Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Amedeo R. Odoni
November 6, 2006
Lecture Outline
• Congestion pricing in transportation: the
fundamental ideas
• Congestion pricing and queueing theory
• Numerical examples
• A real example from LaGuardia Airport
• Practical complications
Economic principle
Costs
22 2
σ S2 = = 40.33 sec 2 = 3.11213×10 −6 hours 2
12
• Note: We have a M/G/1 system
λ1 λ λ
Define: c = c1 + c 2 2 + c3 3
λ λ λ
C = c ⋅ Lq = c ⋅ λ ⋅Wq = (c1 ⋅ λ1 + c 2 ⋅ λ2 + c3 ⋅ λ3 ) ⋅Wq = c ⋅Wq
dC dWq
= c1 ⋅Wq + c ⋅ ≈ $28 + $711 = $739
dλ1 dλ
internal external cost=
cost congestion toll
dC dWq
= c 2 ⋅Wq + c ⋅ ≈ $85 + $711 = $796
dλ2 dλ
dC dWq
= c3 ⋅Wq + c ⋅ ≈ $198 + $711 = $909
dλ3 dλ
Si with μ i = E[Si ] ;
−1
service time
λ m m
λ
m
⎛ λi ⎞
ρ = = ∑ ρi = ∑ μi c=∑ ci
μ i= 1 i =1 i ⎝
i= 1 λ
⎠
Generalization (continued)
• As before: C = cLq = cλ W q
dC dW q
giving: MC(i) = = ci W q + c λ
dλ i dλ i
Example
⎛ m ⎞ dWq [λ̂ ( x̂ )]
⎜
( )
xi = ci ⋅Wq [λˆ ( xˆ )] + ⎜ ∑ c j ⋅ λ j x j ⎟ ⋅
⎟ dλ i ( x i )
+ Ki ∀i
⎝ j =1 ⎠
where λ̂ (x̂) = {λ1 (x1 ), λ2 (x2 ),..., λm (x m )} .
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
20
40
60
80
10
12
14
16
18
20
1900 2 -27,9 -247,8
2000 -36 -280
Total cost ($)
70
60
50
o
Type 1
40
o+ Type 2
30
20
+ Type 3
10
+ o No Fee
0
o + With Fee
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
20
40
60
80
10
12
14
16
18
20
60
40
20
0
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3
(mins
60
per
movt) 40
20
0
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3
Time of day
LGA: Marginal delay caused by an
additional operation by time of day
16
Nov, 00
Marginal 14 Aug, 01
delay 12
(Aircraft 10
hours) 8
0
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3
$5,000
Marginal
$4,500 Aug, 01
delay cost $4,000
Landing fee
($ per $3,500
movt) $3,000
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$0
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3
Time of day
Issues that arise in practice