i

Republic of the Philippines

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
ISO 9001 :2015 CERTIFIED

Knowledge and Practices of NEUST Student Nurses on Personal Protective Equipment

Disposal and Management

A Research Presented to the Faculty of College of Nursing

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Subject

NURSING RESEARCH II
NCM 115

Acosta, Raymond G.
Adriano, Odysseus Jon O.
Aliga, Wendy S.
Apolinario, Erica M.
Arenas, Jemina T.
Baja, Joan R.
Balingit, Mary Rose M.
Baniaga, Lou Esther C.
Banghon, Rosana Mae A.
Bermudez, Trisha Mae D.
Caratiquet, Ethel M.
Cariaga, Christine D.
Casullar, Aries G.
Claveria, Roshell D.
Culala, Joseph Khen P.
Dela Cruz, Louie O.
Esteban, Angela
Fajardo, Rommel C.
Felix, Kerstin Hannah E.
Hunat, Ana Mae G.
Mapindan, Janine M.
Marana, Denise Joy M.
Sanao, King Rodney E.

Auraphel B. Bautista, MAN, RN

Research Adviser

May 19, 2022

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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF NEUST STUDENT NURSES

ON PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT DISPOSAL AND MANAGEMENT”
prepared and submitted by Acosta, Raymond G., Adriano, Odysseus Jon O., Aliga, Wendy S.,
Apolinario, Erica M., Arenas, Jemina T., Baja, Joan R., Balingit, Mary Rose M., Baniaga, Lou Esther
C., Banghon, Rosana Mae A., Bermudez, Trisha Mae D., Caratiquet, Ethel M., Cariaga, Christine D.,
Casullar, Aries G., Claveria, Roshell D., Culala, Joseph Khen P., Dela Cruz, Louie O., Esteban,
Angela, Fajardo, Rommel C., Felix, Kerstin Hannah E., Hunat, Ana Mae G., Mapindan, Janine M.,
Marana, Denise Joy M., and Sanao, King Rodney E. in partial fulfillment for the requirements of
the subject Nursing Research II has been examined and is hereby recommended for approval.

AURAPHEL B. BAUTISTA, MAN, RN

Adviser

----------------------------------------------------------------

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in
Nursing by the Research Examining Committee.

RESEARCH EXAMINING COMMITTEE

DR. JEAN N. GUILLASPER, RN

Chairman

ZUZZETE B. CATABONA, MAN, RN JEROME ABANILLA, RN

Member Member

KRISTHINE ABEGAIL M. GAMIAO, MAN, RN

Member

----------------------------------------------------------------

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in
Nursing.

DATE DR. JEAN N. GUILLASPER, RN

Dean, College of Nursing
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to acknowledge and give their warmest thanks to the

following individuals who made this study possible.

To their research adviser Auraphel B. Bautista, MAN, RN, words are not enough to

express the gratitude for giving her full dedication to support the study by providing her

honest suggestions and constructive criticism in the course of conducting the study.

To their Nursing Research I professor Cheena B. Mallari, MAN, RN, LPT and

Nursing Research II professor Gil Platon Soriano, RN, MHPEd, for the effort of guiding

the researchers to conduct the study by sharing their wisdom and knowledge.

To their substitute research adviser Rose Ann R. Paet, MAN, RN, for stepping up

and fulfilling her duties whenever their research adviser was unavailable.

To the Dean of College of Nursing Jean N. Guillasper, Ph.D, RN, for her

contribution in nursing research and for giving motivation to the students of College of

Nursing.

To their Respondents of the study, for cooperation and effort in answering the

questionnaire with full honesty.

To their Parents, for the endless support and affection which helped the researchers

to reach their desired goal.

Above all, to our Almighty God, for His blessings and guidance. They genuinely

thank Him for His comfort during sleepless nights. Without His grace, this couldn’t be

possible.

THE RESEARCHERS
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DEDICATION

First and foremost, we would like to dedicate this study to the advancement of

student nurses in advocating the significance of proper medical waste management especially

during this time of COVID-19 pandemic.

We conducted this study as a reference for similar or related future studies in Nursing

Research. Therefore, the content of this study will be able to support student nurses through

providing useful data for future research.

We especially dedicate this study to our beloved College of Nursing faculty and staff

who helped us in finishing the study by giving us their best effort in supporting us through

every challenges.

Above all, we dedicate this study to our Almighty God, the author of knowledge and

wisdom who made this study possible.

THE RESEARCHERS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE............................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL SHEET...............................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.....................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION….....................................................................................................................i
v
LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................viii
LIST OF APPENDICES........................................................................................................ix
THESIS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS................................................................1
Introduction....................................................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem..............................................................................................4
Hypotheses....................................................................................................................5
Assumptions...................................................................................................................6
Scope and Delimitation..................................................................................................6
Significance of the Study..............................................................................................6
Theoretical Framework….............................................................................................8
Conceptual Framework…............................................................................................11
Research Paradigm......................................................................................................12
Definition of Terms.....................................................................................................14
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES................................17
Outbreak of COVID-19…...........................................................................................17
Protection against COVID-19….................................................................................18
PPE Waste Generation Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic................................................19
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Waste Management............................................21
Disposal and Management of Wastes.........................................................................21
Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY….....................................................................23
Research Design..........................................................................................................23
Research Locale...........................................................................................................24
Sample and Sampling Method…................................................................................24
Research Instrument....................................................................................................25
Construction and Administration................................................................................27
Reliability and Validity...............................................................................................27
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Response Mode/Scoring…..........................................................................................28
Data Collection Procedure..........................................................................................28
Statistical Treatment of Data......................................................................................29
Procedure of Analysis..................................................................................................32
Ethical Considerations................................................................................................34
Chapter 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA……...
.35
Respondent’ Profile....................................................................................................35
Most Used PPE............................................................................................................36
Knowledge of the Respondents on PPE Disposal and Management..........................37
Practices of the Respondents on PPE Disposal and Management..............................41
Significant correlation in the knowledge of the student nurses on PPE disposal and
management based on the socio-demographic profile................................................44
Significant correlation in the practices of the student nurses on PPE disposal and
management based on the socio-demographic profile................................................46
Chapter 5: SUMMARY, FINDING, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION….…
48
Summary......................................................................................................................48
Findings.......................................................................................................................49
Conclusion...................................................................................................................52
Recommendations........................................................................................................53
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................55
APPENDICES........................................................................................................................60
DOCUMENTATION…........................................................................................................93
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Research Paradigm.................................................................................................13

Figure 2: Chain of Infection………………………………………………………………...

18

Figure 3: Institutional Solid Waste Management Flow Chart................................................22

Figure 4: Research Locale......................................................................................................24

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Rating of Likert Scale..............................................................................................26

Table 2: Respondents’ Profile.................................................................................................35

Table 3: Most Used PPE.........................................................................................................36

Table 4: Knowledge of the Respondents on PPE Disposal and Management.......................37

Table 5: Practices of the Respondents on PPE Disposal and Management...........................41

Table 6: Significant correlation in the knowledge of the student nurses on PPE disposal and
management based on the socio-demographic profile............................................................44

Table 6: Significant correlation in the practices of the student nurses on PPE disposal and
management based on the socio-demographic profile............................................................46
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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Letter of Proposal Defense Approval..............................................................60

Appendix B: Letter to Dean...................................................................................................61

Appendix C: Validation Letter……………………………………………………………...

63

Appendix D: Content Validity................................................................................................65

Appendix E: Questionnaire....................................................................................................67

Appendix F: Curriculum Vitae...............................................................................................70

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Thesis Abstract

Title: Knowledge and Practice of NEUST Student Nurses on Personal Protective

Equipment Disposal and Management
Researchers: Acosta, Raymond G., Adriano, Odysseus Jon O., Aliga, Wendy S., Apolinario,
Erica M., Arenas, Jemina T., Baja, Joan R., Balingit, Mary Rose M., Baniaga, Lou Esther C.,
Banghon, Rosana Mae A., Bermudez, Trisha Mae D., Caratiquet, Ethel M., Cariaga,
Christine D., Casullar, Aries G., Claveria, Roshell D., Culala, Joseph Khen P., Dela Cruz,
Louie O., Esteban, Angela, Fajardo, Rommel C., Felix, Kerstin Hannah E., Hunat, Ana Mae
G., Mapindan, Janine M., Marana, Denise Joy M., Sanao, King Rodney E.
Adviser: Auraphel B. Bautista, MAN, RN
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Nursing
School: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Date of Defense: May 19, 2022

Since the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, the inflation rate of PPE usage and disposal was
continuously increasing. Assessing the present understanding of the student nurses about
their knowledge and practices in handling their PPE wastes is important to integrate their
perceptions and responses in managing medical waste. It will help to enhance community
relations by demonstrating a commitment to environmental protection in reducing health care
waste. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge and practices of the student
nurses regarding PPE disposal and management in terms of waste minimization, waste
handling, storage, collection and transport. Also to determine the relationship between the
respondent socio-demographic profile towards their knowledge and practices on PPE
disposal and management. This study utilized a descriptive and correlational method of
research to identify if there is a significant relationship between the knowledge and practices
of the student nurses on PPE disposal and management. The result of the study showed that
approximately all of the participants are knowledgeable in terms of PPE disposal and
management. The participants of the study also practice proper PPE disposal and
management. Based on the results, the sex of the participants was correlated in the
knowledge and practices in PPE disposal and management.

Keywords: COVID-19; PPE; Waste minimization, Waste handling, Storage, Collection and
Transport; PPE disposal and management
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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

This chapter represents the background of the study, a statement of the problem that

highlights the need for the research, research objectives, and research questions. It also

includes a review of the significance, scope, and limitations of the study.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the infectious disease that emerged in

Wuhan, China, spread globally in a short span of time and was declared as pandemic on

March 11, 2020 by World Health Organization. In human-to-human transmission, the virus

spreads directly through close contact via respiratory droplets produced from coughs or

sneezes and indirectly through contaminated surfaces such as plastics and stainless steel

(Doremalen et al., 2020).

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the government implemented protocols to prevent

the spread of the disease including wearing of PPE for the healthcare workers and residents.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) are essential to healthcare workers to ensure their safety

from the spread of infectious disease. In order to decrease COVID-19 transmission in the

healthcare setting, infection prevention and control methods are required, of which personal

protective equipment (PPE) is a fundamental component. When used correctly, PPE such as

gloves, aprons, eye protection, masks and gowns function as a physical barrier to the

transmission of infectious particles present in bodily fluids. It also protects patients from

transmission via the contaminated hands or clothing of healthcare staff (Brown et al., 2019).

However, as the PPE is being widely used in health care settings and public places, it

resulted in a sharp increase in the generation of face masks and medical waste. And due to

lack of knowledge about infectious waste management, most people dump these (e.g., face

mask, hand gloves etc.) in open places and in some cases with household wastes (Rahman

et al.,
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2020). It contributes to negative environmental issues including infectious diseases, land and

water pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity. The global pandemic has led to

an unusual amount of reported medical waste. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic in

China was reported to have increased medical waste from personal protective equipment like

gloves, face masks and eye protection due to a surge in personal protective equipment and

immediate disposal after use (Ma et al, 2020). The Philippines ranks 17th worldwide in terms

of global plastic waste generated from COVID-19 facemasks, with an estimated 41 million

units discarded daily. The amount of plastic waste generated worldwide since the outbreak is

estimated at 1.6 million tonnes/day. We estimate that approximately 3.4 billion single-use

face masks/face shields are discarded daily as a result of COVID-19 pandemic, globally.

(Benson et al., 2021)

Mihai (2020), claimed that improper management of medical waste has the potential

to expose patients, health workers and waste managers to injuries, infections, toxic

consequences and air pollution. The improper disposal of PPE wastes may cause clogs in

waterways (e.g., municipal drains, canals, etc.) and increase pollution levels in the

environment, particularly in disadvantaged urban areas. Plastic-based face masks and other

personal protective equipment (PPE) are recognized to be a source of micro-plastic fibers in

the environment (Fadare & Okoffo, 2020).

Proper disposal can protect and preserve the environment as well as the public's health

and safety. Proper waste management within the COVID-19 pandemic ensures continuity and

functionality of waste services and workers, the safety of waste service workers, adjustments

of recycling services to incorporate safety measures that contain the spread in the collection,

disposal and treatment of medical waste (ISWA 2020). Proper disposal of PPE is essential to

meet the Sustainable Development Goals which share a vision of humanity and a social

contract between the world's leaders and people. First, Sustainable Development Goal 3
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(SDG3) ensures healthy lives and promotes well-being for all at all ages is essential to

sustainable development since the world is facing a global health crisis and to ensure patients

get the care they need and frontline workers get essential supplies and information. Secondly,

Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG6) Clean Water and Sanitation, COVID-19 pandemic

has demonstrated the critical importance of sanitation, hygiene and adequate access to clean

water for preventing and containing diseases. Also availability and access to water sanitation

and hygiene services is fundamental to fighting the virus and preserving health and well-

being. Thirdly, Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG12) Ensure sustainable consumption

and production patterns. The pandemic has underscored the relationship between people and

nature since humans have unlimited needs like masks and face shields that are mostly used

personal protective equipment to protect themselves from the spread of disease but the planet

has limited capacity where the impact is negative and those limits must be reflected in our

consumption and production patterns. Fourth, Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG13)

Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact. Improper waste

disposal and burning has a big impact on climate change wherein the weather patterns are

changing, sea levels are rising and weather events are becoming more extreme (hot).

Furthermore, Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG14) Life below water, Conserve and

sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources. Our rainwater, drinking water,

weather, climate, coastlines, much of our food, and even the oxygen in the air we breathe, are

all ultimately provided and regulated by the sea so that proper waste disposal and careful

management of this essential global resource is the key feature of a sustainable future. Lastly,

Sustainable Development Goal 15 (SDG15) Life on Land. Nature is critical to our survival:

nature provides us with our oxygen, regulates our weather patterns, pollinates our crops,

produce our food, feed and fibre therefore in COVID-19, the planet has delivered its strongest

warning to date that

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humanity must change and build back together through stronger science, policies that back a

healthier planet, and more green investments (UN,2015).

The above literature and research findings provided the rationale for the researchers to

conduct this research study entitled Knowledge and Practices of NEUST Student Nurses on

Personal Protective Equipment Disposal and Management. The proper education about waste

disposal, improved guidelines and standardization, set up of mask-only trash bins for

collection and disposal, and development of biodegradable disposal masks can provide safety

and positive environmental impacts which can benefit the students, teachers, and

communities.

Hence, this study aims to know, describe, and correlate the responses of the NEUST

student nurses towards their knowledge and practices in disposal and management of the

personal protective equipment.

Furthermore, this study is a very relevant study, hence the researchers and

respondents will be the future of the medical profession.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to describe the knowledge and practices of NEUST student nurses on

personal protective equipment disposal and management. This study was guided by the

following questions:

1. How may the socio-demographic profile of the respondents be described in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex; and

1.3 Year Level?

2. What are the most commonly used PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic?

3. How may the knowledge of the respondents on PPE disposal and management be

described in terms of:

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3.1 Waste quantification;

3.2 Waste characterization; and

3.3 Waste management methods or practices?

4. How may the practices of the respondents on PPE disposal and management

be described in terms of:

4.1 Waste minimization;

4.2 Waste handling;

4.3 Storage; and

4.4 Collection?

5. Is there a significant correlation in the knowledge of the respondents on PPE disposal

and management based on the socio-demographic profile?

6. Is there a significant correlation in the practices of the respondents on PPE

disposal and management based on the socio-demographic profile?

7. What promotional strategies can be made based on the findings of the study?

HYPOTHESES

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the respondent’s socio-demographic

profile and their knowledge on PPE disposal and management.

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the respondent’s socio-demographic

profile and their practices on PPE disposal and management.

Ha: This study will strengthen the existing policies towards PPE disposal.

Ho: This study will not strengthen the existing policies towards PPE disposal.
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ASSUMPTIONS

The study was anchored by the assumption that the PPE disposal and management of

the respondents was assessed in terms of knowledge and practices. Moreover, the researchers

assumed that the study will be helpful to the NEUST College of Nursing, future researchers

and the community.

Specifically, the researchers assumed that:

1. The socio-demographic profile of the respondents has a significant

relationship towards their knowledge on PPE disposal and management;

2. The socio-demographic profile of the respondents has a significant

relationship towards their practices on PPE disposal and management.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study was focused on the knowledge and practices of NEUST student nurses on

PPE disposal and management. The respondents of the study are 100 random student nurses

from all levels of Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology College of Nursing.

The study was conducted in the month of April 2022 at Nueva Ecija University of

Science and Technology College of Nursing General Tinio campus.

Descriptive-correlation was utilized to provide systematic information and to

determine the relationship of the variables. Microsoft Excel software was used for the

statistical computation.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be a great help in determining the knowledge and practices of NEUST

student nurses on PPE disposal and management. Thus, this will be beneficial for the

following areas:
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The Community Health Nurses. Nurses can greatly impact the reduction of waste

and add positively to the environment. Nurses have a major role in care protocols, decisions

to purchase, direct care, and disposal of medical waste. The results of this study will provide

guidelines which can be used by nurses to help educate people by making awareness-raising

efforts in accordance with the impact of medical waste disposal in the community during

Covid19 pandemic.

The Student Nurses. As registered nurses in the making, this study will be beneficial

for the student nurses in a way that they can use this as strong evidence to advocate the

importance of proper medical waste particularly in this time of pandemic.

The NEUST. The results of this study will help institutes to improve their views on

the impact of medical waste disposal and how they could extend awareness-raising efforts to

their faculty members, staffs and students.

The Local Government Units. Under RA 9003, LGUs are primarily responsible for

the effective and efficient solid waste management. In that sense, the results of this study may

widen the awareness of every nursing student’s LGUs on the possible impact of medical

waste disposal to the community. In this case, they may lead across health and care by

creating policies and protocols within their areas, providing long-term ambition to meet

current and future challenges regarding medical waste management.

The Future Researchers. This study is in the stage of seeking the impacts of PPE

disposal in the community. The results of this study will be a great benefit for the future

researchers as they can use this as a reference to fill the gaps of the problems related to this

study.

The policy makers. The end-product of this is study will be useful to the policy

makers in making or developing precise infectious disease policies and protocols about

proper waste disposal of PPE, extending awareness through research which provides
 8

evidence-based information is useful platform to minimize the risk for infection and pollution

within the community.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). This research

study will help to further solidify the role of DENR in implementation of proper waste

segregation and extend the awareness of the community regarding proper waste disposal at

the same time protecting the garbage collectors since they are at high risk for the infection.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The use of personal protective equipment has extremely increased since the COVID-

19 virus has spread through the world. PPEs have been highly important to protect people

from acquiring the virus, however this increase in use and production of PPEs creates a new

problem for the environment. Improper disposal and management of PPEs can be really

harmful for the environment, additionally it can cause the virus to spread even more faster.

Hence, a theoretical framework was crafted by (Lagman-Bautista, 2020) which was

based on the Waste Management Theory. The theory is founded on the expectation that waste

management is to prevent waste causing harm to human health and the environment. The

traditional waste management view is centered on assurance compliance, risks management,

health and environmental protection that are short term tactical. The same authors reshaped

traditional waste management view into new value creation that can raise productivity,

enhance relations, support eco-innovations, and enable growth for long term endeavors. But

the focal point of practical waste management lies on three vital objectives.

1. Waste Quantification

2. Waste Characterization

3. Waste Management Methods or Practices

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Waste characterization studies mainly focus on sampling waste stream in different

geographical regions with the aim of sorting and classifying waste stream into several

fractions such as organic, paper, metal and plastic (Gomez et al. 2008) (de Vega, Benítez, and

Barreto 2008). Waste quantification studies on the other hand were mainly focused on

estimating the amount of waste generation in a wide range of industries such as construction

(Bossink and Brouwers 1996), food (Parfitt, Barthel, and Macnaughton 2010), e-waste

(Bigum et al. 2013), forestry waste (Castro et al. 2017), medical waste (Patwary et al. 2009),

and ship scraping waste (Reddy et al. 2003). In addition to waste generated, estimations of

waste recycled, incinerated, landfilled, and composted have been of interest in the literature.

(Esmaeilian et al., 2018)

The existing management practices include three main practices: prevention practices

(e.g. product design), end-of-pipe strategies (e.g. recycling, waste separation, incineration,

proper landfill), and environmental restoration practices (Dornfeld 2013). Prevention practice

studies have been mainly focused on analyzing strategies such as waste minimization (Ajayi

et al. 2017), improving residents awareness (M. J. Clarke and Maantay 2006), and waste

legislation (Cooper 2000). End-of-pipe strategies on the other hand aimed at recovering the

value still embedded in the waste stream through practices such as proper and on-time

collection (Wäger, Hischier, and Eugster 2011), recycling, waste repurposing (Wadhwa,

Bakshi, and Makkar 2015), waste separation methods both destination-separated collection

and origin-separated collection (Sukholthaman and Sharp 2016), reuse, recycling, and

incineration or waste-to-energy (Syngellakis 2014). Finally, environmental restoration

strategies, also known as oops strategies have been focused on restoring the damaged

environment after waste streams leak to the environment. It should be noted that among the

above-mentioned three practices, prevention practices offer the highest effectiveness with the

lowest cost, while environmental restoration is the most expensive practice with the lowest

effectiveness (Dornfeld 2013).

 10

The management of health care waste in the country is driven by concerns about

adverse health and environmental effects, uncertainty regarding regulation, and the negative

perceptions by waste handler. Although significant progress has been made on health care

waste management, two (2) studies conducted by the Department of Health (DOH) namely,

the Waste Management Practices of DOH-Retained hospitals in 1995 and the Waste

Management Practices of Private and Government Hospital in Metro Manila in 1997,

indicated the need to introduce modifications to the existing health care waste management

practices. Some of the most common problems identified are inadequate waste management,

lack of awareness about the health hazards, insufficient financial and human resources and

poor control of waste disposal.

According to the Department of Health, the effective management of health care

wastes considers the basic elements of waste minimization, segregation and proper

identification of the waste. In the past, there were no incentives to separate, recycle or reduce

waste. Appropriate handling, treatment and disposal of waste by type reduce costs and do

much to protect public health (Department of Health).

Hospitals produce different types of wastes from normal solid waste to hazardous

ones such as chemical, pharmaceutical and radioactive that need to be segregated, collected,

stored and transported properly.

By definition segregation is the process of separating different types of waste at the

point of generation and keeping it isolated from each other; appropriate resource recovery and

recycling techniques can be applied to each separate waste stream. Moreover, the amount of

hazardous waste that needs to be treated will be minimized or reduced subsequently

prolonging the operational life of the disposal facility and may gain benefit in terms of

conservation of resources. All health care waste should be collected and stored in a waste

storage area until

 11

transported to a designated off-site treatment facility. The proper collection and transportation

is an important component in health care waste management.

There are two types of transportation:

● On-site Transportation- Transportation of waste within the establishment could

utilize wheeled trolleys, containers, or carts that are dedicated solely for the purpose.

● Off-site Transportation- The health care waste generator is responsible for the safe

packaging and adequate labelling of waste to be transported off-site for treatment and

disposal.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework was used to support the study. The theory and practices

discussed above such as the Theory of Waste Management and the elements of waste

minimization was incorporated in the study.

Specifically, the Theory of Waste Management was used to assess the knowledge of

the respondents towards PPE disposal and management, and the elements of waste

minimization will be used to determine the practices of the respondents on PPE disposal and

management.

However, there were exclusions in the study, specifically recycling, since this practice

cannot be applied in PPE wastes. Also, the transportation of wastes will not be exploited in

the study since the respondents are student nurses.

Furthermore, the three objectives of the Theory of Waste Management was utilized as

an assessment tool on the knowledge of the respondents on PPE disposal and management,

and the three elements on waste minimization excluding the transport was employed in the

study for determining the practices of the respondents on PPE disposal and management.
 12

RESEARCH PARADIGM
In order to conduct the research successfully, the researchers followed the research

paradigm presented below starting from the preparation of the survey through the process of

conducting and analysing it up to the statistical treatment and interpretation of the gathered

data.

INPUT
How may the socio-demographic profile
of the respondents be described in terms
of:
Age;
Sex; and
Year Level?
What are the most commonly used PPE
during the COVID-19 pandemic?
OUTPUT
How may the knowledge of the
respondents on PPE disposal and Assessment of nursing student’s
management be described in terms of: knowledge and practices regarding
Waste quantification PROCESS
personal protective equipment
Waste characterization disposal and management.
Quantitative research design that
Waste management utilized descriptive - correlational
methods orpractices Use of online survey Enhance community relations by
How may the practices of the respondents questionnaire to collect data via demonstrating a commitment to
on PPE disposal and management be google forms Interpretation and environmental protection in
described in terms of: analyzation of the data using reducing health care waste.
statistical method.
Waste minimization Basis for future study in collaboration with
Waste handling other frontline agencies to different sector
Storage of the community.
Collection
Is there a significant correlation between
the respondent’s socio- demographic
profile and their knowledge on PPE
disposal and management?
Is there a significant correlation between
the respondent’s socio- demographic
profile and their practices on PPE disposal
and management?
 13

DEFINITION OF TERMS

COVID-19 - is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most people infected

with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without

requiring special treatment (World Health Organization, 2021). A virus that can cause mild to

severe respiratory illness, including death.

Knowledge- The condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience

or association (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2022). It is an understanding of a technique on

how to separate PPE used.

Pandemic - outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographical area and that

is of high prevalence, generally affecting a significant proportion of the world’s population,

usually over the course of several months (Rogers, (n.d.)). The main cause why people are

affected in COVID 19 by not having proper way of disposal, especially the PPE.

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) – protective clothing, helmets, gloves, face shields,

googles, facemasks and/or respirators or other equipment, like alcohol and sanitizers,

designed to protect the wearer from injury or the spread of infection or illness (FDA, 2020).

Materials that are being widely used in health care settings and public places contribute to

increasing waste.

PPE Disposal- The process of properly discarding used PPE by the student nurses.

PPE Management- The method or process of managing used PPE in terms of waste

minimization, waste handling, storage, and collection.

Practices- The actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories

relating to it (Oxford Dictionary). Practices are the existing ways of disposing of PPE used by

the student nurses.

 14

Storage - separate waste materials into different types (paper and cardboard, plastics, metals,

etc.) store your waste securely in sealed, labelled containers ready for recycling or disposal

(NetRegs, (n.d.)). Secured and adequate temporary waste storage space allocation is vital.

Waste storage time should be limited to 24-48 hours.

Student Nurses – these are the students who will participate in this study from the College of

Nursing.

Sustainable development goal - it is the new agenda emphasizes a holistic approach to

achieving sustainable development for all (United Nations, 2015). It is the guide on how to

promote cleanliness and organize all the different types of problems.

Waste Characterization- information helps in planning how to reduce waste, set up

recycling programs, and conserve money and resources (calrecycle 2019). To estimate the

amount of certain materials in their waste stream.

Waste Collection - is the collection and transport of waste to the place of treatment or

discharge by municipal services or similar institutions, or by public or private corporations,

specialized enterprises or general government (OECD, 2001). Proper protective equipment

and waste transporting utility supply such as waste bins, trolley, and wheelbarrow.

Waste Disposal – the collection, processing, and recycling or deposition of the waste

materials of human society. Waste is classified by source and composition. Waste materials

are either liquid or solid in form, and their components may be either hazardous or inert in

their effects on health and the environment (Rafferty, (n.d.)). Waste disposal is one of our

world's most pressing issues, as well as one of the primary causes of rising waste levels; this

will be the study's primary focus.

 15

Waste Handling - refers to the various schemes to manage and dispose of wastes. It can be

by discarding, destroying, processing, recycling, reusing, or controlling wastes (Biology

Online, 2021). Use it on how to manage and separate human waste.

Waste Management – refers collectively to the collection, transportation, handling and

disposal process of dealing with removal of human waste. Waste management, generally,

covers all aspects of human waste including waste reduction (safeopedia, 2018). This is

critical to practice and maintain for a safer environment, healthier people, and a progressive

society, and it will also be the primary focus of the research.

Waste Minimization – is reduction in the quantity of hazardous wastes achieved through a

conscientious application of innovative or alternative procedures. Simple adjustments to a

process producing wastes (e.g. a teaching lab experiment, a vehicle cleaning operation, etc.)

(US SANTA CRUZ, 2016). Reducing waste is important for our health and the environment;

this study will use this to describe the knowledge and practices of NEUST student nurses

regarding PPE disposal and management.

Waste Quantification- a method used to determine the types of materials being discarded in

a waste stream and in what proportion they are discarded (Wang et al., 2004) It is a way of

classifying different kinds of waste produced according to specific categories.

Waste Transportation – the movement of waste over a specific area by trains, tankers,

trucks, barges, or other vehicles. The types of wastes that may be transported range from

municipal garbage to radioactive or hazardous wastes (ENCYCLopedia.com, 2019). Secure

waste transportation is critical because improper waste transportation can pollute areas along

the route to the next facility and endanger human health; this will also be used to describe the

knowledge and practices of NEUST student nurses regarding PPE disposal and management.
 16

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains related literature that served as a guide for the researcher to

conduct the study. The literature cited in this chapter was utilized by the researchers to

support the study.

Outbreak of COVID-19

The global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented a major

threat to public health worldwide. COVID-19 is the result of infection with severe acute

respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was first isolated and identified in

patients who were exposed at a seafood market in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China on

December 2019 (Zhu N et al., 2020). Similar to findings related to SARS-CoV (Drosten et al.,

2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

(Zaki et al., 2012), SARS-CoV-2 is believed to cross species to initiate primary human

infections; it is now spread primarily by human-to- human transmission. Although the case

fatality rate of COVID-19 (estimated at 2%–3%) is lower than those of SARS (approximately

10%) and MERS (approximately 40%), the pandemic associated with COVID-19 has been

far more severe. As of Mar. 15, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly to 34 provinces and

cities in China; infection has been reported in 144 countries/territories/areas across five

continents (World Health Organization, 2020). The COVID-19 epidemic represents a

substantial challenge for governments, individuals, and society as a whole (Shi et al., 2020).
 17

Chain of Infection

Figure 2. Chain of Infection (Chand et al., 2021)

Protection and Prevention against COVID-19

According to Rhee (Rhee, 2020) in order to protect from the infection of COVID-19,

the most effective methods are frequent hand hygiene, maintaining strict social distancing and

wearing a face mask. The most direct method among them is wearing a face mask. Almost all

people can use the face mask to protect themselves from COVID-19 outdoors. However, it is

important to recognize how to wear and to remove a face mask. It is more important to

recognize how to dispose of a used mask than wearing a mask. Specifically, used masks must

be controlled safely and sanitary because used masks may be infectious through the exposure
 18

to potentially infective respiratory droplets. The World Health Organization (WHO) advised

on the use of masks in communities, during home care, and in health care settings in areas

that have reported cases COVID-19 (World Health Organization, 2020).

PPE Waste Generation amidst COVID-19 Pandemic

The world, although a recent phenomenon but is aware of the devastation associated

with the outbreak of new coronavirus disease 2019 also known as COVID-19. It is reported

that there have been 20,024,263 confirmed cases of COVID-19 across 215 countries of the

globe, including 733,995 confirmed death cases as of 10 August 2020 (https://www.

worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries). The detail information about the COVID-19 and

its possible treatment and other awareness promoting aspects are detailed by Ali and Alharbi.

As a protection measure against this global pandemic many countries have forced to mandate

lockdown which eventually resulted in both positive and negative impacts on the

environmental aspects i.e. reduced air pollution, massive production of waste (Haque et al.,

2021).

As per a WHO estimate, 89 million medical mask, 76 million examination gloves and

1.6 million goggles are required for the COVID-19 response each month (WHO 2020) for

which the manufacturing capacity should ramp by 40%, to meet the rising global demand

(Park et al. 2020). With reported 9420 H. Kumar et al. 1 3 cases of COVID-19 infected health

and sanitation workers (Satheesh 2020; Hindustan times 2020; New India Express 2020),

waste management of used infectious safety gears has become a critical component to restrict

the spread of novel coronavirus (Bherwani et al. 2020; Vanapalli et al. 2020). According to

WWF report (Italy WWF 2020), “If only 1% of the masks were disposed of incorrectly and

perhaps dispersed in nature, would result in 100 million masks per month in the environment”

(Kumar et al., 2021).

 19

The production of waste is an inevitable consequence that is coupled with

anthropogenic activities, economic development, and urbanization (Zahur, 2007). The

emergence of COVID-19 has led to the increase of medical waste all around the world as

well as household hazardous and plastic waste volume where a desperate need for proper

waste management has emerged but appears to be a largely ignored affair. Followed by

different public health protection directives and measures, a substantial surge in the waste

volume has been documented arising from the enhanced use of personal protective equipment

(PPEs) including – face masks, hand gloves, rubber boots and other medically used gears

such as – syringes, test kits, plastic containers, bandages, tissues, etc. (Czigány & Ronkay,

2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic that the world is currently facing has sparked a large

demand for single-use plastic products (Alfonso et al., 2021). Among these, the use of

personal protective equipment (PPE), such as face masks, face shields, and gloves, has

tremendously increased as an efficient way to prevent the transmission of the virus (De-la-

Torre et al., 2021). Additionally, most governments enforce the use of PPE in public places,

which poses a challenge to conventional waste management and could severely exacerbate

plastic pollution (Akhbarizadeh et al., 2021). Recent evidence suggests that the widespread

prevalence of PPE wastes is already exacerbating plastic pollution in seas, streets, and rivers,

making them likely impossible to eliminate. There are no simple solutions to this complex

problem; however, we can try to hinder its progress through education campaigns involving

the general public, scientific researchers, and governmental organizations in order to improve

proper disposal and waste management (Gurusamy Kutralam-Muniasamy, Fermín Pérez-

Guevara, V C Shruti 2021).

 20

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Waste Management

Though the COVID-19 pandemic is reported to have reduced air pollution and

environmental-related noise and improved biodiversity and tourist sites, however, the

impact of stay-at-home and preventive measures on waste management is alarming. Due to

the stockpiling of gloves, gowns, masks and other protective clothing and equipment, there

appears to be a waste emergency due to the unusual production of waste from both

households and health facilities (Ma et al. 2020). Failure to properly manage the waste

generated from health facilities and households may escalate the spread of COVID-19 via

secondary transmission. The potential rampant dumping, open burning and incineration

could affect air quality and health outcomes due to the exposure to toxins (WHO 2020).

Thus, there exists a challenge of managing unusual waste sustainably using available waste

facilities while reducing air pollution, preventing secondary viral transmission and

mitigating potential health risk (UNEP 2020a). Besides, there could be serious

consequences for developing countries without standard waste management technologies

and waste emergency policies to curb the pandemic(Sarkodie & Owusu, 2021).

According to (Mejjad et al., 2021) notably, this increase in the production and

consumption of personnel protective equipment items across the world to fight against the

spread of coronavirus adds to the already existing concern over plastic pollution and its

effects on the environment and wildlife if these items are not disposed of properly.

Disposal and Management of Wastes

Researchers in Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna proposed an institutional

solid waste management flow chart (figure 3). It suggests that the waste generation will be

collected by the maintenance team three to four times daily, depending on the amount of solid

wastes generated by each offices or classroom. Color coding bins must be installed for
 21

practicing solid waste segregation, collection can be easier and much time and energy can be

saved. Providing storage area for collected solid waste was necessary to avoid filling up of the

temporary land fill provided by the school which was located at the back of the campus.

Collection of solid wastes will become organized since it is already segregated and packed.

Solid wastes for transfer and transport maybe collected by the municipal or barangay solid

waste council while the high-value solid waste were process for recovery and other means of

solid wastes reusing and recycling technique. Final disposal of the campus solid wastes will

become organized and will lead to sustainable solid waste management practices (Mae

Pamplona et al., 2016).

(Figure 3. Solid Waste Management Flow Chart)

 22

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods used by the researchers. It includes the methods

on how the researchers gathered and analysed the data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study used a descriptive and correlational method of research to identify if there

is a significant relationship between the knowledge and practices of the student nurses on

PPE disposal and management. According to Koh and Owen (2000), descriptive research is a

study of status and is widely used in education, nutrition, epidemiology, and the behavioral

sciences. Its value is based on the premise that problems can be solved and practices

improved through observation, analysis, and description. As mentioned by Tan (2014), a

correlational study seeks to ascertain relationships between two or more variables. Simply

put, it examines whether an increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to an increase or

decrease in another variable.

Descriptive method was employed by the researchers to describe the knowledge and

practices towards PPE disposal and management. Specifically, this method was used to

describe the variables such as waste minimization, waste handling, storage, collection and

transport of the PPEs.

Correlational method was also applied to the study to determine the significant

relationship between the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and their knowledge

and practices on PPE disposal and management.

RESEARCH LOCALE

The study was conducted in Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

(NEUST) College of Nursing where it is located at General Tinio St. Cabanatuan City, Nueva
 23

Ecija. The campus in General Tinio Street housed the College of Nursing, where the

respondents are presently studying.

Figure 4. NEUST Gen Tinio Campus

SAMPLES AND SAMPLING METHOD

The researchers used simple random sampling to obtain 100 participants by randomly

selecting names from the list of student nurses of the NEUST College of Nursing enrolled for

the academic year 2021-2022. Lottery method was used to randomly choose the participants.

A simple random sample is a randomly selected subset of a population. In this

sampling method, each member of the population has an exactly equal chance of being

selected. This method is the most straightforward of all the probability sampling methods,

since it only involves a single random selection and requires little advance knowledge about

the population. Because it uses randomization, any research performed on this sample should

have high internal and external validity. In the lottery method, you choose the sample at

random by “drawing from a hat” or by using a computer program that will simulate the same

action. To create a simple random sample, there are four steps. Each of the steps is discussed

in turn.
 24

STEP ONE: Define the population

STEP TWO: Decide on the sample size

STEP THREE: Randomly select your sample

STEP FOUR: Collect data from you sample

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The data gathering instrument to be used in this study is a Profile Form and a Likert-

type survey questionnaire. For the Profile Form, the respondents accomplished the form by

just simply ticking the space before each item that applies to them. The second set of

instrument is the survey questionnaire, it was designed and developed by the researchers that

focuses on the Knowledge and Practices of NEUST Student Nurses on Personal Protective

Equipment Disposal and Management.

The survey questionnaire consisted of four parts, which are as follows.

Part I: This part contains statement of the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents that will be described as follows;

1.1 Sex

1.2 Age

1.3 Year Level

Part II: This part contains Likert-type statement that will determine the most

commonly used PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic.

2.1 Face mask

2.2 Face shield

2.3 Gloves

2.4 Alcohol
 25

Part III: This part contains Likert-type statement that will describe the knowledge of

the respondents on PPE disposal and management be described in terms of:

3.1 Waste Quantification

3.2 Waste Characterization

3.3 Waste management methods or practices

Part IV: This part contains Likert-type statement that will describe the practices of the

respondents on PPE disposal and management be described in terms of:

4.1 Waste minimization

4.2 Waste handling

4.3 Storage

4.4 Collection

SCALE RANGE VERBAL INTERPRETATION

5 4.21 to 5.0 Extremely Knowledgeable (EK)

Always (A)

4 3.41 to 4.20 Very Knowledgeable (VK)

Often (O)

3 2.61 to 3.40 Knowledgeable (K)

Sometimes (S)

2 1.81 to 2.60 Slightly Knowledgeable (SK)

Rarely (R)

1 1.0 to 1.8 No Knowledge at All (NKA)

Never (N)

The questionnaire will be answered by the target respondents using the herein rating

scale;

Table 1. Rating of Likert Scale

 26

CONSTRUCTION AND ADMINISTRATION

The questionnaire was formulated by the student researchers after thorough

observation and reading of the related literature. The questionnaire was based on the variables

included in the study, which is the knowledge and practices of NEUST student nurses

towards PPE disposal and management.

The questionnaire was first submitted to the faculty for review and approval and was

disseminated through online surveys with the use of Google Forms.

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

The designed questionnaire was subjected to a validation process for face and content

validity. Face validity refers to the extent to which a test appears to measure what it is intended

to measure (Johnson, 2013). Content validity refers to the extent to which the items on a test

are fairly representative of the entire domain the test seeks to measure. This entry discusses

origins and definitions of content validation, methods of content validation, the role of
content
validity evidence in validity arguments, and unresolved issues in content validation (Salkind,

2010).

In the validation process of this study, the researchers provided copies of the

questionnaire and will be given to the faculty members. The experts went over the research

questions as well as the findings and carefully examine the questionnaire to ensure that it is

acceptable and adequate.

The reliability test was performed on the survey questionnaire through Cronbach’s

alpha using IBM SSPS statistics version 26. The internal consistency of multiple items will

be assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Alpha is based on a correlation matrix and is interpreted

in the same way as other reliability measurements. Based on the result For Waste

quantification, the Cronbach's alpha obtained was 0.719, Waste characterization got a

Cronbach’s alpha of
 27

0.850, and waste management methods or practices got a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.920. Overall,

the questionnaire for the Knowledge on PPE Disposal and Management was .831. These

values signify that the questionnaire developed by the researchers passed the reliability test

and thus can measure the students' Knowledge on PPE Disposal and Management.

For Waste Minimization the Cronbach's alpha obtained was 0.864, Waste Handling

got a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.768, Storage got a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.908, lastly Collection

obtained a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.899. Overall, the questionnaire for the Practices on PPE

Disposal and Management was .862. These values signify that the questionnaire developed

by the researchers passed the reliability test and thus can measure the students' Practices on

PPE Disposal and Management.

The pilot testing will be performed on the instrument. The respondents for the pilot

testing will come from 10 nursing students of Wesleyan University of the Philippines-

Cabanatuan. The researchers will have 100 student nurses with different year levels as

respondents. This will be done to give the researchers new objectives and recommendations

prior to the study.

RESPONSE MODE/SCORING

In order to measure and describe the knowledge and practices of the NEUST student

nurses regarding PPE waste disposal and its management, a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire

will be utilized and administered. The scale determined the degree of knowledge and the

frequency of doing a specific practices based on the answers of the respondents to a variety of

designed statements which afterwards will be scored in 5 points: (1) is for No Knowledge at

All and Never; (2) Slightly Knowledgeable and Rarely; (3) Knowledgeable and Sometimes;

(4) Very Knowledgeable and Often; (5) Extremely Knowledgeable and Always.
 28

The questionnaire was divided in four parts: Part 1 is the respondent’s profile which

includes age, sex and year level; Part 2 is for the determination of the most commonly used

PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic; Part 3 is for the description of the knowledge of the

respondents on PPE disposal and management in terms of waste quantification, waste

characterization, waste management methods or practices; Part 4 is for the assessment of the

practices of the respondents on PPE disposal and management in terms of waste

minimization, waste handling, storage, collection.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

Prior to the conduct of the study, the researchers asked permission to administer the

data collection from the dean of College of Nursing. Likewise, the researcher sought help

from the president of every block to properly distribute the questionnaire to the students. An

informed consent and the objectives of the study was provided to the respondents for better

understanding.

The researchers gathered data using an online application created with Google Forms.

The respondents received the link of Google Forms to answer the questionnaire. Tabulating

the results started after anticipating the results from the respondents. Both the researchers and

the respondents' individual safety and privacy was maintained and secure.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The data was summarized and analysed with the use of different statistical tools.
1. For the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, the following statistical

treatment was used:

a.) Frequency of Distribution - It is a method to organize the research data, which are

categorized and presented in tabulated form to systematically arrange all

numerical values that will be gathered for each variable (Young, J. 2020). The

researchers will
 29

use this to count the occurrences of values within each respondent's profile

variables.

b.) Percentage (%) – is a display of data that specifies the percentage of observations

that exist for each data point or grouping of data points. (Lavrakas, P. J. 2008).

Percentage Distribution will be used to determine the percentage of the profile

variables of the respondents.

(P)%= F/N x 100

Where:
P = Percentage
F = Frequency
N = Total number of respondents
2. For the knowledge and practices of the respondents on Personal Protective Equipment

Disposal and Management was used:

a.) Frequency of Distribution. It is a method to organize the research data, which are

categorized and presented in tabulated form to arrange systematically all

numerical values that were gathered for each variable (Young, J. 2020). The

researchers will use this to count the occurrences of rating/scoring of the

respondents on each item/statement in knowledge and practice variables.

b.) Percentage (%). It is a display of data that specifies the percentage of

observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data points. (Lavrakas,

P. J. 2018). Percentage Distribution will be used to determine the percentage of

the respondents' frequency of rating/scoring in each item/statement in

knowledge and practices variables. (P)%= F/N x 100

Where
:
P = Percentage
F = Frequency
 30

N = Total number of respondents

Weighted frequency
c.) To get the weighted frequency, the formula being used is:

DR x F= WF
Wherein:
DR = Degree of responses
F = for the number of
responses WF = for Weighted
frequency
d.) Weighted mean. Weighted mean. It is kind of average. Instead of each data point

contributing equally to the final mean, some data points contribute more

"weight" than the others (Glen, S. 2015). Weighted mean will be used to

calculate the probability of answer in the variable of knowledge and practices of

the respondents.

To get the weighted mean multiply each weight w by its matching value x, sum
that all up, and divide by the sum of weights.
Weighted Mean = 𝛴𝑤𝑥
𝛴𝑤

e.) Verbal description. A verbal description of a set uses an English sentence to state

a rule that allows us to determine the class of object being discussed and to

determine for any particular object whether or not it is in the set (Primas, M.

2016). Verbal Distribution will be used to determine if the items under the

knowledge and practices on Personal Protective Equipment Disposal and

Management whether or not these variables are in the set.

f.) Rank. It consists of arranging number of decreasing or increasing order of size. It

determines the position of a specific value in an array. The highest occurrences

of values in the set with the greater number was given the highest rank (Zaiontz,

C. 2017). Rank will be used to determine the position of each item/statement in

the
 31

variables of knowledge and practices of the respondents on Personal Protective

Equipment Disposal and Management.

3. For the relationship between socio-demographic profile of the respondents and their

knowledge and practices on Personal Protective Equipment Disposal and

Management, the following statistical treatment will be used:

a.) Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Also known as "Pearson R" is defined in

statistics as the measurement of the strength of the relationship between two

variables and their association with each other (Bhaskaran, V. 2018). Pearson

correlation coefficient will be used to determine if there is a significant

relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and their

knowledge and practices on Personal Protective Equipment Disposal and

Management.

Pearson correlation coefficient formula:

Where:
N = the number of pairs of scores
Σxy = the sum of the products of paired scores
Σx = the sum of x scores
Σy = the sum of y scores
Σx2 = the sum of squared x scores
Σy2 = the sum of squared y scores
All computations will be done using Microsoft Excel and IBM Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS).

PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS

Discussion of presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data that were

gathered by the researchers. Those data that were attached to the questionnaire checklist

given to the respondents.

1. Respondents Personal Profile

 32

To understand the knowledge and competency of the participants to become

respondents of this study, their profile is presented.

The following table presents the distribution and percentage of the demographic

profile of the respondents as to

Table 1.0. Age

Table 1.1. Sex

Table 1.2. Year Level

2. This table presents the frequency, weighted mean and verbal description and

ranking of the responses of the respondents on the problems encountered by the

knowledge and practices of NEUST on personal protective equipment disposal and

management.

a. Weighted Mean: this was used in the qualifications of data in which the researchers

used the Likert five points scale. A Likert scale is commonly used to measure

attitudes, knowledge, perception, values and behavioral changes. (Vogt, 1999)

Statement of the problem 3 (Knowledge Level

score) 5- Extremely Knowledgeable

4- Very Knowledgeable

3- Knowledgeable

2- Slightly Knowledgeable

1- No Knowledge at All

Statement of the problem 4 (Frequency)

5- Always
 33

4- Often

3- Sometimes

2- Rarely

1- Never

B. Ranking- used to identify the positioned advantage of each answer to the items

with the other answers. Ranking is the arranging of a series of variables in ascending

and descending order (Polit, Beck 2006).

C. Percentage- The researchers used this

formula Percentage (%) = frequency x 100

No. Of population

This is utilized by the researchers to get the proportion of a part of the whole.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The researchers assured that ethical considerations were always observed and applied

in conducting the study to maintain the main objective of the research such as the avoidance

of error, truth and understanding. The researchers must consider the respondent’s safety and

identity. The researchers of the study ensure the privacy of the respondents by not sharing

their identity and data collected outside the group to protect the rights of the respondents.
 34

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter has presented the data gathered, the results of the statistical analysis

done, and interpretation of findings. The presentation was done through the use of tables and

the interpretation was indicated after each of the tabular presentations.

I. Respondents’ Profile

Table 1 shows the respondents’ demographic profile in terms of age, sex and
year level.
Frequency Distribution and Percentage of the Respondent’ Profile
PROFILE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Age
18 7 7.0
19 16 16.0
20 31 31.0
21 31 31.0
22 15 15.0
Mean Age: 20
TOTAL 100 100.00
Sex
Male 14 14.0
Female 86 86.0
TOTAL 100 100.0
Year Level
First Year 23 23.0
Second Year 23 23.0
Third Year 39 39.0
TOTAL 100 100.0

1.1 Age

Table 1.1 Present the distribution of respondents according to age. The computed

mean age of the respondents was 20 years old. Meanwhile, data revealed that most of the

respondents were ages between 20 and 21 years with a 31% score followed by 19 years old

with 16% followed by 22 years old with a score of 15% and the age with the least respondents

are 18 years old with 7%.

 35

1.2 Sex

Table 1.2 shows that 86 or 86.0% of the respondents were female while 14 or 14%

were male. Men continue to be a minority in the nursing profession although small increases

in their representation have occurred in the last seven years. The Census (2006) report

indicated that men only constituted 7% of the United States workforce in nursing. The

National Council of State Boards of Nursing found that men account for 7% of the RN

workforce. A survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau in February 2013 found that men

now comprise 9.6% of all RNs (Census Bureau's Industry and Occupation Statistics, 2013).

In addition, through the efforts of Florence Nightingale in the mid-nineteenth century, nursing

was established as a women's profession (Hus, Chen & Lou, 2010)

Therefore, the researchers conclude that female nursing students are still higher in

number than male nursing students even in today’s time.

1.3 Year Level

Data revealed that most of the respondents were in third year level with a 39% score

followed by first and second year with 23% and the year level with the least respondents are

at fourth year level with 15%.

II. Most Used PPE

Table number 2 shows the results of the most used PPE by the student nurses.

Ranking of most used PPE of student nurses.

PPE RANK
Face Mask 1
Face Shield 3
Gloves 4
Alcohol 2

Based on the result, the most used PPE by the respondents are face masks followed by

alcohol, face shield and gloves thus, the top two most used PPE by the respondents are the

face mask and alcohol.

 36

Wearing of face masks is recommended as part of personal protective equipment and

as a public health measure to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

pandemic but even before the pandemic face masks are used as a PPE on various infectious

diseases.

Rubbing alcohol is as important as the face mask during this pandemic as it serves as a

handy bactericidal.

III. Knowledge of the Respondents on PPE Disposal and Management

Table number 3 show the results of the knowledge of student nurses towards PPE

disposal and management

Mean and Verbal Description of the knowledge of the student nurses on PPE
disposal and management
Verbal
WASTE QUANTIFICATION Mean
Description
Very
1. Proper PPE waste segregation 4.33
Knowledgeable
Very
2. Use of specific container for each type of waste 4.36
Knowledgeable
3. Importance of using containers, trolley, or carts in Very
4.36
collecting waste Knowledgeable
4. Waste transported under covered condition 4.00 Knowledgeable
5. Schedule of waste collection of the barangay garbage
3.97 Knowledgeable
collectors
Overall Mean 4.20 Knowledgeable
Verbal
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION Mean Description
Very
1. Proper packaging and labelling of waste. 4.23
Knowledgeable
Very
2. Importance of having specific PPE waste storage area. 4.50
Knowledgeable
3. Written instructions for storing of each type of
4.19 Knowledgeable
hazardous/special waste.
Very
4. Classification of waste 4.42
Knowledgeable
Very
5. Proper disposal of waste in appropriate containers 4.51
Knowledgeable
Overall Mean Very
4.37 Knowledgeable
 37

Verbal
WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS OR PRACTICES Mean Description
1. Waste Programs of my barangay on waste
3.71 Knowledgeable
management
2. Protocol on PPE waste disposal and management 3.96 Knowledgeable
Very
3. Importance of proper PPE waste disposal 4.41
Knowledgeable
4. Importance of regularly checking storage areas for
4.14 Knowledgeable
leaks or deteriorating containers.
5. Possible transmission of virus due to exposure in Very
4.57
contaminated PPE Knowledgeable
Overall Mean 4.16 Knowledgeable
Legends: 1-1.8 VU, 1.81-2.60 U, 2.60-3.40 N, 3.41-4.20 K, 4.21-5 VK

a. Waste Quantification
The knowledge of student nurses towards waste minimization obtained an overall

weighted mean of 4.20 which was verbally described as "knowledgeable". In this indicator

"Use of specific containers for each type of waste" and “Importance of using containers,

trolleys, or carts in collecting waste” both got the highest mean of 4.36 verbally described as

"very knowledgeable".

Environmental education has been currently discussed in the realm of health, specially

addressing the medical waste generation (Macedo et al, 2007; Corrêa and, Lunardi and,

Santos, 2007; Beserra et al, 2014; Leonel, 2002). Medical waste when handled improperly

can pose risks to the environment and to public health. It is widely accepted that medical

waste poses a risk at three levels: the occupational health of those who handle it; the increase

in the rate of nosocomial infection, and damage to the environment (Schneider and Rêgo and,

Orlandin, 2001; Naime and Barbisan, 2013). Nurses are a crucial part of the healthcare

industry. They form 40 percent of the hospital staff. Hence, they can contribute positively to

the environment through proper waste and supply management. However, nurses can greatly

impact the reduction of waste and add positively to the environment. Nurses have a major

role in care protocols, decisions to purchase, direct care, and disposal of medical waste.
 38

Therefore, researchers conclude that it is important for undergraduate nursing students

to be knowledgeable enough in correct and proper management of medical waste

minimization in practical activities or even at home in particular with the still existing

pandemic.

b. Waste Characterization

The knowledge of student nurses towards waste characterization obtained an overall

weighted mean of 4.37 which was verbally described as "very knowledgeable". In this

indicator "Proper disposal of waste in appropriate containers” got the highest mean of 4.51

and was verbally described as "very knowledgeable".

The nursing profession world-wide recognizes the vital role of the natural

environment in global health and acknowledges the real threat posed by medical waste. The

International Council of Nurses (ICN) believes all nurses have a duty to reduce/eliminate the

negative impact of medical waste on the environment. ICN and National Nurses Associations

(NNAs), as representative organizations of nurses and nursing, have the responsibility to

direct clinical and policy decisions with regard to medical waste. (International Council of

Nurse, Medical Waste: Role of Nurses and Nursing. 2004)

A study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of nursing students regarding

Biomedical Waste Management in selected Hospital, Punjab Nursing. The study was

conducted on 45 students of GNM second year to check the knowledge, attitude and practice

in nursing students related to BMW in selected Hospitals of Punjab. In this convenient

purposive sampling was used. The method of data collection was questionnaire, rating scale

and observation. The study reveals that nursing students have good knowledge, positive

attitude and good practice regarding biomedical waste management (International Journal of

Science and Healthcare Research Vol.3; Issue: 4; Oct.-Dec. 2018).

Therefore, the researchers conclude that students are very knowledgeable in

identifying the waste groups. Such knowledge includes waste sorting, they are aware of the

correct and
 39

proper way to sort waste as it may result in correct disposal, thus reducing the risks in health

of all the professionals involved, as well as on public health and the environment.

c. Waste Management Methods or Practices

The knowledge of student nurses towards waste management methods or practices

obtained an overall weighted mean of 4.16 which was verbally described as

"knowledgeable". In this indicator "Possible transmission of virus due to exposure in

contaminated PPE” got the highest mean of 4.57 verbally described as "very knowledgeable".

Nurses, as professionals, need to be aware of the consequences of the medical waste

produced by the health sector. Nursing organizations need to:

● Facilitate nurses’ access to continuing education programs on the subject of

medical waste.

● Apply a precautionary approach to product evaluation and selection that protects

the environment.

● Advocate for the involvement of direct care nurses in decision-making.

● Advocate for safe waste disposal mechanisms.

● Develop coalitions with other professions to lobby for safe waste disposal.

● Define and regulate nursing competencies in environmental health.

Nurses and nursing students worldwide are inclined in issues and concerns regarding

the healthcare field particularly in medical waste management. Good to know that nurses and

other future medical professionals are well guided by guidelines and protocols from health

departments. Therefore, the researchers conclude that with all of this related literature, nurses

and student nurses are well guided in terms of their waste management and practices

IV. Practices of the student nurses on PPE disposal and management

Table number 4 show the results of the practices of student nurses

towards PPE disposal and management

 40

Mean and Verbal Description of the practices of the student nurses on PPE

disposal and management.

Mea Verbal
WASTE MINIMIZATION n Description
1. I participate on cleaning or disinfection programs of my
3.06 Sometimes
barangay
2. I educate my household members on the importance of
4.20 Often
minimizing waste
3. I prefer using non-disposable PPE when available 3.52 Often
4. I re-use my PPE until fully dysfunctional 2.36 Rarely
5. I use PPE only when it is necessary 3.83 Often
Overall Mean 3.39 Sometimes
Mea Verbal
WASTE HANDLING
n Description
1. I separate my PPE wastes to my other wastes 4.26 Always
2. I use color coded trash can/bin to classify my waste 3.33 Often
3. I use separate container for dry and wet waste 4.11 Often
4. I have a trash bin/can in every room of my house 4.26 Always
5. I properly seal my trash can/bin 4.41 Always
Overall Mean 4.07 Often
Mea Verbal
STORAGE
n Description
1. I have a specific area to store my PPE wastes 4.11 Often
2. I label the area with an infectious warning sign 3.59 Often
3. I disinfect my storage area timely 4.19 Often
4. I store my PPE waste for 24-48 hours only 3.56 Often
5. I bury my wastes under the ground 2.46 Rarely
Overall Mean 3.58 Often
Mea Verbal
COLLECTION
n Description
1. I collect all wastes in our household 3.79 Often
2. I use PPE when collecting waste to protect myself from
3.67 Often
the bacteria/viruses
3. I use containers, trolley, or carts in collecting my wastes 3.71 Often
4. The containers, trolley, or carts are only used to collect
3.76 Often
waste
5. I collect my waste right on time 4.07 Often
Overall Mean 3.80 Often
 41

a. WASTE MINIMIZATION
The practices of student nurses towards waste minimization obtained an

overall weighted mean of 3.39 which was verbally described as "sometimes." In this

indicator "I educate my household members on the importance of minimizing waste"

got the highest mean of 4.20 verbally described as "often".

According to the waste-management hierarchy, based on the concept of the

3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle), better practice of healthcare waste management

should aim to avoid or recover as much of the waste as possible, rather than disposing

of it by burning or burial. The most preferred management solution is not to produce

the waste in the first place, by avoiding wasteful ways of working. Although waste

minimization is widely practiced at the point of its generation, such as separation of

hazardous waste from other wastes, a proper plan that adopts purchasing and stock

control strategies can also result in a reduction in the amount of waste produced.

b. WASTE HANDLING

The practices of student nurses towards waste handling obtained an overall

weighted mean of 4.07 which was verbally described as "often". In this indicator "I

properly seal my trash can/bin" got the highest mean of 4.41 verbally described as

"always".

The pandemic continues to be a significant public health threat worldwide.

The rapid increase in the number of COVID-19 infected patients and the highly

transmissible nature of the disease have led to a high number of hospitalizations.

Thus, the generation of healthcare solid waste has rapidly increased. Additionally, the

increase in the amount of personal protective equipment (PPE) used during the

COVID- 19 pandemic, compared to normal circumstances, has further contributed

towards the increase in healthcare solid waste (Haji et al., 2020; Wei and Manyu,

2020; WHO,
 42

2020). Thus, it has become necessary to increase the handling capacity for healthcare

waste (WHO, 2020), since improper management of the waste may cause further

spread of the virus.

c. STORAGE

The practices of student nurses towards waste storage obtained an overall

weighted mean of 3.58 which was verbally described as "often". In this indicator "I

disinfect my storage area timely" got the highest mean of 4.19 verbally described as

"often".

According to Ilyas et al. (2020) and ISWA-Lebanon (2020), techniques such

as using disinfectant and storing the waste for nine days have been employed in order

to disinfect waste (Ilyas et al., 2020; ISWA-Lebanon, 2020); this could reduce the risk

of further infection from COVID-19.

d. COLLECTION

The practices of student nurses towards waste collection obtained an overall

weighted mean of 3.80 which was verbally described as "often". In this indicator "I

collect my waste right on time" got the highest mean of 4.07 verbally described as

"often".

As the COVID-19 virus continues to spread, the major drawbacks concerning

waste management, especially in the developing countries, are the ineffective waste

collection strategies and the lack of disposal sites (Reyes et al., 2013). It has been

suggested, likewise, that practices of basic solid waste management (SWM) are often

neglected at the individual level (Licy et al., 2013). While most people are aware of

the negative impacts of mismanaged wastes on the environment, their negative

attitude coupled with insufficient environmental knowledge among individuals

usually
 43

corresponds to poor practices towards maintaining good environmental conditions

(Licy et al., 2013).

Healthcare waste collectors should use PPE, i.e. boots, long-sleeved gowns,

heavy-duty gloves, masks, goggles, and face shields, and they should wash their hands

with sanitizer or disinfectant after disposing of the waste (WHO, 2020).

In all adopted strategies, healthcare waste is required to be managed on a

frequent basis during the pandemic. The waste needs to be collected, separated, and

stored with special identification labels; it should then be treated, transported, and

disposed of properly. Personal protection, disinfection, and training should be

considered necessary for proper management of healthcare waste (UN, 2020).

V. Significant correlation in the knowledge of the student nurses on PPE disposal

and management based on the socio-demographic profile

Knowledge on PPE Disposal and Management

Waste
Profile management
Waste Waste methods or
Quantification Characterization practices
Age Pearson -.034 -.090 .055
Correlation

Sig. (2- .736 .372 .584

tailed)
Sex Pearson .230* .138 .184
Correlation

Sig. (2- .021 .170 .067

tailed)
Year Pearson .030 -.065 .015
Level Correlation

Sig. (2- .769 .524 .884

tailed)
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

As revealed on the data gathered, the student’s sex, were correlated to the

knowledge of the respondents in terms of waste quantification. This shows that female
 44

student nurses are more knowledgeable than male respondents. Nonetheless, age and year

level were found to be irrelevant to the student nurses’ knowledge.

In a 1938 Boston study of the content of preschool children’s speech,

psychologist Shirley found marked gender differences with respect to the concepts of

cleanliness and clothes. She noted that these two concepts are mentioned in conversations

“about twice as often by girls as by boys” (Shirley, 1938, p. 336). Even by preschool,

traditional strictures about cleanliness have been differentially absorbed by little girls.

While these gender differences in hygiene standards might seem a relic of a

distant sexist past, research suggests otherwise. As recently as 1991, research showed that

a significant number of students training to be preschool teachers in the UK expected the

children in their classes to conform to fairly standard gender roles, including gendered

norms of cleanliness. In one study, over 25% of preschool student teachers “expected

boys, but not girls to be reckless, untidy, cheeky, brave, noisy and naughty; and expected

girls, but not boys to be tidy, lean, quiet, sensible, obedient, passive and well-behaved”

(Sikes, 1991).(Clough, 2011)

Therefore, this study confirms that the results regarding the correlation of sex

and knowledge of the student nurses towards PPE disposal and management were

significant to the study.

 45

VI. Significant correlation in the practices of the respondents on PPE

disposal and management based on the socio-demographic profile
Practices on PPE Disposal and Management

Profile Waste Waste

Storage Collection
Minimization Handling

Age Pearson -.116 -.094 -.096 -.103

Correlation

Sig. (2- .252 .352 .342 .308

tailed)
Sex Pearson .089 .285** .248* .248*
Correlation

Sig. (2- .377 .004 .013 .013

tailed)
Year Pearson -.031 -.058 -.020 -.037
Level Correlation

Sig. (2- .760 .569 .843 .717

tailed)
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

As revealed on the data gathered, the student’s sex, were correlated to the

practices of the respondents in terms of waste handling, storage and collection. This

shows that female student nurses practice more waste management than male

respondents. Nonetheless, age and year level were found to be irrelevant to the

student nurses’ practices.

Sociologist Thorne (1993) documents gender norms in the play of American

children at the elementary school level. Of particular relevance is her discussion of

“cooties,” and other “pollution rituals” e concerns that are especially prevalent, she

notes, in children ages six to nine. The term “cooties” here refers to invisible germs

that children play at passing on to others through touch, or more pointedly, that

children play at avoiding by ostracization of those assigned (usually against their will)

as carriers. Thorne’s observations, taken from field work in the late 1970s and early

1980s at schools in Michigan and California, show that girls are far more likely than

boys to
 46

be associated with cooties and to be ostracized as carriers of cooties. The clear

message is that, unlike boys, girls need to guard against these and other forms of

pollution. “Girls as a group are treated as an ultimate source of contamination” (p.

74). While individual boys are sometimes also so marked, in these cases, she notes, it

is the boy’s ethnicity or physical ability that is used to set him up as a source of

pollution, rather than his gender, per se. She also documents a common pattern in this

research, namely that boys, more often than girls, played outdoors.

On a final note, regarding research about girls policing their own hygiene, it

seems unlikely to be a coincidence that among sufferers of Obsessive Compulsive

Disorder, hand washing and cleaning compulsions are far more common in women

than men.

The study of Thorne concludes that girls or females are more concerned with

their personal hygiene than boys or males. In relation to the study of PPE disposal and

management, the study of sociologist Thorne verify the results of the correlation

between sex and the practices of the student nurses towards PPE disposal and

management.
 47

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDING, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter has presented the summary and findings of the research work

undertaken, the conclusion drawn, and the recommendations made as an outgrowth of this

study based on the data analysed in the previous chapter.

SUMMARY

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the government implemented protocols to prevent

the spread of the disease including wearing of PPE for the healthcare workers and residents.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) are essential to healthcare workers to ensure their safety

from the spread of infectious disease. In order to decrease COVID-19 transmission in the

healthcare setting, infection prevention and control methods are required, of which personal

protective equipment (PPE) is a fundamental component.

This study used descriptive and correlational methods of research to identify if there is

a significant relationship between the knowledge and practices of the student nurses on PPE

disposal and management. The data gathering instrument used in this study is a Profile Form

composed of respondent’s socio demographic profile ( sex, age, year level and place of

residence) and a Likert-type survey questionnaire that designed and developed by the

researchers that focuses on the Knowledge and Practices of NEUST Student Nurses on

Personal Protective Equipment Disposal and Management.

Prior to data gathering, the survey questionnaire has undergone a reliability test

through Cronbach's alpha, the pilot testing was carried out with the instrument using

respondents from the college of nursing of Nueva Ecija University of Science and

Technology, Cabanatuan City. The tabulation of data was done and was sent to the

statistician for initial analysis. Then, the

 48

process of data gathering for the actual study was being done and the tabulated data was

being sent to the statistician for final analysis.

Weighted mean, verbal description, and ranking of the response of the respondents on

the problems encountered by the knowledge and practices of NEUST on personal protective

equipment disposal and management.

Percentage was used in the respondents’ demographic profile which includes the age,

sex, and year level.

To solve the problems of this study and hypothesis, the researchers used a

presentation of data through frequency distribution and table with percentage to present all

data gathered in this study.

Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine if there is a significant

relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and their knowledge and

practices on Personal Protective Equipment Disposal and Management.

FINDINGS

The findings of the study were specified as follows:

For the socio-demographic profile of the clienteles:

● Most of the respondents were the ages 20 and 21 with a frequency of 31 and a

percentage of 31%. This is followed by 19 years old with a frequency of 16 and a

percentage of 16%, followed by 22 years old with a frequency of 15 and a percentage

of 15%, and lastly, 18 years old with a frequency of 7 and a percentage of 7 %.

● Most of the respondents are dominated by females with a frequency of 86 and a

percentage of 86% of the whole sample population. The remaining respondents are

males with a frequency of 14 and a percentage of 14 %.

 49

● Most of the respondents are in 3rd year of studying. Level 3 has the highest frequency

with 39 and a percentage of 39 % of the whole sample population, followed by levels

1 and 2 with a frequency of 23 and a percentage of 23, and level 4 with a frequency of

15 and a percentage of 15 %.

For the most used PPE of the respondents:

● The most used PPE of the student nurses was ranked from 1 to 4. The highest is face

masks followed by alcohol, face shield, and gloves. Moreover, the respondents' top 2

most used PPE are facemasks and alcohol.

For the knowledge of the respondents on PPE Disposal and Management in terms of:

● Waste quantification: the student nurses were “Very knowledgeable” with the

indicator ‘Use of specific container for each type of waste and the Importance of

using containers, trolley, or carts in collecting waste’ with a weighted mean of 4.36,

and the lowest weighted mean of 3.97 was “knowledgeable” with the indicator

‘schedule of waste collection of the barangay garbage collectors’.

● Waste characterization: the student nurses were “Very knowledgeable” with the

indicator ‘Proper disposal of waste in appropriate containers’ with a weighted mean of

4.51, and the lowest weighted mean of 4.19 was “knowledgeable” with the indicator

‘written instructions for storing of each type of hazardous/special waste’.

● Waste management methods or practices: the student nurses were “Very

knowledgeable” with the indicator ‘Possible transmission of virus due to exposure in

contaminated PPE’ with a weighted mean of 4.57, and the lowest weighted mean of

3.71 was “Knowledgeable” with the indicator of ‘Possible transmission of virus due

to exposure in contaminated PPE’.

For the practices of the student nurses on PPE disposal and management in terms of:
 50

● Waste Minimization: the student nurses were verbally described as “often” with

the indicator of “I educate my household members on the importance of

minimizing waste” with a weighted mean of 4.20, and the lowest weighted mean

of 2.36 was verbally described as “rarely” with the indicator of “I re-use my PPE

until fully dysfunctional”.

● Waste Handling: the student nurses were verbally described as “always” with the

indicator of “I properly seal my trash can/bin” with a weighted mean of 4.41, and

the lowest weighted mean of 3.33 was verbally described as “often” with the

indicator of “I use color-coded trash can/bin to classify my waste”.

● Storage: the student nurses were verbally described as “often” with the indicator

of “I disinfect my storage area timely” with a weighted mean of 4.19, and the

lowest weighted mean of 2.46 was verbally described as “rarely” with the

indicator of “I bury my wastes under the ground”.

● Collection: the student nurses were verbally described as “often” with the

indicator of “I collect my waste right on time” with a weighted mean of 4.07, and

the lowest weighted mean of 3.67 was verbally described as “often” with the

indicator of “I use PPE when collecting waste to protect myself from the

bacteria/viruses”.

● The significant correlation in the knowledge of the respondents on PPE disposal

and management based on the demographic profile was revealed that the student's

sex, was correlated to the knowledge of the respondents in terms of waste

quantification. This shows that female student nurses are more knowledgeable

than male respondents. Nonetheless, age and year level were irrelevant to the

student nurse's knowledge.

● The significant correlation in the practices of the respondents on PPE disposal and

management based on the demographic profile was revealed that the student's sex,
 51

was correlated to the practices of the respondents in terms of waste handling,

storage, and collection. This shows that female student nurses practiced more

waste management than male respondents. Nonetheless, age and year level were

irrelevant to the student nurse's practices.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Results showed that the student nurses of NEUST were dominated by third year

females, ages between 20 and 21. This indicates that most of the respondents are

females.

2. Findings revealed that most of the student nurses of NEUST use facemask. This

indicates that the nursing students at NEUST prioritizes face mask than any other

PPE.

3. In terms of knowledge, the researchers have found out that most of the student

nurses of NEUST are very knowledgeable in terms of waste characterization and

knowledgeable in both waste quantification and waste management

methods/practices. This indicates that the respondents are armed with the knowledge

regarding waste characterization, quantification and management.

4. In terms of practices, findings revealed that most of the student nurses of NEUST

sometimes practices waste minimization, often practices waste handling, store

properly their used PPE and collect properly their used PPE. This indicates that the

respondents know how to properly handle waste.

5. There is a significant correlation between sex and waste quantification. Female

students have more knowledge with regards to waste quantification than male.
 52

6. There is a significant correlation between sex and waste handling, sex and storage,

and sex and collection.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Nursing Education (Academe, Institutions)

● Will look onto the possibility of reviewing the curriculum of nursing program:

 Suggest to include specific guidelines or protocol for COVID-19 PPE disposal

and management made by Department of Health (DOH) as one of the topics

to discuss in courses like NCM 104 (Community Health Nursing I) and NCM

113 (Community Health Nursing II) as these pertain to special cases in the

community setting which can serve as part of health teaching in larger groups

of people in the community.

Nursing Practice (Community Nurses and Student Nurses)

● To strengthen policies and procedures promoting an effective work environment

within communities with integration of proper handling of medical wastes.

Particularly, the R.A. 9003: The Ecological solid waste management act of 2000.

This law seeks to ensure the protection of public health and the environment

through the utilization of environmentally sound methods for treating, handling,

and disposing of solid waste, encourages waste minimization and segregation at

the source.

● Help and teach clients to observe cleanliness in their homes by creating an

advocacy video regarding the importance of proper PPE disposal and

management and post on social media.

 53

Nursing Research (Future Researchers)

● Equip a larger number of respondents.

● Distinguish other profile characteristics that may be found related to study.

● Include specific variables affecting medical wastes management in the community.

Respective Government Units (DOH, LGUs)

● Strengthen protocols and specific policies regarding waste management in local

communities. It is to reduce, mitigate and somehow control the transmission of

CoVid19 virus.

● Distribute proper waste bin/trash can that separates PPE waste from normal wastes.

It is to observe, maintain and integrate the knowledge of the community people

about their proper handling of medical wastes amidst pandemic.

● Conduct seminars that further enhance the knowledge of the community people

about medical waste management. It is to bring their knowledge into practice.

 54

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Kumar, H., Azad, A., Gupta, A., Sharma, J., Bherwani, H., Labhsetwar, N. K., & Kumar, R.

(2021). COVID-19 Creating another problem? Sustainable solution for PPE disposal

through LCA approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(6).

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01033-0

Lagman-Bautista, J. (2020). CRAFTING A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ON WASTE

MANAGEMENT: A CASE FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES. International Journal

of GEOMATE, 18(68). https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.68.5683

Mae Pamplona, A. G., Villanueva, S. M., Perez, S., & Garcia, E. C. (2016). PROPOSED

INSTITUTIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR LYCEUM OF THE

PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-LAGUNA Special Edition Institutional Social

Responsibility. In Special Edition Institutional Social Responsibility (Vol. 5, Issue 1).

Mejjad, N., Cherif, E. K., Rodero, A., Krawczyk, D. A., Kharraz, J. El, Moumen, A.,

Laqbaqbi, M., & Fekri, A. (2021). Disposal behavior of used masks during the covid‐19

pandemic in the moroccan community: Potential environmental impact. International

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Sarkodie, S. A., & Owusu, P. A. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on waste

management. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(5).

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00956-y

Shi, Y., Wang, G., Cai, X. peng, Deng, J. wen, Zheng, L., Zhu, H. hong, Zheng, M., Yang,

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University: Science B (Vol. 21, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B2000083

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Zahur, M. (2007). Solid Waste Management of Dhaka City: Public Private Community

Partnership. BRAC University Journal, IV(2).

Clough, S. (2011). Gender and the hygiene hypothesis. Social Science and Medicine, 72(4).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.021

MUSE – Science Museum, Trento et. al (2021, January 13). Face masks during the COVID-
19 pandemic: A simple protection tool with many meanings. Frontiers in Public Health.
Retrieved May 18, 2022, from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.606635/full?fbclid=IwAR1D9_9yq
XyRlsxT-bR172JRN4WpjRdo_pY-D3xWoorTXYORkpW_6HP4qzA

Barrett-Landau, S., & Henle, S. (2014). Men in nursing: Their influence in a female
dominated career. Men Continue to Be a Minority in the Nursing, 1–4.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1081399.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1aRKN6rRiG1wfVjMITVhDJZ
MM5ynR5HjEFsXvCzHKkhBXyLVK3gjDmF7k
 59

APPENDIX A
Letter of Proposal Defense Approval
 60

APPENDIX B
Validity and Reliability Test
PRACTICES ON PPE DISPOSAL AND MANAGEMENT
WASTE
MINIMIZATION WASTE HANDLING STORAGE COLLECTION
5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 4
5 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3
4 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5
4 4 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4
3 4 3 3 3 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 5 4 4 4 4
4 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 3
5 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5
4 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3
Reliability Statistics Reliability Reliability Reliability
Statistics Statistics Statistics
N N
Cronbac of Cronb Cronbac of Cronbac N of
h's Ite ach's h's Ite h's Item
Alpha ms Alpha N of Items Alpha ms Alpha s
.864 5 0.768 5 .908 5 0.899 5

Reliability
Statistics
N
Cronbac of
h's Ite
Alpha ms
.862 20
 61

KNOWLEDGE ON PPE DISPOSAL AND MANAGEMENT

WASTE MANAGEMENT
No. WASTE QUANTIFICATION WASTE CHARACTERIZATION METHODS OR PRACTICES
1 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 4
2 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 4 4 5 5 5 4 4
3 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 4 4 4
6 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4
7 5 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
8 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 3
9 5 4 4 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
10 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 4 4

Reliability Statistics Reliability Statistics Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's N of Cronbach's Cronbach's N of
Alpha Items Alpha N of Items Alpha Items
.719 5 .850 5 .920 5

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's N of
Alpha Items
.831 15
 62

APPENDIX C
Letter to Dean

March 18, 2022

Dean Jean N. Guillasper, Ph.D., RN

Dean NEUST College of Nursing

Office of the Dean of College of Nursing
General Tinio St., Cabanatuan City

Dear Dr. Guillasper

Greetings of Peace and Prosperity!

In partial fulfillment of our requirements for our subject, Nursing Research II, I,
Odysseus Jon O. Adriano, from level 3 block G, leader of the group Mitochondria and the
principal investigator of the study entitled “Knowledge and Practices of NEUST Student
Nurses on Personal Protective Equipment Disposal and Management” would like to
request for permission to conduct the research.
In line with this, we would like to ask your good office to allow us to conduct our
research study online using google form. Rest assured that the data we will gather will remain
confidential and to be used in academic purposes only.

We believe that you are with us in our enthusiasm to finish the requirement as a
compliance of our subject. We hope for your positive response on this humble matter. Your
approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated.

Respectfully,

Odysseus Jon O. Adriano SN ‘23

Principal Investigator Group Mitochondria

Noted by:

Auraphel Bautista, MAN, RN

Research Adviser
 63

June Christian G. Reguyal, MAN, RN

Research Extension and Training Coordinator

Approved by:

Jean N. Guillasper Ph.D., RN

Dean of NEUST, College of Nursing
 64

APPENDIX D
Validation Letter

25 April 2022

ROSE ANN R. PAET, MAN, RN

Instructor I, College of Nursing
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Dear Madam,
Greetings! We hope to find you well in the midst of the pandemic.
The researchers from BSN 3-G students of Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
– College of Nursing, are conducting a research with the title “Knowledge and Practices of
NEUST Student Nurses on Personal Protective Equipment Disposal and Management”.

In accordance with this, the researchers would like to ask for your assistance in checking and
validating the instrument material needed for the research specifically the “Part III.
Knowledge on PPE Disposal and Management and Part IV. Practices on PPE Disposal and
Management of the questionnaire”. Knowing that you are suitable, capable, and experienced
in this field, the researchers would like to ask for your expertise to review and validate the
research instrument. We will appreciate whatever comments as well as suggestions you
would give for the improvement of the research.

The undersigned hopes that this request will merit your favorable considerations and
approval. Thank you very much and God bless.

Sincerely yours,
The researchers

Acosta, Raymond G. Banghon, Rosana Mae Esteban, Angela

Adriano, Odysseus Jon O. Bermudez, Trisha Mae Fajardo, Rommel

Aliga, Wendy S Caratiquet, Ethel Felix, Kerstin Hannah

Apolinario, Erica M. Cariaga, Christine Hunat, Ana Mae

 65

Arenas, Jemina T. Casullar, Aries G Mapindan, Janine

Baja, Joan Marana, Denise Joy

Claveria, Roshell

Balingit, Mary Rose Culala, Joseph Khen Sanao, King Rodney

Baniaga, Lou Esther Dela Cruz, Louie

Noted by:
Dr. Mark Ancheta Auraphel B. Bautista, MAN RN
Professor, Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Research Adviser

Approved by:

ROSE ANN R. PAET, MAN, RN

Instructor I, College of Nursing
 66

APPENDIX E

NURSING RESEARCH Form

SCORING RUBRIC FOR CONTENT VALIDITY

Title: Knowledge and Practices of NEUST Student Nurses on Personal Protective Equipment
Disposal and Management

Proponent(s): Raymond G. Acosta, Odysseus Jon O. Adriano, Wendy S. Aliga, Erica M. Apolinario,
Jemina T. Arenas, Joan Baja, Mary Rose M. Balingit, Lou Esther Baniaga, Rosana Mae Banghon,
Trisha Mae Bermudez, Ethel Caratiquet, Aries G. Casullar, Roshell Claveria, Joseph Khen Culala,
Louie Dela Cruz, Angela Esteban, Rommel Fajardo, Kerstin Hannah Felix, Ana Mae G. Hunat, Janine
Mapindan, Denise Joy Marana, King Rodney Sanao

DIRECTIONS: Kindly indicate your rating to the following statements using the following scale:
Rating Adjectival Rating
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Slightly Disagree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree

ITEM 5 4 3 2 1
1 The directions given are clear in all sections of the data /
gathering instrument.
2 Each item is clearly stated. /
3 Each item is readable i.e. the items are easily read. /
4 Each item is attractive to read; enough space is provided to /
avoid crowding among the items.
5 The data gathering instrument is comprehensive i.e. it covered /
all areas that are important in the study.
6 Each item is focused on a particular thought or idea. /
7 The items are objective i.e. the responses to be elicited are /
neither biased nor reactive.
 67

8 The items are formulated in accordance to the explicit/implicit /

objective of the study.
9 The items are systematically arranged according to a desirable /
sequence.
10 The items do not overlap with each other, no duplication of /
items is observed.

REMARKS/COMMENTS: It requires statistician for reliability of the tool. Have a pilot testing to
remove biases to the data and at the same time validity. Have a discussion with your adviser.

ROSE ANN R. PAET, MAN, RN

RATING / GRADE: 34

Signature over Printed Name of the Evaluator

 68

APPENDIX F
Questionnaire
Greetings Student Nurses!
We, the researchers of the study entitled “Knowledge and Practices
of NEUST Student Nurses on Personal Protective Equipment Disposal and
Management” are kindly asking for your cooperation in the study by
answering this questionnaire. We are respectfully requesting your full
honesty in your responses. Your feedbacks would be a great help for our
study. We guarantee you that all the data that will be gathered in this
questionnaire will remain confidential and will only be used for academic
and research purposes.
Thank you and God bless.
Sincerely,
The Researchers

I. Socio-demographic profile
Direction: Kindly provide your response on the following items by typing it on the
space provided:
1.1 Age:
1.2 Sex:
1.3 Year level:

II. Most commonly used PPE

Direction: Rank your most used PPE by clicking the circle (1) being the most
used and (4) being the least used:
II.1 Face mask
II.2 Face shield
II.3 Gloves
II.4 Alcohol
III. Knowledge on PPE Disposal and Management
Direction: The statements below pertain to your knowledge towards PPE disposal
and management. Please choose your knowledge level to the following
statements by checking the box using this scale:
Rating Verbal Interpretation
5 Extremely Knowledgeable (EK)
4 Very Knowledgeable (VK)
3 Knowledgeable (K)
2 Slightly Knowledgeable (SK)
1 No Knowledge at All (NKA)
 69

3.1 Waste Quantification 5 4 3 2 1

3.1.1 Proper PPE waste segregation
3.1.2 Use of specific container for each
type of waste
3.1.3 Importance of using containers,
trolley, or carts in collecting waste
3.1.4 Waste transported under covered
condition
3.1.5 Schedule of waste collection of the
barangay garbage collectors
3.2 Waste Characterization
3.2.1 Proper packaging and labelling of
waste.
3.2.2 Importance of having specific PPE
waste storage area.
3.2.3 Written instructions for storing of
each type of hazardous/special waste.
3.2.4 Classification of waste
3.2.5 Proper disposal of waste materials
in appropriate containers
3.3 Waste management methods or
practices
3.3.1 Waste Programs of my barangay
on waste management
3.3.2 Protocol on PPE waste disposal and
management
3.3.3 Importance of proper PPE waste
disposal
3.3.4 Importance of regularly checking
storage areas for leaks or deteriorating
containers.
3.3.5 Possible transmission of virus due
to exposure in contaminated PPE

IV. Practices on PPE Disposal and Management

Direction: The statements below pertain to your knowledge towards PPE disposal
and management. Please choose your knowledge level to the following
statements by checking the box using this scale:
Rating Verbal Interpretation
5 Always (A)
4 Often (O)
3 Sometimes (S)
2 Rarely (R)
1 Never (N)
 70

4.1 Waste Minimization 5 4 3 2 1

4.1.1 I participate on cleaning or disinfection
programs of my barangay
4.1.2 I educate my household members on the
importance of minimizing waste
4.1.3 I prefer using non-disposable PPE when
available
4.1.4 I re-use my PPE until fully
dysfunctional
4.1.5 I use PPE only when it is necessary
4.2 Waste Handling
4.2.1 I separate my PPE wastes to my other
wastes
4.2.2 I use color coded trash can/bin to
classify my waste
4.2.3 I use separate container for dry and wet
waste
4.2.4 I have a trash bin/can in every room of
my house
4.2.5 I properly seal my trash can/bin
4.3 Storage
4.3.1 I have a specific area to store my PPE
wastes
4.3.2 I label the area with an infectious
warning sign
4.3.3 I disinfect my storage area timely
4.3.4 I store my PPE waste for 24-48 hours
only
4.3.5 I bury my wastes under the ground
4.4 Collection
4.4.1 I collect all wastes in our household
4.4.2 I use PPE when collecting waste to
protect myself from the bacteria/viruses
4.4.3 I use containers, trolley, or carts in
collecting my wastes
4.4.4 The containers, trolley, or carts are only
used to collect waste
4.4.5 I collect my waste right on time
 71

APPENDIX G
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Acosta, Raymond G

Address: #4 Morales dorm , Mabini st. Cabanatuan city, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: raymondacosta3586@gmail.com
Contact Number: 0949-457-5421

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 20 years old
Birth Date : August 14, 2001
Birth Place : Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Sex : Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’5”
Weight: 85kg
Civil status: Single
Religion : Catholic
Father : Joel S. Acosta
Occupation: Tricycle
Driver
Mother : Paulina G. Acosta
Occupation: Government Employee

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY Cabanatuan East Central School
Maharlika Highway, Cabanatuan city, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013
SECONDARY
Junior High School. Nueva Ecija High School
Burgos Ave. Cabanatuan city, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School Nueva Ecija High school Senior High school
Burgos Ave. Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-Present
 72

NAME: Adriano, Odysseus Jon O.

ADDRESS: 81 Quijano St., San Juan, San Ildefonso, Bulacan
EMAIL ADDRESS: ody.adriano@gmail.com
CONTACT NUMBER: 0905-207-0267

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 20 years’ old
BIRTH DATE: June 15, 2001
BIRTH PLACE: Bustos, Bulacan
SEX: Male
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’6
WEIGHT: 57kg
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
Parents’ Name
FATHER: Oliver G. Adriano
OCCUPATION: Driver
MOTHER: Frances Joy O. Adriano
OCCUPATION: OFW

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY Global Kids Montessori

S.Y. 2011-2013
SECONDARY
Junior High School
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Gen. Tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Nueva Ecija University of Science and
Technology Gen. Tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City,
Nueva Ecija S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-Present
 73

NAME: Aliga, Wendy S.

ADDRESS: Purok 1, Magsaysay, Aliaga, Nueva Ecija
EMAIL ADDRESS: wendyaliga27@gmail.com
CONTACT NUMBER: 0965-092-9734

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 21 years old
BIRTH DATE: September 27, 2000
BIRTH PLACE: Jose Fabella Hospital
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’4
WEIGHT: 48kg
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
Parents’ Name
FATHER: Agripino B. Aliga
OCCUPATION: Carpenter
MOTHER: Elizabeth S. Aliga
OCCUPATION: Deceased

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY Sto. Rosario Elementary School

Sto. Rosario Aliaga Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013
SECONDARY
Junior High School
Aliaga National High School
Poblacion East II Aliaga Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Aliaga National High School
Poblacion East II Aliaga Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
 74

Name: Apolinario, Erica M.

Address: #140 Brgy. Tagpos Sta. Rosa Nueva Ecija
Email Address: apolinarioerica01@gmail. com
Contact Number: 0975 143 1459

PERSONAL DATA
Age: 21 years old
Birth Date: May 14, 2000
Birth Place: Cabanatuan City
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’4
Weight: 50
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo
Father: Anastacio DS. Apolinario Jr.
Occupation: Messenger
Mother: Marivic M. Apolinario
Occupation: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY G. Villegas Memorial School

Brgy. Tagpos Sta. Rosa Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Nueva Ecija High School
Burgos Avenue, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Nueva Ecija Senior High School
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
Burgos Avenue, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-Present
 75

Name: Arenas, Jemina Flornhel T.

Address: Brgy. Belen General Mamerto Natividad, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: arenasjemina@gmail.com
Contact Number: 0905 239 7424

PERSONAL DATA
Age: 20 years old
Birth Date: December 17, 2000
Birth Place: Brgy. Belen General Mamerto Natividad, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’4
Weight: 45
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father: Nelson A. Arenas
Occupation: N/A
Mother: Villaflor T. Arenas
Occupation: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY Belen Elementary School

Brgy. Belen, General Mamerto Natividad, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
REH Montessori College
Brgy. Poblacion, General Mamerto Natividad, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Good Samaritan Colleges
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
Burgos Avenue, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-Present
 76

NAME: Baja, Joan R.

ADDRESS: Brgy. Palagay, Cabanatuan city EMAIL ADDRESS joanbaja928@gmail.com CONTACT
NUMBER: 09754174895

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 21
BIRTH DATE: October 11, 2000
BIRTHPLACE: cabanatuan city
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’5
WEIGHT: 64
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Romeo baja
OCCUPATION: driver
MOTHER: julie baja
OCCUPATION: Ofw

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Lazaro francisco
Cabanatuan City Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2006-2012
SECONDARY:
Junior High School
Nueva Ecija High School
Cabanatuan City Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2012-2016

Senior High School

Good Samaritan Colleges
Cabanatuan City Nueva
Ecija 2016-2018
TERTIARY: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Gen tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2018- Present
 77

Name: Balingit, Mary Rose M.

Address: Purok 7 Brgy Calaanan Bongabon Nueva Ecija
Email Address: blngtmrrs@gmail.com
Contact Number: 09702830053

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 20
Birthday: September 21, 2001
Birthplace: Bongabon, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’0
Weight: 43
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father: Cresencio R.
Balingit
Occupation:Councilor
Mother: Gloria M. Balingit
Occupation: Businesswoman

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY Bongabon Central School, Brgy Social. Bongabon Nueva

Ecija S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Bongabon National High School
Brgy. Sinipit Bongabon Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Bongabon Essential School, Brgy Palomaria. Bongabon Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-PRESENT
 78

Name: Baniaga, Lou Ester C.

Address: #194 Sinuputan Purok 5, Cadaclan, Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: baniagalou@gmail.com
Contact Number: 0927 944 1836

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 20
Birthday: February 19, 2001
Birthplace: Doctor's Hospital Cabanatuan City
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’4
Weight: 42
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Christian Born Again
Father: Romulo Ferrer Baniaga
Occupation:
Mother: Merlinda Cudal Baniaga
Occupation: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY Cadaclan Elementary School

S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Cadaclan High School
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Nueva Ecija Senior High School
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-PRESENT
 79

Name: Banghon, Rosana Mae A.

Address: 617 Deus Street, Cabucbucan, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: rosanabanghon@gmail.com
Contact Number: 0991-442-6966

PERSONAL DATA
Age: 20 years old
Birth Date: February 08, 2001
Birth Place: Cabucbucan, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’3''
Weight: 54 kg
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father: Razel L. Banghon
Occupation: Farming
Mother: Consuelo A. Banghon
Occupation: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY Cabucbucan Elementary School

Cabucbucan, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Cabucbucan National High School
Cabucbucan, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Cabucbucan National High School
Cabucbucan, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-Present
 80

Name: Trisha Mae D. Bermudez

Address: Purok 1 Phase 2 Brgy. Buhangin Baler, Aurora
Email Address: trishamaebermudez08@gmail.com
Contact Number: 09618491824

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 21
Birthday: May 1, 2000
Birthplace: Baler, Aurora
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’4
Weight: 70
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father: Ferdinand F. Bermudez
Occupation:
Mother: Ma. Lourdes D. Bermudez
Occupation: Businesswoman

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY Baler Central School

Burgos St. Brgy 4. Baler Aurora
S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Aurora National Science High School
Brgy. Buhangin Baler, Aurora
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Aurora National Science High School
Brgy. Buhangin Baler, Aurora
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-PRESENT
 81

NAME: Ethel M. Caratiquet

ADDRESS: Brgy. Polilio Cabanatuan City
EMAIL ADDRESS: caratiquete@gmail.com
CONTACT NUMBER: 0935-0864-969

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 21
BIRTH DATE: October 10, 2000
BIRTHPLACE: PJGMRMC
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’3
WEIGHT: 50
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Reynaldo S. Caratiquet
OCCUPATION: N/A
MOTHER: Nelia M. Caratiquet
OCCUPATION: Owner of Sari sari store

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Palagay Elementary School
Cabanatuan City Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2006-2012
SECONDARY:
Junior High School
Palagay Integrated School
Cabanatuan City Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2012-2016

Senior High School

Our Lady of Fatima University Maharlika highway
Cabanatuan City Nueva Ecija
2016-2018
TERTIARY: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Gen tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2018- Present
 82

Name: Christine Joy D. Cariaga

Address: Zone 2, San Antonio Este, Lupao, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: christinecariaga110100@gmail.com
Contact Number: 0961 135 3367

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 21
Birthday: November 1, 2000
Birthplace: San Jose City, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’0
Weight: 45
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father: Christopher D. Cariaga Sr.
Occupation: Farmer
Mother: Virginia D. Cariaga
Occupation: OFW

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY San Antonio Este Elementary School

Brgy. San Antonio Este, Lupao, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Sacred Heart Academy of Lupao INC.
Pob. North, Lupao, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

College of Research and Technology
San Jose City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-PRESENT
 83

Name: Aries Galapon Casullar

Address: Prk 6, San Roque, Guimba, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: Casullararies@gmail.com
Contact Number: 0909 447 3202

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 21
Birthday: April 24, 2000
Birthplace: PJG Hospital Cabanatuan City
Sex: Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’9
Weight: 57
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father: Jesus M. Casullar
Occupation: Carpenter
Mother: Nida G. Casullar
Occupation: OFW

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY San Roque Elementary School

Brgy. San Roque, Guimba, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Bartolome Sangalang National High School
Brgy. St. John, Guimba, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Our Lady of Sacred Heart College of Guimba
Humanities and Social Sciences
Brgy. St. John, Guimba, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-PRESENT
 84

Name: Roshell D. Claveria

Address: Purok 1 Villa Paraiso, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: claveriaroshell@gmailcom
Contact Number: 0916 847 5683

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 20
Birthday: June 30, 2001
Birthplace: Calaocan Dist. Rizal, Nueva ecija
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’4
Weight: 78
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Born Again
Father: Romeo C. Claveria
Occupation: Farming
Mother: Liberty D. Claveria
Occupation: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUD

PRIMARY Villa Paraiso, Elementary School

Brgy. Villa Paraiso, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Rizal National High School
Brgy. Villa Paraiso, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Rizal Senior High School
Brgy. Villa Paraiso, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-PRESENT
 85

Name: Culala, Joseph Khen P.

Address: 133 Sampaguita St., San Miguel na Munti, Talavera, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: josephculala24@gmail.com
Contact Number: 0966-527-4400

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 20 years old
Birth Date : May 16, 2001
Birth Place : ELJMH, Daan Sarile, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Sex : Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’3”
Weight: 55kg
Civil status: Single
Religion : IEMELIF
Father : Reynaldo M. Culala
Occupation: TV Technician
Mother : Narcisa P. Culala
Occupation: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY Faith Christian Academy
La Torre, Talavera, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013
SECONDARY
Junior High School Schola Christi INC.
Maestrang Kikay, Talavera, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School PHINMA- Araullo University

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Bitas, 3100 Cabanatuan City,
Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-Present
 86

NAME: Louie O. Dela Cruz

ADDRESS: Brgy. Tagaytay Talavera Nueva Ecija
EMAIL ADDRESS: awiolar45@gmail.com
CONTACT NUMBER: 0916-339-3989

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 20
BIRTH DATE: October 30, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Good Samaritan Cabanatuan City
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’1
WEIGHT: 51
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Nelson G. Dela Cruz
OCCUPATION: Farmer
MOTHER: Michelle O. Dela Cruz
OCCUPATION: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Tagaytay Elementary School
Talavera Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2006-2012
SECONDARY:
Junior High School
Talavera National High School
Talavera Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2012-2016

Senior High School

Talavera Senior High School
Talavera Nueva Ecija
2016-2018
TERTIARY: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Gen tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2018- Present
 87

Name: Cristina Angela Esteban

Address: Prk. Maunawain, Brgy. San Juan, Laur, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: angelahuang87@gmail.com
Contact Number: 0935 584 7164

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 20
Birthday: April 18, 2001
Birthdplace: Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’0
Weight: 50
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father: Randy P. Ramos
Occupation:
Mother: Maria Cristina A. Esteban
Occupation: Businesswoman

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY Laur Central School

Brgy. Poblacion Uno, Laur, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Palayan city national High School
Brgy. Atate, Palayan City
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Palayan city national High School
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Brgy. Atate, Palayan City
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-PRESENT
 88

Name: Fajardo, Rommel C.

Address: Brgy. Paco Roman, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: fajardorommel92@gmail.com
Contact Number: 0960 903 7291

PERSONAL DATA
Age: 21
Birthday: November 1, 2000
Birthplace: Rizal, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’7
Weight: 65
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Seventh-Day Adventist
Father: Reynaldo S. Fajardo
Occupation: Farmer
Mother: Emily C. Fajardo
Occupation: Domestic Helper

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

PRIMARY Paco Roman Elementary School

Brgy. Paco Roman, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2007-2013

SECONDARY
Junior High School
Agbannawag National High School
Brgy. Agbannawag, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2013-2017

Senior High School

Rizal National High School
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Brgy. Poblacion West, Rizal, Nueva Ecija
S.Y. 2017-2019

TERTIARY Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio St. Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
S.Y. 2019-PRESENT
 89

NAME: Felix, Kerstin Hannah E.

ADDRESS: Brgy. 1 Poblacion, Laur, Nueva Ecija
EMAIL ADDRESS: kerstinfelix_25@yahoo.com
CONTACT NUMBER: 0977-015-7202

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 21
BIRTH DATE: September 25, 2000
BIRTHPLACE: Cabanatuan City
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’2
WEIGHT: 69
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Seventh Day Adventist
FATHER: Samuel D.G Felix
OCCUPATION: Trailer Truck Driver
MOTHER: Alma E. Felix
OCCUPATION: Domestic Helper

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Cabanatuan East Central
School Cabanatuan City, Nueva
Ecija S.Y 2006-2012
SECONDARY:
Junior High School
Palayan City National High School
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2012-2016

Senior High School

Palayan City National High School
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija
2016-2018
TERTIARY: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Gen tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2018- Present
 90

NAME: Ana Mae G. Hunat

ADDRESS: Purok Tahimik II. Brgy. Debucao, Maria Aurora, Aurora
EMAIL ADDRESS: anagatchalianhunat@gmail.com
CONTACT NUMBER: 0956-801-6711

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 20
BIRTH DATE: March 21, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Maria Aurora, Aurora
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’2
WEIGHT: 48
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Christianity
FATHER: Roberto A. Hunat
OCCUPATION: Farmer
MOTHER: Julita G. Hunat
OCCUPATION: BPW

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Debucao Elementary School
Brgy. Debucao, Maria Aurora, Aurora
S.Y 2007-2013
SECONDARY:
Junior High School
Eliseo C. Ronquillo Sr. Memorial National High School
Maria Aurora, Aurora
S.Y 2013-2017

Senior High School

Nueva Ecija Senior High School
STEM
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
2017-2019
TERTIARY: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Gen. tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2019- Present
 91

NAME: Janine M. Mapindan

ADDRESS: Sitio Munting Gasang Brgy. Zabali Baler, Aurora
EMAIL ADDRESS: janinemapindan051@gmail.com
CONTACT NUMBER: 0956-801-6711

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 20
BIRTH DATE: August 30, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Baler, Aurora
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’3
WEIGHT: 52
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Abraham Mapindan
OCCUPATION: Fisherman
MOTHER: Jennifer Mapindan
OCCUPATION: Fish Vendor

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Mariano L. Sindac Elementary School
Sitio Puntian Brgy. Zabali Baler, Aurora
S.Y 2007-2013
SECONDARY:
Junior High School
Mount Carmel College
Baler, Aurora
S.Y 2013-2017

Senior High School

Aurora State College of Technology
STEM
Zabali Baler, Aurora
2017-2019
TERTIARY: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Gen tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2019- Present
 92

NAME: Denise Joy M. Maraña

ADDRESS: 488 Sarenas St. Brgy. Sangitan East Cabanatuan City
EMAIL ADDRESS: denisemaluping@yahoo.com
CONTACT NUMBER: 0919-956-9418

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 21
BIRTH DATE: September 16, 2000
BIRTHPLACE: Cabanatuan City
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’4
WEIGHT: 60 kgs
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Samuel N. Maraña
OCCUPATION: Employee
MOTHER: Maria Eufemia M. Maraña
OCCUPATION: Employee

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Cabanatuan East Central School
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2007-2013
SECONDARY:
Junior High School
Honorato C. Perez, Sr. Memorial Science High School
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2013-2017

Senior High School

Honorato C. Perez, Sr. Memorial Science High School
Cabanatuan City Nueva Ecija
2017-2019
TERTIARY: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Gen tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2019- Present
 93

NAME: King Rodney E. Sanao`

ADDRESS: Purok 7. Brgy. Mabini, LLanera, Nueva Ecija
EMAIL ADDRESS: Kingroyden@gmail.com
CONTACT NUMBER: 0945-210-9832

PERSONAL DATA
AGE: 20
BIRTH DATE: March 2, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Cabanatuan City
SEX: Male
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
HEIGHT: 5’7
WEIGHT: 90 kgs
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Noel G. Sanao
OCCUPATION: OFW
MOTHER: Rowena M. Evangelista
OCCUPATION: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: San Ricardo IEMELIF Learning Center Inc.
San Ricardo, Talavera, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2007-2013
SECONDARY:
Junior High School
Honorato C. Perez, Sr. Memorial Science High School
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2013-2017

Senior High School

Our Lady Of Fatima University
Cabanatuan City Nueva Ecija
2017-2019
TERTIARY: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Gen tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
S.Y 2019- Present
 94

DOCUMENTATION