INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA AND

METHOD (NONPROJECTED)
GENERAL OBJECTIVE

At the end of the seminar the group will able to explain in depth about Non-
Projected instructional media and method.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

At the end of the seminar the group will able to:

✓ Define audio visual aids

✓ Describe concept of audio-visual aid.
✓ Enumerate various purposes of audio-visual aid.
✓ Explain classification of audio-visual aid.
✓ Enlist various characteristics of audio-visual aids.
✓ Explain sources of audio-visual aid.
✓ Describe principle of audio-visual aid.
✓ Enumerate criteria of audio-visual aid.
✓ Explain guide line for selecting the audio-visual aid.
✓ Explain effective use of audio-visual aid.
✓ Describe in detail various type of non-projected audio-visual aid.

Ex- Diagrams, Modals, Mockups, Model, Objects specimen,

Exhibition, Dioramas, Museum etc

✓ Summary.
INTRODUCTION
Technology explosion has yielded several new machines, materials
and media which have great potential for use in the educational
enterprises. A perfect use of these together with new functions and roles
of educational personnel in order to bring about more efficient and
effective teaching-learning led to the development to the new branch of
study namely educational technology, it is more than the sum of two
interpretation namely technology in education and technology of
education.

DEFINITION
Educational technology
It is systematic way of designing, implementing, evaluating the
total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives,
based on research in human learning and communication and employing
a combination of human and non human resources to bring about more
effective instruction.

Audio-visual aids
Audio visual are those sensory object or images which initiate or
stimulate and reinforce learning.
By Burton
An audio-visual aid is an instructional device in which the message
can be heard as well as seen.
Concept of Audio-visual aids
These are planned educational materials that appeal to the sense of
people and quicken the learning, facilitates clear understanding
A Chinese proverb
If I hear, I forget
If I see, I remember
If I do, I know
Say the importance of sensory perception in teaching.
In learning situation,
❖ Seeing – 87%
❖ Hearing – 07%
❖ Odour – 03%
❖ Touch – 02%
❖ Taste – 01%
❖ AV Aids enhances clarity in communication.
❖ Provide diversity in method.

Purpose
1. Improve and make teaching effective.
2. Enable the audience to look, listen and learn.
3. Quicken the phase of learning.
4. Economies the teacher’s effort.
5. Save time and energy.
6. Stimulate thinking and motivate action.
7. Stimulate curiosity.
8. Develop continuity of thought.
 9. Contribute to growth and clear understanding.
10. Enable student learn faster and remember longer

CLASSIFICATION
The teaching aid are mainly divided in four ways which are as
follows
1 - Projected and Non-Projected aid
2 - Audio materials, visual materials, and audio-visual materials
3 - Big media and little media
4 - Three dimensional
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING Aids
It should be
❖ Meaningful
❖ Purposeful
❖ Accurate in every aspect
❖ Simple
❖ Cheap
❖ Improvised
❖ Large size
❖ Up to date
❖ Easily portable
❖ According to mental level of student
❖ Motivate the learner
SOURCES
❖ Government.
❖ Educational institution.
❖ Professional organization.
❖ Non-government organization.
❖ National and International voluntary organization.
❖ Commercial producer of educational materials.

PRINCIPLES OF AUDIO – VISUAL AID

Audio visual aids should
❖ Function as an integral programme.
❖ Be centralized under specialized direction and leadership in
educational programme.
❖ Be flexible.
❖ Be considered in the production and utilization of educational
communication media.
Besides that, other principles are
❖ Principle of Selection.
❖ Principle of Preparation
❖ Principle of Physical Control.
❖ Principle of Proper Presentation.
❖ Principle of Response.
❖ Principle of Evaluation.
Principle of Selection –
It includes
1. Audio visual aids should suit-
 • The teaching objectives.
• Unique characteristics.
• The age of levels.
• Grade level.
2. Specific education value and stimulate interest and motivation.
3. True representatives of real things.
4. Help in realization of desires learning objectives.
Principle of Preparation
1. Locally available materials.
2. Students should be associated in preparation of audio – visual aids.
Principle of Physical Control
1. Arrangements of aids safely to facilitate their leading to the
teachers use.

Principle of Proper Presentation

1. Carefully visualize the use the use of teaching aid before their actual
presentation.
2. Adequate handling of aid to prevent damaging.
3. Display properly so that all the student are able to see.
4. Avoid distraction of all kind.
Principle of Response
The teacher should guide the student to respond adequately actively to
audio visual aid stimuli so that they derive maximum benefit in learning.
Principle of Evaluation
Continuous evaluation of:
1. Audio visual materials based on realization of desired.
2. Accompanying techniques, Objective.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AUDIO – VISUAL AID

❖ Do the materials give a true picture of idea they present?
❖ Do they contribute meaningful content to the topic under study?
❖ Do they make learners better thinker with a critical mind?
❖ Do they tend to improve human relation?
❖ Is the material worth with the time and efforts involved?
❖ Is the material appropriate for learners?
GUIDE FOR MAKING AND SELECTING THE AUDIO-VISUAL
AID
❖ Aid must be easy to see and understand.
❖ Simple and direct.
❖ Easy to handle and transport.
❖ Emphasizes the key point.
❖ Good working condition.
❖ Time and place.
❖ Please the sense.
❖ Accurate.
❖ Represents the thing that is common and understandable.
❖ Conveys up to date ideas.
❖ Letter should be neat, clear, easy to hold, visible, simple words,
leave the space between letters, give gap between words to word.
 ❖ Avoid over-writing, over crowing, clumsiness in writing. Give
space between lines.
❖ By seeing the visual aid, the learner should get interest, positive
attitude, and clear to understand and uses its knowledge effectively
and adequately in his learning process.
❖ Select the colors, which are natural of related items, appealing,
attractive, clear, and visible, appropriate to the pictures.

The Effective use of audio-visual Aids

a. Planning
• Know clearly the objectives of the presentation.
• Plan well in advance.
• Anticipate the problem and avoid them.
• Plan appropriate time of presentation.
b. Preparation
• Select a convenient and comfortable meeting place; seating
arrangements must be suited to the specific purpose.
• Make sure that all equipments are in good working order,
before starting the meeting.
• Prepare by rehearsing or previewing in order to make a
smooth presentation.
• Arrange the audio-visual aids in sequence and have them
within easy reach.
• Keep aids out of sight until required for use.
C.Presentation
Display only one aid at a time.
Present it at right moment and in proper sequence.
Remove all unrelated materials.
Stand besides of aid not in front of aid.
Speak facing audience not on side.
d. Evaluation
• At the end, evaluate by providing for discussion and
application to discover misunderstanding, if any.
• Under take follow up studies and observe result.

DISCRIPTION OF NON-PROJECTED AUDIO-VISUAL AID

Non projected audio-visual aids
They are mainly divided into three types.
3-dimensional aids
❖ Diagrams
❖ Modals
❖ Mockups
❖ Model
❖ Objects and specimen
❖ Exhibition
❖ Dioramas
❖ Museum
Audio aids
❖ Radio
❖ Recording
❖ Television
Activity aids
❖ Demonstration
❖ Dramatics
❖ Experimentation
❖ Field trips
❖ Computer

MODELS

A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three-dimensionally,

i.e. height, width and depth are felt as a reality. This makes the understanding of
the thing easy and better. It is true that models provide the knowledge of the
internal and external parts of a thing properly

Examples of the models often used by teachers are: clay model of heart, eye, tooth,
etc; globe and planetarium; crystal structures; miniature buildings; motor;
generator, etc. The USES of models become the following reasons:

1. The real thing may not be available in that season or may be far away from
the school.
2. The real thing may be too big to be brought to the school.
3. The real thing may be too dangerous to be felt or handled by students.
4. The real thing may be too expensive.
5. The real thing may be too small to be seen at properly.
External Qualities

Types of models: -

1. Solid models: - A solid model is the replica of an original thing made with
some suitable material like clay, plaster of Paris, wood, iron, etc. To show the
external parts and features of the ting. e.g. Globe, clay model of human and
animal.

2. Cut-away, cross-sectional or X-ray model: - It may be either in the form of a

cross-sectional model showing internal parts of a thing or may be composed of
detachable parts. e.g. human body, petrol engine.

3. Working models: - These models are actual working things for illustrating an
operation, working models are of great educational value. e.g. a generator, a
cycle

4. Sand models: - These are the graphic lay-out using sand, clay, saw dust, and
other objects to show trees, buildings, rivers, etc. Made using colored sand in
generally a green field is shown by covering area with green saw dust, water
with blue cellophane, cardboard cut-outs for showing forests. e.g. a city area,
marketing complex.
Functions:

Advantages of Models:

1. Models heighten reality of things and make learning direct and meaningful.
2. Models illustrate the application side of certain princip0les and laws.
3. Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids.
4. Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like
boxes, pins, clips.
5. Models are to reasonable size and convenient to handle.

Limitations of Models:

1. Some of the models can be very expensive.

2. Not all the models can be made in the educational institutions as they require
expertise.
3. Models at time can give a wrong impression and conception of the size of
the real things.

OBJECTIVES AND SPECIMANS

Collections of real things for instructional use refers to objects. Specimen is

any typical object representing a class or a group of things. They are the real
things. It provides the first-hand experience to children. It is itself an interesting
educational experience and their study can be still more rewarding. A specimen is
a sample of the real object.
Using objects and specimen:

1. Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations.

2. Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features.
3. Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the object.
4. Provide review and practice to make learning permanent.

Sources of objects and specimen:

1. Local market can be a good source buying low-cost objects.

2. Discarded materials, houses, stores, etc.
3. Organizing nature hunts and field trips wild flowers, leaves, shells, stones,
butterflies, moths, insects, plants etc.
4. Purchased from museums. For preservation, the objects and specimen should
be mounted in shallow boxes in an artistic way and the box should be
covered with cellophane paper, label self-adhesive paper of plastic tape
pieces.

Advantages of objects and specimens

1. Help in development of social skills and values.

2. Student’s power of observation and first hand experiences is enhanced by
collection of objects.
3. Good source of doing investigatory projects.
4. An interesting educational pursuit of the teacher and students alike.
5. Arouse student’s interest learning.
6. Involve all the five senses in the process of learning.
7. Heighten reality in the classroom.
 8. Develop the observational skills of the students.
9. Make classroom teaching lively.

Mounting and displaying of specimen and objects: can be mounted by pasting

them with adhesive, wired, nails, cello tape, etc. on cardboard. In small sized
bottles or small polythene bags and stuck on to cardboard using quick fix adhesive.
For rocks, minerals and shells, a discarded cardboard box can be divided into small
botanical specimen after they are pressed and dried can be stuck on the pages of a
drawing book.

Certain other zoological specimen like lizards, snakes, fish, frogs etc. can be
preserved in suitable bottles filled with formalin.

MOCK UP

It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its
workability. Certain element of the original reality is emphasized to make it more
meaningful for the purpose of instruction, e.g. an artificial kidney to demonstrate
dialysis.

DIAGRAMS

It is a simplified drawing designed to show interrelationship primarily by means of

lines and symbols, e.g. Stick figures, science figures, geometry diagrams, facial
expressions. Drawings can be drawn by hand to convey a variety of ideas,
concepts, and situations. It can be better used for summary and review.
Standard of a Good Diagram

• Technically correct.
• Neatly drawn in proper proportions.
• Well-labelled and explained.
• It can be moved and seen from all angles.

PUPPETS

One of the old and popular arts in Indian villages has been puppetry. Puppets
can serve as an effective aid to learning. It is necessary to have a great deal of
action in puppetry as well as plenty of music dancing.

In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background, and tastes of the
students should be taken into consideration.

Type of Puppets

• Hand-puppets: which fit in the hand like a glove and are operated from
below by fingers.
• Rod puppets: Which are operated from below the stage by a combination of
rods and strings.
• Marionettes of string puppets: Figures with movable limbs operated through
strings.
EXIHIBITIONS

Many times, in the school, a department of the school or a class puts up their work
for showing it to the people outside the school, and such a show is called
exhibition.

Requisites for exhibition:

As already said that an exhibition provides a valuable opportunity for students to

prepare projects and things themselves and therefore, induces better learning.

1. The exhibition should have a central theme with few sub-themes.

2. be clean and labelled properly.
3. Concepts of contrast in color and size should be appear part
4. be so placed so that most visitors can see them.
5. capture interest and attention of visitors,
6. include a lot of demonstrations as they involve deeply the students.
7. able to relate various subjects’ areas to provide integrated learning.

Advantages of exhibition:

1. work as excellent teaching aids as to capture interest and impart learning

2. inspire the students to learn by doing things
3. give a sense of accomplishment and achievement.
4. develop social skills of communication, cooperation, and coordination.
5. foster better school-community relations and make community members
conscious.
6. couple information with pleasure.
MESEUMS

A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical, curiosities,

works of art, works of science, works of literature, and other general interest.
Museum can be useful both for public education and specific classroom
instruction.

In our country some famous museums are as follows.

1. National Museum, New Delhi.

2. Salarjang Museum, Hyderabad
3. Natural History Society Museum, Mumbai.

Objectives of Museum:

1. Permits visual instruction and experimentation with actual museum

specimens.
2. Stimulates enthusiasm for study and research among both teachers and
students.
3. Stimulates interest, cooperation, and participation.
4. To instruct the students in proper scientific methods of laboratory, research
and museum conservation and exhibition techniques.
Before a teacher takes a group of students to museum, he must visit the museum
before hand and collect all the literature, important information. Teacher must
prepare the guideline for relating the ensuring visit of students to the museum with
the subject matter. The natural history museums are especially helpful providing
visual experiences.
DIORAMAS

A diorama is a three-dimensional arrangement of related objects, models,

and cut-outs to illustrate a central theme or concept. The objects and models are
generally placed in a big box or a showcase with a glass covering and background.
Some of the dioramas which may be produced in the school as follows:

• A harvest scene
• A planting scene
• A scene from freedom struggle,

A diorama brings small portions of the real world into the four walls of the
classroom for students. It is to be kept in mind that the background and
arrangements of models should be a small segment of reality.

There are many types of varariums such as –

1. Aquarium: - It is a transparent box containing water to maintain aquatic

plants and animals. For school purpose, snails may be placed along with
hydra plants with a layer of sand.
2. Terrarium: - A transparent or meshed box containing soil, ferns, moss, and
small land animals.
3. Avarium: - It is a huge cage where birds along with a small tree, shrubs and
pond can be kept alive.
4. An herbarium is collection of pressed and dried herbs placed in an enclosure.
DEMONSTRATONS:

It is a performance to show a process or activity to others. This is a natural

way of learning. A demonstration of jumping activity to clarify the meaning of
jump. Various teaching subjects offer situations for carrying out demonstrations.
Languages, correct pronunciation, gestures, expressions, body language, role
playing. Demonstration can be used as an effective tool of teaching. Science
demonstration are done to explain ‘how’ and ‘why’ of processes an object.
example.

1. To show the working of an electric motor.

2. To show how to use a microscope.
3. To show how to play a musical instrument.
4. To show how to pronounce words.

Stages of demonstration:

a. Pre-planning – for a demonstration, all the requisites equipment should be

gathered. It is preparing a checklist of all the things required. Also, the
teacher must plan the sequence in which he will inject in his commentary
and verbal information.
b. Rehearsal – the teacher must try out the demonstration for his own
knowledge. Untried demonstration may fail in front of class give idea about
the clarity and duration of it.
c. Performance – during the classroom instruction the teacher shows the
demonstration at the appropriate point of the lesson. Proper explanation of
10 key. Be friendly and warm in order to establish a rapport with your
students.
 d. Follow-up – the teacher must ask questions and discuss what has been
observed by students. Even students may be asked to perform what has been
demonstrated to them.

Effective Dos of demonstration:

1. Before the demonstration keep everything ready and be well organized.

2. Place the pieces of equipment for demonstration high enough for everybody
to observe.
3. Present the information sequentially stressing the main ideas.
4. Ask question from the students regarding what they have observed.
5. If students have not understood certain ideas during the demonstration, then
do it again.
6. Use other teaching aids to supplement your demonstration.
7. Summarize the main points after the demonstration.
8. Friendly and warm behavior during your demonstration.
9. Allow students to perform after the demonstration is over.

Advantages of demonstration:

1. Demonstration are good for acquiring and perfecting operational skills.

2. Demonstrations engage student’s attention and operation.
3. Demonstrations encourage student’s participation in learning through
questions and answers as the teacher performs.
Experiment

An experiment is a learning activity in which students collect and interpret

observation using measuring instruments to reach some conclusions.

While giving an experiment, the teacher organizes the instruction so –

1. Object of the experiment.

2. Apparatus required
3. Procedure of methodology
4. Observations of data
5. Treatment of observations or data, i.e. computations to be used.
6. Results or conclusion.
7. Precautions.
8. Ideas for further work.

Advantages of experiments:

1. The teacher can individually attend students.

2. In group experiments, students learn to work with one another.
3. Help students in manipulating piece of apparatus and instruments.
4. The students learn by doing and hence learn better.
5. Built scientific attitudes, observational power, and ability to draw
conclusions.
6. Make students patient, regular and punctual.
DRAMATIZATION:

Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping he classroom instruction

lively and interesting. When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students become
and participants.

Types of Dramatization

1. Role playing: - The players (students) act out

FIELD TRIPS: -
A Field trip is defined as a planned and supervised visit of a group of
students outside the normal class room to get the first-hand educational
experience.
It planned as educative and informative trips.
Types

• Local school trips.

• Community trips
• Educational tour.
• The nature hunts.

Local school trip – it is essential for fresh student to know the

geography of school, facilities, and services available in school.
Ex- school library
Community trips – it is a trip made to nearby place of educational
interest and it requires some hours and complete day.
Ex- trip of local zoo, local factory etc
Educational trip – made to distant place requiring more than one day.
Ex – a trip of historical city.
Aims

• To get the first hand and direct connect with things and system of
real life related to class room instruction.
• To have depth study of an instructional unit.
• To arouse interest in an instructional unit.
 • To impart positive attitude and sharpen social skills.
• To review a class lesson by relating it to area situation.
Using the field trip as instructional aid
❖ Identify the main purpose of trip.
❖ Take a manageable group of students for field trip.
❖ Observe the discipline and regulation during the field trip.
❖ Prepare activity and work sheet for student.
❖ Take camera and sketch pen for recording visual observation.
Advantages of field trip
❖ Provide accurate information about object.
❖ Provide meaning full direct experience.
❖ Easily diverted to effective learning.
❖ Provide opportunity to utilize all their senses for learning.
❖ Develop proper attitude and social skill among children.
Limitation of field trip
❖ Occasional learning activity prescribed in syllabus.
❖ They can be expensive and out of reach in many situations.
❖ Required proper detailed planning to make them meaning full.