid Plastic bottles, thermocol plates, polythene bags,
2.2. OBJECTIVES
In this experiment our current objectives are to prepare rice husk plates having durability of 2
hours and 500 gm carrying capacity
FIG: 2.1 Rice husk and papers needed for this experiment

3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 UNIVERSITY PAPERS (Used)- In this experiment we are using the past exam papers and
bluebooks of our university after students of our university gives their examination and submits
their practical blue books after their practical examinations which are kept up to 3 years and then
it is thrown. So, in this experiment I want to reuse those papers which are coming out of the
university every year. It should chop and made into fine particles. With the machine called paper
guillotine/ paper cutters.
FIG:3.1 Practical blue books which will be recycled in this experiment

3.1.1Paper cutting process- The Geneva drives shaft is coupled with the motor shaft hence when
power is supplied to the motor rollers rotate with a certain time delay according to the Geneva
drive and the chain drive moves along the rollers. Motor connecting to the chain sprocket and
sprocket connecting to the Geneva mechanism. Motor has been on to rolling the Geneva so that
start to the paper roll. One roller has fixed on the try another roller connecting in Geneva wheel.
This model parts are Geneva mechanism, motor, chain sprocket, roller, cutter and spring. Two
rollers are mounted according to the required distance the belt is mounted on the rollers on which
the paper is placed. The rollers shaft is coupled with the Geneva drive. Cutter fixed to the spring
connecting to cutter. Motor shaft connect to cutter wire motor has been rotating cutter is upon
down motion then cutting to the paper this is the automatic paper cutting machine by using Geneva
mechanism. The following steps are followed for conduction.
* When cam pin is in extreme right position i.e., engage position, the crank shaft will be at extreme
bottom
position. Hence the cutter is in fully open position.
* When cam pin is in extreme bottom position i.e. disengage position, the crank shaft will be at
extreme left
position. Hence the cutter is in partial cutting position.
* When cam pin is in extreme left position i.e. disengage position, the crank shaft will be at extreme
top position. Hence the cutter is in full cutting position.
3.1.2 Mechanisms of paper cutting machine- The paper cutting is done by crank and lever
mechanism. After cutting, the spring connect to the cutter will bring the cutter back to its original
position. The main purpose of this machine is to reduce time for marking the papers. Hence, this
is working fully based on timing.
3.1.3 Fibers available in paper- Paper is made in two steps: Cellulose fibers are extracted from a
variety of sources and converted to pulp. Pulp is combined with water and placed on a paper
making machine where it is flattened, dried, and cut into sheets and rolls. Fiber properties

have a significant effect on the fracture properties of paper. In general, decreases in fiber length
and strength lead to a decrease in fracture energy. Higher fiber curl means higher fracture energy,
lower breaking tension and higher breaking strain of a paper.
3.1.4 Microstructure of paper- Paper is a natural polymer which consists of wood cellulose the
most abundant organic compound on the planet. Cellulose is made of units of the monomer glucose
(polysaccharide). The links in the cellulose chain are a type of sugar: ß-D-glucose. Despite
containing several hydroxyl groups, cellulose is water insoluble. The reason is the stiffness of the
chains and hydrogen bonding between two -OH groups on adjacent chains. The chains pack
regularly in places to form hard, stable crystalline regions that give the bundled chains even more
stability and strength. This hydrogen bonding forms the basis of papercrete’s strength. By applying
a force on the paper, the hydrogen bond between the water and the cellulose molecule is broken.
Coating cellulose fibers with Portland cement creates a cement matrix, which encases the fibers
for extra strength to the mix. Paper is a disordered – time dependent material. The irregular
structure makes it difficult to assign fixed values for strength and stiffness and to predict the
minimum. Strength depends on the water content and thus changes with temperature and humidity.
3.1.5 Durability properties of paper- Used in a wide variety of forms, paper and paperboard are
characterized by a wide range of properties. In the thousands of paper varieties available, some
properties differ only slightly and others grossly. The identification and expression of these
differences depend upon the application of standard test methods, generally specified by industry
and engineering associations in the papermaking countries of the world. The strength of paper is
determined by the following factors in combination: (1) the strength of the individual fibres of the
stock, (2) the average length of the fibre, (3) the inter fibre bonding ability of the fibre, which is
enhanced by the beating and refining action, and (4) the structure and formation of the sheet.
Resistance to rupture when subjected to various stresses is an important property in practically all
grades of paper. Most papers require a certain minimum strength to withstand the treatment
received by the product in use; but even where use requirements are not severe, the paper must be
strong enough to permit efficient handling in manufacture. Tensile strength is the greatest
longitudinal stress a piece of paper can bear without tearing apart. The stress is expressed as the
force per unit width of a test specimen.

Since the weight of the paper and the width of the test specimen affect the force of rupture, a
conventional method of comparing inherent paper strength is the breaking length—that is, the
length of a paper strip in metres that would be just self-supporting. This value varies from about
500 metres for extremely soft, weak tissue to about 8,000 metres for strong kraft bag paper, and to
about 14,000 metres for sheets of paper made under ideal laboratory conditions. Because some
paper products such as towels, sanitary tissues, and filter paper are subjected to wetting by water
in their normal use, wet tensile testing has become important. This test is essentially the same as
that for dry tensile strength, except that the specimen is wetted. Paper that has not been specifically
treated to produce wet strength possesses from about 4 to about 8 percent of its dry strength when
completely wetted. By treating paper as described above, wet strength can be raised to about 40
percent of the dry strength.
One of the oldest and most widely used strength tests for paper and paperboard is the
bursting test, or Mullen test. It is defined as the hydrostatic pressure (caused by liquids at rest)
necessary to cause rupture in a circular area of a given diameter. Other strength tests for which
standard methods exist are tearing strength and folding endurance.
The resistance of paper to a bending force is evident in the various operations of

its manufacture and in its many uses. The range in this property extends from very soft, flexible
tissues to rigid boards. Thicker and heavier sheets tend to be stiff, whereas soft, flexible sheets are
light and thin. Even at the same weight there is a considerable difference in stiffness, chiefly due
to the compactness and the amount of bonding of the sheet.
Because paper is composed of a randomly felted layer of fibre, the structure

has a varying degree of porosity. Thus, the ability of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, to penetrate
the structure is a property both highly significant to the use of paper and capable of being widely
varied by the conditions of manufacture.
Sizing paper with vegetable materials and rosin like substances

has already been described. When paper began to be used for wrapping, consumers demanded
sizing treatments that could protect the contents of the package from the effects of fluid transfer
through the paper wrapping. In some instances, complete impermeability was required. In another
direction the use of paper as an absorbent medium for wiping up , liquids for filtering, and for

saturating has created a demand for maximum wettability and permeability toward water and other
fluids 3.2 RICE HUSK-
3.2.1 PRODUCTION- India is the world's second-largest producer of rice, and the largest
exporter of rice in the world Production increased from 53.6 million tons in the Year 1980 to 120
million tons in the Year 2020-21
Rice is one of the chief grains of India. Moreover, this country has the largest area under rice
cultivation. As it is one of the principal food crops. It is, in fact, the dominant crop of the country.
India is one of the leading producers of this crop. Rice is the basic food crop and being a tropical
plant, it flourishes comfortably in a hot and humid climate. Rice is mainly grown in rain-fed areas
that receive heavy annual rainfall. That is why it is fundamentally a kharif crop in India. It demands
a temperature of around 25 degrees Celsius and above, and rainfall of more than 100 cm. Rice is
also grown through irrigation in those areas that receive comparatively less rainfall. Rice is the
staple food of eastern and southern parts of India.
Rice can be cultivated by different methods based on the type of region. But in
India, traditional methods are still in use for harvesting rice. The fields are initially plowed and
fertilizer is applied which typically consists of cow dung, and then the field is smoothed. The seeds
are transplanted by hand and then through proper irrigation, the seeds are cultivated. Rice grows
on a variety of soils like silts, loams and gravels. It can tolerate alkaline as well as acid soils.
However, clayey loam is well suited to the raising of this crop. Actually, the clayey soil can be
easily converted into the mud in which rice seedlings can be transplanted easily. Proper care has
to be taken as this crop thrives if the soil remains wet and is underwater during its growing years.
Rice fields should be level and should have low mud walls for retaining water. In the plain areas,
excess rainwater is allowed to inundate the rice fields and flow slowly. Rice raised in the well-
watered lowland areas is known as lowland or wet rice. In the hilly areas, slopes are cut into
terraces for the cultivation of rice. Thus, the rice grown in the hilly areas is known as dry or upland
rice. The yield of upland rice per hectare is comparatively less than that of wet rice.
The regions cultivating this crop in India are distinguished as the

western coastal strip, the eastern coastal strip, covering all the primary deltas, Assam plains and
surrounding low hills, foothills and Terai region- along the Himalayas and states like West Bengal,

Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh, eastern Madhya Pradesh, northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. India,
being a land of the eternal growing season, and the deltas of the Ganges-Brahmaputra (in West
Bengal), Kaveri River, Krishna River, Godavari River, Indravati River and Mahanadi River with
a thick set-up of canal irrigation like Hirakud Dam and Indravati Dam, permits farmers to raise
two, and in some pockets, even three crops a year. Irrigation has made even three crops a year
possible. Irrigation has made it feasible even for Punjab and Haryana, known for their baked
climate, to grow rice. They even export their excess to other states. Punjab and Haryana grow
prized rice for export purposes. The hilly terraced fields from Kashmir to Assam are ideally suited
for rice farming, with age-old hill irrigational conveniences. High yielding kinds, enhanced
planting methods, promised irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together
led to beneficial and quick results. It is the rain fed-area that cuts down average yields per hectare.
In some states like West Bengal, Assam, and Orissa two crops of rice are
raised in a year. The Winter season in northwestern India is extremely cold for rice. Rice is
considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of eastern India, where during
the summer and monsoon seasons, both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal
conditions for the cultivation of rice. Almost all parts of India are suitable for raising rice during
the summer season provided that water is available. Thus, rice is also raised even in those parts of
western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana where low-level areas are waterlogged during the
summer monsoon rainy season. Winter rice crop is a long duration crop and summer rice crop is a
short duration crop. At some places in the eastern and southern parts of India, rice crop of short
duration is followed by the rice crop of long duration. Winter rice crop is raised preferably in low-
lying areas that remain flooded mainly during the rainy season. Autumn rice is raised in Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh. Summer,
autumn, and winter rice crops are raised in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Orissa.
Summer rice crop is raised on a small scale and a small area. However, the winter rice crop is
actually the leading rice crop accounting for a major portion of the total Hectare under rice in all
seasons in the country. Moreover, in the last few years, several steps to augment yield per hectare
were taken up very seriously at all levels. India ranks fourth in the production of wheat & second
in the production of rice in the world. Favorable Geographical Condition for Wheat Cultivation:
In India, wheat is a winter crop. Wheat requires a moderately cool climate with moderate rain. In

India, it is grown in winter. It needs a temperature of 10 degrees C to 15 degrees C for its

cultivation. It thrives well at an average temperature of 16-degree C. Warm and sunny weather is
essential at the time of ripening.
FIG: 3.2 Major cropping areas in India. Rice shaded in light jade green indicates the most important and
extensive growing areas in the east of the country

FIG:3.3 Mature Rice, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

3.2.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF RICE HUSK- Rice husk constitutes about 20% of
the weight of rice and its composition is as follows: cellulose (50%), lignin (25%–30%), silica
(15%–20%), and moisture (10%–15%). Bulk density of rice husk is low and lies in the range 90–
150 kg/m3. Sources of rice husk ash (RHA) will be in the rice growing regions of the world, as for
example China, India, and the far-East countries.
3.2.3 PERMEABILITY- Rice husk enhances compressive strength and refines pore structure of
ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). Permeability of UHPC cylinder increases with the
higher vertical load. RH decreases permeability of UHPC upon the load of 0–70% ultimate
strength.

3.3 NATURAL BINDERS/ ADHESIVE- Adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or
paste, is any non-metallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that
binds them together and resists their separation.
The use of adhesives offers certain advantages over other binding

techniques such as sewing, mechanical fastenings, or welding. These include the ability to bind
different materials together, the more efficient distribution of stress across a joint, the cost-
effectiveness of an easily mechanized process, and greater flexibility in design. Disadvantages of
adhesive use include decreased stability at high temperatures, relative weakness in bonding large
objects with a small bonding surface area, and greater difficulty in separating objects during
testing. Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion followed by reactive or non-
reactive, a term which refers to whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to harden.
Alternatively, they can be organized either by their starting physical phase or whether their raw
stock is of natural or synthetic origin.
Adhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically. The

earliest human use of adhesive-like substances was approximately 200,000 years ago, when
Neanderthals produced tar from the dry distillation of birch bark for use in binding stone tools to
wooden handles. The first references to adhesives in literature appeared in approximately 2000
BC. The Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. In Europe,
glue was not widely used until the period AD 1500–1700. From then until the 1900s increases in
adhesive use and discovery were relatively gradual. Only since the last century has the
development of synthetic adhesives accelerated rapidly, and innovation in the field continues to
the present.
If we search in the market there are many adhesives such as dendrite,

fevicol, feviquick etc. If I use these adhesives to bind the paper and rice husk powder mixture, it
will become unhealthy for the peoples those who will use this rice husk plates for having breakfast,
lunch, dinner it will be harmful for the health. So, by preparing the model I have to take care that
it must be healthy for people as well as for the environment. So that it can take huge market in all
over the India and in the world.

Natural adhesives are made from organic sources such as vegetable starch
(dextrin), natural resins, or animals (e.g. the milk protein casein and hide-based animal glues).
These are often referred to as bio adhesives.
So in this project I will use animal glue for binding the rice husk and papers because animal glue
was the most common woodworking glue for thousands of years until the advent of synthetic glues,
such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and other resin glues, in the 20th century. Today it is used
primarily in specialty applications, such as lutherie, pipe organ building, piano repairs, and antique
restoration.
3.3.1Are animals used to make glue?
Glue has been produced from animals for thousands of years, not just from horses but from pigs
and cattle as well. Over the second half of the 20th century, synthetic glues have become advanced
being produced cheaply, uniform in quality, and with longer shelf lives. Elmer's glue uses no
animal parts.
FIG: 3.4 Animal glue in granules

FIG:3.5 Animal glue at room temperature
FIG: 3.6 Hot hide glue

3.3.2 Properties of animal glue- The significant disadvantages of hide glue – its thermal
limitations, short open time, and vulnerability to micro-organisms – are offset by several
advantages. Hide glue joints are reversible and repairable. Recently glued joints will release easily
with the application of heat and steam. Hide glue sticks to itself, so the repairer can apply new hide
glue to the joint and reclamp it. In contrast, PVA glues do not adhere to themselves once they are
cured, so a successful repair requires removal of the old glue first – which usually requires
removing some of the material being glued. Hide glue creates a somewhat brittle joint, so a strong
shock will often cause a very clean break along the joint. In contrast, cleaving a joint glued with
PVA will usually damage the surrounding material, creating an irregular break that is more
difficult to repair. This brittleness is taken advantage of by instrument makers. For example,
instruments in the violin family require periodic disassembly for repairs and maintenance. The top
of a violin is easily removed by prying a palette knife between the top and ribs, and running it all
around the joint. The brittleness allows the top to be removed, often without significant damage to
the wood. Regluing the top only requires applying new hot hide glue to the joint. If the violin top
were glued on with PVA glue, removing the top would require heat and steam to disassemble the
joint (causing damage to the varnish), then wood would have to be removed from the joint to
ensure no cured PVA glue was remaining before regluing the top.
Hide glue also functions as its own clamp. Once the glue begins to gel, it
pulls the joint together. Violin makers may glue the center seams of top and back plates together
using a rubbed joint rather than using clamps. This technique involves coating half of the joint
with hot hide glue, and then rubbing the other half against the joint until the hide glue starts to gel,
at which point the glue becomes tacky. At this point the plate is set aside without clamps, and the
hide glue pulls the joint together as it hardens. Hide glue regains its working properties after
cooling if it is reheated. This property can be used when the glue's open time does not allow the
joint to be glued normally. For example, a cello maker may not be able to glue and clamp a top to
the instrument's ribs in the short one-minute open time available. Instead, the builder will lay a
bead of glue along the ribs, and allow it to cool. The top is then clamped to the ribs. Moving a few
inches at a time, the maker inserts a heated palette knife into the joint, heating the glue. When the
glue is liquefied, the palette knife is removed, and the glue cools, creating a bond. A similar process

can be used to glue veneers to a substrate. The veneer and/or the substrate is coated with hot hide
glue. Once the glue is cold, the veneer is positioned on the substrate. A hot object such as a clothes
iron is applied to the veneer, liquefying the underlying glue. When the iron is removed, the glue
cools, bonding the veneer to the substrate. Hide glue joints do not creep under loads. PVA glues
create plastic joints, which will creep over time if heavy loads are applied to them. Hide glue is
supplied in many different gram strengths, each suited to specific applications. Instrument and
cabinet builders will use a range from 120 to 200-gram strength. Some hide glues are sold without
the gram strength specified. Experienced users avoid this glue as the glue may be too weak or
strong for the expected application.
3.3.3 Capacity- Animal glue is an adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of animal
connective tissue. Glass artists take advantage of hide glue's ability to bond with glass. Animal
glue is applied with a brush or flat stick. Discard any unused glue at the end of the day. Keeping
dissolved animal glue around for longer periods of time causes bacteria to grow, reducing the
glue's strength.
3.3.4 Early uses of animal glue- Animal glue has existed since ancient times, although its usage
was not widespread. Glue deriving from horse tooth can be dated back nearly 6000 years, but no
written records from these times can prove that they were fully or extensively used. The first
known written procedures of making animal glue were written about 2000 BC. Between 1500 and
1000 BC, it was used for wood furnishings and mural paintings, found even on the caskets
of Egyptian Pharaohs. Evidence is in the form of stone carvings depicting glue preparation and
use, primarily used for the pharaoh's tomb furniture. Egyptian records tell that animal glue would
be made by melting it over a fire and then applied with a brush. Ancient Greeks and Romans later
used animal and fish glue to develop veneering and marquetry, the bonding of thin sections or
layers of wood. Animal glue, known as taurokolla (ταυρόκολλα) in Greek and gluten
taurinum in Latin, were made from the skins of bulls in antiquity. Broken pottery might also be
repaired with the use of animal glues, filling the cracks to hide imperfections.

About 906–618 BC, fish, ox horns and stag horns were used to produce adhesives and binders for
pigments in China. Animal glues were employed as binders in paint media during the Tang
Dynasty. They were similarly used on the Terracotta Army figures. Records indicate that one of
the essential components of lampblack ink was proteinaceous glue. Ox glue and stag-horn glues
bound particles of pigments together, acting as a preservative by forming a film over the surface
as the ink dried. The Chinese, such as Kao Gong Ji, also researched glue for medicinal purposes.
3.3.5 Modern uses
Today, animal glues are sparsely industrialized, but still used for making and restoring violin
family instruments, paintings, illuminated parchment manuscripts, and other artifacts. Gelatin, a
form of animal glue, is found in many contemporary products, such as gelatin desserts,
marshmallows, pharmaceutical capsules, and photographic film and is used to reinforce sinew
wrappings, wood, leather, bark, and paper. Hide glue is also preferred by many luthiers over
synthetic glues for its reversibility, creep-resistance and tendency to pull joints closed as it cures.
This adhesive is mostly used as glue, sizing, or varnish, although it is not as

frequently used as other adhesives because it is water-soluble. Other aspects, such as difficulty of
storage in a wet state, requirement for fresh raw materials (the animal skin cannot be rotten or
grease-burned), make this product more difficult to find and use. Factories now produce other
forms of adhesives, as the process for animal glue is complex and tricky to follow. Animal glues
will also darken with age and shrink as they dry, giving them the potential to harm wood, paper,
or works of art. Too much handling and too many changes in temperature or humidity could cause
further harm. Some companies, such as those in Canada, still produce animal, hide and hoof glues
from horses. Recently, animal glue has been replaced by other adhesives and plastics, but remains
popular for restoration.

3.4 DIE MAKING- To make a plate I made a die of stainless steel the size of the die is 10inches.
With the Capacity of 220 GSM. Then I put the mixture of rice husk, paper and adhesive mixture
into it.
FIG: 3.7 Die of the plate
The dimension of the plate making die is 10 inches. And then I put it into the UTM machine. I
applied pressure by the help of UTM machine into it and finally I got my plate made of rice husk,
paper and natural adhesive.
FIG: 3.8 U.T.M Machine

Thickness of plate is 10 inches.
FIG: 3.9 Final plate after experiment
So finally, I got my rice husk plate which has carrying capacity strength of 500 gms and 2hrs of
durability.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hygiene – It assures a high level of hygienic standards owing to their mono use, making it
particularly important in hospitals or places where the contamination risk is high.
Lightweight – These are much lighter than typical silverware which allows you to carry it even in
big quantity.
Convenience- Disposable cutlery is more convenient, particularly if you cater to many individuals.
Biodegradable- As mentioned earlier, disposable cutlery can be biodegradable, which means that
the plastic or material utilized is of a diverse kind and vitiate in the environment faster in contrast
to the standard plastic, such as PET. So, utilizing these types of cutleries is undoubtedly a more
conscious optimal for the environment too.
Others- a) Reduces Pollution b) Reusable c) Conserves Valuable Natural Resources
Growing demand for disposable and inexpensive utensils in

various emerging economies is catalyzing the increase within the biodegradable cutlery market.
They need gathered traction during a range of huge gatherings like parties, rallies, and social
events. In several parties and large events, the demand for reusable spoons and plates is fast
gathering steam. In recent years, variety of social events and international sport events have made
efforts to popularize biodegradable cutlery. Manufacturers even have been beginning with exotic
design. The biodegradable cutlery market has prospered on the rear of those initiatives. Further,
because the use of single use plastics are cutting flak from several quarters in various parts of the
world, biodegradable cutlery is beginning as promising cost-effective options, feels investors
within the market. Emerging markets have seen the growing use of e-commerce channels by
manufactures to market premium products such as tableware made up of rice husk. The growing
penetration of e-commerce in various parts of those emerging economies has lent a viable impetus
to the expansion of the biodegradable cutlery market.

CONCLUSION
As mentioned in the above that the environmental pollution is increasing day by day so we have
to avoid non bio degradable products such as plastic, polythene, thermocol to avoid the soil, water,
air pollution and trash problems. We have to use biodegradable product such as paper, rice husk,
wheat husk to prevent those pollutions. After taking the rice peoples use to burn the rice husks,
papers which creates the global warming which changes atmosphere. Due to this change in
atmosphere the ice belts in Antarctica, Alaska starts melting and increasing the sea level day by
day. Plastics which are thrown into the rivers, sea and ocean causes harmful death for the aquatic
animals residing in the under water. We have to focus now on our better future.

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Praveen Kumar S, 2. Pragatheesan K, 3. Ramachandran M, 4. Ramu P, 5. Sanjay G
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Gnanamani College of Technology, Namakkal, Tamil Nādu, India.
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Project Making of High Durability Plates With Rice Husk

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Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MAKING OF HIGH DURABILITY PLATES OUT OF RICE

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMEN TAL MANAGEMENT

Mr. ARNAB SARKAR

Under the guidance of

Dr. ASHUTOSH PATTANAIK

MAKING OF HIGH DURABILITY PLATES OUT OF

Mr. ARNAB SARKAR

Under the guidance of

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “MAKING OF HIGH DURABILITY

PLATES OUT OF RICE HUSK” is carried out by Mr. ARNAB SARKAR

(20MTREM002), a bonafide student of Master of Technology, at the Faculty of

Engineering and Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) in partial fulfilment for

the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Energy and Environmental

Management, during the year 2021 2022.

Dr. Ashutosh Pattanaik Dr. Adarsha H Dr. Hari prasad S. A.

Name of the Examiner Signature of Examiner

I, Mr. ARNAB SARKAR, a student of fourth semester M. Tech in Energy and

Environmental Management, at Faculty of Engineering & Technology, JAIN

(Deemed-to-be University) hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “MAKING OF

submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

Master of Technology in Energy and Environmental Management, during the

to the best of my knowledge and faith.

PLACE: FET, JAIN GLOBAL Mr. ARNAB SARKAR

It is a great pleasure for us to acknowledge the assistance and support of a large

I would like to thank Dr. HARIPRASAD S A, Director, Faculty of Engineering &

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. CHANDRASEKAR SHASTRY, Dean-

It is a matter of immense pleasure to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Adarsha H,

I would like to thank Dr. Beemkumar.N Program Head, Dept. of Mechanical

I would like to thank my guide Dr. Ashutosh Pattanaik Assistant professor,

Name of the student

1.1 RICE SECTOR AT GALANCE---------------------------------------12

2.1 LITERATURE GAPS---------------------------------------------------------------------42

3.1 UNIVERSITY PAPERS USED------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43

3.1.1 PAPER CUTTING PROCESS----------------------------------------------44

3.1.2 MECHANISMS OF PAPER CUTTING MACHINE--------------------44

3.1.4 MICROSTRUCTURE OF PAPER--------------------------------------------45

3.1.5 DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF PAPER-----------------------------------45

3.2 RICE HUSK---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47

3.2.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF RICE HUSK-----------------------------------50

3.3 NATURAL BINDERS/ ADHESIVE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51

3.3.1 ARE ANIMALS USE TO MAKE GLUE-------------------------------------52

3.3.2 PROPERTIES OF ANIMAL GLUE---------------------------------------------54

3.3.3 CAPACITY OF ANIMAL GLUE------------------------------------------------55

3.3.4 EARLY USAGE OF ANIMAL GLUE--------------------------------------------55

3.3.5 MODERN USES OF ANIMAL GLUE---------------------------------------- -----56

3.4 DIE MAKING---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57-58

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59

FIGURE 1.2 --- SEA POLLUTION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

FIGURE 1.3 --- BIGGEST RICE PRODUCING STATE IN INDIA-----------------------------------------------5

FIGURE 1.4 --- U.S. RICE FROM PLANTING TO HARVEST------------------------------------------------14

FIGURE 1.7 --- U.S.A RICE IMPORTS BY SOURCE 1980/81- 2020/21----------------------------------17

FIGURE 1.8 --- RICE EXPORTS BY COUNTRY 2006-2021------------------------------------------------19

FIGURE 1.9 --- SHARE OF GLOBAL RICE EXPORTS 2019-2021----------------------------------------19

FIGURE 1.10 --- RICE PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD-------------------------------------20

FIGURE 2.1--- RICE HUSK AND PAPERS-------------------------------------------------------------------------42

FIGURE 3.1--- UNIVERSITY BLUE BOOK------------------------------------------------------------------------43

FIGURE 3.2 --- MAJOR CROPPING AREAS IN INDIA----------------------------------------------------------49

FIGURE 3.3--- MATURE RICE IN THISSUR KERALA INDIA--------------------------------------------------50

FIGURE 3.4 --- ANIMAL GLUE IN GRANULES-------------------------------------------------------------------52

FIGURE 3.5--- ANIMAL GLUE AT ROOM TEMPARATURE---------------------------------------------------53

FIGURE 3.6 --- HOT HIDE GLUE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53