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[In the following three equations, you need to be consistent with your r and the N (i.e., the exponent). If compounding is annual,
you need a rate per year and an N in years. If compounding is semi‐annual, you need a rate per half‐year and an N in half‐years.
If compounding is quarterly, you need a rate per quarter and an N in quarters. And so on. You do not need any new equations.]
[Now, we move on to equations for annuities and perpetuities. Please note: These equations are the only ones that you need. As
explained in other course materials, if the cash flows are annual, you need a rate per year and an N in years. If the cash flows are
semi‐annual, you need a rate per half‐year and an N in half‐years. If the cash flows are quarterly, you need a rate per quarter and
an N in quarters. And so on. But you do not need a new equation.]
Future Value of a (Level) Perpetuity: such an equation does not exist … because you can never get to (or past) the
final cash flow in any perpetuity because, by definition, a perpetuity’s cash flows are perpetual.
Future Value of a Growing Perpetuity: such an equation does not exist … because you can never get to (or past)
the final cash flow in any perpetuity because, by definition, a perpetuity’s cash flows are perpetual.
CALCULATION MATH EQUATION
Effective Annual Rate: EAR = ( 1 + periodic rate )# of compounding periods in a year – 1,
where the “periodic rate” is the rate per compounding period
if interest is compounded monthly, then periodic rate equals annual rate ÷ 12 and exponent = 12
if interest is compounded quarterly, then periodic rate equals annual rate ÷ 4 and exponent = 4
if interest is compounded semi‐annually, then periodic rate equals annual rate ÷ 2 and exponent = 2, etc.
Excel equation: =EFFECT( annual rate , # of compounding periods in a year )
Effective Half‐Year Rate: EHYR = ( 1 + periodic rate )# of compounding periods in a half‐year – 1,
NOT COMMON; STILL USEFUL where the “periodic rate” is the rate per compounding period
if interest is compounded monthly, then periodic rate equals annual rate ÷ 12 and exponent = 6
if interest is compounded quarterly, then periodic rate equals annual rate ÷ 4 and exponent = 2
if interest is compounded semi‐annually, then periodic rate equals annual rate ÷ 2 and exponent = 1, etc.
Excel formula: does not really exist
Effective Quarterly Rate: EQR = ( 1 + periodic rate )# of compounding periods in a quarter – 1,
NOT COMMON; STILL USEFUL where the “periodic rate” is the rate per compounding period
if interest is compounded daily, then periodic rate equals annual rate ÷ 365 and exponent = 91.25
if interest is compounded monthly, then periodic rate equals annual rate ÷ 12 and exponent = 3
if interest is compounded quarterly, then periodic rate equals annual rate ÷ 4 and exponent = 1, etc.
Excel formula: does not really exist
Financial Management Ch’s 4‐6: Time Value of Money Formula Sheet, p.3 Prof. Durham
[FROM CHAPTER 5: The equation for valuing a bond consists of nothing more than a combination of the equation for
present value of an ordinary annuity and the equation for present value a single cash flow at time N.]
[FROM CHAPTER 6: A stock is typically valued using any combination of equations from Chapter 4. The price could
be simply the present value of a bunch of single cash flows. Or, the future cash flows could be any combination of
things that we’ve learned so far: single sums, annuities, level perpetuities, growing perpetuities. I thus cannot really
give you a couple of nifty equations like I’m able to for Chapters 4 and 5.]
Dividend‐Growth Valuation: P0 = Div1 / ( r − g ),
where dividends are simply (and conveniently) predicted to grow by the same growth rate, g, each year
forever
Excel formula: does not really exist
Finite‐Horizon Valuation: P0 = Div1 / (1+r) + Div2 / (1+r)2 + Div3 / (1+r)3 + ∙∙∙∙ + DivN / (1+r)N + PN / (1+r)N,
where Div1 through DivN are the dividends across the horizon and PN is the end‐of‐horizon selling price;
sometimes PN is given and other times PN = DivN+1 / ( r − g ), where DivN+1 is the first dividend in a growing perpetuity.
Excel formula: does not really exist