CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of Related Literature

Plastic Bottle

An article of Will McCallum titled "How to Give up Plastic: A Conscious

Guide to Changing the World, One Plastic Bottle at a Time" states that 'We have a

responsibility, every one of us' David Attenborough Around 12.7 million tons of

plastic are entering the ocean every year, killing over 1 million seabirds and 100,000

marine mammals. By 2050 there could be more plastic in the ocean than fish by

weight. But how can YOU make a difference? This accessible guide will help you

make the small changes that make a big difference, including using a wash bag to

catch plastic microfibers· Replacing your regular shampoo with bar shampoo· How to

throw a plastic-free birthday party Plastic is not going away without a fight. This is a

call to arms-to join forces across the world and end our dependence on plastic.

(McCallum 2018)

An article states that Recycling of used plastic bottles is an important measure

to protect the environment and save energy. Usually, bottles in different colors have

different value for recycling. Classification of plastic bottles recycling based on image

recognition during recycling is an effective way, where the position and color

recognition are the key technologies. To classify the plastic bottles on the conveyor

belt, their position relationships are firstly defined as three categories, i.e. disjoint,

adjacent and overlapping. The disjoint ones can be easily identified by the ratio of

concave and convex area based on their image. For the adjacent and overlapping
bottles, a combination method called distance transformation and threshold

segmentation is proposed to distinguish their position relationships. Once the adjacent

bottles are identified, the method of concave point search based on convex hull will

be used to separate the adjacent recycled bottles further. Then, the color of both the

disjoint and adjacent bottles is identified because it is too complex and difficult to

recognize color of and separate the overlapping bottles. In the aspect of color

recognition, the colors of recycled bottles are divided into seven categories in the

sorting process. Color features of the bottom section are used to represent the one of

the recycled bottle because there may be a bottle cap and a label on the top and in the

middle of the bottle, respectively, resulting in the wrong recognition. Relief algorithm

is applied to select color features of recycled bottles and the color is identified by

support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The influence of training sample size on

classification model is studied and the experimental results show that the accuracy of

color recognition of recycled bottles reach 94.7%. (Wang, Peng, Huang, and Sun,

2019)

As Stephen Buranyi recently observed ‘Plastic is everywhere, and suddenly

we have decided that is a very bad thing’. While the science on the impacts of plastics

on marine life has been clear since the 1980s society has, until recently been happy to

look the other way on our throwaway culture. This culture of convenience generates

significant plastic waste, most of it arising from food packaging and most of it going

directly to landfill. Once in landfill, our products of plastic convince will continue to

live on past our own life with plastic bags taking between 10- 1000 years to

breakdown and plastic bottles taking 450 year or more to break down. The regulatory

framework for addressing waste is referred to as the Circular Economy. The Ellen

MacArthur Foundation identifies three principles of the circular economy: 1) design

out waste and pollution; 2) Keep products and materials in use, 3) Regenerate Natural

Systems. Historically, political support and leadership for laws encouraging reduced

consumption and production have been generally low, due to our economic structure

which depends upon the over-production and consumption of products. More

recently, however, governments have started to embrace circular economy type

initiatives due to the escalating costs of managing the waste from our throwaway

culture. (Maguire, Rowena, Johnson, Hope, Taboada, et al., 2019)

Some soils cannot withstand heavy loads due to significantly low California

Bearing Ratio and shear strength. So, to reduce this problem treatment of soil is

needed to be done using different stabilizers like furnace slag, fly ash, limestone fines,

bitumen, plastic waste etc. It is defined as the process for improving the properties of

the soil either providing physical or chemical treatments and by blending and mixing

of some other materials with the soil. It helps in controlling the shrink-swell

properties of soil and also improves the shear strength properties and the capacity of

soil to support the loads. This paper is aimed at providing soil stabilization using the

waste plastic. The main motive of this research is to evaluate the result of

incorporating waste plastic bottles on the geotechnical properties of soil. Various

percentages of waste plastic bottles (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) added in the

soil sample and sequel the engineering properties of soil. For this, various laboratory

tests were conducted on soil samples like Unconfined Compressive Strength,

California Bearing Ratio, and Proctor Test etc. and compared with the soil samples

without any plastic waste. The outcome of the study showed that addition of the waste

plastic bottles have positive effect on the soil properties which promotes the re-use of

waste plastic from industry in an economical and environmentally friendly way and it
will also help with the disposal problem of these plastic wastes on some extend.

(Gangwar and Tiwari, 2021)

In a blog The Plastic Bottles Corporation explained that the Plastic Packaging

Tax was introduced in April 2022 applying to all plastic packaging components

produced or imported into the UK that do not contain at least 30% recycled content.

We’ve written a number of articles over the last 12 months explaining the tax and

outlining who pays the tax and when. The tax is levied per ton of plastic packaging

and was originally set at £200 per ton. As of the 1st April 2023 this will rise with

inflation (using the Consumer Price Index) to a fee of £210.82. This will have very

little impact cost-wise on our customers and will be paid within our current supply

chain by our wholesalers. The tax naturally aims to provide a clear economic

incentive to businesses to switch to more sustainable plastics - a key environmental

promise of The Plastic Bottles Company. Our strong belief is that everyone should

have an environmental responsibility and operate as sustainably as they can. As we

sell out of virgin plastic products we’ve always looked to transfer customers to the

equivalent product with increased recycled content, long before the Plastic Tax was

brought in. Our sustainable product range now stands at over 60 products, covering

plastic bottles, jars, and packaging. We’ve recently introduced products that contain

Prevented Ocean Plastic too - plastic that is found within 30 miles of an ocean

coastline or major waterway that feeds into the ocean. (The Plastic Bottles Co., 2023)

Tin Can

Tin is a chemical element which is represented by the symbol Sn. Tin is most

commonly used in the form of tin cans. Food cans mainly store food stuff and used by

packaging industry. The corrosion is a major problem in tin cans and a matter of great
concern for the corrosion engineers as well as researchers. This article deals with

corrosion behavior of tin cans in different media and its inhibition. Researches which

have been done on dissolution of tin in different types of canned products containing

hydrochloric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid and formic acid have been

described here since acids have a great tendency of dissolving the metal to which they

come into contact. It has been found that artificial fruit juices and preservatives

augment the rate of corrosion as compared to natural juices and acids. The

comparative study of the rate of corrosion in tin cans under different conditions along

with the techniques to determine the rate of corrosion has been studied The literature

review on a wide range of corrosion inhibitors used to inhibit corrosion has been

systematically carried out. The main purpose of this review is to showcase the various

cases of corrosion mechanism and inhibition methodologies to combat corrosion of

tinplate. (Ansari, Siddiqui, and Quraishi, 2019)

The proven global tin reserves were reported to be approximately 4.7 million

tons (MTS) in 2016, and among these resources, only approximately 2.2 MTS can be

recovered economically. The original tin deposits will be exhausted in several years,

therefore, tin-bearing secondary resources, such as tin alloy, tin anode slime, e-wastes,

tin slag and tin-bearing tailings, will become the primary source from which tin can

be extracted. Many investigations have been conducted on the recovery of tin from

these tin-bearing materials. However, the separation and recovery approaches of tin

vary significantly, since the content and phase compositions of tin are totally different

in these secondary resources. This paper reviews these methods of extracting and

separating tin from different kinds of tin-bearing secondary resources. (Su, Zhang,

Liu, et al., 2017)

 The steady rise in international trade volume has led to the high rate of utility

of the marine industry. The gate system operation section of the marine terminal is a

very pivotal aspect as it helps in the completion of the supply chain network. The

drayage activities of pickups and delivery are single or double move operations at the

terminal in order to meet customer's target. These operations are carried out by

different types of trucks traffic: inbound and outbound trucks. This paper aims at

investigating the flow pattern of these inbound and outbound trucks and their

respective subdivision frequency at TICT in the year 2018. For the inbound trucks,

501-550 truck distribution had the highest interval with 34.5% as a daily percentage

arrival within the operating hours. While with two-week interval, EMTIN (empty-in)

dominated with a higher peak and CHIN had the least turn-out than the others

inbound subdivisions. While for the outbound trucks pattern, it revealed that LDOUT

(load-out) was domineering with a greater peak and the least was CHOUT (chassis-

out). The rate of inbound to outbound truck volume for that year depicts the state of

the countries dependency. (Ihebom, Ekeocha, and Fayomi, 2019)

An article explained that Tin has been ubiquitous throughout the course of

human history, from Bronze Age tools to lithium-ion battery components, yet Michael

A. Tarselli warns it should not be deemed pedestrian. Its tendency to linger in human

tissues presents a dangerous side that steers researchers towards greener chemistries.

Tin hides everywhere in our culture, often in plain sight. Consider movie relics: from

The Wizard of Oz's Tin Man to the tin-can radio often spotted in treehouses. Element

50, whose symbol 'Sn' comes from the Latin sternum, has been mined all over the

world for centuries. Its tendency to alloy with other metals such as copper or

antimony gave the Bronze Age weapons and pewter tableware. Today, tin compounds

live inside antifouling paint, PVC pipes and probably even in your bones, where tin
compounds often accumulate in the human body. The lustrous silvery metal has a role

to play, for good or ill, in the oncoming rush of battery science and electronics.

Metallic tin mainly occurs in two phases. The 'tin pest' conversion of the strong,

crystalline β form into a brittle α form at low temperatures is recounted1 as the

apocryphal cause of disaster of the Russian campaign, through failure of Napoleon's

buttons in the cold winter of 1812. Two other allotropes exist under high temperatures

and pressures. Anyone observing a printed circuit board has seen solder: a tin–lead

alloy extremely facile to melt and used to join contacts in a complex electronic circuit.

Mass-produced tin cans have held a great variety of products from food to oil to shoe

polish since the late nineteenth century, though today they often comprise the less

costly, more malleable aluminum instead. (Tarselli, 2017)

Traditional methods for measuring moisture transport properties of concrete

are time-consuming, especially since thick specimens are required, and steady-state

methods are preferred. Non-steady state methods may be an alternative but the

conditioning to uniform initial conditions is extremely difficult. The tin can method is,

however, a good alternative under certain conditions and for certain concretes.

Concrete is poured into a tin can and sealed cured in this way for at least a month. The

can is opened, and the concrete is dried in a constant climate. Weight changes are

recorded for several weeks. From these weight changes, the initial RH at start of

drying, the drying climate and the desorption isotherm, the moisture transport

coefficient or the moisture diffusion resistance factor are derived. The paper describes

the theory behind the method and the unique conditions available for certain concretes

that makes the method applicable. Examples of measurements are shown for a

number of concretes and verification is done with the cup method on the very same

concretes, with excellent results. (Nilsson and Bergstrom, 2020)

Dc Motor

In an article, it was investigate that the tuning problem of digital proportional-

integral-derivative (PID) parameters for a dc motor controlled via the controller area

network (CAN). First, the model of the dc motor is presented with its parameters

being identified with experimental data. By studying the CAN network

characteristics, we obtain the CAN-induced delays related to the load rate and the

priorities. Then, considering the system model, the network properties, and the digital

PID controller, the tuning problem of PID parameters for the CAN-based dc motor is

transformed into a design problem of a static-output-feedback controller for a time-

delayed system. To solve this problem, particle swarm optimization algorithm and

linear-quadratic-regulator method are adopted by incorporating the sufficient

condition of time-varying delay system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed PID

tuning strategy is validated by experimental results (Qi, Shi, and Zhang, 2019)

DC Motors are widely used in industries because they provide better quality

with high torque and low volume. An individual PID Controller and A Fuzzy Based

PID Controller is proposed to design in this paper. By a comparison between both the

Controllers an overview of performance of both the Controllers is provided. By the

literature review it is found that many of the researchers used fuzzy controller with

some algorithms to tune the parameters of the PID Controller so here for the tuning of

the PID parameters Fuzzy Controller itself used. In Conventional PID Controller there

is a difficulty to control the value of the parameters and get good suitable

characteristic. In the Fuzzy-Controller to satisfy the control characteristics of the

parameters there is special ability and that is to provide an easy computing, to control

for Motor. By comparing the responses for both the controllers, Fuzzy based PID

Controller presents better performance than PID Controller. To Model the DC Motor
and for the simulation purpose LabVIEW software has been used. (Somwanshi,

Bundele, Kumar, and Parashar, 2019)

The industry is closely related to motors. Motor is used as the prime mover to

run the production machines. Control of the motor is needed so that it can work

according to its designation. Motor parameters must be known to control it. The

required parameters include electrical and mechanical parameters. These parameters

are often not easy to obtain then one way to find out is by identifying the system. This

paper aimed to convey the various methods that have been used in motor

identification systems. Brushed DC motor, brushless DC motor, servo motor, stepper

motor, induction motor, and switch reluctance motor were motors analyzed. These

methods included the least square, recursive least square in the form of autoregressive

with exogenous input, autoregressive moving average with exogenous. Another

system identification method utilizes artificial intelligence. This method used fuzzy

logic, neural network, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and various

combinations of these methods. The review results showed that the artificial

intelligence method was very interesting and promising because it has advantages

compared to conventional methods. Modification or combination of two or more

artificial intelligence methods would get better and closer results to the actual

situation. (Arifin, Nugroho, suprapto, et al., 2021)

Fossil fuel depletion and its adverse impact on global warming is a major

driving force for a recent upsurge in the development of hybrid electric vehicles

technologies. This paper is a conglomeration of the recent literature in the usages of

an energy storage system and power conversion topologies in electric vehicles (EVs).

An EV requires sources that have high power and energy density to decrease the

charging time. Commonly used energy storage devices in EVs are fuel cells, batteries,
ultra-capacitors, flywheel, and photovoltaic arrays. The power output from energy

storage sources is conditioned to match load characteristics with the source for

maximum power delivery. A DC‐DC converter topology performs this task by way of

transforming voltage under the condition of power invariance. In addition, power

electronics is also required to power DC/AC motors efficiently with precise control as

these motors provide tractive efforts and acts as prime movers. This paper therefore

brings out a critical review of the literature on EV's power conversion topologies and

energy storage systems with challenges, opportunities and future directions by

systematic classification of EVs and energy storage. (Kumar, Nema, and Gupta, 2020)

DC motor are commonly used in industrial application, because of that

advantages over other types of motors. Some applications of DC motor require more

advanced control strategies of speed and position. The classic PID controller has been

taking the majority of the control system worldwide. Due to its inefficiency in non

linerity handling, some of the soft computing and artificial intelligent (AI) techniques

were adopted to solve the uncertainties/nonlinearities existing in the system. In this

paper, the several AI techniques were compared based on their performance for

tuning PID of DC motor speed control. The parameters of PID controller to be tuned

in terms of rise time, settling time, steady-state error and maximum overshoot. In

addition, the theoretical complexity of the strategies is also compared. In general, this

paper presents a brief review and comparison of intelligent control strategies for

tuning PID parameters of DC motor speed control based on early research. (Purnama,

Sutikno, Alavandar, and Subrata, 2019)

Electrical Wires
The color, label data, and applications are only a few of the factors that will impact

our choice of electrical wire. The information written on the wire shell is all you need

to choose the appropriate wire for your house. Frequently, the same term (wire or

cable) is used to identify the same object, despite the fact that they are fundamentally

different. A wire is a single electrical conductor, whereas a cable is a collection of

wires encased in sheathing. The word cable came to mean a nautical line of several

ropes used to anchor ships, as well as an electrical context in which cables (similar to

wires) are used to transfer electrical currents. Multiple insulated conductors in an

overall jacket, with helical tape steel or aluminum armor, or else steel wire armor, as

well as a worldwide PVC or lead jacket to protect against moisture and physical

damage, may be used in cables for manufacturing, commercial, and apartment

buildings. Weaved bronze wires may safeguard cables designed for extremely flexible

usage or in maritime applications. Under the usual construction code, electricity or

power supply cables (such as computer networking) that are run in or through air-

handling areas (plenums) of office buildings must either be covered in metal conduit

or assessed to minimal flame and smoke production. (Kumar, Singh, Kumar, 2021)

The power and communication line corridors are usually mixed with urban

trees, and this mixing can be the source of multiple issues like fires and

communication failures. Nevertheless, urban trees are a valuable resource to the city

as they dissipate heat island effects, reduce air pollution and increase general health

perception. This work proposes a deep learning approach to detect trees entangled to

power and communication lines using street-level imagery and perform quick

quantitative and qualitative analyses based on the Grad-CAM++ method. Testing the

method was performed using 1001 images from urban trees from the cities of São

Paulo and Porto Alegre (both in Brazil). We found an overall accuracy of 74.6%
(73.6% for São Paulo and 75.6% for Porto Alegre), suggesting that the methodology

could be suitable in the future for city management to avoid risks of accidents due to

contact between trees and electrical wiring. This text describes the method, a new data

set of urban images, the experimental setup design and tests, and some possible future

improvements. (Oliveira, Buckeridge, and Hirata, 2023)

An article explained that Electric cables are used both in data exchange and

transmission of electric current. For this reason, it is always desired that its assembly

be done easily and reliably. For this, a connection element called terminal is placed at

the end of the cable. This process is called terminal crimping. Terminal crimping can

be performed manually with the help of crimping pliers or with semi-automatic or

fully automatic machines. However, the process may not always be performed in the

desired quality. Losses in data transmission may occur as a result of poor quality

crimping. In the transmission of electrical current, undesirable events such as cable

heating, explosion, fire may occur as a result of bad contact. For this reason, some

quality control devices or test platforms to be designed are needed to determine the

quality of the terminal crimping operations. Determination of the crimp quality in

existing quality control devices is mainly made by electrical testing, cross-sectional

imaging and force analysis methods. In this study, comparative analysis of methods

and tools for determining the crimp quality in cable manufacturing industry has been

made. Defects that may be encountered in crimp processes and their characteristics

are revealed, and the reasons for preference, advantages and disadvantages of

destructive/non-destructive quality control techniques are summarized. (Uzun,

Karademir, Pamkuk, and Nevzat, 2021)

Electrical wires and cables have been identified as a potential source of fire in

residential buildings, nuclear power plants, aircraft, and spacecraft. This work reviews
the recent understandings of the fundamental combustion processes in wire fire over

the last three decades. Based on experimental studies using ideal laboratory wires,

physical-based theories are proposed to describe the unique wire fire phenomena. The

review emphasizes the complex role of the metallic core in the ignition, flame spread,

burning, and extinction of wire fire. Moreover, the influence of wire configurations

and environmental conditions, such as pressure, oxygen level, and gravity, on wire-

fire behaviors are discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and problems in both the

fundamental research, using laboratory wires and numerical simulations, and the

applied research, using commercial cables and empirical function approaches, are

thoroughly discussed to guide future wire fire research and the design of fire-safe wire

and cables. (Huang and Nakamura, 2020)

Electrical conductors based on carbons have recently attracted a growing

interest due to the prospect of replacing metals. Electrical conductors without metals

could represent not only an alternative for traditional wiring, but also a step forward

in the progress and advancing of technology. This result can be achieved by

combining high electrical conductivity with other properties that are dexterity, light

weight, environmental stability, high strength and flexibility. As the best mechanical

properties, high electrical/thermal conductivity of the assembled fibers are all

generally associated with low concentration of defects in the fiber backbone and in

the individual carbon “building blocks”, a special attention is paid to an empirical

relationship between morphology/structure/composition and the electrical properties.

In this review, starting from the beginning, from the late 19th century, when the

carbon filaments became the lights for urban streets, some of the recent developments

in the field of “all-carbon” electrical conductors are discussed. Such conductors can

be obtained by assembling nanoscale carbons (i.e., carbon nanotubes, graphene) into

macroscopic fibers, yarns and ropes (hereafter fibers). In this perspective, the role

played by the chemistry in particular by means of the molecular-level control and

doping, is emphasized. This contribution elucidates most recent results in the field,

and envisages new potential applications. (Cesano, Jasim, Lozano, et al., 2020)

Solar Panel

Photovoltaic modules are well-established, commercially accepted systems

that have been generating electricity since 1995. The efficiency of solar energy

produced by photovoltaic modules can be affected by two main factors:

environmental - such as humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and temperature - and

non-environmental, which takes into account factors such as atmospheric pollution,

dust accumulation, and bird droppings. Dust accumulation, dirt, and bird dropping are

some leading causes that lead to the poor functionality of solar panels. This paper

reviews the most recent and common cleaning systems designed and fabricated to

overcome problems associated with dust accumulation problems. In general, the

cleaning systems are categorized into two main groups which is the active and

passive. A comprehensive review of the automatic cleaning systems is conducted. The

features of each system are explained, and the pros and cons are compared in detail.

Leading indicators of the system, including cost, efficiency, water usage, cleaning

time, and human interference, are considered when choosing an optimal cleaning

system. While brushing and heliotex cleaning systems are cost-effective mechanisms,

both require a human operator. On the other hand, electrostatic cleaning systems are

recommended for regions where water is scarce. Furthermore, robotic cleaning

systems are not recommended for counties with windy climates due to their slow

operation and high costs. (Derakshandeh, Ailuqman, Mohammad, et al., 2021)

 The world’s energy consumption is outpacing supply due to population growth

and technological advancements. For future energy demands, it is critical to progress

toward a dependable, cost-effective, and sustainable renewable energy source. Solar

energy, along with all other alternative energy sources, is a potential renewable

resource to manage these enduring challenges in the energy crisis. Solar power

generation is expanding globally as a result of growing energy demands and depleting

fossil fuel reserves, which are presently the primary sources of power generation. In

the realm of solar power generation, photovoltaic (PV) panels are used to convert

solar radiation into energy. They are subjected to the constantly changing state of the

environment, resulting in a wide range of defects. These defects should be discovered

and remedied as soon as possible so that PV panel’s efficiency, endurance, and

durability are not compromised. This paper focuses on five aspects, namely (i) the

various possible faults that occur in PV panels (ii) the online/remote supervision of

PV panels (iii) the role of machine learning techniques in the fault diagnosis of PV

panels (iv) the various sensors used for different fault detections in PV panels, and (v)

the benefits of fault identification in PV panels. Based on the investigated studies,

recommendations for future research directions are suggested. (Dhanraj,

Mostafaeipour, et al., 2021)

It is well known, that for the efficient usage of solar energy the choosing the

optimal location and direction of solar panels is one of most important issues. Finding

the correct solution for this problem is especially significant in mountain regions that

have a complex topography. A new method for the determination of the optimal daily

panel direction is presented. The method is based on a simple mathematical model of

solar radiation, which determines the amount of solar energy for any instant of time

and any point taking into account shadowing of the Sun caused by surrounding relief.
The optimal direction of the solar panel is determined analytically, as a solution of the

derived system of equations. An algorithm for the determination of daily, monthly,

seasonal and annual optimal directions is realized. The results of calculations and

measurements for the chosen site are presented and the adequacy of the method is

tested. The method can be especially useful for the smart determination of optimal

direction and installation of panels in mountain regions which have high touristic

potential and require clean energy usage. (Gardashov, Eminov, Kara, et al., 2020)

If some households are less likely to be able to participate in solar panel

adoption due to socio-economic or demographic characteristics, then inequity can

exist. We use meta-regressions to analyze links between research characteristics and

dimensions of equity including gender, economic distributions, renting, education,

and ethnicity. We find that studies assessing actual solar panel uptake rather than

intentions are less likely to analyze gender influences. Cross-sectional studies are

more likely to include analyses of economic distributions and renting impacts but are

less likely to assess policy variables. We also investigate links between research

characteristics and prior findings. Significant influences of equity on solar panel

uptake are 17 percentage points (p.p.) and 10 p.p. less likely to be found with regard

to education and ethnicity, respectively, in household-level studies compared to

aggregated studies. Our paper encourages more frequent analysis of equity aspects,

coverage of a broader range of equity aspects, and analysis that incorporates both

equity and policy variables. For research questions on household equity, we suggest

using data on actual solar-panel uptake at the household level. (Best, Marrone, and

Linnenluecke, 2023)

Mass production of solar (photovoltaic PV) panels exhibits a

socioenvironmental threat owing to their end-of-life waste which is projected to be in

millions of tons by mid-century. It brings vulnerability among the low-income

countries who are still debating on the acceptability of renewable energies then how

could they accept an advanced form i.e., “PV recycling”? Inadequate management of

global PV waste can generate renewable energy poverty and a neutral sustainability

approach should be adopted. This work aims to combine environmental, economic,

and social dimensions of PV waste for a vulnerable region, Yucatan (Mexico), to

implement sustainable PV waste regulations. Life-cycle-environmental analysis has

suggested that these impacts can be decreased through PV recycling with a notable

diminution in human toxicity and freshwater Eco toxicity by ∼78%. Life-cycle-cost

assessment has testified that the Leveled-cost-of-electricity with PV recycling can be

∼2% less than the case without PV recycling. The social survey has indicated that

recycling PV can be acceptable provided mass training programs and recycling

incentives can be introduced for the public awareness to facilitate the efficient

implementation of a regularization. In the end, this work, in a methodological way,

answers the philosophical debate that if recycling solar panels can provide

sustainability to this industry. (Lopez, Tariq, Bassam, et al., 2022)

Review of Related Studies

Plastic Bottle

A study about “How consumers of plastic water bottles are responding to

environmental policies?” concludes that although plastic induces environmental

damages, almost all water bottles are made from plastic and the consumption never

stops increasing. This study evaluates the consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for

different plastics used for water packaging. Successive messages emphasizing the

characteristics of plastic are delivered to consumers allowing explaining the influence

of information on the consumers' WTP. We find that information has a manifest effect

on the WTP. We show there is a significant premium associated with recycled plastic

packaging and biodegradable bio plastic packaging. As there is no consensus on the

plastic which is the most or the least dangerous for the environment, we propose

different policies for protecting the environment. We discuss about the impact of

these policies on consumer's purchasing decisions: switching one plastic packaging

for another or leaving water plastic bottles market. We present the environmental

policies that are effective according to the point of view adopted. Choosing between

these policies then depends on the priorities of the regulator and pressure of lobbies.

(Orset, Barret, and Lemaire, 2017)

According to a study of Erna Setyowati and Siti Sukesi about "Accessories

modifying based on plastic waste of shampoo bottle as home economic product" that

was published on March 2018, plastic is a waste that cannot decompose by the soil

and if its left without a good handling can pollute the environment. Plastic waste

needs processing by the recycle bottles principle. Shampoo bottle is one of plastic

waste with high density polyethylene type (HDPE). One of the innovations to

recycling shampoo bottles waste into the new products which beneficially and

aesthetically form by engineered the buns accessories. Accessories are one of the

tools used by most women, in the form of trinkets or ornaments which adjusted to the

trend to beautify the look. Accessories from shampoo bottle waste can be obtained

from household waste, beauty salon and the beauty program study by inculcating

human beings' behavior by transforming waste into blessing while also increasing

family income. Technique of making it’s by compiling through improvement of

panelist team. The goal of this research is to engineering the accessories based on

shampoo bottle waste as home economics. The methods are using experiment,
observation and documentation, analysis using descriptive. The results obtained from

the overall sensory test averaged at 93%, while the favored test averaged at 85.5%.

The product can be ordered according to the desired design, but it takes a long time.

Therefore accessories engineering from shampoo bottles waste-based can be used as

home economics. The production of shampoo bottles waste-based accessories should

improve its quality and quantity, to be marketed through the community, by the

cooperation with accessories and bun craftsmen. (Setyowati and Sukesi, 2018)

There is also a study about "A complete life cycle assessment of high density

polyethylene plastic bottle (July 2017)" by Treenate, P; Limphitakphong, N; and

Chavalparit, 0. This study was aimed to determine environmental performances of a

lubricant oil bottle made from high density polyethylene and to develop potential

measures for reducing its impacts. A complete life cycle assessment was carried out to

understand a whole effect on the environment from acquiring, processing, using, and

disposing the product. Two scenarios of disposal phase; recycle and incineration:

were examined to quantify a lesser degree on environmental impact. The results

illustrated that major impacts of the two scenarios were at the same categories with

the highest contributor of raw material acquisition and pre-processing. However, all

impacts in case of recycling provided a lower point than that in case of incineration,

except mineral extraction. Finally, feasible measures for reducing the environmental

impact of high density polyethylene plastic bottle were proposed in accordance with

3Rs concept. (Treenate, Limphitakphong, and Chavalparit, 2017)

A study published on January 2018 states that recycling of plastics is urged by

the need for closing material loops to maintain our natural resources when striving

towards circular economy, but also by the concern raced by observations of plastic

scrap in oceans and lakes. Packaging industry is the sector using the largest share of
plastics; hence packaging dominates in the plastic waste flow. The aim of this paper

was to sum up the recycling potential of post-consumer plastic packaging waste in

Finland. This potential was evaluated based on the quantity, composition and

mechanical quality of the plastic packaging waste generated by consumers and

collected as a source-separated fraction, within the mixed municipal solid waste

(MSW) or within energy waste. Based on the assessment 86,000-117,000 tons (18

kg/person/a) of post-consumer plastic packaging waste was generated in Finland in

2014. The majority, 84% of the waste was in the mixed MSW flow in 2014. Due to

the launching of new sorting facilities and separate collections for post-consumer

plastic packaging in 2016, almost 40% of the post-consumer plastic packaging could

become available for recycling. However, a 50% recycling rate for post-consumer

plastic packaging (other than PET bottles) would be needed to increase the overall

MSW recycling rate from the current 41% by around two percentage points. The

share of monotype plastics in the overall MSW plastics fraction was 80%, hence by

volume the recycling potential of MSW plastics is high. Polypropylene (PP) and low

density polyethylene (LDPE) were the most common plastic types present in mixed

MSW, followed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and high

density polyethylene (HDPE). If all the Finnish plastic packaging waste collected

through the three collection types would be available for recycling, then 19,000-

25,000 tons of recycled PP and 6000-8000 tons of recycled HDPE would be available

on the local market. However, this assessment includes uncertainties due to

performing the composition study only on mixed MSW plastic fraction. In order to

obtain more precise figures of the recycling potential of post-consumer plastic

packaging, more studies should be performed on both the quantities and the qualities

of plastic wastes. The mechanical and rheological test results indicated that even
plastic wastes originating from the mixed MSW, can be useful raw materials.

Recycled HDPE showed a smaller decline in the mechanical properties than recycled

PP. The origin and processing method of waste plastic seemed to have less effect on

the mechanical quality than the type of plastic. The applicability of a plastic waste for

a product needs to be assessed case by case, due to product specific quality

requirements. In addition to mechanical properties, the chemical composition of

plastic wastes is of major importance, in order to be able to restrict hazardous

substances from being circulated undesirably. In addition to quantity and quality of

plastic wastes, the sustainability of the whole recycling chain needs to be assessed

prior to launching operations so that the chain can be optimized to generate both

environmental and economic benefits to society and operators. (Dahlbo, Poliakova,

Mylläri, Sahimaa, and Anderson, 2018)

Reusable plastic sports bottles are used extensively worldwide, and little is

known about the migration of chemicals from the bottles into drinking water. In this

study, we investigated the chemical migration into drinking water stored for 24 h in

new bottles, used bottles and bottles washed in the dishwasher. Non-target screening

(NTS) by liquid-chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS)

was performed to identify these compounds. We detected > 3500 dishwasher related

compounds, with 430 showing migration even after subsequent flushing of the bottles.

In addition, more than 400 plastic related compounds were detected, with high peaks

for oligomers suspected to originate from the biodegradable polyester

polycaprolactone, and aromatic amines, which may have been introduced as slip

agents or antioxidants. These compounds have never been reported before in bottled

water. Most of the identified compounds migrating out of the used bottles were

plasticizers, antioxidants or photo initiators. The presences of photo initiators are of

particular concern, due to possible endocrine disrupting effects. Furthermore,

dietyltoluamide (DEET) was detected, which may have been formed from the

plasticizer laurolactam. Typically, the dishwashing process enhanced the leaching of

plastic related compounds, and even after additional water flushing, the average peak

intensity of these compounds was only reduced by half. (Tisler and Christensen,

2022)

Tin Can

The study titled “Understanding segregation and recycling practices of tin cans

and plastic bottles in Household, Municipality, and Agency in Zanzibar” seeks to

understand waste handling and disposal practices, including hindering segregation and

recycling plastic bottles and tin cans in Zanzibar. Focusing specifically on the

household, schools, collectors, pickers, key informants, and recycling agencies in

Zanzibar, the study uncovered the factors that influence the separation and selling of

empty plastic bottles and tin cans from households to recycling agencies in Zanzibar.

Therefore, this study was done to understand the current practices on waste recycling,

agencies involved, and barriers to market penetration from households to recycling

agencies. Data were collected from 60 household surveys, focus group discussions

with secondary school students and NGOs, in-depth interviews with key informants,

and systematic observations in the households, recycling agencies, and collectors. The

findings show that waste is generally not separated in households, among collectors

and Zanzibar Municipality Council. The study identifies a lack of proper education,

poor knowledge of law and policy enforcement, insufficient capital, limited storage

warehouses, and an unstable recycling market among the major challenges to

sustainable plastic bottle handling and tin can waste. To encourage tin can and plastic

bottle users to separate their waste and hand in their plastic bottles and tin cans for
recycling, the study recommends some suggestions to improve the situation such as

the provision of proper education and loan, law enforcement, promotion of

environmental clubs, as well as the creation of a more stable market for the recycling

agents. (Ali, Okafor, Hassan, and Abdula, 2021)

Tinplate cans used to contain foodstuff are fabricated from steel coated with a

thin layer of tin and then over coated with a thin polymeric layer. Previous papers in

this series investigated the corrosion behavior of tinplate cans containing chopped

tomatoes or one of the chemical components found in cans of chopped tomatoes. The

amino acid cysteine was found to be an aggressive agent that can cause corrosion and

blackening of the can headspace region. In this study, the corrosion phenomena

associated with tinplate cans were investigated by studying the behavior, individually,

of uncoated pure tin, iron, and tinplate in chopped tomato, NaCl, and cysteine

solutions using electrochemistry, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning

electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Black corrosion products, identified as

sulfides, formed when the tin, iron, and tinplate specimens were exposed to cysteine

solution at three different pH values. The black corrosion products were also found on

both iron and tinplate when the samples were immersed in tomato solution. These

results indicate that blackening on bare iron and tinplate could form easily from the

decomposition of chemical compounds in heated tomatoes. (Chang, Hurley, Pascall,

and Frankel, 2021)

It is known that corrosion of inner tin-plate surface of can is greatly

accelerated under (oxygen) atmosphere. The present study deals with the attitude of

tin-dissolving in canned acid products after opening. Canned drinks and fruits were

opened and allowed to stand either at room temperature or in a refrigerator. The

products were then subjected to the analysis of tin after appropriate storage periods.
(1) Tin-dissolving proceeds rapidly after opening of the canned products in uncoated

cans regardless of the storage temperature. After storage for 3-6 hrs. Tin content in

orange drink, pineapple drink and mandarin orange in syrup was approximately 2

times than when opened. Tin content reached this level 24-48 hrs. After opening

canned nectars, peaches or cherries in syrup in which corrosion is believed to proceed

slower (Table 1 and 2). (2) When the canned foods are kept under the same (oxygen)

atmosphere, the extent of the corrosion at the product level edge was found to be

significantly different depending on the contents. (3) Caution must be paid on the

storage after opening canned products contained in uncoated cans, especially those in

uncoated smaller cans. (4) No appreciable increase of tin content is observed in

canned products contained in enameled cans (Iwamoto, Maeda, and Horio, 2017)

A research study titled “Bacteriological Assessment of Canned Drink Surface”

states that numerous types of food and beverages such as beer or soft drinks are

commonly packaged in so-called "tin cans". The adhesion and persistence of

microorganisms to the surfaces can spread pathogens and spoilage microorganisms to

foods, influencing their shelf-life and safety. Due to the fact that the bacteriology of

the external orifice of canned drinks has not been extensively studied in various

geographical locations and in this region, this study is limited to the investigation of

the bacteria present on the external orifice of canned drinks in Espuma and to

ascertain what group of bacteria the people of the locality consuming these drinks are

possibly going to be exposed to. Warehouses and shops were randomly selected in

Espuma to be used in this study. Forty (40) canned drinks towels were randomly used

for this study from which twenty (20) were gotten from wholesalers (warehouses) and

twenty (20) were gotten from retailers. Those from the retailers were divided into two

(2) groups i.e. ten (10) from the refrigerator and ten (10) from unrefrigerated. Samples
were taken with cotton swabs which was scrubbed on the top surface of the canned

drinks. Swabs were cultured on different Nutrient agar and incubated at 37°C and sub

cultured into relevant agars. Moreover, different biochemical tests were applied;

catalase, coagulase, and oxidase. Microorganisms were recognized on the basis of

macroscopic, microscopic and differential biochemical tests. The swabs were

inoculated into phosphate buffer saline and incubated for a week before the swabs

were streaked on various agar. Swabs were cultured on Nutrient agar, Blood agar,

Saboraud dextrose agar (SDA) and Macon key agar and incubated at 37°C. The

different biochemical tests were applied; catalase test, Indole test, Oxidase test,

Citrate test and Coagulase test. Microorganisms were identified on the basis of

macroscopic, microscopic and differential tests. With regards to pathogenic bacteria,

Staphylococcus aurous, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus cereus

were analyzed in about thirty-five (35) of the cans and with respect to the presence of

microorganisms indicating general contamination, 35 out of 40 (87.5%) of the cans

analyzed presented positively to aerobic microorganisms. With respect to

contamination by fungi, 15 cans (37.5%) presented positively to Aspergillums sap and

Candida albicans. (Iyevhobu, Ikede, Babatope, and Osageide, 2023)

There are many forms of thermal processing but commercial sterilization or

canning is one of the best known. The aims of this chapter is to introduce the reader to

food canning. The chapter is divided into ten sections. 1. Introduction, history of

thermal processing, canning not as we know it. 2. Commercial sterilization or

canning, definition, structure of the tin can, filling the can, liquid in cans, pretreatment

of foods, vacuum in cans, sealing the cans, the heat process. 3. The conventional heat-

processing, chamber retort, cooling heat-processed foods, canning of acid foods. 4.

Other methods of heat processing, continuous agitating retort, and the hydrostatic
cooker, aseptic fill method, cooking under pressure, the sous-vide process, microwave

processing. 5. Containers, cans, flexible pouches, glass containers. Microwavable

containers, plastic, flexible container. 6. Warehouse storage of canned foods. 7. FDA

regulations and safety. 8. Basic principles of thermal processing, temperature and

heat, heat capacity, heat transfer, cooking and cooking methods, pasteurization of

liquid foods, blanching fresh fruits and vegetables. 9. Bacterial death kinetics, rational

and kinetic considerations, decimal reduction time (D-value), the reference F-value

and lethality. 10. Estimating processing times, intuitive estimation of process times,

instantaneous F-value and lethality calculations, total lethality calculations. With 67

references. (Apenten and Vieira, 2023)

Dc motor

In a research on “Simulation Model Control Strategy of Brushless DC Motor”

based on MATLAB brushless DC motor as a representative electromechanical

integration products is the use of electronic commutation to replace the mechanical

brush and mechanical commutator, and the overall technical advantage is stronger

than the original brush motor. Because the brushless motor does not have brush and

machine commutator, so it solves the unreliability of motor wear and controls the

possible noise between brush and commutator contact. With proper use of

microprocessor control technology, the actual efficiency is 15–20% higher than that

of brush motors, and the overall service life is increased six times. In the rapid

development of electronic technology and new permanent magnet materials, brushless

DC motor and control technology have made breakthroughs in practice. The

mechanical and regulatory of this motor have a strong linearity, the actual speed range

is wide, the protection operation is more convenient, and the probability of failure is
low, so it shows a very large application potential in the control system. Therefore, on

the basis of clear brushless DC motor development status, according to the basic

structure and working principle, the use of MATLAB software simulation, through

the application of principle, PID control, sliding mode variable structure control, and

immune control technology, three strategies of empirical research found. The

conclusion proves that the brushless DC motor control system is effective in the

research method. (Yang, Zhu, Wang, and Li, 2023)

A research on Sensor less Control of Brushless DC Motor using Inductance

Variation Technique states that, Today, brushless DC motors (BLDCM) have been

used in many applications replacing to brushed DC motors. Compared to brush DC

motors, BLDCM offer improved reliability, longer life, smaller size, and lower

weight. Besides, BLDCM have become more popular in applications where efficiency

is a critical concern and, generally speaking, a BLDCM is considered to be a high-

performance motor capable of providing large amounts of torque over a wide speed

range. In this paper, a research on sensor less control method which can drive a

BLDCM smoothly from standstill to high speeds without position or speed sensors is

carried out. Initial rotor position as well as speed of motor at a low speed range is

estimated based on the inductance variation principle while at higher speed, the back

EMF technique is applied. This sensor less control algorithm is modeled and

simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK software to verify the abilities of the method.

The drive control scheme has been implemented on a single-chip controller

(STM32F103) and experimental results reveal that the control procedure can work

smoothly. (Dang, Nguyen, and Nguyen, 2019)

 In a study of Speed Control Aspects of DC Motor, The paper provides

different aspects of speed control of DC drive. Different control schemes of DC motor

with proper explanation has been provided. Multi-pulse converter and firing angle

control scheme has been discussed. Simulation results have been provided for the

speed control aspect. It is possible to measure the speed of the motor with a

tachometer or incremental encoder. These tachometers and incremental encoders

produce erroneous results as a result of a variety of factors. The authors provide a

strategy for compensating against imperfections in incremental encoders. In this

paper, a study of several speed control systems for direct current motors is discussed

in detail. This paper discusses many strategies for controlling the speed of a DC

motor, including various speed control schemes. This study discusses and simulates

multi-pulse converter-based DC motor speed control. The results of the simulation

reveal that the motor can be controlled accurately in terms of speed. The speed of the

motor can be measured with a tachometer or incremental encoder. (Krishna,

Varalakshmi, and Murtly, 2022)

A comparative study on the Performance of Electrical Vehicles with DC Drive

and Series Motor, DC drive and separately DC Motor, and AC drive shows that

Conventional vehicles emit carbon monoxide and nitro oxide during the engine

combustion. These two gases are two major contributors toward pollution to the

environment. Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) offer an

alternative solution to the above mentioned scenarios. However the prices of AC drive

EVs and HEVs vehicle are unaffordable to people in some developed countries and of

course to people in developing and third world countries. DC drives which consists of

DC motor and DC converter or chopper offer good controllability and cheaper in

price. Nevertheless, AC drives claim AC drive claims for less maintenance and good
motor performance. The research aim is to compare the performance of AC drives

EVs powered by PMSM AC motors, DC Drive EVs with series motors and DC drive

EVs with separately excited DC motors. (Arof, Ahmad, Mawby, et al., 2022)

Study of DC motor diagnosis based on the vibration spectrum and current

analysis shows that, fault detection of permanent magnet dc motor is described. In

past, Current Signature Analysis (CSA) has become an established tool for online

fault analysis of AC induction motors. Presently, very little research has been

performed using current signature analysis on DC motors. This paper is a brief

introduction to fault diagnosis of DC motors using vibration and current signature

analysis. In order to do the diagnostics there are analyzed vibration from the

piezoelectric accelerometer. The accelerometer is mounted on the frame's motor.

Also, for the current measurement it's used ampere sensor. Initially the measurements

were realized by using “healthy” DC motor. Then we made successive measurements

for the same type of motor with provoked faults. The many faults of DC motors are

regarding collectors motor, the commutator short circuit and displaced permanent

magnet out of poles in polar axe. We observe significant vibration and also current

spectrum differences between “healthy” motors and faulty electrical motor. The

spectral analysis of current and vibration provides a method to detect DC motors

faults. Using these methods, diagnostic of commutator short circuit and displaced

permanent magnet out of poles in polar axe, would be detected even if the motor

operated unload. (Lorgulescu and Beloiu, 2021)

Electrical wires

A Research of the Stress State While Obtaining Tapered Flares on the

Connecting Elements of Electrical Wires shows that high requirements of mechanical

strength, corrosion resistance and minimal losses at magnetization reversal during the

passage of alternating current are imposed on the connecting elements of electric

overhead lines. Sometimes the diameters of the wire ends are increased for the

convenience of inserting them into connectors. In pressure treatment this process is

known as dispensing. During dispensing the wall thickness of the edge sections

decreases and, under certain conditions, destruction of the work piece may occur in

the form of a crack at the end. Besides, overestimated dispensing coefficients result in

a loss of stability of the non-deformable part. To avoid these undesirable phenomena

and reduce the production cost of tubular connecting elements, the authors of the

paper analyze the factors that cause rejects during plastic deformation. It is shown that

the yield point of the material and the shell thickness are the workflow main

parameters that have a prevailing effect on the loss of stability of the non-deformable

part of the work piece. By changing them, it is possible to achieve the manufacture of

high-quality connectors for electrical wires. (Arhat, Puzyr, Vorobyov, et al., 2021)

In a research study titled “A Mathematical Method of Modeling Multi-wired

Class of Flexibility 5 Copper Conductors” shows here that to develop the method for

calculating the number of wires in the copper conductor of class of flexibility 5, based

on the electrical resistance of a single wire. In order to minimize the power and power

losses on the cable, the electrical resistance of the multi-wire cable must be kept to a

minimum. Each wire was modeled as an electric conductor with a circular section,

where the nominal diameter ranges and diameter tolerances are being imposed by the

SR EN 13602 standard. This study was conducted in 2019–2021 on electrical cables

for the manufacture of power cords produced by international companies, especially

those operating in the European market. Through mathematical modeling it is

deduced the relationship which shows that the electrical resistance of the cable
depends on both the diameter of the wires and the number of wires and it is inversely

proportional to the product Nd2 (N-minimum number of wires, d-wire diameter)

which is a constant for each value of the electrical resistance of the cable. The

research highlights the variation of the minimum wire diameter depending on the

number of wires. The analysis of numerical data reveals that for values of N less than

26 the cable resistance is higher than the value of the maximum resistance 19.50

imposed by the standard SR EN 60228. It follows that if it is imposed a diameter

equal to the maximum diameter provided in the standard, the minimum value of the

number of wires is N = 26. (Havadtoi, Dragomir-Stanciu, and Moldovan, 2022)

A study shows that the utilization of aluminum wires is widespread in the

electrical energy transmission industry as well as in various other applications. Wire

drawing are used to decrease the diameter of the wires. Simulations are conducted

utilizing simulation software to imitate the drawing process of a 2.6 mm diameter

Aluminum wire and reducing it to 2.2 mm through both conventional drawing

methods and simulation that includes excitation of ultrasonic stimulation. The study

of adding ultrasonic stimulation focuses on two critical elements, the draw force and

its impact on the energy consumption during the drawing process, and the stress

induced on the aluminum wire. The results of the simulation demonstrate a reduction

in both the energy consumption and the stress levels on the Aluminum wire as a result

of incorporating ultrasonic technique in stimulation of the drawing process. The

process of adding ultrasonic stimulation to the metal forming process works to reduce

the power required for the process by reducing the drawing force. The required force

for the aluminum wire metal forming process was decreased by approximately 14% as

a result of adding ultrasonic stimulation. Additionally, we observed an improvement

in the aluminum wire through a reduction of the stresses generated during the drawing
process by approximately 7% due to the addition of ultrasonic stimulation to the wire

drawing die. The vibrations of the die created a gap-like effect between the inner

surface of the die and the wire, which led to a reduction in the required force for the

metal forming process and a decrease in the stresses generated on the wire surface.

(Jasim, Younis, and Shakeeb, 2023)

A research study about Automatic Measurement of Aerospace Electrical

Connector Wire shows that Aerospace cable network products have the characteristics

of large cable network, difficult transportation, many kinds and types of cable plugs,

small batch, complex cable signal connection, etc. in the early stage, the loose wire

labeling of low-frequency cable connectors mainly relies on manual operation, using

common tools such as conductors and multi-meter for inspection, and the test operator

generally needs at least two or more people, According to the design drawings and the

cable wiring table, the test is carried out one by one. The test time is long, and it is

easy to make people tired during the inspection process, resulting in cable detection

errors. Therefore, the loose wire conduction number of aerospace cable connector is a

major reason for hindering the production efficiency of cable network, This paper

designs the scheme of automatic number measurement for different cable connectors,

compares and optimizes the design ideas, outputs the required binary code through the

cascade of multiple encoders, completes the research on the principle of wire number

measurement, realizes the signal conversion and display through the single chip

microcomputer, and then transmits the tested wire label content to the label printer

through the communication agreement, The label marking machine prints out the

label from the test results of the wire number measuring tooling, which makes the

label printing convenient for use, improves the efficiency of operator’s whole wire
bundle labeling, and ensures the accuracy of wire bundle labeling. (Li, Sui, Wu, and

Zhang. 2023)

A study shows that Electrification not only promotes the rapid progress of

productivity and human civilization, but also provides a greater possibility for the

occurrence of fire. Electrical fire is mainly caused by abnormal high temperature

caused by line overload, short circuit, poor contact, arc spark, electric leakage,

lightning or static electricity, which leads to ignition of surrounding combustibles or

spontaneous combustion of cables. At present, the detection of electrical fire is mainly

through the detection of the surface temperature of various wires and cables and the

detection based on the electromagnetic principle, which has the problems of high false

alarm rate and difficult maintenance. Considering that most electrical fires are caused

by abnormal high temperature of the line due to electrical faults, which makes the

insulating layer self-ignite or ignite the surrounding substances, while the insulating

layer made of plastic or rubber has the characteristics of high-temperature thermal

decomposition and will release specific gas when working above the rated

temperature, this paper proposes the technical research of neural network on the

electrical fire early warning system, The application research of neural network

technology in electrical fire early warning system is the application research of

artificial intelligence and machine learning technology in fire detection. Its main

purpose is to use artificial intelligence to detect and predict the occurrence of building

fire, and then provide an early warning means to prevent people from fire accidents.

(Lan yu, 2023)

Solar Panel
 A research study titled "Solar Roof Panel Extraction from UAV

Photogrammetric Point Cloud" it states here that, Many buildings are using solar

panels as an additional source of electricity. As solar energy is renewable energy and

the maintenance cost of solar panels is cheap. This research uses a statistical approach

of analyzing point clouds generated from UAV-based photogrammetric processing.

An algorithm has been developed to extract solar panels on the building rooftops. The

data acquisition is done using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform mounted

with an optical sensor. The RGB images acquired are further used to generate a

photogrammetric point cloud dataset. Geometrics engineering building of Indian

Institute of Technology Rookies, India is considered as the study area, on which solar

panels were already installed on its roof. Normal vectors are computed for each points

in the building point cloud dataset. The normal vector has its components in the x-

axis, y-axis, and z-axis correspondingly. Based on the contribution of the z-

component of normal vectors, the points are classified into roof, facade, and solar

panel points respectively. The results obtained are evaluated by comparing classified

points with respect to manually classified solar panel points. This comparison

suggests that the developed algorithm is effective in extracting the solar roof panels

efficiently. This research can be used to calculate the effective area of solar panels.

(Kushwaha, Harshit, and Jain, 2023)

Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the global photovoltaic (PV) market grew

significantly again in 2021, further enhancing the vital role of solar power in the battle

against global climate change. One of the main reasons for the rapid growth of this

market is that PV panels are almost maintenance-free after deployment, thereby low

Leveled cost of solar power. However, this does not mean that PV panels will not fail

in service. In fact, they may suffer from performance degradation, structural failure,
or even complete loss of power generation capacity during operation. If these

problems cannot be detected and solved in time, they may also bring significant

economic losses to the operators. However, a large-scale solar power plant will

contain hundreds of thousands of PV panels. How to quickly identify those defective

ones from so many PV panels is a quite challenging issue. The research of this paper

is to address this issue with the aid of intelligent image processing technology. In this

study, an intelligent PV panel condition monitoring technique is developed using

machine learning algorithms. It can rapidly process, analyze and classify the thermal

images of PV panels collected from solar power plants. Therefore, it not only can

quickly identify those defective PV panels but also can accurately diagnose the defect

types of the PV panels. It is deemed that the successful development of such a

technology will be of great significance to further strengthen the scientific

management of solar power assets. (Wang, Yang, and Wang, 2022)

In a study of Experimental Investigation of Cooling Photovoltaic Panel Using

Turbo-Ventilator, it shows here that Solar panels are devices which is used to convert

solar energy into electric power. The design of solar panels allows them to soak up as

much sunlight as possible, which raises the temperature of the panels. Increases in the

module surface temperature of solar PV panels have been shown to decrease power

production and shorten the lifespan of solar cell components. The purpose of this

research is to determine the feasibility of employing a turbo ventilator to remove heat

from solar PV panels from their rear sides. The observations for the present study are

taken every 15 min from 11:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. for 10 days, while the panel is tilted

at an angle of 35°. Throughout the experiment, the average ambient temperature was

29 °C, and the average wind speed was 1 m/s. Results reveal that with natural

convection, the average panel temperature is 58.87 °C. When we employed the turbo
ventilator, the average temperature of the panel drops about 15.55% and is observed

at about 54 °C. The output power of the PV panel was improved by 2.56%. (Dixit and

Debbarma, 2023)

Another study about "Solar Panels for Low Power Energy Harvesting" shows

here that, Solar panels are widely used nowadays to capture solar radiation and

generate voltage, so they are being used for Energy Harvesting applications. The

present work carries out the study of low power solar panels for energy storage

applications, together with the DC-DC conversion and storage stage. The

methodology carried out has been the design, simulation, fabrication and

characterization of the elements that form the system. The elements that make up the

system are 4 solar panels of 2.4 V and 80 mA, a voltage regulator element and

rechargeable batteries. As a result, both in simulation and measurement, the mixed

configuration (series-parallel) is the one that provides the best characteristics for its

use, with a voltage of 4.57 V and a current of 127.3 mA, obtaining at the converter

output a voltage of 19.44 V, concluding that the system meets the design expectations

with which it was made, collecting energy, raising it and storing it, providing

promising results for future applications. (Nuñez, Gordon, Sànchez, and Cumbajín,

2022)

A study about Transparent Solar PV Panels shows that, Global warming is

increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. It damages the environment of Earth. Solar

energy is the cleanest source of renewable energy. It is an abundant source of clean

energy. It has tremendous scope to generate electricity. Solar cells are devices that

convert solar energy into electrical energy. Transparent solar panels are made up of

transparent solar cells or transparent luminescent solar concentrators. A transparency

of about 80% has been achieved with power conversion efficiency of about 12–15%
in transparent solar cells. These cells can be used in buildings, vehicles, and other

desired applications to generate solar power. We discuss solar energy basics and its

conversion technologies. Transparent solar panels may bring a revolution in low-

power display devices and mobile applications. (Shiyani, 2023)