Mini Project Report on

Fabrication of HEPA Air purification system

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Under

JNTU Hyderabad

By

MOHD ISMAIL 18M21A0348

SYED REHMAT ALI 18M21A0359
SIDDIQ AHMED 18M21A0366
SYED ABDUL MANNAN 18M21A0367
AHSAN AKBAR 18M21A0374

Under the Esteemed Supervision of

Mr. Nitin Chandra manas
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Accredited by NBA & NAAC ‘A’ Grade, Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU-Hyderabad
SY.NO.32, Himayat Sagar, Golconda Post, Near Appa Junction, Hyderabad-500091, India.

2022
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LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that Mini project report entitled “ Fabrication of HEPA Air
purification system” Is a Bonafide record of the work successfully completed
and submitted by

MOHD ISMAIL 18M21A0348

SYED REHMAT ALI 18M21A0359

SIDDIQ AHMED 18M21A0366

SYED ABDUL MANNAN 18M21A0367

AHSAN AKBAR 18M21A0374

Under the Supervision of Mr. Nitin Chandra manas, Assistant

Professor, Supervisor of Department of Mechanical Engineering, for the
requirement of partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Mechanical Engineering during the academic year 2018-2022
From JNTU-Hyderabad.

Mr. Ramavath Suman Dr. Syed Azam Pasha Quadri

Internal Guide Vice Principal & Head of the Department

Dr. C V Narasimhulu External Examiner

 Principal
ii

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Declaration

We hereby declare that mini project report entitled “ Fabrication of HEPA air
purification system” Is being submitted by us in partial fulfilment for the award
of Bachelor of Technology in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the
Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology, Telangana-500091, is the result of
investigations carried out by us under the Guidance of Mr. Nitin Chandra
manas, Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lords
Institute of Engineering and Technology.

The work is original and has not been submitted for any Degree or Diploma
for this or any other university.

MOHD ISMAIL 18M21A0348

SYED REHMAT ALI 18M21A0359
SIDDIQ AHMED 18M21A0366
SYED ABDUL MANNAN 18M21A0367
AHSAN AKBAR 18M21A0374
 iii

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Acknowledgement

MOHD ISMAIL SYED REHMAT ALI SIDDIQ AHMED SYED ABDUL AHSAN AKBAR
(18M21A0359) MANNAN
(18M21A0348) 8605476229 (18M21A0366) (18M21A0367] (18M21A0374)
9700228527 sayyedrahematali78 7799226252 9700202251 8186840792
Mismail1842@ 6@gmail.com Siddiqahmed1998 Syedmanaan9900 ahsanakbar457
gmail.com @gmail.com @gmail.com
@gmail.com

In the name of almighty, the most beneficent and the most merciful, we
thank the lord for helping us in all the stages of this thesis work.

We would like to thank our guide Mr. Nitin Chandra manas, Assistant
Professor for his aspiring guidance and friendly advice during the project work.
He was a constant motivation throughout the project and took out some of his
valuable time whenever it was required for which we are very grateful to him. We
would be grateful for his motivation and co-operation at various stages, which
provided us the knowledge base and the understanding of the potential projects
in this field finally. We also appreciate the concern of my parents, friends and
other staff members at the college.

We express our sincere and deep gratitude to Dr. Syed Azam Pasha Quadri,
Vice Principal & Head of the Department for his support throughout our
 iv

project and all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Lords Institute of
Engineering and Technology who has helped and cooperated with us. It gives us
great pleasure in acknowledging the support and help from my guide for his
immense guidance throughout the project.

Our experience here has been full of opportunities to learn from faculty
with a wide and deep expertise in Engineering. We would like to thank our
beloved Principal Dr. C V Narasimhulu. And we would like to directly thank
those people in the department who were particularly instrumental in
contributing to our experience at Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology.

We thank both teaching and non-teaching staff members of mechanical

department for their kind cooperation and all sorts of help to bring out this
project work successfully.

Lastly, we drive great pleasure and we would like to specially thank our
parents for their patience, continuous encouragement, support and love given
towards completion of our research work.

v
LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Vision of the Institute:

Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology strives for excellence in professional

education through quality, innovation and teamwork and aims to emerge as a premier institute in
the state and across the nation.

Mission of the Institute:

• To impart quality professional education that meets the needs of present and emerging
technological world.
• To strive for student achievement and success, preparing them for life, career and
leadership.
• To provide a scholarly and vibrant learning environment that enables faculty, staff and
students to achieve personal and professional growth.
• To contribute to advancement of knowledge, in both fundamental and applied areas of
engineering and technology.
• To forge mutually beneficial relationships with government organizations, industries,
society and the alumni.

vi
LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Vision of the Department:

To impart high standards of quality education which enhance students’ career

efficaciously, to become a holistic well-qualified engineer who are competent, innovative,
entrepreneurial and research oriented to meet the standards of new millennium.

Mission of the Department:

DM1: An integrated educational approach that blends knowledge of engineering fundamentals,

technical skills, practical knowledge and research.
DM2: To enrich undergraduate experience of distinctive academic curriculum through interaction
with major stake holders, hands-on learning, team work, management and multi-
disciplinary skill set.
DM3: To make students aware of professional responsibilities, ethics, global demands, sustainable
solutions, environmental, technological challenges and the needs of lifelong learning.
DM4: To prepare students in developing solutions of global standards through research and
innovation, design and development of demand-based projects, entrepreneurial skills and
employability capabilities.

Note: DM: Department Mission

vii
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

B.Tech Mechanical Engineering Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):
To establish themselves as successful professionals with strong fundamental
PEO1 knowledge in basic and engineering sciences to find suitable solutions of
technological and real-life challenges using innovative tools.
PEO2 To enhance technical competency and problems solving skills through state of art
facilities for adequate solutions to technical problems.
Acquire high skill-set by continuous training, multi-disciplinary activities, team
PEO3 work, effective communications, Information Technology tools usage and ethics so
that students shall acquire good job opportunities and also will help in their higher
education.
Giving consultancy services to industrial, societal challenges and promoting
PEO4 department-industry interactions, by enhancing technical, managerial,
environmental responsibilities and lifelong learning with sustainable development.
 viii

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

B.Tech Mechanical Engineering Program Outcomes (POs):

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

S. No. Program Outcomes (POs)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/Development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
a n d design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
 ix

S. No. Program Outcomes (POs)

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of t h e
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 x

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

B.Tech Mechanical Engineering Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s):

PSO1 Professional Skills: An ability to understand the basic concepts in Mechanical

Engineering and to apply them to various areas, like production, thermal, designing
etc., in the design and implementation of complex systems.

PSO2 Problem-Solving Skills: An ability to solve complex Mechanical Engineering

problems, using latest hardware and software tools, along with analytical skills to
arrive cost effective and appropriate solutions.
 xi

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mini Project Assessment Process
PROGRAMME: UG DEGREE: B.TECH (MECHANICAL)
COURSE: INDUSTRIAL Year: IV SEM: I
ORIENTEDMINI PROJECT CREDITS: 2
COURSE CODE: ME702PC UNIVERSITY: JNTUH
REGULATION: R18
CONTACT HOURS: 3 Hours/Week.
Details:
The progress in the project work is to be presented by the middle of 4 th year 1st
semester before the project review committee. By this time, the students will be in a
position to publish a paper in international/national journals/conferences. The PRC
can accept, accept with modification, and request a resubmission. The progress of
project work if found unsatisfactory by the PRC during the middle of the semester
presentation, such students has to present again to the PRC at the end of the semester
and if it is also found unsatisfactory an extension of the project work can be given to
the students.

The student's sectional marks for project will be 100 which will be awarded based
on the presentation of the project by the students before a doctoral committee, and
external examiner.

Course Objectives:
S.No. Course Objectives
1. To give a platform for the students to apply the theoretical knowledge they
gained during the course and conduct analysis/manufacture working
models.
2. To enable the students to use different design platforms for design and
analysis of project
3. To give a chance to improve communication skills and enable the students
to express the theoretical knowledge to defend
 4. To impart theoretical knowledge
5. To give the students a feel of working in a team environment and
contribute to the success of the project.
xii

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Outcomes: C424-Mini Project Work
Student will able to

S.No Description Blooms Taxonomy

Level
C424.1

C424.2

C424.3

C424.4

C424.5

Note: Kindly Contact Project Guide for Course Outcomes

 xiii

LORDS INSTITUTE OFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Articulation Matrix:

Mapping of Course Outcomes (CO) with Program Outcomes (PO) and Program Specific
Outcomes (PSO’s):

Course Program
Outcomes Specific
Program Outcomes (PO)
(CO) Outcomes
(PSO’s)

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO PO PSO PSO
11 12 1 2

C424.1.

C424.2.

C424.3.

C424.4.

C424.5.
Average

Level:

1- Low correlation (Low), 2- Medium correlation (Medium), 3-High correlation (High)

Note: Kindly Contact Project Guide for Mapping

xiv

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE/Affiliated to JNTUH/Estd.2002.
Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC - Accredited by NBA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Justification for CO-PO and CO-PSO Mapping:
Justification for CO-PO Mapping:
Mapping Level Justification
C424.1. Mapping with POs

C424.2. Mapping with POs

 C424.3. Mapping with POs

C424.4. Mapping with POs

C424.5. Mapping with POs

Note: Kindly Contact Project Guide for Mapping Justification

xv

Justification for CO-PSO Mapping:

Mapping Level Justification
C424.1. Mapping with PSOs

C424.2. Mapping with PSOs

C424.3. Mapping with PSOs

C424.4. Mapping with PSOs

 C424.5. Mapping with PSOs

Note: Kindly Contact Project Guide for Mapping Justification

Mr. Ramavath Suman Dr. Syed Azam Pasha Quadri

Internal Guide Vice Principal & Head of the Department

ABSTRACT

Air pollution has created many problems in the environment mainly at towns and cities. Of the
most polluted cities in the world, 21 out of 30 were in India in 2019. As per a study based on 2016
data, at least 140 million people in India breathe air that is 10 times or more over the WHO safe
limit and 13 of the world's 20 cities with the highest annual levels of air pollution are in India. The
51% of pollution is caused by the industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles, 17% by crop burning and
5% by Diwali fireworks. Air pollution contributes to the premature deaths of 2 million Indians
every year. Emissions come from vehicles and industry, whereas in rural areas, much of the
pollution stems from biomass burning for cooking and keeping warm. In autumn and winter
months, large scale crop residue burning in agriculture fields – a cheaper alternative to mechanical
tilling – is a major source of smoke, smog and particulate pollution. India has a low per capita
emissions of greenhouse gases but the country as a whole is the third largest greenhouse gas
producer after China and the United States. A 2013 study on non-smokers has found that have
30% weaker lung function than Europeans. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was
passed in 1981 to regulate air pollution but has failed to reduce pollution because of poor
enforcement of the rules, An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air
pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for
conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters
connected there with.

The air purifier industry has seen a growth in terms of demand and sales lately. All credit goes to
massive industrialization in developing countries such as India and China. As a result, a lot of
research has been focused into the various methods of purifying air. The most harmful of the
pollutants are PM 2.5 particulates and NOx emissions. The aim has been to bring down the costs
without compromising on efficiency as efficient air purification is an expensive deal. This article
presents a study of the current scenario of the problems of air pollution. Severity of the issues have
been highlighted. A compilation of the most common and significant methods of purifying air such
as those employing the use of HEPA filters, electrostatic smoke precipitators, activated carbon and
UV light has been presented and their use in air purifiers manufactured by OEMs has been
mentioned. Some of the most modern methods of purifying air such as those using transparent
PAN filters, photochemical materials, soy proteins and silk nanofibrils have been studied and
reviewed. It has been found that these methods provide an attractive and economical pathway of
filtering out PM 2.5 when compared to the conventional HEPA filters.

CONTENT
Certificate Declaration
Acknowledgment
Project assessment process
Vision mission
Abstract
List of figures

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1Air purifier
1.2Air purifier technology
1.3 HEPA technology

Chapter 2 literature review

Chapter 3 methodology
Chapter 4 Applications
Chapter 5 conclusion
Reference

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION

The most common problem during the summer season is pollution, dust, and allergies.
Withincrease in the number of pollutants in the air, there is an increase in the demand for
airpurifiers. These air purifiers can be used in offices, homes, commercial places, and if
theirefficiency is high, then they can also be used outdoors.Air purifier is a device used to remove
contaminants like dust particles, cloth fibres etc.present in the air. These devices are claimed to be
beneficial to people having allergies, andasthma. The commercially graded air purifiers are
manufactured as either small stand-aloneunits or larger units that can be affixed to an air handler
unit (AHU) or to a heatingventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) unit found in the medical,
industrial, andcommercial industries. Air purifiers may also be used in industry to remove
impurities suchas CO2 from air before processing.A standard air purifier consists of various types
of filters, and filter levels to remove thecontaminants from the surrounding air.

1.1 AIR PURIFIER

An air purifier is a device which removes contaminants from the air in a room. These devicesare
extremely beneficial for allergy sufferers, asthmatics and at reducing or eliminatingsecond-hand
tobacco smoke.They are also extremely useful for reducing pollutants from a room if you live in a
highlypolluted environment, for instance New Delhi, Patna or Gwalior; which are among the
mostair polluted cities in the world. They also help eliminate virus and bacteria from a roomwhich
prevents the spread of disease.
1.1.1USES AND BENEFITS OF AN AIR PURIFIER
Dust, pollen, pet dander, mould spores, and dust mite faeces can act as allergens,
triggeringallergies in sensitive people. Smoke particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
canpose a risk to health.With the advancement in air purification technology, air purifiers are
becoming increasinglycapable of capturing a greater number of bacterial, virus, and DNA
damaging particulates.Air purifiers are used to reduce the concentration of these airborne
contaminants and can beuseful and fruitful for people who suffer from allergies and asthma.

Fig 1.1 Impurities in air

Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, are gases or vapours that are emitted by manyeveryday
household items. They may be emitted by things like new carpeting, paints,adhesives, varnishes,
glues, and disinfectants.

Odours and Gases

Some air cleaners can largely eliminate odours and gases from the air in a home. They do sowith
activated carbon filters. These filters use a process called adsorption to force these gasesand odours
to become attached using a chemical reaction.Common gases and odours include aerosols, tobacco
smokes, cooking odours, indoorpesticides, kitty litter, and toxins.

Airborne Particles
Airborne particles include things like dust mites, pet dander, pollen, mold, plant spores, andfungi.
These types of particles exacerbate conditions like asthma and allergies, so it is smartto eliminate
them from the air inside a home.HEPA filters are considered to be the most effective in eliminating
these particles, which canvary in size considerably but are all microscopic.

1.1.2 WAYS IN WHICH AN AIR PURIFIER CAN CLEAN THE AIR

Several different processes of varying effectiveness can be used to purify air. The mostimportant
components of an air purifier are its air filters. Most air purifiers and air cleanerscontain at least
one air filter.Some use multiple air filters working together to produce the best results. The easiest
way tofind the right air purifier for you is by looking for air purifiers that have specific types
offilters. The main characteristics of today's most popular air filters are given below:

• HEPA Filters

High-efficiency particulate air filters, were originally designed to remove radioactive dustparticles
from the air. However, all HEPA filters are not created equal. The higher the surfacearea of the
filter is, the more effective a HEPA filter.
 Fig 1.2 HEPA FILTER

1.2 AIR PURIFIER TECHNOLOGY

The best performing air purifiers feature more than one filter technology, and using HEPAstyle
filtration is the key to optimal results. Filtration performance is not ideal without the useof HEPA
air purifiers, and symptoms of particle pollution, like allergies and asthma, are notreduced.

1.2.1 HEPA Air Purifiers

Developed in the 1940s, High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) technology was madepopular by
use in medical cleanrooms, and it is still the most reliable and effectivetechnology used. Air
purifiers equipped with a HEPA air filter absorb up to 99.97% of allparticles, like allergens, pollen,
dust, dander, and others that are 0.03 microns and larger insize; harmful indoor air particles that
cause allergy and asthma symptoms are measured to beabout 0.03 microns or larger. Air purifiers
like Alen and Blueair use HEPA in combinationwith electrostaticity, which allows an electrical
charge to trap particles traveling in the airstream. As a result, more particles are gathered and the
charged particles are brought directlyto the HEPA air filter which captures them. Bacteria, dust,
and pollen and other microscopicparticles are absorbed by HEPA air filters, so the air that re-
circulates in your home is clean,fresh, and scarce of harmful contaminants.
1.2.2 Electrostatic Air Purifiers
An electrostatic air purifier is very similar to HEPA air purifiers, except they do not use airfilters.
Electrostatic air purifiers use an electrical charge to trap particles traveling in the airstream. As a
result, the charged particles stick to the sides of the internal filtration system oncollection plates,
but only about 30% of particles are removed from your indoor air.Electronic air purifiers are low
maintenance and only require cleaning of the collection platesfor optimal efficiency. However,
like with the Ionic Breeze air purifier from Sharper Image,electronic air purifiers were found not
to take in all the air in an enclosed room. It wasmeasured to have left about 5% of the contaminated
air in the room to circulate without itever being absorbed by the purifier. Consumer Reports gave
the Ionic Breeze air purifier a"poor" rating. Although they are readily available, consumers who
research air purifiertechnologies before making a purchase are sure to avoid Ionic Breeze and
electrostaticmodels

1.3 HEPA TECHNOLOGY

HEPA is an acronym for High Efficiency Particulate Air and is a technology that has beenused for
many years to filter particles. HEPA filters must meet a standard of trapping at least99.97% of all
particles larger than 0.3 microns.The human eye can only see particles larger than 10 microns; so
particles caught in a HEPAfilter such as chemicals, bacteria and viruses cannot be seen.Because
HEPA filters are able to trap mold and bacteria, they create a more sanitaryenvironment.
Additionally, this does not generate ozone or any other harmful byproducts.
 FIG 1.3 WORKING OF HEPA FILTER

1.3.2 Components of a HEPA Filter

HEPA filters are made of boron silicate microfibers formed into a flat sheet by a process similar
to making paper. Flat filter sheets are pleated to increase the overall surface area. Pleats are
separated by baffles which direct the airflow through the filter.Filter media is very delicate and
should never be touched.

FIG 1.3.2 COMPONENTS OF HEPA FILTER

1.3.3 How a HEPA Filter Operates

Large particles will not be able to pass through the openings of the fibers and will immediately
get caught. The smaller particles will get caught by one of four mechanisms they are,
•Direct Impaction:

Large contaminants, such as certain types of dust, mold, and pollen, travel in a straight path,
collide with a fiber, and stick to it.

•Sieving:

The air stream carries a particle between two fibers, but the particle is larger than the gap, so it
becomes ensnared.

•Interception:

Airflow is nimble enough to reroute around fibers, but, thanks to inertia, particles continue on
their path and stick to the sides of fibers.

•Diffusion:

Small, ultrafine particles move more erratically than larger ones, so they're more likely to hit
and stick to fibers.

FIG 1.3.3 STEPS OF OPERATION.

1.3.5 Types of HEPA Filter

An ideal HEPA filter for the best air purifier is the one that captures 99.97% of minute dust
particles as minute as 0.3 microns. Only a real HEPA Filter can achieve the above-mentioned
objective. Thus, this way you can adjudicate whether your filter is a true HEPA Filter or not.

HEPA Filter is classified with A to E stickers depending on their efficiency. Type A is

considered to be the least efficient and Type E the most efficient appropriate for defense-grade
applications. Vacuum Cleaners generally have Type A filters which work efficiently within our
house.

FIG 1.3.5 TYPES OF HEPA FILTERS

FIG 1.3.5.2 TYPES OF PERFORMANCE OF HEPA FILTER

1.3.6 HEPA Filter Strengths

1.Remove dust, dust mites, pet dander, pollens, mold, some bacteria and other common indoor
allergens.

2.Air contaminants that have been trapped in the filter won’t be released back into the air.

3.Does not generate ozone or harmful byproducts.

1.3.7 HEPA Filter Weaknesses

1.Won’t remove odours, gases, chemical fumes, volatile organic compounds, cigarette smoke,
and ultra-small particles, viruses and germs (0.01 microns and below)

2.HEPA filter works passively. It requires a fan to draw in air in order to trap air contaminants.

3.Bacteria and viruses trapped in the filter can breed and reproduce.

CHAPTER 2:
LITERATURE REVIEW

•Several work analysis has been done based on air filter and its filter media, few studies have
been described in the following section.

•HEPA FILTER [HEPA]stands for high-efficiency particulate air. A HEPA filter is a type of
mechanical air filter; it works by forcing air through a fine mesh that traps harmful particles such
as pollen, pet dander, dust mites, and tobacco smoke selecting and Using an Air Filter. Nonwoven
filter media in their simplest form are random fiber structures, that are used to separate one or more
phases from a moving fluid passing through the filter media. Filtration is generally perceived as
the removal of particulate phases from the moving fluid by entrapping the particulate matter in the
tortuous structure of the filter medium. Particulate air filtration for Collective Protection Systems
(CPS) uses High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters. This paper delineates a review on the
efficacy of HEPA filtration process at removing an extremely high percentage of biological and
particulate material from the air, with relatively low pressure drop and energy consumption. These
filters have been in use for decades and have proven themselves over the years as a valuable tool
in protecting personnel and equipment.
HEPA filters have an efficiency of 99.97% in capturing particles down to submicron size.
Secondly, HEPA filters are even more efficient at trapping particles of a different size—not just
those which are larger than 0.3 μm, but rather surprisingly smaller particles as well. H14 and H13
filters are considered to be efficient compared to H11 and H12.

•Sensitivity (MCS), Teitelbaum and partner Wayne Martin decided to develop their own
aircleaner. Using the combination of true HEPA filters and a MAC-B (mass activated carbonbed)
filters, which contain pounds of carbon, AllerAir created an air purifier that safely andeffectively
removes chemicals, gases, and odours from the air. With offices in the UnitedStates, Italy, and
Canada, AllerAir air purifiers are used by the Mayo Clinic, IBM, Gucci,Prada, and the U.S.
Army. With more than 100 model to choose from, AllerAir air cleanersare efficient, practical,
and cost effective.
• With headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden, and Chicago, the Blueair air purifiercompany is
committed to creating a healthier environment both indoors and out. Founded inSweden in 1996,
Blueair quickly earned a reputation for high performance, technologicalinnovation, and quality
design. A revolutionary combination of mechanical and electrostaticfiltration allows Blueair
purifiers to capture 99.97% of irritating particles, gases, and odours.With more than five
different models, these powerful yet near-silent air cleaners provide avisually-pleasing form and
highly effective function.

•Now a global leader in the production of specialty products and chemicals and asubsidiary
brand of Kaz, Honeywell started as a hot water heater company in 1906 and has alongstanding
tradition of supplying safe, reliable, and high-quality products. Acquired by Kazin July of 2002,
Honeywells indoor air quality products continually meet and exceed theAmerican Lung
Associations Health House guidelines with meaningful innovations based onconsumer research
and insights. With the use of permanent, lifetime HEPA filters, Honeywellair cleaners remove
99.97% of all common, household particles such as dust, pollen, tobacco,smoke, and cat dander.
The Honeywell glass-fiber HEPA material helps remove airborneparticles without the use of
expensive ultraviolet bulbs, chemicals, or other treatments. With adiversity of products to fit
your needs, Honeywell offers a series of Home Comfort and Indoor Air Quality Solutions.

•In 2002, IQAir air purifiers became the first air cleaners to incorporate H13 class certified
HEPA filters, which capture up to 100 times more particles than conventional HEPA filters. H13
class certified HEPA filters, up to that point, had only been used in hospital cleanrooms.

• Although no longer a top-secret government project, air purifiers still hold the secrets to cleaner
air and healthier environments for many asthma and allergy sufferers. Today HEPA air purifiers
and filters are used in a variety of critical filtration applications in nuclear, electronic, aerospace,
pharmaceutical and medical fields, as well as in homes around the world.

• In the same year, US Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1963 to set standards forthe
reduction of air pollution through fuel emissions standards. Although it was not Congressfirst
attempt at reducing air pollution, the Clean Air Act of 1963 alerted scientists andconsumers of
the need to protect our lungs from pollutants such as perfumes, buildingmaterials, chemicals,
pesticides, and allergens.

•No longer classified as top-secret, HEPA air filters became popular in the 1970s and1980s as
more consumers became concerned about air pollution. With the introduction ofdozens of
products featuring HEPA filters, new and exciting ways to control allergies andasthma finally
became widely available for residential use. Originally, the first HEPA airpurifiers were bulky,
difficult to operate, and traditionally used only in hospital andpharmaceutical settings and among
computer chip manufacturers. Then businesses began totake notice of indoor air quality concerns
among residential consumers.

• In response to the growing demand for cleaner air, Incen AG, the Hammes brothersnewly
formed company moved to Switzerland and began developing and manufacturingresidential air
purifiers in 1971. After many years of international success for Incen AG,Frank Hammes, son of
Klaus Hammes, began to distribute cabin air filters as add-onaccessories for Mercedes-Benz
automobiles in 1990.

• In 1991, Frank Hammes formed IQAir North America, which has promoted thecontinual
growth and success of the air purification industry.

•In 1991, through the amazing technology of True Medical HEPA and ActivatedCarbon, Richard
Taylor created a filter that addressed the issues of environmental particulatecontamination,
chemical toxicity, and odours. It was then that he and his wife Joyce foundedAustin Air Systems
Limited. Based out of Buffalo, NY, Austin Air introduced a pre-filter thatensured a HEPA filter
life unequaled to anything in the industry. Austin Airs 360-degreeintake system draws air into all
sides of the air cleaner, maximizing efficiency and deliveringmore clean air faster. With the
largest air cleaner manufacturing facility in the world, AustinAir continues to produce all the
parts for their fantastic air purifiers.

• HEPA filters were originally classified as top-secret, developed by the US AtomicEnergy

Commission to protect soldiers from radioactive particles on the battlefield. DuringWorld War
II, scientists involved in the Manhattan Project used HEPA masks to guardagainst contaminants
from the atomic bomb.

•Although these early HEPA masks couldn’t possibly protect people from atomic radiation, the
research spawned the HEPA filter, which provided protection against chlorinegas, mustard gas,
and flame throwers. It was not until the 1960s that specifications werestandardized and the term
HEPA or "High Efficiency Particulate Air" was officially coinedby the Department of Energy
(DOE).

• As defined by the DOE, HEPA filters remove at least 99.97% of dust, pollen, mold,bacteria and
any airborne particles with a size of 0.3 microns at 85 liters per minute. From thebeginning,
HEPA filters were employed to filter out highly hazardous aerosols, toxiccarcinogens,
radioactive particles, and biohazardous contaminates.

CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY

3.1 WORKING METHODOLOGY:

Mechanical air filters refer to a meshed structure through which contaminated air is made to
pass. The pore size of mesh is the most important factor for deciding the efficiency of
mechanical filters. Contaminants having sizes greater than the mesh pore size are unable to pass
and thus get separated leading to air purification. Such air filters are responsible for filtering out
PM pollutants from indoor air. High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are the most used
filtration media in today’s air purifiers for filtering out PM. They have an efficiency of removing
99.97% of particulate matter of size less than 0.3 microns from contaminated air ensuring a flow
rate anywhere between 150-400 cubic feet per minute depending on the clogging of their pores.
HEPA filters appear in the form of pleated paper which is actually a very dense network of glass
fibers. HEPA filters work on the principle of Brownian motion pertaining to which, there are
three different mechanisms of trapping dust particles viz., impact, interception and diffusion. It is
customary to use a pre-filter with HEPA filters in order to increase their life between subsequent
replacements. Pre-filters are essentially a fiber mesh of comparatively larger pore sizes. Pre-
filters are essential to trap the relatively larger particulates present in air so that they do not
unnecessarily clog the HEPA pores.
Electronic filters are not filters essentially. Instead, they create an electric field for ionizing the
particles passing through it. Electrostatic Smoke Precipitators (ESP) are electronic air filters
which work on the principle of corona discharge. It is to be noted that the working of ESP
requires a supply of high input voltage. There are two oppositely charged terminals which may
be in the form of plates, wires or bars. Contaminated air is made to pass through the negatively
charged terminal. As a result, the pollutants present in air get negatively charged. The flow of air
is made in such a way that it passes through the positively charged terminal after moving past its
negatively charged counterpart. All the negatively charged contaminants get attracted to the
positively charged plates. In this way, air purification is achieved. An important advantage of
ESP is that any size of particulate matter may be removed from polluted air unlike mechanical
(HEPA) filters that pose a restriction on the pore size of filtrable particles. All that matters in an
ESP is the supply voltage. The higher the supply voltage, finer the size of filtrable contaminants.
ESP is thus, capable of filtering out PM 2.5 contaminants. Zukeran et al. [10] studied the role of
ESP in filtering out smoke being emitted by incense sticks. The dependence of efficiency on
supply voltage was plotted by varying the same from 9 to 30 Kilo Volts.

3.2 PARTS PREPARATION:

3.2.1
We have taken a carbon steel pipe of diameter of 20cm and thickness 6mm and length of 1 feet
as shown in figure (3.2.1.).
 Fig (3.2.1.) steel pipe.

We have marked the inner side of the pipe 2 inches apart for inner plates and distance from its
edge using measuring and marking tools as shown in figure (3.2.1.).

Fig (3.2.1.2) marking in the pipe.

 Fig (3.2.1.3) properties of pipe.

•After that we have taken 3 steel plates of 1mm thickness and diameter of 20 cm in below fig

Fig (3.2.1.4) plates.

We have marked one plate and divided into two pieces and each piece into 4 inches at distance from its
edge using measuring and marking tools as shown in figure (3.2.1.5).

Fig (3.2.1.5) marking of plates.

Then we have taken other 2 plates and marked them at 5 inches from one side and 1 inch from
the other side as shown in below fig
 Fig (3.2.1.6) marking on other plates.

We have performed cutting operation using angle grinder with respect to the markings as shown
in figure (3.2.1.7).

Fig (3.2.1.7). Cutting operation.

 Fig (3.2.1.8) Finished plates.

•Then we have taken finished plates and welded together inside the pipe using arc welding.

Fig (3.2.1.9) Desired welding spot on particular marking.

 Fig (3.2.1.10) welding operation and finishing.

•We have performed drilling operation at pipe at 5 inches distance from the edge using radial
arm drilling machine with 15 mm drill bit fixed to it as shown in figure (3.2.1.11).
 Fig (3.2.1.11) drilling operation.

•We have welded the inlet and outlet together using an arc welding machine with respect to the
drilled holes on pipe as shown in figure (3.2.1.12).

Fig (3.2.1.11) welding operation.

Fig (3.2.1.) cutting operation on _____

We have performed drilling operation at __mm using radial arm drilling machine with __mm
drill bit fixed to it as shown in figure (3.2.1.).

Fig (3.2.1.) drilling operation

We have welded the ______ together using an arc welding machine with respect to the ________
as shown in figure (3.2.1.).

Fig (3.2.1.) welding operation

CHAPTER 4:
Applications.
•Medical, Commercial, Institutional, Industrial, and Military ApplicationsSince 1985 Pure Air
Systems, Inc. has been manufacturing commercial grade HEPA andcarbon based air filtration
systems for the commercial and residential markets. Here are someof the applications where are
products are being used:

1.Medical Hospitals:

Use of HEPA systems in patient care rooms where either a positive or negativeHEPA filtered
environment is required. Typically used for infection control or isolation forcommunicable
disease control.

•Clinics:

Use of HEPA systems for reduction/removal of airborne pathogens, allergens andbacteria to

maintain clean environment for outpatient procedures.

• Laboratories:

Use of HEPA systems in medical labs and dental labs

• Pharmaceutical Manufacturing:

Use of HEPA systems for containment of chemicalcompounds during the manufacture and
development of pharmaceutical drugs.

2.Institutional Universities:

Use of HEPA and Carbon systems for R&D labs for reduction/removal ofairborne contaminants
and/or pathogens during various phases of the research cycle.

•Pre-Schools and Secondary Educational Facilities

: Use of HEPA systems in pre-schools toreduce levels of airborne pathogens and minimize
spread of communicable disease.Use ofHEPA systems in High Schools for overall air filtration
of occupied areas.

3.Commercial Household Health and Personal Care Products:

Use of HEPA and Carbon based systemsfor reduction/removal of contaminants associated with
the design and development of variouschemical and compound based health care and cosmetic
products.

•Food Products and Beverages:

Use of HEPA systems to maintain mid-level clean roomenvironment for packaging and
processing of food grade products. This includes the bottlingprocess for many alcoholic and non-
alcoholic beverages.

•Retail – Restaurant:

Use of HEPA and Carbon systems for removal of odours and airborneparticulates in food
service and various retail facilities. Also used for removal of cigarette andcigar smoke in those
bars and restaurants that allow smoking.

•Apartments and Hotels:

Use of HEPA systems in apartment complex HVAC systems(where individual air handlers are
used) and in high end Hotels for meeting and conferencerooms.

4.Industrial Microelectronics:

Use of HEPA and Carbon systems in the manufacture of microchips andother dust sensitive
electronic components. Typically these types of products have to befabricated in a clean-room
type of environment.

•Optics:

Use of HEPA systems to maintain clean room environment in the manufacture ofprecision
optics for commercial and military use.

•Precision Component Manufacturing:

Use of HEPA systems for reduction/removal of finedust generated in the manufacturing of

precision components to minimize maintenance issueswith particulate getting into process
equipment.

•Testing Laboratories:

Use of HEPA systems to remove fine airborne particulate generatedduring various phases of
compound testing (i.e. mineral labs, precious metal labs).
•Automotive:

Use of HEPA systems in the paint and coatings labs and R & D facilities.

5.Military Aerospace Guidance Systems

: Use of HEPA systems in the manufacture and assembly ofhighly sophisticated, precision
guidance systems for all military aircraft, satellites andunmanned systems. These systems are
always assembled in clean room environments.

•Chemical and Biological Systems:

Use of HEPA systems for protection of occupants in thedevelopment and testing of certain
chemical and biological compounds.

FIG 4.1 HEPA FILTER PARTICLE TRAPING MECAHNISM

CHAPTER-5:
CONCLUSION.

Air pollution has become one of the largest sources of all reported deaths in the past few years and
it would not be wrong to say that mankind has been shaken by its very existence. Air pollutants
can be subdivided into categories but the most harmful of them all are particulate matters of sizes
less than 2.5 microns and NOx emissions. Human body is equipped suitably to trap the particulate
matter entering while we exhale but the problem occurs in dealing with PM 2.5 as their size
becomes so minute that it is not technically possible for our body to trap them. In an effort to find
a solution to this problem, HEPA filters were designed which are a multi layered structure of glass
fibers in order to trap the PM 2.5 particles. They do promise a very high efficiency of 99.97% but
all of this comes at a cost owing to the expensive and intensive process of production. A very
attractive method of curbing industrial air pollution is to use electrostatic smoke precipitators, their
advantage lying in the fact that they can nearly filter out every possible category of air pollutants
starting from particulates to odor.

The downside is that they require a very high voltage and current supply making their use
unfeasible for indoor home applications. UV light proves to be a suitable method to fight the
bacterial pollutants that may be present provided the wavelength of light being used is not harmful
for humans. Activated carbon is one of the conventional methods of purification with little to no
disadvantages. This paper presents a compilation of some of the most recent methods of purifying
air which are cost effective and efficient at the same time. Transparent PAN filters bank on the
fact that windows provide a good amount of surface area for introducing alayer of filter without
sacrificing natural light and ventilation. Photocatalytic materials provide a novel pathway to curb
NOx emissions. Soy proteins and silk nanofibrils provide a method of utilizing natural resources
to purify air. Future scope of work lies in further research that needs to be carried out on how these
methods can be combined for the various categories of pollutants to be used in an air purifier for
bringing out one of the most economical solutions to fight this vicious problem in hand.There are
many different kinds of air purifier available in the market with differenttechnologies. Some may
have HEPA, carbon, ionizing, UV technology and many more.Some purifiers also contain more
than one technology for advanced functioning and betterresults. Thus, choose the best one
matching your requirement and budget.

The main function of HEPA Filter is to remove contaminated viruses from the air andprovide clean
and pure air. Thus, HEPA Filter is a crucial purchase element for the onesuffering from dust or
pollen allergy. Strict standards have been set for the filters to beclassified as HEPA. A HEPA Filter
should be able to remove 99.97% particles being small as0.03 microns.So, buy only a quality
product from reliable sources and avoid buying “HEPA-Type” or“HEPA-Like” filters, as these
filters will not provide you the best result as compared to thetrue HEPA Filters.At last, there are
many sources from which you can order your HEPA Filter Air Purifier.Why wait for more to avail
such luxury home stuff. Click here if you like to buy the bestHEPA Air Purifier.

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