Intoduction to

MATLAB
• MATLAB - developed by Math Works Inc.
• http://www.mathworks.com
• MATLAB - acronym for MATrix LABoratory
• Matrices and arrays - the heart of MATLAB
• Offers programming features - similar to other languages
• Offers GUI tools
• Provides a variety of graphic output displays:
• linear
• log-log
• semilog
• polar
• bar chart, and
• contour plots
• 2-D and 3-D views
• Provides extensive numerical resources
• Over 200 reliable, accurate mathematical subprograms
• The subprograms provide solutions to broad range of
mathematical problems including:
• matrix algebra
• complex arithmetic
• differential equations
• nonlinear systems, and
• many special functions
• A Provides extensive numerical resources
• Over 200 reliable, accurate mathematical subprograms
• The subprograms provide solutions to broad range of
mathematical problems including:
• matrix algebra
• complex arithmetic
• differential equations
• nonlinear systems, and
  many special functions vailable in all operating systems:
 DOS
 Windows9.x/NT
 Unix

 Macintosh
 Same syntax for all platforms
 Open system environment - access to source code
 Allows - to mix MATLAB with FORTRAN or C

6
 Simple Math
» 2+2.5+106

ans =

110.5000

» 4*25 + 2^3

ans =

108

»
 MATLAB Variables
»D=2

D=

»v=3

v=

3
 MATLAB Variables
» rho = 1000;
» mu = 0.001;
» NRe = D*v*rho/mu

NRe =

6000000

»
 MATLAB Workspace
To recall the variable
»D

D=

Use arrow keys for scrolling through

previous commands
 MATLAB Workspace
List of variables in the workspace
» who

Your variables are:

D NRe mu rho v

»
 Variable Naming Rules
• Variable names are case sensitive. For example NRe and
nRe are different MATLAB variables

• Variable name can contain upto 31 characters.

• Start with a letter, followed by letters, numbers or
underscores.

• For example: NRe_2_the_power2by3

 Special variables
ans Default variable name used for resuts

pi Value of 

inf Stands for infinity (e.g., 1/0)

NaN Stands for Not-a-Number (e.g., 0/0)

i, j i = j = -1
 To clear a variable
» who

Your variables are:

D ans rho
NRe mu v

» clear D
» who

Your variables are:

NRe ans mu rho v

»
 To clear variables
» who

Your variables are:

NRe ans mu rho v

» clear
» who
»
 Complex Numbers
»i

ans =

0 + 1.0000i

» c1 = 2+3i

c1 =

2.0000 + 3.0000i
»
 Mathematical Functions
» x=sqrt(2)/2

x=

0.7071

» y=sin(x)

y=

0.6496
»
 Built-in Functions
T r ig o n o m e t r ic s in , c o s , ta n , s in , a c o s , a ta n ,
f u n c t io n s s in h , c o s h , ta n h , a s in h ,
a c o s h , a ta n h , c s c , s e c , c o t,
acsc, …
E x p o n e n t ia l e x p , lo g , lo g 1 0 , s q rt
f u n c t io n s
C o m p le x a b s , a n g le , i m a g , re a l, c o n j
f u n c t io n s
R o u n d in g a n d f lo o r, c e il, r o u n d , m o d , r e m ,
R e m a in d e r s ig n
f u n c t io n s
 Using Script M-files
» what

M-files in the current directory

C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\Matlab-Tutorials

frictionfactor

» frictionfactor
Dia in meter =
 Using Script M-files
» frictionfactor
Dia in meter = 2
Velocity in m/s = 3

NRe =

6000000

0.0016

»
 Saving Data
» clear
» D = 2;
» v = 3;
» rho = 1000;
» mu = 0.001;
» NRe = D*v*rho/mu;
» f = 0.076*NRe^(-0.25);
»
» save data1 D v rho mu NRe f
 Loading Data
» clear
» load data1
» who

Your variables are:

D f rho
NRe mu v

»D

D=

2
 Array Operations
» x = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]

x=

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
» a = 1:2:10

a=

1 3 5 7 9

»
 Array Operations
» y = sin(x)

y=

Columns 1 through 7

0.8415 0.9093 0.1411 -0.7568 -0.9589 -0.2794

0.6570

Columns 8 through 10

0.9894 0.4121 -0.5440

»
 Array Addressing
» y(3)

ans =

0.1411

» y(1:5)

ans =

0.8415 0.9093 0.1411 -0.7568 -0.9589

»
 Array Orientation
» z = [1; 2; 3; 4]

z=

1
2
3
4

» z'

ans =

1 2 3 4
»
 Array Manipulation
» A = [1 2; 3 4; 5 6]

A=

1 2
3 4
5 6

» B = [1 2 3; 4 5 6];
» A+B
??? Error using ==> +
Matrix dimensions must agree.

»
 Array Manipulation
» A*B

ans =

9 12 15
19 26 33
29 40 51
 Significance of .
» clear
» A = [1 2; 3 4];
» B = [1 1; 2 2];
» A.*B

ans =

1 2
6 8

»
» A./B
Significance of .
ans =

1.0000 2.0000
1.5000 2.0000

» A/B
Warning: Matrix is singular to working precision.

ans =

Inf Inf
Inf Inf
»
 Matrix Operations
» [A B]

ans =

1 2 1 1
3 4 2 2

» ans-1

ans =

0 1 0 0
2 3 1 1

»
 Matrix Operations
» C = [A B] » C(:,2)

C= ans =

1 2 1 1 2
3 4 2 2 4

» C(1,:) » C(:,2:end)

ans = ans =

1 2 1 1 2 1 1
4 2 2
»
»
 Matrix Functions
» size(C) »A

ans = A=

2 4 1 2
3 4
» determ(A)
» inv(A)
ans =
ans =
-2
-2.0000 1.0000
» 1.5000 -0.5000

»
 Matrix Functions
Some functions: determ,
» [a b] = eig(A)
inv, diag, triu, tril, rank,
eig, size
a=
» eig(A)
-0.8246 -0.4160
0.5658 -0.9094
ans =

-0.3723
b=
5.3723
-0.3723 0
»
0 5.3723

»
 Standard Arrays
» eye(2)
Other such arrays:
ans =
ones(n), ones(r, c)
1 0
zeros(n), zeros(r, c)
0 1
rand(n), rand(r,c)
» eye(2,3)

ans =

1 0 0
0 1 0

»
 Plots
» x = 1:2:50;
» y = x.^2;
» plot(x,y)
»
 Plots
» plot(x,y,'*-')
» xlabel('Values of x')
» ylabel('y')
»
 Plots
» P = logspace(3,7);
» Q = 0.079*P.^(-0.25);
» loglog(P,Q, '.-')
» grid
 Relational Operators
<
>
<=
>=
==
~=
 Control Flow Staements
for n=1:10
…
end

while expression
…
end

if expression
…
else
...
end
 Function m-files

flow.m

function [NRe, f] = flow(D,v,rho,mu)

% flow(Diamter, Velocity, Density,
% Viscosity)
% Outputs NRe and f
% Done on 22-Feb-2002
NRe = D*V*rho/mu;
f = 0.079*NRe^(-0.25);
 Calling a Function
» [Re1, f1] = flow(3, 1.5, 900, 0.01)

Re1 =

405000

f1 =

0.0031

»
 Polynomials
Representing Polynomials:
x4 - 12x3 + 25x + 116

» P = [1 -12 0 25 116];
» roots(P)

ans =

11.7473
2.7028
-1.2251 + 1.4672i
-1.2251 - 1.4672i

» r = ans;
 Polynomials from the Roots
» PP = poly(r)

PP =

1.0000 -12.0000 -0.0000 25.0000 116.0000

»
 Polynomial Multiplication
a = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4
b = 4x2 + 9x + 16

» a = [1 2 3 4];
» b = [4 9 16];
» c = conv(a,b)

c=

4 17 46 75 84 64

»
 Evaluation of a Polynomial
a = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4

» polyval(a, 2)

ans =

26

»
 Polynomial Curve Fitting
» x = [1 3 7 21];
» y = [2 9 20 55];
» polyfit(x,y,2)

ans =

-0.0251 3.1860 -0.8502

»
 Symbolic Math
» syms x
» int('x^3')

ans =

1/4*x^4

» eval(int('x^3',0,2))

ans =

»
 Symbolic Math
» syms a b
» [a, b] = solve('a+b=7', 'a-b=1')

a=

b=

»
 Solving Nonlinear Equation
fcn1.m

function y = fcn1(x)
% To solve f(x) = x^2 - 2x - 3 = 0
y = x^2 - 2*x - 3;

» y1 = fzero('fcn1', 0)
Zero found in the interval: [-1.28, 0.9051].

y1 =

-1

»
 Solving Nonlinear Equations
nle.m

function f = nle(x)
% To solve
% f1(x1,x2) = x1^2 - 4x1^2 - x1x2 = 0
% f2(x1,x2) = 2x^2 - x2^2 + 3x1x2 = 0
f(1) = x(1) - 4*x(1)*x(1) - x(1)*x(2);
f(2) = 2*x(2) - x(2)*x(2) + 3*x(1)*x(2);

» x0 = [1 1]';
» x = fsolve('nle', x0)
x=

0.2500
0.0000
 Solving ODEs
twotnk.m

function hdot = twotnk(t,h)

% To solve
% dh1/dt = 1 - 0.5*sqrt(h1-h2)
% dh2/dt = 0.25*sqrt(h1-h2) - 0.25*sqrt(h2)
hdot = zeros(2,1); % a column vector
hdot(1) = 1- 0.5*sqrt(h(1)-h(2));
hdot(2) = 0.25*sqrt(h(1) - h(2)) - ...
0.25*sqrt(h(2));
 Solving ODEs
» [t, h] = ode45('twotnk', [0 100], [12 7]');
» plot(t, h)
 Getting Help
» help sin

» lookfor nonlinear
FMINBND Scalar bounded nonlinear function minimization.
FMINSEARCH Multidimensional unconstrained nonlinear
minimization (Nelder-Mead).
FZERO Scalar nonlinear zero finding.
D1ODE Stiff problem, nonlinear with real eigenvalues (D1 of
EHL).
PDENONLIN Solve nonlinear PDE problem.
PDERESID Residual for nonlinear solver
»
 References
• Mastering MATLAB
Duane Hanselman, Bruce Littlefield
The MATLAB Curriculum Series, Prentice Hall Inc.

• MATLAB Programming for Engineers

Stephan J. Chapan
Brooks/Cole, Australia

• Process Dynamics - Modeling, Analysis and Simulation

B. Wayne Bequette
Prentice Hall

• http://www.mathworks.com
•
http://www.svce.ac.in/~msubbu/MathematicalSoft