egion X

Zone-3
Operate

Zone-2

Zone-1 R

No operation r
X
n region

Zone-3

Zone-
2

Zone-1
Operate R

No operatio
 Generic single phase self polarized without zero sequence compens
IX
IZC –
IZ ß < 90°
C
IZ
IR

S 2 S
1

IZ
IR

(a) Self (faulted phase) Polarized (b) Internal and External Fault
Z = impedance reach setting Z =
C S  V  IZ
1 f

fault impedance

V = fault voltage at relay

f S2

I = fault current IZ
IX C
 IX

IZ
C
IZC - ß
IZ

IZ

ß>
quence compensation

9
0
°

nal Fault
Trip  < 90 O

V f
 IZ C
 IZ
 IX
IZC - IZ
IZC
IZ
I(Z+ZS)
IR

IZS
VS

S
1

S 
2

Z+Z = fault impedance from source

S

V = source voltage
S
 Generic single phase
(healthy) voltage
polarized without zero
sequence
compensation

I (Z  Z );V
S BC
,V ,V
1 Mem

IZ  IZ
C
 V V
OP POL

Z *I - V
c XY XY
jVXY XY = AB, BC, CA
Zc = setting

Z *I - V
c XY XY
VZ XY = AB, BC, CA Z = C,
A, B
Zc = setting

VAB – (IA – IB)Zc VCB – (IC – IB)Zc Zc = setting

© ABB Group
Positive Sequence Polarizing, V == sub jV with V
POL ZY X
 Comments

 Three units required for phase-to-phase and three-phase

 Self Polarizing
 No expansion
 Requires directional unit supervision
 Requires memory for zero voltage faults
 VOP leads VPOL

 Three units required for phase-to-phase and three-phase

 Cross Polarizing
 Source Impedance expansion
 Requires directional unit supervision
 Requires memory for zero voltage faults
 VOP leads VPOL

 Single unit required for phase-to-phase (AB, BC, CA)

 Separate unit required for three-phase faults
 Source Impedance expansion
 VOP leads VPOL

ng, V == sub jV with V

POL ZY X1
 V V
OP POL

VXG – Zc*(IX + K0I0) V

ZY X = A, B, C
YZ = BC, CA, AB I0 =
1/3(IA+IB+IC) K0=(Z0 - Z1)/Z1

VXG – Zc*(IX + KNIR) jVZY X = A, B, C

YZ = BC, CA, AB IR =
IA+IB+IC
KN = (Z0 - Z1)/3Z1

Positive sequence polarizing, V == sub jV wPOL ZY

 Comments
 Three units required for phase-to- ground (A, B, C)
 zero sequence (I0)compensation
 Cross Polarizing
 Source Impedance expansion
 Requires directional unit supervision
 VOP leads VPOL

 Three units required for phase-to- ground (A, B, C)

 Residual ground (Ir=3I0) compensation
 Cross Polarizing
 Source Impedance expansion
 Requires directional unit supervision
 VOP leads VPOL

izing, V == sub jV with V

POL ZY X1
Reactance Lines (current polarization)
C
S1 = IZ - V = (X - Z)I
C C

S2 = V = X I POL C
Only the forward reach line can be defined,
therefore, it must be directionally supervised


X
X -Z
C
X C

Z R C
R
F

R
-X C

Operate  < ± 90 O

 I used for load compensation

2
 
S2
S1

larization)

n
 Resistance (current polarized)
S1 = IR - V = (R -
CF CF

Z)I X
Z R
CF


R
CF

R
CF
Z
R

S2 = V - Z
=R I
POL CF
Operate  < ± 90 O

S2
S1 

Reference
E. Price, T. Einarsson, “Complementary Approa
Reliable High Speed Transmission Line Protect
Protective Relaying Conference, Atlanta, Georg
Complementary Approach for
smission Line Protection,” 62 Annual Georgia Tech
nd

erence, Atlanta, Georgia, 2008.

6 fault loops
measured for
each zone
Fault Types
• Phase-to-
ground
• Phase-to-
phase
• Two phase-
to-ground
• Three
phase
Three phase
X
Z AG
R1
MTA R
BG

CG

Relay Phase I
mpedance
AB
CA Characteristic
Apparent impedance (per
phase)
VA= IA ZL1
BC
Z = Z =V /I
3P L1 A A

ZL1

IN = 0
ZLN
ZL1
ZL1

Fault applied on line at ZL1

c

Phase reach is set in terms of positive sequence

impedance, Z L1
 Phase-to-phase
X
Z
L1
MTA P

Relay Phase-to
-phase
impedance characteristic
Apparent impedance, Z PP

V = (I - I ) Z = 2I Z
AB A B L1 A L1

Z =Z = V /(I - I ) = (V - V )/(I - I
PP L1 AB A B A B A B

Phase reach is set in terms of positive sequence impedance,

)
hase

e characteristic
 impedance, Z PP

I ) Z = 2I Z
B L1 A L1

V /(I - I ) = (V - V )/(I - I
AB A B A B A B

ch is set in terms of positive sequence impedance, Z L1

ZL1
ZL1

ZLN

ZL1
ZL1
 X Z
L1
Z
G
MTA G

=Z +Z
L1 LN

MTA P

R
Relay Phase-to-ground impedance characteristic
Apparent impedance (no load IA = 3I0 )
V = I Z + 3I Z = I (Z + Z ) Z = V /I = (Z + Z )
A A L1 0 LN A L1 LN G A A L1 LN

MTA = Argument ( Z + Z )
G L1 LN

© ABB Group
ZL1

ZLN
ZL1

ZL1
 =Z +Z
L1 LN

MTA P

Phase-to-ground impedance characteristic

rent impedance (no load IA = 3I0 )
Z + 3I Z = I (Z + Z ) Z = V /I = (Z + Z )
L1 0 LN A L1 LN G A A L1 LN

= Argument ( Z + Z )L1 LN
ZL1

ZLN
ZL1

ZL1
 App
X Z
L1 Z = (Z + Z )
G L1 LN

Arg(1+K ) MTA Z = (Z -Z )/3

P
N
LN

MTA G

R Z = (2Z + Z ) / 3 (grou
G L1 L0
Relay Phase-to-ground impedance Z with residual 3I com
characteristic L1 0

Z =Z (2+Z /Z )/3
G L1 L0 L1

Z =Z (2+1+Z /Z -1
G L1 L0 L1

ZG = ZL1(1 + KN); KN = (Z
MTA = Arg( Z )
G G
 Apparent impedance
Z = (Z + Z )
G L1 LN

Z = (Z -Z )/3
L0 L1

Z = (2Z + Z ) / 3 (ground loop)

G L1 L0

Z with residual 3I compensation

L1 0

Z =Z (2+Z /Z )/3
G L1 L0 L1

Z =Z (2+1+Z /Z -1)/3
G L1 L0 L1

ZG = ZL1(1 + KN); KN = (Z - Z )/3Z L0 L1 L1

MTA = Arg( Z )
G G
Two Factors used by different relays and manufact

Residual [neutral] current compensation

K
N

K compensates for 3I
N 0



Zero sequence current compensation 
K  ZL0
-1
K compensates for I
0 0

Ground reach is set in terms of Z and K :

L1 N
Z = Z (1 +
G L1
and manufacturers
 
ZL0 - ZL1 

VA  ZL1 IA  
3I0
                               
K 

N


3ZL1 


 ZL0  - ZL1 3ZL1

 
ZL0 

VA 
   ZL1 IA






ZL1 
 I0               

K  ZL0
-1 -1

0
ZL1
: Z = Z (1 + K )
G L1 N
 A-B B-C C-A

A-G B-G C-G

6 fault loops measured in each

zone
6 fault loops measured in each
zone
Release or
identify
correct
impedance
loop
 Single
pole trip
 Event
recording
 Fault
location
A-B B-C C-A

A-G B-G C-G

  The  unit may operate for close-in reverse
G faults
 The  unit may operate for close-in forward
 The G units may operate for close-in revers
 The  unit of a non-faulted loop may opera
fault resistance
 e.g. CA unit for a BCG fault
 The CA operation will occur with the expected BC o
appearance of a three phase fault.
These issues are resolved with directional and/or sequence cu
 The G unit of the leading phase will overreach for forw
with any measurable fault resistance
 e.g. BG unit for a BCG fault
 The G unit of the lagging phase will underreach for fo
near the reach setting with any measurable fault resistance
 e.g. CG unit for a BCG fault
 This is generally of no consequence
These issues are the result of G faults and must be resolved by
Multiple impedance
loop operations
for a fault event
• Common
phases of a fault
loop
• Magnitude of
fault quantities
• Load
• Fault resistance
may operate for close-in reverse  G or

may operate for close-in forward G faults

s may operate for close-in reverse G faults
of a non-faulted loop may operate for G faults with high

a BCG fault
on will occur with the expected BC operation giving the
ee phase fault.
with directional and/or sequence current supervision.
 ing phase will overreach for forward external G faults
sistance

ging phase will underreach for forward internal G faults

ny measurable fault resistance
t
equence
G faults and must be resolved by accurate phase selection.
 2
1.5

1
0.5

© ABB Group

CG is operated

E. Price, T. Einarsson, “The Performance of Fa

Selectors used in Transmission Line Applicatio
Protective Relaying Conference, Atlanta, Georg
 Reach of a distance relay is measured fro
location of the voltage transformer
 Directional sensing occurs from the locati
transformer
 In most applications vts and cts are usual
location (no measurable impedance between th
 Their location should always be considere
especially for applications with transmission
terminated with transformers
 2
1.5

1
0.5
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Per Unit Fault Resistance, Rg

SIRz

one of G
B units for G fau lts
Error Z
BG is operated 1

0.5
Overreaching BG Units

BC Unit
Operates f or all
Underreaching CG Units parameters at 1.0

0.5
A

G is operated
3
5

E. Price, T. Einarsson, “The Performance of Faulted phase

Selectors used in Transmission Line Applications,” 62 Annu nd

Protective Relaying Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 2008.

 Reach of a distance relay is measured from the
location of the voltage transformer
 Directional sensing occurs from the location of the cur
transformer
 In most applications vts and cts are usually at same
location (no measurable impedance between them)
 Their location should always be considered
especially for applications with transmission lines
terminated with transformers
 Step distance protection
T3

Z3

T2
T1

Z1

Z1

Z
 Z
2


Zon
e
 Zone 2 set for 100% of line plus 25 - 50% of sh
remote bus
 Zone 3 set for 100% of both lines plus 25% of
off remote bus
3
Step distance protection
T3
 T1 T2 T3
1 set for 80 - 90 % of line impedance

 Zone 2 set for 100% of line plus 25 - 50% of shortest adjacent lin
remote bus
 Zone 3 set for 100% of both lines plus 25% of adjacent line
off remote bus

2
 Zone 1
T3

Z3

T2
T1

Z1

Z1

Z
 Z
2

 Do
not want
 10 to 20% is safety factor
 Inaccuracies
 Relays
 Current and potential transformers
 Line impedances

2
3
Zone 1
T3
 T1 T2 T3
Zone 1 to reach beyond remote bus

to 20% is safety factor

ccuracies
lays
rrent and potential transformers
e impedances
Z3

T3

T2
T1

Z1

Z1

Z
2
 H

R
Z1
T1 T2 T3
 Operates through a timer (T2)

 Timer set for Coordination Time Interval (CTI) that a

[Z1] and breaker [at H] to operate with margin before
 Z2 at G must overreach the remote bus H, but shoul
overreach the closest far bus at R
 Z2 at G is remote backup to Z1 at H

© ABB Group
3
T3
 R

2 T3
Operates through a timer (T2)

 Timer set for Coordination Time Interval (CTI) that allows rem
[Z1] and breaker [at H] to operate with margin before zone 2 [Z
 Z2 at G must overreach the remote bus H, but should not
overreach the closest far bus at R
 Z2 at G is remote backup to Z1 at H

2
Z3

T3

T2
T1

Z1

Z1

Z
2
 H

Z
1
Z
 Operates through a timer (T3) 2
T
1
H T
2
T
3

 Timer set for Coordination Time Interval (CTI) t

zone 2 [Z2] and breakers [at H and R] to operate
zone 3 [Z3] relay
 Z3 at G is also remote backup to Z1 and Z2 at H

2
R
3
T3
me Interval (CTI) that allows remote relay
and R] to operate with margin before the

p to Z1 and Z2 at H
T1

Z1

Z1

Z
1

Z
2
 H

 Zone 3 relay [Z3] may be applied looking rever

with no timer
 Zone 3 relay [Z3] may be applied looking rever
[backup] bus protection
 Timer set to allows reverse zone 1 [Z1] relay and bre
margin before zone 3 [Z3] relay

Z3

R
  Zone 3 relay [Z3] may be applied looking reverse for pilo
with no timer
 Zone 3 relay [Z3] may be applied looking reverse for reve
[backup] bus protection
 Timer set to allows reverse zone 1 [Z1] relay and breaker [at G]
margin before zone 3 [Z3] relay

T2
T3
2

T1
T
T2
 Z3
Z1

21/67 (Impedance controlled directional TOC)

Z2 T3
T2

Z1 Z1

Z2

Z2
 Z3

irectional TOC)

Z1
G

 Reduces the apparent reach measured by dista

 Depends on the ratio between current going th
from infeed (I )
IN

 Usually not a factor on Zone 1 [Z1] relay unless

[or appreciable fault resistance for ground faults]
 Zone 2 may underreach remote bus

Z1
IG
  Reduces the apparent reach measured by distance rela
 Depends on the ratio between current going through re
from infeed (I )
IN

 Usually not a factor on Zone 1 [Z1] relay unless tapped

[or appreciable fault resistance for ground faults]
 Zone 2 may underreach remote bus
Z2

Z1
IG

IIN
 V G

G
G

With Zero voltage fault and Z2 = ZG + ZH VG = IGZG + ( IG

ZA (Apparent) = VG / IG
ZA = ZG + (1 + IIN/IG) ZH
ZA = ZG + ZH + (IIN/IG)ZH (Increase in Apparent Impedance)
Z2 must be set to overreach bus H for infeed at bus H a
infeed at bus H
 V G

With Zero voltage fault and Z2 = ZG + ZH VG = IGZG + ( IG + IIN

ZA (Apparent) = VG / IG
ZA = ZG + (1 + IIN/IG) ZH
ZA = ZG + ZH + (IIN/IG)ZH (Increase in Apparent Impedance)
Z2 must be set to overreach bus H for infeed at bus H and not
infeed at bus H

Z2

ZG ZH
IG
IG + IIN
H
IIN
 Z1 = 2.5 
1 2
2a
1a

 1
1a

G
1
1a
Usually associated with three terminal line applications and paralleling
Example: V = 2(1) + 2(1 ) = 4
G

Z (Apparent) = V / I
G G G

Z = 4/2 = 2 
G

Z1 will overreach and see the fault

 Z1 = 2.5 

1
1a
sociated with three terminal line applications and paralleling of line segment
: V = 2(1) + 2(1 ) = 4
G

nt) = V / I
G G

=2
erreach and see the fault
 mZ L
(1-m)Z L

I G
I H

Z T

V = I mZ + ( I + I ) Z
G G L G H T

Z (Apparent) = V / I
G G G

Z = mZ + (1 + I /I ) Z
G L H G T

Z = mZ + Z + I /I Z (Increase in apparent im
G L T H G T

Apparent impedance will always be larger than imped

m
 I +I
G H

/I Z (Increase in apparent impedance)

G T

always be larger than impedance to fault

 Lines terminated into transform
Z T

Z L

I H

I L

VL
V H

 I and V preferred to provide line protection

H H

 Use of VL and/or IL affects measured impedanc

ratio adjustment
 Transformer should always be protected separa
Reference
E. Price, R. Hedding, “Protecting Transmission Lines Te
Transformers,” 63 Annual Georgia Tech Protective Rel
nd

Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 2009.

  Ratio of source impedance to the line imp
 SIR to the relay is the ratio of source impe
impedance setting
 The higher the SIR the more complex the
protection with zone 1
 Measurement errors are more pronounce
 Current and or voltage transformer error
 CVT transients
 Zone-1 may not be recommended in man
applications
 Current differential protection preferred

Recommended applications
 Short Line SIR > 4.0
 Current Differential
 Phase Comparison
 Pilot (POTT, DCB)
 Medium Line 4.0 > SIR > 0.5
 Above
 Step Distance
 Long Line 0.5 > SIR
 Above
 Step Distance

IEEE Gu
Applicat
Transmi
1999
erminated into transformers
Z T

ed to provide line protection

or IL affects measured impedance and requires ct and/or vt

ould always be protected separately

, “Protecting Transmission Lines Terminated into

Annual Georgia Tech Protective Relaying
Georgia, 2009.
 ource impedance to the line impedance
e relay is the ratio of source impedance to the zone
setting
er the SIR the more complex the line
with zone 1
ment errors are more pronounced
d or voltage transformer error
ents
ay not be recommended in many
s
fferential protection preferred

ations
SIR > 4.0

4.0 > SIR > 0.5

0.5 > SIR

IEEE Guide for Protective Relay

Applications to
Transmission Lines - IEEE Std C37.113-
1999
 Z 1

Z1
Z 1

B C

F
 Z1 reach is initially set to overreach remote bus
 Circuit breakers controlled by relays A, C, & D t

at F
 Z1 reach is reduced to not overreach remote bu
 High-speed reclose
 Z 1

Z1
Z 1 Z1

F
 Z1 reach is initially set to overreach remote bus
 Circuit breakers controlled by relays A, C, & D trip for a fau

at F
 Z1 reach is reduced to not overreach remote bus
 High-speed reclose
 A

B C

 After high-speed reclose

 Circuit breaker controlled by relay C trips instan
 Circuit breaker controlled by relay D trips time-d
 Circuit breaker controlled by relay A does not tr

Z2
Z1
 After high-speed reclose
 Circuit breaker controlled by relay C trips instantaneously
 Circuit breaker controlled by relay D trips time-delayed
 Circuit breaker controlled by relay A does not trip

Z1

Z1

Z1
Z1
 B

 Unbalanced fault occurs at F

 Breaker controlled by relay B trips instantan
 Balanced load current, IL, is interrupted
 LLT Logic at A
 Detects loss of balanced (load) current and bypass
 Does not operate for three-phase fault

Z2
 Unbalanced fault occurs at F
 Breaker controlled by relay B trips instantaneously b
 Balanced load current, IL, is interrupted
 LLT Logic at A
 Detects loss of balanced (load) current and bypasses Z2 tim
 Does not operate for three-phase fault

Z2

Z1
Z1
F
IL
 Z
SOTF
P

CLOSING I O

V
A
EN

 Logic determines breaker has been open awhile

SOTF logic (aka: CIFT, SOFT)
 Breaker position
 Dead line logic
 When breaker controlled by relay A closes SOTF
 I and Not V, and/or
 ZSOTF operates
 Set ZSOTF offset, overreaching line and below minimum load im
 Z
SOTF
P

aker has been open awhile and sets

SOFT)

olled by relay A closes SOTF asserts when:

ng line and below minimum load impedance

 Goal - High speed simultaneous tripping
terminals for internal line faults
STATION C STATION

B
X

P&
STATIO

P&C

P&C
gh speed simultaneous tripping of all line
for internal line faults
STATION C STATION D

B
X

NE
 Goal - High speed simultaneous tripping
terminals for internal line faults
STATION C STATION

B
X

P&
STATIO

C
COM NICATIONS
MU

P&C
P&C

Requires reliable high-speed comm

terminals.

A
 Power Line Carrier (PLC)
 The communication signal is coupled to the transmission line bein
substation equipment
 Line traps
 Line tuners
 Coupling capacitors
 On/Off Keying, Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 Generally more available and economical than other forms of pilot
 Communication issues tend to occur when reliable communication
 DCB (On/Off) and DCUB (FSK) developed specifically for PLC

 Non Power Line Carrier

 The communication signal is routed separately from the trans
 Audio tone – FSK over voice (telephone, micr
 Digital – most reliable, particularly with fiber o
direct connected or multiplexed
gh speed simultaneous tripping of all line
for internal line faults
STATION C STATION D

B
X

NE

Requires reliable high-speed communications between line

terminals.
LC)
gnal is coupled to the transmission line being protected requiring additional

ency Shift Keying (FSK)

ble and economical than other forms of pilot communications
s tend to occur when reliable communications is need most – during the fault
UB (FSK) developed specifically for PLC

 Non Power Line Carrier

n signal is routed separately from the transmission line conductor
io tone – FSK over voice (telephone, microwave)
gital – most reliable, particularly with fiber optics,
direct connected or multiplexed
 Directional Comparison relaying determines the fault direction at
terminal and compares the results to determine the fault to be in
protected line.
INTERNAL
FAULT
EXTERNAL FWD
FAULT Elem
ent
ATION D
(FP-
A)

ST

 
A
STATION C

FWD Element (FP-A)

FINT
A
B

STATION C FWD Element (FP-B) STATION D

Distance Protection
Directional Comparison Schemes
Non PLC Channels
 DUTT* – Direct-underreaching transfer trip
 POTT – permissive-overreaching transfer trip
 PUTT – permissive-underreaching transfer trip
PLC
 DCB – directional comparison blocking
 DCUB – directional comparison unblocking
* Although there is no directional comparison between terminals this sche
directional comparison schemes.
nes the fault direction at each line
ermine the fault to be internal or external to the
INTERNAL
FAULT

F
EXT
A B
REV Element (RP-B)   
s

rip
er trip
fer trip

ing
ween terminals this scheme is usually considered with
 STATION C
A B
F
INT

21-1
Must Overlap
              f1                  

Comm Tx
Rx

Tx Comm
Rx

 Also known as an “Intertrip” scheme

Rx [f1 from B]
TRIP A
21-1 (A) OR

Tx [f1 to TRIP B]

Rx [f1 from A]
TRIP B
21-1 (B) OR

Tx [f1 to TRIP A]
 Advantages
 Fast method for clearing end zone faults
 Single communications channel
 Disadvantages
 Cannot protect full line if one terminal is open
 Requires ground distance relays for accurate r
overcurrent)
 Subject to 21-1 overreaching issues (e.g. ccvt
 Spurious communication channel noise may c
undesired trip (secure channel desired – FSK, d
 STATION D

21 Underreaching Distance Relay

-1
one faults
l

rminal is open or has weak infeed

s for accurate reach on ground faults (no

sues (e.g. ccvt transients)

el noise may cause
esired – FSK, digital)
 STATION C
A B
21-1 Must
21-2 Overlap
Overr
eachi
ng
Dista
nce
Relay

Comm Tx                 f1                           

Tx Rx
Rx
Comm
Rx [f from B] Rx [f from A]
1 1

21 Tx [to B] 21-1 (B)

-1
Rx signal should have a minimum receive time to allow operation of 21-2.
(A)

21-2 (A) AND TRIP A

21-2 (B) AND

TRIP B
 Advantages
 More secure than DUTT requiring a 21-2 oper
 Single communications channel
 Disadvantages
 Cannot protect full line if one terminal is open
 Requires ground distance relays for accurate r
overcurrent)
 STATION D

B
F
INT Underreaching Distance Relay

21-1
21-2

Comm
x [f from A]
1

21-1 (B) Tx [f1 to A]

time to allow operation of 21-2.
equiring a 21-2 operation for permission to trip
hannel

one terminal is open or has weak infeed

e relays for accurate reach on ground faults (no
 STATION C
A B
F
INT

f f
1 2
Comm Tx
Rx

Tx Comm
Rx
x
R
[f2 from B] R
x [f1 from A]
FP-A AND

Tx [f1 to

FP-B AND

Tx [f2 to

Rx signal should have a minimum receive time to allow operation of 21-2.

FP-A

FP-B

B]

TRIP A

A]

TRIP B
POTT – Permissive-overreaching Transfer Trip
 Advantages
 More dependable than PUTT because it sees all line faults.
 Open terminal and weak-end infeed logic can be applied.
 Forward and reverse ground directional overcurrent relays may be applie
resistance ground faults
 Disadvantages
 Requires a duplex communications channel (separate frequency/signal fo
 Will not trip for internal fault with loss of channel (but usually applied w
distance relay)

Directional Comparison
Blocking (DCB) and Unblocking (DCUB)
 DCB and DCUB schemes are specifically intended to be used with syst
less secure (likely to be lost) during line fault conditions
 Power-line carrier – signal communications is on sam
are protecting

STATION C STATION D
 STATION D

O
v
e
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g

D
i
s
R
x [f1 from A] t
a
n
c
e

a
n
d

O
C
ave a minimum receive time to allow operation of 21-2.
R
e
l
a
y
s
:
2
1
-
2
,

2
1
N
-
2
,

6
7
N
hing Transfer Trip
sees all line faults.
can be applied.
vercurrent relays may be applied for greater sensitivity to high

nel (separate frequency/signal for each direction)

hannel (but usually applied with a zone-1/2 step-

blocking (DCUB)
ly intended to be used with systems where communications is
ault conditions
unications is on same conductor that you

STATION D
 Signal: F Station A Bus
a 2 1
30 to 500
A
kHz Transmission Line
ult
B
1 to 100 Watts Power Line
(7 to 70 V rms) Carrier
Channel
Relay Relay

Switchyard
Relay PT inputs
Coaxial Cable
Line Tuner
Protective T Relay
System R

Control House
H
f and f are continuous block signals until a fault is de
B1 B2

the frequency is shifted to the unblock (trip) f and/or f

1 2
  Advantages
 Very secure at it requires receipt of Unblock sign
 Has logic to handle loss of channel during faults.
 Open terminal and weak-end infeed logic can be
 Forward and reverse ground directional overcurr
greater sensitivity to high resistance ground faults
 Security logic for loss of channel (carrier holes) o
channel
 Disadvantages
 Requires a duplex communications channel (sep
and guard frequencies for each direction)

 Advantages
 Very dependable – does not depend on channel for tripping for
faults
 Open terminal and weak-end infeed are handled by scheme
 Forward and reverse ground directional overcurrent relays ma
sensitivity to high resistance ground faults
 Low cost communications channel – single frequency channel
 Disadvantages
 Not as secure – tends to overtrip for slow channel or loss of ch
 Security logic for carrier holes may be required – slows tripping
 Channel is normally off so periodic checking is required
 Line Trap

Signal Path
Switchyard Coupling Capacitor Voltage
Relay PT inputs Transformer (ccvt)
Coaxial Cable Drain Coil
Line Tuner
 until a fault is detected and
ck (trip) f and/or f .
1 2
 ipt of Unblock signal for tripping.
annel during faults.
nfeed logic can be applied.
irectional overcurrent relays may be applied for
nce ground faults
nel (carrier holes) only delays trip during loss of

tions channel (separate trip

direction)

nel for tripping for internal

led by scheme
current relays may be applied for greater

equency channel On/Off PLC

nnel or loss of channel

ed – slows tripping.
s required
 1. IEEE Guide for protective Relay Applications
Transmission Lines, IEEE Std. C37-113, 1999.
2. W. A. Elmore, Protective Relaying: Theory a
Inc., New York,1994.
© ABB Group
November 5,
2013
 1. IEEE Guide for protective Relay Applications to
Transmission Lines, IEEE Std. C37-113, 1999.
2. W. A. Elmore, Protective Relaying: Theory and Appl
Inc., New York,1994.
| Slide 79
Relion REL650/670 Advancing Line Distance Pr
®

For maximum reliability of your power system

REL650
The best choice for sub-
transmission applications
 Achieve significant savings in configuration and commissioning w
optimum “off-the-shelf” solutions and settings
 Do more with less - the advanced logic and multipurpose function
protection schemes for multiple objects with a single IED
 Protect your investment with unrivalled sensitivity, speed and the
transformer winding turn-to-turn faults
 Maximize flexibility and performance with powerful application an
allow you to integrate these IEDs into new or retrofit substation auto
stand-alone multifunctional units
ncing Line Distance Protection
your power system
REL670
Optimized for transmission applications
in configuration and commissioning with efficient system integration and
ons and settings
anced logic and multipurpose functionality allow you to customize
le objects with a single IED
h unrivalled sensitivity, speed and the best possible protection for power
rn faults
formance with powerful application and communication capabilities that
EDs into new or retrofit substation automation systems or use them as
nits
Thank you for your participationShortly, you will receive a link to an archive of this presentation.To view a schedule of remaining webinars

© ABB Group
November 5,
2013

ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series

ABB is pleased to provide you with technical information rega
included is not intended to be a complete presentation of all p
to this topic. The content is generic and may not be applicab
any specific facility. By participating in ABB's web-based Pro
ABB is providing this information to you on an informational b
representations or guarantees as to the efficacy or commerci
specific application or purpose, and ABB is not responsible fo
information contained herein. ABB consultants and service re
specific operations and make recommendations on improving
Contact an ABB sales
representative for further information.

Power anõ productivity

fora better world
” T
ank you for your participationShortly, you will receive a link to an archive of this presentation.To view a schedule of remaining webinars in this series, or

| Slide 81

ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series Disc

ABB is pleased to provide you with technical information regarding prote
included is not intended to be a complete presentation of all potential pr
to this topic. The content is generic and may not be applicable for circu
any specific facility. By participating in ABB's web-based Protective Rel
ABB is providing this information to you on an informational basis only a
representations or guarantees as to the efficacy or commercial utility of
specific application or purpose, and ABB is not responsible for any actio
information contained herein. ABB consultants and service representat
specific operations and make recommendations on improving safety, ef
Contact an ABB sales
representative for further information.

Power anõ productivity

fora better world
” T