PROPOSAL TO SUBSTITUTE SINGLE-USE PLASTIC WITH PAPER PRODUCTS AND

PLASTIC UTENSILS FOR BAMBOO

BY: Baylee Kurtz, Nicolina Ferraro, Kayla Bokor, and Cassandra Shank

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (ENVL 4300)

SPRING 2020

STOCKTON UNIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND GEOLOGY PROGRAM
Instrutor: Dr. Tait Chirenje
 Summary of proposal
In essence, Stockton University is a public institution of higher learning located in
Galloway Township, New Jersey. The institution ​is an undergraduate and graduate college of the
sciences, arts, as well as professional studies. In particular, with the current global issues of
COVID-19 and many other issues, most colleges such as Stockton University are struggling with
environmental pollution issues. Therefore, this report will present a proposal for Stockton
University focused on substituting single-use plastic with paper products and plastic utensils for
bamboo. Other educational institutions have implemented similar ideas to our proposed solutions
of replacing plastic utensils for bamboo and substituting plastic to-go containers for
biodegradable paper containers. Comments will be made in this paper regarding the previous
implementation of the proposed solutions and how they can be modified to work at Stockton
University.

1
 Table of Contents
Summary of Proposal…………………………………………………………………………….1
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...……….....3
Implications of the Issue………………………………………………………………………….3
Where the Problem Exists…...……………………………………………………………………4
Proposed Solution…………………………………………………………………………………6
Problem Statement………...………………………………………………………………6
Solution…..………………………………………………………………………………..6
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….9
Previous Implementation of Proposed Solutions…….…………………………………………..9
References…..……………………………………………………………………………………12

2
Introduction
As if a global pandemic due to a contagious and deadly virus isn't enough to manage,
many other issues have been aroused in the process of trying to stay safe. One of the largest
environmental issues that has been majorly enhanced within the last year due to the pandemic is
the use of “single-use” plastic products. Because it is vital to stay socially distant in order to
reduce the effects of the virus, all restaurants closed down their indoor dining and converted to
mainly “to-go” services, which has slowed the spread of the virus but it has created a huge
problem for the environment.

Mostly all restaurants have been using single-use plastic to-go containers for years but
now that every single meal that is prepared, is packaged to go, the amount of plastic being used
is outrageous. In order to successfully minimize this problem, it is vital to find alternate materials
for takeout food and drinks that are eco friendly and recyclable in order to produce less waste.
Because it is extremely hard to solve a problem that is happening all over the world, we must
start at a small level and work our way up to a global solution. With this being said,
implementing the transition from plastic packaging to paper materials on Stockton University’s
campus would be only a small start to a global issue but its impacts will be immense.

The use of single-use plastics everywhere around the world has tripled within the last
year due to safety regulations regarding the current pandemic. This is an extreme threat to every
ecosystem on this planet because single-use plastics are not easily recycled and when they are,
they often produce many harmful chemicals into the atmosphere in the process. Plastics are also
oftentimes, not recycled at all which can create many other issues like pollution of groundwater
resources and increased greenhouse gases.

In order to address this problem the solution that we would like to propose to minimize
the waste from single-use plastic products is to use alternate materials rather than plastics. Our
proposed solution entails substituting single-use plastic with paper products and plastic utensils
for bamboo. This will reduce the waste from plastics as well as still maintaining a safe and
healthy environment for the students and faculty on the campus.

Implications of the Issue

The distribution of single use plastic food containers and utensils have been a problem at
Stockton for years. Unfortunately, the problem has become exacerbated by the increased need to
package food due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This can currently be seen at Chartwells dining
locations, especially at locations where mobile ordering is offered.

Transparent plastic products are the preferred containers for food merchandise for both
aesthetic and sanitary reasons. Plastic packaging and containers are very popular in grab-and-go
situations where food is prepackaged, like at the 360 convenience store in the Campus Center.
By using transparent plastic containers for premade and prepackaged foods, customers are able

3
to see the product which makes them more likely to buy it (WSJ, 2014). Although using these
plastics contributes to the sale of the product, it also contributes to the creation of plastic waste.
Manufacturing new plastic is also cheaper than using recycled materials which gives businesses
a greater profit margin when using single use plastic food containers (Explainer, 2016).
However, the creation of this packaging creates pollution through the collection and extraction of
raw materials (ENVL 4300 Weebly). Single use plastic food containers have also become
increasingly popular throughout the COVID-19 pandemic because they are seen as a sanitary and
safe packaging option. This type of packaging is also popular because it is believed that
single-use plastics reduce food borne illnesses and by doing so will protect the health and safety
of customers (Plastic Food Service Facts). Many restaurants and dining options on and around
Stockton’s campus are using single use plastic food containers and prepackaged plastic utensils
to reduce the spread of COVID-19 particles when handling food. The containers used by
Stockton and local restaurants are often classified as plastic types #1 PET or #7 OTHER.

Although this type of packaging increases sales and profits, the plastic is not recyclable in
Atlantic County. According to the ACUA, plastics other than #1 and #2 cannot be recycled at
their facility. They also will not recycle any plastic container that does not have a neck smaller
than its base, regardless if it is #1 or #2. This also means that any plastic utensils, cups, plates,
and straws cannot be recycled (ACUA). Plastics used for foods, like clamshell containers and
utensils, are created by thermoforming which results in plastics of the same type being different
grades (Earth 911). Thermoformed plastics are hard to recycle because they are difficult to sort
out of batches of more desirable blow molded PET plastics. This results in bales being
contaminated by the less desirable thermoformed PET and causes recycling facilities to lose
money when they ship the bales out for processing. Due to this financial loss, many local
recycling facilities do not accept clamshells or other thermoformed PET plastics. Since the
ACUA processes all of Stockton’s recycling, this results in Stockton University creating an
extensive amount of plastic waste. Inorder to reduce the amount of plastic waste created by
Stockton, the ACUA would need to accept the financial loss and recycle all PET plastics
together. Unrecycled plastic waste ends up in landfills and often makes its way to the ocean
where it becomes a hazard for wildlife (National Geographic, 2018).

Where the Problem Exists

Single use plastic containers are not just a problem at Stockton, these containers are used
at most restaurants across the United States. As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic,
restaurants have been forced to rely on takeout to keep their businesses running (The Washington
Post). Since restaurant seating is limited and many people are wary of going out in public to eat,
customers are more likely to opt for grab and go takeout. The increasing popularity of takeout is
resulting in an increase of single use utensils, food containers, and cups ending up in landfills.
Plastics that cannot be recycled by local companies in the U.S. are often shipped to China and

4
other Asian countries where they create mountains of plastic wastes. Locals of these areas may
attempt to recycle or burn the plastics creating hazardous conditions and air pollution.

The problem of single use plastic containers exists at other Stockton campuses and all
college campuses that use Chartwells for campus dining. According to Chartwells sustainability
page on their website, all single use plastic containers are made of recyclable materials. Although
this may technically be true, these materials cannot be recycled in Atlantic County or at most
recycling facilities. These plastics are classified as “low-melt #1’s” and cannot be correctly
sorted by recycling machines (Millennium Recycling Inc). Single use plastic products also melt
at different temperatures than plastics that are more easily recycled. This results in a “good”
batch of plastic becoming unusable since it has become contaminated by a different kind of
plastic.

Students at Princeton University are experiencing a similar problem with their dining
services. All food is served using single use plastic plates, containers, utensils and cups. Meals
are prepackaged by the dining staff and they also offer takeout (Princeton Dining). During the
spring 2021 semester, students living on campus, except those living in ​Spelman Hall​, are
required to purchase a meal plan (Princeton Spring 2021 Update). This means that every student
will be forced to contribute to single use plastic waste problem that Princeton is creating. Since
the state of the pandemic is constantly changing, Princeton’s single use plastic problem has not
been resolved. Princeton student Kelsey Ji wrote an article in “The Daily Princetonian” calling
for a reduction in single use plastics used around campus. Kelsey said that Princeton is making
efforts to reduce its single use plastic problem where they can. Dining services are using
products certified by the Biodegradable Products Institute for containers that hold hot products,
like coffee and soup (The Daily Princetonian). Similar to Chartwells dining services, Princeton
dining services’ single use plastic containers are made of recycled PET. As a solution to the
increasing demand of single use dining sets, Kelsey proposed that students use their own
reusable containers and dinnerware.

Colleges in New Jersey are not the only ones facing the problem of single use dining
wastes. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an increasingly high amount of single
use plastics being used, the problem of single use plastics has been around since the 1950s (The
Daily Princetonian). In 2013 students at Harvard University worked with the Food Literacy
Project and Harvard University Dining Services to implement a reusable container program in
their dining halls. This initiative was created to reduce excess wastes created by to go containers
and food packaging (Harvard University Sustainability, 2013). To participate in Harvard’s
reusable container program, students redeem tokens given to them by the dining hall.
Participating students’ meals are then packaged in reusable plastic containers and the students
return the container to the dining hall when they are finished. Once returned, the student receives
another token, and the dining staff cleans the container. Harvard also has a program that reduces

5
disposable waste and encourages students to use reusable products. For example, students who
purchase a reusable travel mug at Harvard ​University Dining Services​ will get the first fill free
and all other refills are discounted (Harvard University Sustainability, 2014). Although
Harvard’s reusable container program is proven to be effective in reducing plastic wastes, it is
not currently a feasible solution due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This leads us to find solutions
that are achievable during a worldwide pandemic.

Problem Statement

Takeout dining options increase plastic waste. This has always been a concerning issue,
but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the availability of dine-in meals in dining halls has
decreased. This has caused many students to take their food-to-go and dining halls to switch to
pre-packaged meals. Students do not have much control over the food they receive, and their
choices come wrapped in plastic packaging. A majority of the takeout options at Stockton
University are packaged in plastic containers. Stockton distributes pre-packaged goods and food
such as sandwiches, wraps, brownies, cookies, pudding, sushi, fruit/vegetable cups, etc. Stockton
has already implemented using paper-to-go containers but has not done anything for pre-packed
goods. Also, the university’s management still dispenses single-use plastic forks, knives, and
spoons. As more students choose to eat off-site due to the pandemic, college and university
foodservice operators are challenged with the need to find the proper packaging that will
preserve the quality of the food and be easily recycled, composted, or even reused.

Solution

The proposed solution to the issue at hand entails substituting single-use plastic with
paper products and plastic utensils for bamboo. Single-use plastics, like straws and utensils, will
be replaced with compostable wooden utensils. Dine-in facilities will supply biodegradable paper
products for pre-packed goods as an alternative to plastic. In essence, unlike plastic products that
do not decompose, paper products are crucial because they can decompose when disposed of.
Therefore, replacing single-use plastic products with paper products will be an integral move
towards enhancing environmental sustainability. This way, this would be a vital decision to end
environmental pollution within Stockton University. Inline, replacing plastic utensils with
bamboo is also an integral approach that will end the pollution issue affecting the university.
Bamboo cutlery is non hazardous and just as secure as metal utensils - as long as an individual
ensures to keep them clean.

Substituting single-use plastic with paper products and plastic utensils for bamboo would
be an affordable solution in fighting environmental pollution within Stockton University. In
other ways, as compared to all other solutions that could be suggested, this option seems to be
the cheapest. Firstly, manufacturing paper products is affordable as it only requires three parts as
raw materials, unlike plastics which require expensive chemicals and raw materials. On the other
end, bamboo utensils are also cheap as they are processed or rather made from a readily available

6
bamboo plant. Therefore, in enacting this solution, the management of Stockton University will
require minimal funds.

On the other hand, considering that plastic products will be replaced by paper products
and plastic utensils for bamboo, it will not require a huge change that could take a lot of human
and capital investment. In precise, acquiring paper products to replace single-use plastics would
not require many individuals or funds. Instead, it's something that can be comfortably done by a
small group of around five individuals who will be coordinating the purchase and distribution of
the paper products and bamboo utensils to the right places within the institution. Since the
university would not be manufacturing paper products or even bamboo utensils, it would not
incur many costs regarding capital investment. Generally, the university would only spend on
purchasing the products, which will not take much. Therefore, the entire change process would
not take a lot of human and capital investment​.

Moreover, the prepackaged goods and utensils will be sturdy, lightweight, and durable,
giving staff members and students even more the reason to want to convert to this more
sustainable option.​Bamboo is one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth. This grass can grow as
much as five feet in a year, reaching maturity between three and five years. Compared to wood,
it takes almost thirty years for a tree to reach maturity. Bamboo also releases 35% more oxygen
than trees and helps prevent soil erosion and is a carbon neutral plant. Bamboo utensils are
nontoxic and reusable. Once they have reached the end of their lifespan, they can be composted.
Bamboo decomposed completely in less than three months. It is the perfect alternative to plastic
appliances. In addition, Bamboo is strong, durable, and tough. There are no harmful chemicals
used to make bamboo cutlery, so it is safe, opposed to plastic.

In cost, paper products and bamboo utensils are cheaper than plastic. Paper and cardboard
have benefits as a packaging choice, namely that they are inexpensive, they can be made of
recycled paper-pulp, and they can be recycled. ​Since bamboo material itself is affordable, the
resulting utensils are also affordable. You can get many utensils made of bamboo on the same
budget as fewer metal utensils. They are inexpensive and the right choice for colleges and
universities on a budget.​Over the long term, paper is a more sustainable packaging material than
plastic. However, while it is better than plastic, paper cannot be recycled infinitely because every
time it is reused, the fibers get shorter, limiting its use. Luckily, all paper can be composted.
Switching to paper based packaging and bamboo utensils would entail the cost of
communicating the change and purchasing the paper products plus the bamboo utensils needed.
As time goes by, the cost to Stockton would decrease as the bamboo utensils would not be single
use.

Principally, in ensuring effective implementation of the solution outlined above, the

management of Stockton University would require technical skills in accounting, environmental
management, as well as effective communication. First, technical skills in accounting would be

7
vital in ensuring that the purchasing of paper products and bamboo utensils is effectively done.
The skills are also integral in ensuring accountability and transparency in the use of finances
within the institution. Secondly, environmental management skills are crucial in ensuring
effective coordination of replacing single-use plastics with paper products and plastic utensils for
bamboo. Through this technical skill, the management would effectively implement the change.
Eventually, effective communication is also another vital technical skill required to implement
the proposed solution successfully. The project management team must effectively communicate
the change process to the project team members, learners, and Stockton's management.
Therefore, without effective communication skills, the change process would not be well
communicated.

The entire change process would entail changes of minds among the students and the
university's staff and management. In other ways, after the change has been effectively
communicated to them, they would need to change their minds. By changing their minds, the
relevant populations would align with the proposed solution regarding replacing single-use
plastic with paper products and plastic utensils for bamboo. Since this would be new in the
university, the learners, tutors, non-teaching staff, and the management team would have to
change their minds and embrace the change.

Figure 1

Figure 1 is an image of Kraft paper packaging products. The material is eco-friendly,​ non-toxic,
odorless, pollution-free, low-carbon environmental protection, ​meets national environmental
protection standards​, has high strength, high environmental protection, and is currently the most
popular in the world one of the environmentally friendly packaging materials.

Figure 2

8
 Figure 2 is a set of bamboo utensils. It is composed of a fork, knife, spoon,straw, and
straw cleaner. Bamboo utensils are lightweight, durable, and eco-friendly.

Conclusion

To sum up, the paper outlines a proposal ​for Stockton University focused on substituting
single-use plastic with paper products and plastic utensils for bamboo.​ As more students choose
to eat off-site due to the pandemic, college and university foodservice operators are challenged to
find the proper packaging vital in conserving the environment. This solution would not require a
lot of human and capital investment as it would involve using plant products as raw materials. To
ensure effective implementation of the resolution, the university's management and the project
team would require technical skills in accounting, environmental management, as well as
effective communication. In the main, substituting single-use plastic with paper products and
plastic utensils for bamboo would be an affordable solution in fighting environmental pollution
within Stockton University.

Previous Implementation of Proposed Solutions

There have been a few different implementations of the ideas presented in this paper.
There are two main aspects of the solutions that we provided - replacing plastic containers in
dining operations with paper containers and replacing plastic utensils with bamboo utensils.

At Ohio State University, a team of students advocated for reusable bamboo utensils to
replace their plastic counterparts. This was to be done by giving students a free set of bamboo
utensils to students if they agree to fill out a survey at the end of one year. This survey would tell
the university how much the respondent used the bamboo utensils and how convenient they
were. Several colleges (Washington University in St. Louis, University of Minnesota, etc.) sell
bamboo utensil sets at their school store. Stockton University does not sell bamboo utensil sets in
campus stores, but providing disposable bamboo utensils in campus food operations would be a
good alternative to disposable plastic utensils.

9
 The California State University, Northridge had a sustainability program called
“Eco-friendly PUCCs” which involved switching to using compostable paper containers in their
dining operations. In addition, the university switched many plastic products for more
environmentally friendly alternatives. Similarly, the University of California has goals to phase
out the use of plastics on their campuses. This was mainly motivated by students’ growing
concern about their environmental impacts. Researchers in the university conducted a study that
showed that their switch to plastic alternatives would alleviate some of the burden humans put on
the environment.

George Washington University has a goal to eliminate plastic waste from their campus by
2030. Their initiative began with installing refillable water stations around campus, and will
expand to provide plastic alternatives to the students. By giving students free will, school
officials are hoping that students will gradually cease their use of plastic products. Though this
plan does a good job at putting the responsibility in the students’ hands, it does not seem efficient
enough to achieve conclusive results. Stockton University installed water filling stations years
ago, and are currently working on sustainable initiatives such as reducing single-use plastic bags
and eliminating plastic straws.

Eckerd College has completed similar solutions that we want to implement at Stockton
University. A group of students banned together to implement an action plan to eliminate plastics
on their campus. The first step involved educating the students about how their consumption
affects the environment. Next, they worked to install resources on campus that would encourage
students to reuse water bottles to reduce their plastic waste. After that, they came up with
incentives for their students to reduce plastic usage. These involved marketing their college with
reusable utensil sets and water bottles. The fourth step is the step that is related to our proposed
solution. It involved providing plastic alternatives, which in their case were bamboo utensils.
Their final steps of their plan included eliminating plastic bags on campus and replacing them
with paper. Eckerd College’s plan to become a plastic-free campus gave insight to how things
can be done differently at Stockton University. The educational component is a key element that
Stockton University seems to be missing, and the implementation of plastic alternatives is
pertinent to achieve our continual goal of increasing our sustainability on campus.

In order to determine if the solutions are effective, a waste audit can be conducted. Waste
audits are able to show how much and what category of waste is disposed of and recycled in a
given period of time. By tracking these values, we can determine if the solutions are effective
and if the Stockton University staff and students are taking well to the solutions. These solutions
would be effective if less plastic waste was put in the trash. The solutions would also need to be
sold at a similar rate as they were in plastic containers. If both of these conditions were met, the
solutions would have been successful.

10
 In conjunction with the solutions, an educational component would be beneficial for
long-term results. By creating educational programs and signage, students and staff would learn
about how their consumption impacts the environment. It would also be beneficial to showcase
how using bamboo utensils and paper containers would decrease the amount of plastic waste that
Stockton University sends to the waste treatment center and how the reduction of plastic waste
helps with environmental and public health.

Several colleges (Boston College, Carleton College, Middlebury College, etc) have taken
the initiative to reduce waste on their campuses. These colleges have begun using reusable
containers in their food services. This means that students have to provide their own plates,
bowls, utensils, and cups for their meals rather than being provided it. Although this reduction in
waste does seem to be the most environmentally friendly, the current state of the pandemic
makes many other colleges wary about establishing similar programs due to public health
concerns. Another alternative to paper to-go containers is the use of Bagasse containers. Bagasse
products are known to be more durable and are more sustainable than using standard paper.
These alternatives are more environmentally friendly, but are more expensive.

Similarly to Washington University, Stockton University could sell bamboo utensil sets
in campus stores. Some colleges also provide a monetary incentive to encourage students to use
reusable products. For example, the California State University, Northridge has a program that
rewards students and staff for using reusable cups by taking $0.30 off of their total purchase
when using their cups. Stockton University could provide a similar service with the bamboo
utensils if students opt to use the bamboo sets over the disposable plastic sets given out at the
register. There are also other plastic alternatives for utensils, such as soy-based or avocado
oil-based products. These both are biodegradable, are about as sustainable as bamboo products,
and have similar timeframes that they persist in landfills. Bamboo products can deteriorate
within 30 days, whereas soy and avocado oil-based products can take 90 days to deteriorate.

Another alternative solution to providing disposable bamboo utensils would be to provide

them during Welcome Week. Eckerd College did this by placing their college’s logo on the
package for the bamboo utensils and on the water bottle that they provided. By giving the
utensils out for free at the beginning of their first semester, there is not a question of “Will
students buy this product?” By having the option to use their reusable bamboo utensil set,
students can start making their own sustainable habits.

11
References

Bamboo Utensil Set by To Go Ware. n.d. UMD Stores. Retrieved from:

https://umdstores.com/MerchDetail?MerchID=1630926&num=0&start=9&end=12&type
=1&CategoryName=Sustainable/Eco-Friendly&CatID=30986&Name=Sustainable/Eco-F
riendly#.YDG1bRNKhH0
Begley, M. (2017, August). Why Can’t You Recycle Plastic Cups Or To-Go Containers?
Millennium Recycling Inc.
https://www.millenniumrecycling.com/why-cant-you-recycle-plastic-to-go-containers/.
Boston College adds reusable, to-go containers in dining. 2018. CR80 News. Retrieved
from:
https://www.cr80news.com/news-item/boston-college-adds-reusable-go-containers-dinin
g/
Chirenje, T. (2021). Waste - Recycling. ENVL 4300. https://envl4300.weebly.com/waste.html.
Dine On Campus. (2020). https://dineoncampus.com/su/covid19-dining-faq.
Doing Something Right: Students drive Carleton’s switch to reusable containers. 2020.
Carleton. Retrieved from:
https://www.carleton.edu/news/stories/doing-something-right-students-drive-carletons-sw
itch-to-reusable-containers/
Eco-Friendly PUCCs. N.d. CSUN. Retrieved from:
https://www.csun.edu/tuc/eco-friendly-puccs-plates-utensils-cups-and-containers
George Washington University commits to single-use-plastic ban. 2021. Washington
Post. Retrieved from:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/gw-plastics-ban/2021/02/11/b9ed45bc-
6c6b-11eb-9f80-3d7646ce1bc0_story.html
Hartke, K. (2020, October 21). Torn between safety and environmental concerns, restaurants
stick with disposable serveware. The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2020/10/21/restaurant-utensils-coronavirus-safety
/
Ji, K. (2020, November 17). Single-use plastic has surged during COVID-19. Here's why we
must cut back. The Daily Princetonian.
https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2020/11/single-use-plastic-abuse-during-pand
emic-covid-19-campus-dining.
Nassauer, S. (2014, August 13). See-Through Food Packaging Boosts Sales. The Wall Street
Journal.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/see-through-food-packaging-boosts-sales-1407884666.
Parker, L. (2021, February 10). A whopping 91% of plastic isn't recycled. Science.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/plastic-produced-recycling-waste-oc
ean-trash-debris-environment.

12
Recycling Guidelines. n.d. ACUA.
http://www.acua.com/disposal-recycling/residential/recycling/.
Reusable Container Program. Sustainability at Harvard. (2013, December 4).
https://green.harvard.edu/tools-resources/how/reusable-container-program.
Rinde, M. (2019, September 19). Explainer: Separating Rubbish from Reality for NJ's Recycling.
NJ Spotlight News.
https://www.njspotlight.com/2016/06/16-06-20-explainer-separating-rubbish-from-reality
-for-nj-s-recycling/.
Recycling Plastic Clamshells and Bottles, the Same but Different. Earth 911. (2020, September
24). https://earth911.com/business-policy/recycling-plastic-clamshells/.
Reduce disposables: Use Reusables. Sustainability at Harvard. (2014, December 10).
https://green.harvard.edu/tools-resources/green-tip/reduce-disposables-use-reusables.
Reusable Container Program. N.d. Middlebury. Retrieved from:
http://www.middlebury.edu/sustainability/our-commitment/sustainable-dining/sustainabl
e-to-go-containers
Sanitation and Hygiene. Plastic Food Service Facts. (2017, December 13).
https://www.plasticfoodservicefacts.com/foodservice-safety/sanitation-and-hygiene/.
Students Succeed in Pushing Florida College to go Plastic-Free. 2019.
#breakfreefromplastic. Retrieved from:
https://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/2019/11/26/students-succeed-in-pushing-florida-co
llege-to-go-plastic-free/
Sustainability. Chartwells Higher Ed. (2021). http://chartwellshighered.com/sustainability/.
Sustainability. N.d. Syracuse. Retrieved from: https://foodservices.syr.edu/aboutus/sustainability/
The Trustees of Princeton University. (2021, February 2). Spring 2021 Update. Princeton
University. https://dining.princeton.edu/meal-plans/faqs.
The Trustees of Princeton University. (2021). Undergraduates and Families | Spring Term 2021.
Princeton University.
https://spring2021.princeton.edu/undergraduates-and-families#dining.
The University of California moves to scrap single-use plastics. 2020. Student PIRGs.
Retrieved from:
https://studentpirgs.org/2020/08/24/uc-moves-to-scrap-single-use-plastics/
Twigg, R. USG Event Aims to Replace Plastic Utensils with Bamboo Cutlery. 2017. The
Lantern. Retrieved from:
https://www.thelantern.com/2017/03/usg-event-aims-to-replace-plastic-utensils-with-bam
boo-cutlery/
What Are Our Harvest Fiber Containers Made From? N.d. Genpak. Retrieved from:
https://blog.genpak.com/2020/06/01/bagasse-biodegradable-containers/

13