Dedication:

I dedicate this to my Beloved Parents for all their love & attention which has made it possible for me to make
it up to this point and as well as the Internship supervisor Engr. Maria Jafer Khan
Who bestowed me with the courage, the commitment and the awareness to follow the best possible route,
by his unmatchable style and by best possible training?
SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Name: Muhammad Hamza Tariq

Student Roll No.: 62034

Industrial Training Course Code: CHT-632

Training Period: 1 Month

Training Organization: Sitara Chemicals Industries Limited

Academic Supervisor: Engr. Maria Jafer Khan

Organization's Supervisor: Muhammad Akram

Abstract

Internship is an integral part of chemical engineering Technology program because it gives us the practical
knowledge of what we have learnt during our study period practical knowledge is also necessary along with
the theoretical knowledge. This report is about Sitara Chemicals Limited. I did my internship here for 4 weeks
and this report carries the information about history and processing units of Sitara Chemicals Limited.
Table of Contents

Dedication: ...................................................................................................................... 3

Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 5

Table of Figers .............................................................................................................. 12

Industrial Training Logbook ........................................................................................... 13

Daily Training Log ......................................................................................................... 14

1.1Background........................................................................................................... 19

1.2Vision .................................................................................................................... 19

1.3Mission.................................................................................................................. 19

1.4Company Value .................................................................................................... 19

1.5Code of Ethics ...................................................................................................... 19

1.6Environmental Policy ............................................................................................ 19

1.7Quality Policy ........................................................................................................ 19

1.8Products................................................................................................................ 20

1.8.1Basic Chemicals ................................................................................................ 20

1.8.2Specialty Chemicals........................................................................................... 20

1.8.3Gases ................................................................................................................ 21

1.1.1Title and position of the supervisor IN charge .................................................... 21

Chapter 2 Schedule of Training & Duties as an Internee ........................................... 22

Chapter 3 Working Experiences................................................................................. 23

3.1Primary brine ........................................................................................................ 23

3.1.1Purification and settling of Brine ........................................................................ 23

Figure 1 Purification and settling of Brine .................................................................. 24

3.1.2Filtration of brine ................................................................................................ 24

Figure 2 Filtration of brine .......................................................................................... 25

3.1.3Chemical used in primary brine ......................................................................... 25

3.2Secondary Brine ................................................................................................... 26

3.2.1Secondary Brine Purification.............................................................................. 26

3.2.2Resin.................................................................................................................. 26

3.2.3Regeneration ..................................................................................................... 26

3.3Cell room. ............................................................................................................. 26

Electrolysis................................................................................................................................. 26

3.3.1Mechanism of electrolysis .................................................................................................. 27

3.3.2Process of electrolysis ....................................................................................................... 27

Figure 3 Process of electrolysis ................................................................................................. 27

3.3.3Cell room operation............................................................................................ 27

3.3.4Caustic Soda ..................................................................................................... 28

3.3.5Depleted Brine ................................................................................................... 28

3.3.6Chlorine Gas ...................................................................................................... 28

3.3.7Hydrogen Gas.................................................................................................... 28

3.3.8Nitrogen Gas...................................................................................................... 28

3.4De-chlorination...................................................................................................... 28

3.4.1Process Description ........................................................................................................... 28

3.4.2Vacuum Striping ................................................................................................ 29

3.4.3Sodium Sulfide Treatment ................................................................................. 29

3.5Evaporation unit .................................................................................................... 29

3.5.1Introduction of plant ........................................................................................................... 29

3.5.2Process description ............................................................................................................ 30

3.5.3Types of evaporators ......................................................................................................... 30

3.6Caustic solidification plant..................................................................................... 31

3.7Furnaces ............................................................................................................... 31

3.7.1Reaction ............................................................................................................................. 31

3.7.2Cooling jacket .................................................................................................................... 31

3.7.3Tail gases........................................................................................................................... 31

3.8Liquefaction .......................................................................................................... 31

3.8.1Commercial Application ..................................................................................................... 32

3.8.2Liquefaction of gases ......................................................................................................... 32

 3.8.3Process .............................................................................................................................. 32

3.8.4Process in SCIL ................................................................................................................. 32

3.9Demister................................................................................................................................ 32

3.9.1Liquefier Condenser ........................................................................................................... 32

3.9.1.1Process ........................................................................................................................... 32

3.9.1.2Production Capacity of liquid Cl 2 ..................................................................................... 33

3.9.1.2How to liquefy the Freon? ............................................................................................... 33

3.9.1.3Parameters ..................................................................................................................... 33

3.9.1.2Effluence Treatment Plant .............................................................................. 33

3.9.1.2.1Process ........................................................................................................................ 33

3.9.1.2.1.1Calcium hydroxide tank ............................................................................................. 33

3.9.1.2.1.2Calcium hydroxide pits .............................................................................................. 33

3.9.1.2.1.3Bleaching Powder ..................................................................................... 33

3.9.1BLEACHING PLANT.......................................................................................... 34

Figure 4 BLEACHING PLANT ................................................................................... 35

3.9.2SODIUM HYPO CHLORITE PLANT .................................................................. 36

3.9.3Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 36

3.9.4Process description ............................................................................................................ 36

Figure 5 SODIUM HYPO CHLORITE PLANT ............................................................ 36

3.9.3Laboratory.......................................................................................................... 37

3.9.4.PH Meter ........................................................................................................................... 37

3.9.4.1Conductivity meter .......................................................................................................... 37

3.9.4.2Spectrophotometer ......................................................................................................... 37

3.9.4.3Turbidity meter ................................................................................................................ 37

3.9.4.3.3.1What is Turbidity? ..................................................................................................... 37

3.9.4.3.3.2How do turbidity meters work? .................................................................................. 38

3.9.4.3.3.3Turbidity meter setup ................................................................................................ 38

3.9.4.3.3.4Sampling Techniques................................................................................................ 38

Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 38

a) Titration with HCl(for free Alkali) ............................................................................................ 38

Calculation ................................................................................................................................. 38

Formula used ............................................................................................................................. 38

b) Titration with Sodium thiosulphate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 ) ................................................................ 38

Calculation ................................................................................................................................. 39

Formula used ............................................................................................................................. 39

Determine the presence of Chlorine present in depleted brine .................................. 39

Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 39

Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 39
 Result......................................................................................................................................... 39

Chapter 3 working experience ...................................................................................... 40

3.1HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 40

3.2Personal Protective Equipments ........................................................................... 40

3.3Health, Safety & Environment (HSE)Rules ........................................................... 40

3.4Fire & Protection ................................................................................................... 40

Work Permit ............................................................................................................... 41

3.4Hot Work Permit ................................................................................................... 42

3.5Cold Work Permit ................................................................................................. 42

Chapter 4 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 43

References.................................................................................................................... 44
Table of Figers

Figure 1 Purification and settling of Brine.......................................................................................... 24

Figure 2 Filtration of brine ................................................................................................................. 25

Figure 3 Process of electrolysis ........................................................................................................ 27

Figure 4 BLEACHING PLANT ........................................................................................................... 35

Figure 5 SODIUM HYPO CHLORITE PLANT ................................................................................... 36

Industrial Training Logbook
Training Information
Personal Details:
Student Name: Muhammad Hamza Tariq
Student Roll No.: 62034
Address: Bhouru Ch#8 (R.B) Tehsil, Shahkot & Distt. Nankana Sahib
Email: chouhdryhamza.777@gmail.com
Course of Study: Study of Chemical Plant
Year/Semester of Study: 8th
Training Start Date: 09-03-2020
Training End Date: 08-04-2020
Academic Supervisor: Engr. Maria Jafer Khan
Training Organization:
Name: Sitara Chemical Industries Limited
Address: Lahore-Sheikhupura-Faisalabad Road, Chak 61 RB,
Contact Person/Supervisor: Muhammad Akram
Contact Number: 041 4689141
Daily Training Log
Date Time Entry
09-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying the main step of
Caustic plant. The step is process of
Primary Brine, Purification and settling of
Brine, Filtration of Brine

10-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today i am studying the Reactions

involved in Primary Brine

11-03-2020 9am to 5pm I am studying the secondary process of

Brine. Which has include Secondary Brine
Purification & Regeneration of Resin

12-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying about Cell Room &

his processes (Electrolysis, Mechanism of
Electrolysis, Process of Electrolysis, Feed
Brine)

13-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying the Cell Room

Operation and his Reactions & Side
Reactions

14-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today i am studying about Caustic Soda,

Depleted Brine, Chlorine Gas, Hydrogen
Gas, Nitrogen Gas in Cell Room

16-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today i am visiting the laboratory

17-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today i am studying the process of

Dechlorination,(Vacuum Striping, Sodium
Sulfide Treatment, By Activated Carbon)
18-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying the
Evaporation Unit and his
Processes

19-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying the process of

Caustic Solidification Plant, Pre
Concentrator, Final Concentrator, Flaker
Drum
20-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today i am studying the process of
Furnaces and Furnace process in SCIL

21-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today i am studying the Reactions in

Furnace, Cooling jacket and Tail gases

23-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today i am in the laboratory and done

difderent types of Reactions

24-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying the process of

Liquefaction and Commercial Applications

25-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying the Liquefaction of

Gases, Process, Process in SCIL,
Compressor, Demister, Liquefier
Condenser, liquid Cl2
26-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying the process of
Effluence Treatment Plant in his Chloride
Pit, Calcium Hydroxide Tank, Calcium
Hydroxide Pits
27-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying the Bleaching
Powder, Hydration Plant, Bleaching Plant,
Chlorate Formation, Fire Incident in
Bleaching Powder
28-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying the process of
Sodium Hypo Chlorite plant

30-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am in Laboratory we take different

samples and different techniques are
used, PH Meter, meter,
Spectrophotometer, Turbidity meter
31-03-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am visiting the whole plants of
industry

01-04-2020 9am to 5pm Today I revised the processes of Primery

Brine and Secondary Brine

02-04-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying again about Cell

Room for revision
03-04-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying about Declorination,
Avaporation and Liquefication for revision

04-04-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am visiting the laboratory

06-04-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am visiting the Effulence

Treatment Plant

07-04-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am studying about Bleaching

Process for revision

08-04-2020 9am to 5pm Today I am visiting HR office

Declaration
———————————————————————————————————————
I hereby declare that all information provided above is true.

————————— 08-10-2020 —————————

Signed by Trainee Date Signed by Supervisor
Chapter 1 Backgrounds of Training Organization
1.1Background

SCIL was incorporated in 1981 and began producing Caustic Soda in 1985, initially at a rate of
30MT/day.Theplant’scapacitywasgraduallyincreasedoveryearstocurrentlevelof610MT/day. In
addition variousby-productfacilitieshavebeenaddedandexpandedfromtimetotimetocope with
growing demand. Company entered into Textile Spinning Business in 1995. Its Specialty
Chemicals and Export Division was established in 2001 and Agri – Chemicals division in2003.
1.2Vision

The vision of SCIL is to strive to develop and employ innovative technological solutions to add
value to business with progressive and proactive approach.
1.3Mission

ThemissionofSCILiscontinuegrowthanddiversificationforbottomlineresultswithriskswell
contained.
1.4Company Value

i. Integrity and Honesty

ii. Open, Respectful and Supportive
iii. Prepared to take challenges and see them through
iv. Deep regards for Customers, Business Partners and Employees
v. Self – Critical and Accountable
vi. Quality in products and dealings

1.5Code of Ethics

SCIL believes in stimulating and challenging team oriented work environment that encourages,
developsandrewardsexcellenceanddiligentlyservecommunities,maintaininghighstandardsof moral
and ethical values.
1.6Environmental Policy

SCIL is committed to continual improvement of its Environmental Management System by

adoption of pollution prevention measures with all relevant environmental legislation through
training and teamwork as implemented. ISO – 1400 Environment Management System (EMS)
Certification.

1.7Quality Policy

SCIL aims to produce high quality products at a competitive price. They are committed to the
wfolloing principles:
  Understanding and meeting the customer requirements.
 Compliance to legal and regulatory requirements.
 Training and development of their employees.
 Providing safe and healthy environment.
 Continual improvement of quality management.

1.8Products

SCIL products can be classified as:

 Basic Chemicals
 Specialty Chemicals
 Gases

1.8.1Basic Chemicals
 Bleaching Powder
 Ammonium Chloride
 Caustic Soda Flakes
 Caustic Soda Liquid (32 –50%)
 Hydrated Lime
 Hydrochloric Acid
 Liquid Chlorine
 Sodium Hypochlorite

1.8.2Specialty Chemicals
 Aluminum Sulfate
 Calcium Chloride Dihydrate
 Copper Chloride
 Ferric Chloride
 Magnesium Carbonate
 Nickel Chloride Hexahydrate
 Calcium Chloride (Perils)
 1.8.3Gases
 Carbon Dioxide

1.1.1Title and position of the supervisor IN charge

Name: Muhammad Akram

Designation: Process supervisor Sitara chemical industries Ltd

Certification: Process Safety Management Compliance

Chapter 2 Schedule of Training & Duties as an Internee

Week Date Types of Duties as an internee

1 09-03-2020 to 14-03- Study of Brine process

2020
2 16-03-2020 to 21-03- Study of Cell Room

2020
3 23-03-2020 to 28-03- Study of Bleaching Processes

2020
4 30-03-2020 to 04-04- Study of different types of Reactions in
Laboratory
2020
Chapter 3 Working Experiences

3.1Primary brine
In this section de-chlorinated depleted brine coming from cell room after electrolysis is concentrated and
purified by sedimentation and filtration. After electrolysis, concentration of brine decreases to 180-200 g/L., so
it is sent to saturators (DS- 5010 A/B) where it is concentrated to 300-310 g/L. The flow rate of the depleted
brine is 80m³/hr. Two saturators are present at BMR one in process and one at standby. Saturators are made of
concrete, reinforced with steel and internally epoxy lined. Depleted brine is introduced with the help of five
nozzles installed at the bottom of each saturator. Saturator is filled with lumps of Rock Salt with the help of
tractor blades from salt yard. Water percolates through the salt lumps dissolving the salt in it and overflows in
separate overflow line.
As the rock salt contains many dissolved and suspended impurities, so concentrating the brine imparts various
impurities which necessary to be removed, otherwise their impurities will damage the membranes of the cell
room. The approximate composition of Rock Salt and impurities associated with it are as given below.
Rock salt impurities.
NaCl 97.0 % w/w
K+ 0.17 % w/w
Mg++ 0.20 % w/w
Ca++ 0.60 % w/w
SO4- - 1.50 % w/w
I 0.5 ppm Purification and settling of Brine

3.1.1Purification and settling of Brine

So in order to remove these impurities, brine is treated with Calcium Chloride CaCl₂. For this
purpose brine coming out of saturator is collected in Brine Collecting Tank (D-510) from
where almost 60% of it is sent to CaCl₂ pits while 40% overflows from tank to the Settling
Pits (D-5610 A/B). Settling pits are working alternatively i.e. one in process and one at
standby. Insoluble and suspended impurities are settled down settling pits and brine
overflows to the next pit known as Common Pit (D5620). In CaCl₂ pits, CaCl₂ in the form of
 Figure 1 Purification and settling of Brine
solution is infused to maintain 3000-4500 ppm of Ca++ in excess Initially concentration of NaSO4 in brine
after saturator is 12-14 g/l, when it enters in CaCl2 pits, NaSO4 reacts with CaCl2 to form insoluble CaSOɜ
which settles down. Now the concentration in CaCl₂ pits of NaSO4 is about 3-4 g/l. This brine from CaCl₂ pits
is also enters the common pit and hence the overall concentration of Na₂SO4 in brine would be about 6 - 8.5
g/l.
From common pit brine is pumped to the first Reactor (R-5020 A). The flow rate is 105110m3/hr. In this
reactor brine is treated with 8% Barium Carbonate solution to remove any leftover sulfates. After reactor, brine
flows to the first Settler (TH- 5010 A). Suspended impurities settle down at the conical bottom of settler and
are removed through a drain valve and screw pump by a slow moving rack. Rack rotates at a speed of 0.1
RPH. Nalco solution prepared in tank D-5310A/B is dosed at controlled rate. The amount of flocculants,
Nalco, is maintained at 1-2 ppm.
Brine over flows from the settler and is collected in a Tank D-515. From D-515, brine is pumped to the second
Reactor (R-5020 B) where it is treated with 8% solution of Soda Ash (Na₂COɜ) and Caustic Soda in order to
remove Ca+2 and Mg+2. Both reactors are equipped with agitators for intimate mixing to facilitate reaction
and to avoid settling of insoluble compounds formed, within the reactor instead of settler. After second reactor,
brine solution flows by gravity to the second Settler (TH-5010 B). This settler has a capacity of 2630 m3.
Flocculent (Nalco) is also added in the settler. This settler is also equipped with a slow moving rake at the
bottom to drain settled sludge through a drain valve.
This sludge is collected in two Brine Recovery Pits (D-5710 A/B) where any brine which was
drained previously with sludge and is sent to Common Pit.
3.1.2Filtration of brine
From second settler brine overflows to the Pre-filtered storage tanks (D-5060 A/B). From tanks D-5060 A/B,
brine solution is fed to six Pressure Leaf Filters (F- 5070 A- F) in
parallel manner. Brine filters are required to remove the suspended
solids overflowing with the brine from the settler TH- 5010B.
There are six leaf filters F5070A-F operating in parallel, five
normally in operation and one in standby. Brine from tank D-5060
A/B is pumped and distributed to each filter through individual
manual valves, before preceding to the filtration the filters must be
pre-coated. For pre-coating, the pre-coat slurry is prepared in the tank
D-5100. The pre-coat material Arbocel is thoroughly Figure 2 Filtration of brine dispersed in
the filtered brine.
The end of the filtering cycle is indicated by the pressure drop in the
filter. When the filter
reaches the maximum operating pressure, the filter must be cleaned. The pressure across the
filter should not exceed 3 bars.
Filters contain 17 leaves each and total filtering surface of each filter is 38.2 m2. Casings of all filters are made
HRLS (hard rubber lined steel) and filtering cloth is of FRP (fiber reinforced plastic).
Filtered brine comes out of each filter at a flow rate of 18-20 mᶾ/hr and is fed to two Guard Filters (F-5080
A/B) which stops the Arbocel fibers eventually released by pressure leaf filters. These guard filters are of
basket type with a total filtering of 2.78 m2 for each filter. Casing of the filters is made of HRLS (hard rubber
lined steel) and filtering cloth is of PP (Polypropylene). Sequence is so that one filters in process and one is at
standby. From these guard filters, brine is sent to two Storage Tanks (D-5070 A/B).
At the end of Primary section, brine has following proportion of impurities in it.
Ca+2…………1˗6 ppm
Mg+2………….1˗2 ppm
SO4……………7˗8 g/L

3.1.3Chemical used in primary brine

 CaCl₂ (it is used to control snow and use for ice melt)
 Na₂COɜ (it is used as a ingredient in manufacturing of dyes and fertilizers)
 NaOH (it is commonly used in water treatment)
 MgCl₂ (use to prevent low amounts of magnesium in the blood)
 BaCOɜ (it is used to remove sulfates in phosphoric acid production)
3.2Secondary Brine
Before feeding brine to electolyzer it is passed through ion exchange resin towers C-50400 A/B/C placed in
series in order to absorb Ca++, Mg++ and Sr++ contained in brine.
3.2.1Secondary Brine Purification
The brine feeding to the resin tower has followed typical specifications. Following table shows the
concentration of brine that is feeding to the secondary brine resin tower.
NaCl 290-310 g/L
Na₂SO4 7-8 g/L
Ca++ 4-6 ppm
Mg++ 1-2 ppm
Sr++ 1 ppm
Temperature 50-60 ⁰C
PH 9-10
The resin bed in the tower stayed on a grid plate. The spargers are fitted on this plate. The
purified brine from tank D-50700 is fed in the tower through P-50700A/B at a flow rate of
105-110 m3/hr. As the towers are connected in series, so the brine is fed in the first tower in
the series and ultra-purified brine is collected from the discharge of the third column. After
secondary brine when brine is passed through resin the impurities reduce to
Brine pass from first resin tower the Ca, Mg………25-30 ppb
Brine pass from second resin tower the Ca, Mg……20-25 ppb
Brine pass from third resin tower the Ca, Mg………15-20 ppb
3.2.2Resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science resin is a solid or highly viscous
substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. Resin are
usually mixture of organic compounds.
3.2.3Regeneration
The exhausted column is taken out of the stream and the other two are remained in
operation.TP-260 has weak acidic chelating amino methyl phosphonic acid groups which
form stable complexes with a number of transition metals and main group elements. Divalent
transition metals and the main group elements tin and lead form highly stable complexes with
the chelating amino methyl phosphonic acid group in the range of pH 2-5. The alkaline earth
metals are only chelated in alkaline to strongly alkaline solutions.TP-260 is recommended for
use when the Ca is chosen as the breakthrough criterion i-e the exhaustion cycle is ended
when the 20ppb of the Ca is detected in the pure brine downstream of the first column of the
series.it is a sodium resin having rubber lining in it. Resin tower capacity is 4400L.
3.3Cell room.
Electrolysis
Electrolysis is the Phenomenon of decomposition of an electrolyte by passing
electric current through its solution.
The process of electrolysis is carried out in the presence of
 A liquid containing mobile ions – an electrolyte.
 An external source of direct electric current.
 Two solid rods or plates known as electrodes.
3.3.1Mechanism of electrolysis
When electric current is passed through a solution of
electrolytes, it dissociate into its ions. The captions move towards the cathode and form a
neutral atom by accepting electrons while anions move towards anode and form a neutral
atom by giving electron, thus oxidation takes place at anode and reduction takes place at
cathode.

3.3.2Process of electrolysis
The key process of electrolysis is the interchange of atoms and

ions by the removal or addition of electrons from the external circuit. The required products
of electrolysis are in some different physical state from the electrolyte and can be removed by
some physical process. For example, in the electrolysis of brine the products are caustic soda,
hydrogen and chlorine. The products, H2 & Cl2 are gaseous while caustic soda is in liquid
phase. These gaseous products bubble from the electrolyte and are collected in them

Figure 3 Process of electrolysis

respective separators. An electric potential is applied across a pair of electrodes immersed in

the electrolyte.
Each electrode attracts ions that are of opposite charge. Positively – charged ions move
towards the cathode bearing negative charge, whereas negatively – charged ions move
towards the anode bearing positive charge. At the electrodes, electrons are absorbed or
released by the atoms or ions. Those atoms that gain or lose electrons to become charged ions
pass into the electrolyte. Those ions that gain or lose electrons to become uncharged atoms
separate from the electrolyte.
3.3.3Cell room operation
In the cell room four electrolyze are arranged in parallel. In each electrolyze 155
elements are placed in series. Brine is introduced in the anodic compartment of the cell while
caustic soda is introduced in cathodic compartment of the cell. When current is introduced,
electrolysis takes place. As a result of its caustic soda is produced in the cathodic compartment
Together with hydrogen gas whereas chlorine gas is produced in the anodic compartment.
3.3.4Caustic Soda
32% caustic soda is produced in cathodic compartment of the cell and is
collected in the catholyte header along with hydrogen gas. It leaves the catholyte header by
gravity in the main caustic soda header and passed through hydrogen gas separator. Then it
is stored in the catholyte storage tank to maintain its level about 50% for circulation through
the cells. It is also transferred to storage tanks as such 32% caustic soda as finished product.
3.3.5Depleted Brine
The stream leaving the cells, composed of depleted brine and chlorine
gas is discharged in the anolyte header and termed as anolyte. The depleted brine leaves
the anolyte header by gravity in the depleted brine header and chlorine gas is separated in
the vertical gas header which is connected to main chlorine gas header. The depleted brine
is passed through the chlorine gas separator in order to remove maximum chlorine gas
contents carried with it. The depleted brine is acidified in the acidification pot and then
stored in the depleted brine storage tank.
3.3.6Chlorine Gas
In the anodic compartment of the cell chlorine gas is produced as a result
of electrolysis. It is separated from depleted brine in the gas header as well as in the gas
separator and is collected in the main chlorine gas header.
3.3.7Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen gas is produced together with caustic soda in the cathodic
compartment of the cells and discharged in the catholyte header. It is disengaged from
caustic soda in the gas header as well as in the hydrogen gas separator and is collected in the
main hydrogen gas header Hydrogen gas is also cooled before it is transferred to furnaces for
HCl production.
3.3.8Nitrogen Gas
Nitrogen gas is very explosive, makes an explosive mixture with O2/air and on
getting spark from any source causes expulsion. So it is very important to make system
inert with nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas, as an inert gas, is introduced in the system to make it
Inert in case of any abnormality in pressure control system or plant shutdown.
3.4De-chlorination
Depleted brine from electrolyze usually contains 0.3 g/L dissolved chlorine at a pH about
3.5-4.0 and 1.0 g/lit as available chlorine in the form of hypochlorite ions. Depleted brine
Also carries 2000-2500 ppm of free chlorine. The process of removal of chlorine from the
depleted brine is termed ―De-chlorination’’.
3.4.1Process Description
De-chlorination is carried out in three successive steps
 By vacuum stripping
  By sodium sulfide treatment
 With activated carbon
 HCL addition
3.4.2Vacuum Striping
Brine containing absorbed chlorine enters from the upper part of the packed tower C-
50100 where vacuum is generated by means of steam ejector. In such condition brine
leaving the tower has 20-50ppm of chlorine. The wet chlorine stripped from the brine
leaves the tower and is cooled in the heat exchanger E-50100. The condensed chlorinated
water is returned in the depleted brine tank while the chlorinated steam is sent to reactor
R-50500. The brine flows down by gravity in the dechlorinated brine tank D-50200. The
tank is vented to chlorine sniff line.
3.4.3Sodium Sulfide Treatment
Sodium Sulfide is added to the depleted brine leaving the tank D-50200 by means of an (in
line injection) on suction of the pump P-50200A/B Sodium Sulfide solution is prepared in the
tank by absorbing of SO2 in sodium carbonate solution and sent in D-53000 by means of
pump P-52500A/B. Sulphur dioxide is prepared by burning sulfur mud in the sulfur furnace
which is sucked through an absorber by a suction fan. The gas is entered from the bottom of
the absorber and left from the top. The sodium carbonate solution is fed from the upper side
of the absorber and flows down back to the same tank. When the solution is ready it is
transferred in tank 52500A.
3.5Evaporation unit
An evaporator is used to evaporate a volatile solvent, usually water, from a solution.
An evaporator is essentially a heat exchanger in which a liquid is boiled to give vapors, so
that it is also, simultaneously, a low pressure steam generator. It may be possible to make use
of this, to treat an evaporator as a low pressure boiler, and to make use of the steam thus
produced for further heating in another following evaporator called another effect. Its
purpose is to concentrate non-volatile solutes such as organic compounds, inorganic salts,
acids or bases. The recovered end product should have optimum solids content consistent
with desired product quality and operating economics. It is a unit operation that is used
extensively in processing foods, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, fruit juices, dairy products,
paper and pulp, and both malt and grain beverages.
3.5.1Introduction of plant
The plant is designed for continuous concentration of caustic soda 31-32% to 50%. The
Concentration is improved by evaporation in a triple effect counter flow falling film
Evaporator. The plant consists of three falling film evaporators. At first there was only one
Unit of capacity 120MT/day, with the passage of time capacity of caustic soda plant was
Enhanced so another evaporation unit of capacity 250 MT/day was designed to meet
Industrial and consumer’s needs. Falling film evaporator is a tube bundle heat exchanger with
a separator at the bottom. In the separator vapors and thick liquor are separated. The feed
liquor is uniformly distributed in the tubes by a distribution device, thus the liquid moves
down forming a thin film along inside wall of the tube. That is why it is called a falling film
evaporator.
3.5.2Process description
The caustic is fed to the first evaporator Ev-2010 by a pump at the
discharge of caustic buffer tank. On product side the first evaporator is operated under a
vacuum. The caustic leaves the first evaporator effect Ev-2010 at a concentration of 36-37%.
The first evaporator is heated with vapors formed in the second evaporator Ev-2020. The
shell of the evaporator Ev-2010 is also under vacuum about 250-270 mmHg. The condensate
of the Ev-2010 collected in the same tank. The vapors of Ev-2010 are condensed in E-2010.
The cooling water is fed in the shell and the vapors are condensed in the tubes. The
condensate is collected in the tank TK2010.The vacuum in Ev-2010 is produced through
steam ejectors.
After the Ev-2010, pump 2010A/B pumped the caustic soda to the second evaporator Ev-
2020 via heat exchangers E-2020 & E-2030. The discharge of the pump P- 2010 is divided
into two streams; one admitted to the shell of E-2020 and second is admitted in the tubes of
the E-2030. These two streams rejoined before entering the Ev-2020. This evaporator effect
is heated with the vapors from Ev2030.the pressure in the shell of EV-2020 is (1.9 to 2.0)
bar. The caustic soda enters Ev-2020 at conc. range 36-37%, and temp. range110 -115oC and
leaves at conc. 42-43% and temp.120-125˚C.This caustic soda is fed to the third evaporator
Ev-2030 through pump via plate type heat exchangers E-2040 & E-2050. The condensate is
collected in condensate tank TK-2020 and then transferred in TK-2010 from where it is
transferred in D-51500B.
The discharge of pump P-2020 is again divided into two streams; one admitted to the shell of
E2040 and second is admitted in the tubes of the E-2050. These two streams rejoined before
entering the Ev-2030. This evaporator effect is heated with the steam at a pressure of about
14bar.The caustic side is under a pressure of 2 bars. The vapors produced here are used to
heat the second evaporator and the condensate is collected in the tank TK-2030.The caustic
leaves this evaporator at 50% conc. at temperature of 175-185 ˚C. Now it is to be cooled
before storage. For this purpose, it is first passed through tube side of E-2040. Here it’s temp.
Is reduced to 155-160˚C. Then it is pumped via P-2030 through the tube side of the E-2020
and E-2060, the final temp is about 55-65˚C. The condensate of the evaporator Ev-2030 also
bears a enough heat, which is recovered by passing it through the shells of E-
2050 & E2030.The steam condensate at a temp about 97-98 ˚C is returned to boiler section.
3.5.3Types of evaporators
 Falling film evaporator
 Rising film evaporator
 Batch pan evaporator (product is heated using a steam jacket vapors separated)
 Horizontal tube type (unsuitable for viscous liquid but relatively cheap)
 Vertical tube type (circulation in tubes is better widely used in chemical plant)
 Multi effect evaporator (where high efficiency is required, better steam economy)
3.6Caustic solidification plant
Caustic solidification plant is designed in order to concentrate 50 % caustic soda to 97-98%
caustic soda in solid form. For this purpose, a single effete tube bundle falling film evaporator
is used as pre concentrator. 50% NaOH is concentrated up to 60% NaOH using vapors
produced in the final concentrator for heating in this equipment. In the final concentrator the
concentration is improved up to 97-98% using outside heating media. Due to increasing
demand of the solidified caustic soda three CSP units are designed on same pattern named as
CSP-I capacity, CSP-II, CSP-III and CSP-IV.
3.7Furnaces
It is an enclosed structure in which material can be heated to very high temperature. The
word furnace derives from Latin word fornax, which means oven. So, furnace is a device
used for high-temperature heating.
Furnace process in SCIL (Production of HCl)
In the furnace, HCl is produce. The Cl2 is added in the upper part of furnace which is coming
from the storage tank of Chlorine and hydrogen is also added in to the furnace which is
coming from the hydrogen tank. The H 2 and Cl2 react and produce HCL and pass through
Hollow black and then heat exchanger enter in to the HC and after maintain temperature, it
enter in to a storage tank and tail gases is move upward in to the tank in which gain 7% Cl 2
we regain and enter in to the furnace and remain unwanted gases pass out from the chimney.
3.7.1Reaction
The reaction is very exothermic in which release a lot of heat.
The reaction is occour between Chlorine and H 2 to produce HCl and reach the temperature of
furnace 2300to 2500 o C
H 2 + Cl 2 → 2HCl (exothermic reaction)
3.7.2Cooling jacket
To maintain the temperature of Hydrogen Chloride we put a jacket insulator in which cooling
water is present which inlet temperature is 30 o C The water is circulate into the shell side of
furnace and pass it horizontal side of tubes. The HCl present in vertically tubes and water
move horizontally, It can maintain the temperature of HCL by absorb heat and pass out at
outlet line whose temperature is 35C and HCl temperature reach up to 35 and enter in to HCl
storage tank
3.7.3Tail gases
The unwanted gases and also some amount of Chlorine which is remain unrelated move
upward into the striper or separator in which water is showering and 7% HCl is produce
which is come back into the furnace and unwanted gases come out from the chimneys.
3.8Liquefaction
Liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas.
Or
That generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It
occurs both naturally and artificially.
3.8.1Commercial Application
A "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction of air to allow separation
of
the constituents, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases.
3.8.2Liquefaction of gases
The process of condensing a gas to liquid is sometimes referred to as liquefaction of gases.
3.8.3Process
The processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes. Many gases can be
put into a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure by simple cooling; a few, such as
carbon dioxide, require pressurization as well. Liquefaction is used for analyzing the
fundamental properties of gas molecules (inter molecular forces), or for the storage of gases,
for example: LPG, and in refrigeration and air conditioning. There the gas is liquefied in the
condenser, where the heat of vaporization is released, and evaporated in the evaporator,
where the heat of vaporization is absorbed. Ammonia was the first such refrigerant, and is
still in widespread use in industrial refrigeration, but it has largely been replaced by
compounds derived from petroleum and halogens in residential and commercial applications.
3.8.4Process in SCIL
We convert the vapors of Chlorine in to liquid chlorine.
Tower:
The vapors of Chlorine enter in to a tower where H2SO4 is present. In this tower, sulfuric
acid (H 2 SO 4 ) is present, use to remove the moisture present in Chlorine.
Compressor:
After this tower they move towards the compressor where vapor of Chlorine is converted in
to liquid at Pressure 1-1.5 BAR .In this also sulfuric acid is present which is used to remove
the moisture.
3.9Demister
After compressor they move towards the demister where moisture is remove and enter in to
two more demister whose inlet and outlet is same (also purpose to remove moisture) and
enter one final demister where almost moisture are remove present in Chlorine.
Why we remove moisture?
We remove moisture because if they enter in to a liquefier condenser, they cause scaling. To
remove the scaling it is necessary to remove all moisture then enter in to a liquefier
3.9.1Liquefier Condenser
After the demister it enters in to liquefier condenser, where all chlorine is liquefy.
It consist of shell and tube (270 -300 tubes).In this all Chlorine is liquefy. To maintain the
temperature of Chlorine we add a refrigerating agent Freon.
3.9.1.1Process
The process is that we add Freon in a shell and Chlorine in to a tube. The Freon contains whole heat from the
chlorine and converts in to vapors and chlorine become liquefies. After
liquification,liquid chlorine enter in to a chlorine storage tank(TK301 A,B,C,D) and vapors of
Freon go to the process of liquefy so that it may use again
3.9.1.2Production Capacity of liquid Cl2
Approximately, 12 to 14ton Chlorine is produce per shift
33
3.9.1.2How to liquefy the Freon?
To liquefy it, first enter in to a compressor then enter in to a instanstage cooler and then it
pass through the compressor where it discharge and then enter in to a oil separator where oil
separator (to remove oil from the Freon) remain downward and Freon remain upward and
enter in to a three separate condenser and enter in to the main condenser where all Freon are
liquefy and use again in a liquefy Condenser.
3.9.1.3Parameters
Pressure of Compressor suction =0.3-0.6 bar
Pressure of Compressor discharge =13-16 bar
Pressure of Instanstage Cooler = 2.3 bar
Expand point =-30 to -33 o C
3.9.1.2Effluence Treatment Plant
The second name of this plant is waste water treatment plant.
This plant is used to treatment the effluence material and increase the PH. The HCL is a
effluence and we needed to drain the HCL then it is increased
3.9.1.2.1Process
Calcium Chloride Pit:
There are three calcium chloride pits in which HCL is added and CaCO 3 is react with CaCO 3
The reached its PH is about is 6-9.
The following reaction is occur
HCL + CaCO 3 → CaCl 2 +CO 2
Then CaCl 2 is added in Ca (OH) 2 pits
3.9.1.2.1.1Calcium hydroxide tank
In this tank Ca and water is added and formed the calcium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide
is
added in calcium hydroxide pits.
3.9.1.2.1.2Calcium hydroxide pits
There are two calcium hydroxide pits in which one is stand by. The calcium chloride inter the
calcium hydroxide pits it increases the PH of calcium chloride up to 11- 13 . Then it is
drained.
3.9.1.2.1.3Bleaching Powder
Bleaching powder is formed by the chlorination of the lime hydrated under controlled
conditions in accordance with following reaction
2Ca (OH)2 + 2Cl2 -------- Ca (OCl)2 + C aCl2 + 2H2O
For process simplification the plant is divided into two sections
 Hydration plant
 Bleaching Plant
In hydration plant the quick lime is hydrated in slaking machine using other supporting
equipments and stored in hydrated lime silo.
In bleaching plant the chlorination of the hydrated lime is carried out under controlled
conditions of temperature, vacuum, flow of raw material as well as of cooling water and
steam etc.
3.9.1BLEACHING PLANT
Hydrated lime from silo is discharged into screw conveyer # 48 via rotary lock # 34. The
material is dropped into the feeding point of bucket elevator # 56 and is lifted up. Then it
is dropped into screw conveyor #39 and is transferred into the upper hopper. Two
vibrators# 18 & 19 are connected with it which helps to discharge material from the
hopper. The hopper is located on a load cell for weighing so that a calculated amount of
hydrated lime can be used. Normally a batch of 4000 kg is taken into the hopper. The
material from the hydrated lime hopper is discharged into the chlorine vacuum drum for
chlorination.
Liquid chlorine tank is also placed on a load cell in order to use a calculated amount of
chlorine. Normally 2000 kg liquid chlorine is used for one batch of 4000 kg hydrated lime.
The chorine vacuum drum is a horizontal cylinder surrounded by a steel jacket for
heating or cooling purposes. the jacket is divided into three compartments for proper
distribution of heating and cooling medium. Inside the drum scrappers are mounted on
the shaft which rotates the material for thorough mixing of raw materials.
Chlorination is done under vacuum by feeding Liquid chlorine into the vacuum drum
through four nozzles at a flow rate of 7-10 kg/min. This is an exothermic reaction, so a
lot of heat is generated during chlorination process. Temperature is controlled by the
circulation of cooling water in the jacket surrounding the chlorine vacuum drum.
Temperature of the material in the drum is monitored continuously and it should not
exceed 50-55oC in any case otherwise decomposition may be taken place during
chlorination.
Chlorination is done almost in three hours. Then the cooling water from the jacket is
drained and low pressure steam is applied for drying i.e. to reduce water contents in the
product. Heating is also done at controlled rate so that temperature of the product should
rise to 70 oC in first 1.5 hrs and then to 80 oC in next 1.0 hr and finally up to 85-88 oC in
next 0.5-0.75 hr. After maintaining this temperature, stop heating and empty the jacket by

Figure 4 BLEACHING PLANT

draining steam condensate and again start cooling using cooling water to lower down
temperature of the product to 40 oC. It takes about 2.0 hrs. Now after checking the sample
for active chlorine and water contents in the product, which should be 28-37% chlorine
and 0.2-0.7% moisture, the batch is dropped into the lower hopper from where it is
dropped into the feeding point of the bucket elevator #57 through a tube conveyor .the
elevator lifts the material and drops it over the sieve #26 which, by vibrating, sifts the
material. The under sized particles are passed through the sieve and the over sized are
65
dropped into a hammer mill # 46 for size reduction and recycled through the bucket
elevator # 57. The sifted material is collected in the discharge bin/hopper from where it is
filled in 25 kg PPW bags lined with poly ethylene bags.
3.9.2SODIUM HYPO CHLORITE PLANT
3.9.3Introduction
Sodium hypochlorite is produced from caustic soda solution and chlorine gas in
accordance with following reaction
2NaOH + Cl 2 → NaOCl + NaCl + H 2 O
Sodium hypo chlorite has strong oxidizing effect and is widely used as an efficient
chemical for various purposes in the industry as well as in house hold. The main
industrial consumers are paper and textile mills. In household it is used mostly for
general cleaning, bleaching laundry and water treatment e.g., in swimming pools.
Sodium hypo chlorite has tendency to decompose that is to lose active chlorine and
thereby oxidizing effect. Decomposition rate depends upon various factors like
temperature, light, concentration, pH value and impurities. Care should be taken to avoid
these influences by proper selection of raw material and equipments.
3.9.4Process description
The plant is designed by arranging five reaction tanks installed in parallel. 32 % caustic
soda from TK-202 C is transferred in caustic buffer tank H-801 F. it may also be taken
directly in the reaction tank. It is cooled to 20-25 o C before chlorination is started.
The caustic soda taken in reaction tank is first diluted using demi water in order to reduce
its concentration about 300 g/lit. Then it is circulated through a heat exchanger for
chilling purpose. Chilled water is introduced in the shell while caustic soda flows in the

Figure 5 SODIUM HYPO CHLORITE PLANT

tubes. Chilled water enters at temperature about 10-12 o C and leaves about 20-22 o C.
When temperature of caustic soda is about 22-28 o C chlorination is started.
For chlorination caustic soda is showered in a packed tower from the top side and
chlorine is introduced from lower bottom side. The caustic soda flows back into the tank
from the bottom of the tower and unabsorbed gas leaves from the top leading to Ca-hypo.
The circulation of caustic through packed tower is continued till the chlorine
concentration is 190-200 g/lit while caustic is lowered to 8-12 g/lit. During this process,
care should be taken that temperature of caustic should not increase 30-32 o C otherwise formation of NaCl
will be more significant which contaminates the product as well as
consumption of chlorine also increases. When the above mentioned conditions are
attained the batch is ready to transfer in the sodium hypochlorite storage tank. Chilling of
product is carried out to keep temperature 15-20 o C in the storage tanks.

3.9.3Laboratory
In the laboratory, we take different samples and different techniques are used
There are many equipment present in the laboratory such as
 Conductivity meter
 PH-meter
 Spectrometer
 Turbidity meter
 Titration Flask
3.9.4.PH Meter
This meter is used to check ph of solution. This Meter is placed in the discharge of effluence
material to check the ph.
A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based
solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. The pH meter measures the
difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so the
pH meter is sometimes referred to as a "potentiometric pH meter". The difference in electrical
potential relates to the acidity or pH of the solution. The pH meter is used in many
applications ranging from laboratory experimentation to quality control
3.9.4.1Conductivity meter
This meter is used to determine the conductivity of solution and also determine the TDS of the solution.
3.9.4.2Spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometer is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by
measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic
principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength.
This measurement can also be used to measure the amount of a known chemical substance.
Spectrophotometer is one of the most useful methods of quantitative analysis in various fields
such as chemistry, physics, biochemistry, material and chemical engineering and clinical
applications.
3.9.4.3Turbidity meter
Turbidity meters are used to quickly measure the turbidity (or cloudiness) of water, caused by
suspended solid particles.
3.9.4.3.3.1What is Turbidity?
Turbidity is the cloudy or opaque appearance of water caused by suspended solid particles. It
is often used as a general water quality indicator, particularly for clean water such as drinking water.
3.9.4.3.3.2How do turbidity meters work?
Electronic turbidity meters work by measuring the amount of light which is scattered at 90°
by the suspended particles.
3.9.4.3.3.3Turbidity meter setup
However, this scattering does vary slightly with the size of the particles .Large particles may
be more prone to scatter light at smaller angles, while small particles will allow light to
scatter at larger angles; particle size scatter.
This is why some meters state ―ratio‖ and ―non-ratio‖ in their specifications – they use a
range of detectors to compensate for differences in the particle size.
3.9.4.3.3.4Sampling Techniques
Sampling of sodium hypo:
In the sample of sodium hypo, we determine the concentration of sodium hypo
In this sampling we determine the
 Free Alkali
 Available Chlorine
Procedure
Take 2 ml sample of sodium hypo with the help of dipper and enter in to a conical flask
Add demi water in a conical flask Then add peroxide in to the flask to remove the Chlorine
a) Titration with HCl(for free Alkali)
 After adding peroxide, Titrate it with HCl.
 Add 0.1N HCl in the titration flask and titrate it with sodium hypo including peroxide.
 Add phenolphthalein indicator in the conical flask, color is dark pink.
 Add slowly HCl in to the flask and note the end point. The end point is colorless solution.
 When end point achieve note the volume of HCl.
 After it find the concentration of Sodium hypo by applying formula.
Calculation
N=Normality of HCl =0.1N
Eq= equalent weight of NaOH = 40
V=Volume of HCl used. = 3.9m 3
Formula used
Concentration of sodium hypo=V*N*m/2
=3.9*0.1*40/2
=7.8
b) Titration with Sodium thiosulphate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 )
 Add potassium iodide(10ml) as a reagent, and acetic acid(10ml) in a 2ml sample
of Sodium hypo, Color of conical flask is red orange
 Add sodium sulphate in the titration flask.
 add drop wise into the conical flask until the end point is reach (colorless)
 Determine the concentration of a Chlorine by apply formula
Calculation
 Volume of sodium sulphateNa2S2O3 = 38.2
 Normality of Na 2 S2O3. =0.282
 Molecular weight of Cl2= 71
Formula used
 Concentration of Chlorine = Eq *N*V/2
 =71*38.2*0.282/2
 = 10.0114
Determine the presence of Chlorine present in depleted brine
Procedure
 Take a sample of depleted brine
 Add a solution of starch
 Shake it well
 . If the color of brine change in to black then it shows that chlorine is present
 . But if the color is not change then chlorine is not present.
 Determine the turbidity of demi water
Procedure
 Take 10 ml of demi water in a sample bottle.
 Place the sample bottle in a turbidity meter
 Turbidity meter show the turbidity presence in demi water
Result
 The turbidity of water is 2.

Chapter3
Chapter 3 working experience

3.1HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT

SCIL is committed to provide the best quality products in the market, endeavors to protect the
environment and to ensure health and safety of its employees, contractors, and customers and
work for continual improvements in Health, Safety, Environment and Quality (HSEQ) systems.
SCIL is committed to comply with all applicable Health, Safety, Environment and Quality laws
and regulations.
3.2Personal Protective Equipments

Before going to a plant, following PPEs must be used for safety:

 Shoes
 Helmet
 Goggles
 Earmuff
 Gloves
 Uniforms(Overall)

3.3Health, Safety & Environment (HSE)Rules

 In emergency conditions use Plant Evacuation Layout.

 Use Smoking Area for smoking.
 Use belt harness when working on height.
 Check all your tools before going to workplace.
 Do not carry match box or lighter with yourself.
 Use personal protective equipment’s on plant.
 Don’t run such machines with which you have no awareness.

3.4Fire & Protection

Fire is produced by reaction of:

 Fuel
 Ignition(Temperature)
 Oxygen (Air Supply)
Hence the combustion reaction can be stopped by removing one of the above supplies. The
following Fire Extinguishers are used for different types of fires:

Type of Fire Material Fire Extinguisher

Solid Fire Fabric, Box, Paper, Plastic etc. Water Fire Cylinder
 Liquid Fire Paint, Petrol, Crude Oil etc. Foam Fire Cylinder
Gas Fire CNG, LPG etc. Dry Chemical Cylinder
Metal Fire Copper, Aluminum or any metal Helotron Cylinder
Electric Fire Wires or Electricity CO2 Cylinder
Kitchen Fire Begins in Kitchen Dry Chemical Cylinder

Table 1Fire Extinguisher use in different cases

Work Permit
“A work permit is a document that includes description of the work to be
performed, the hazards involved, the precautions to take, the required
authorizations, and other elements. It is a written record authorizing a
specific work at a specific location, and for a specific time.

There are two types of permit:

3.4Hot Work Permit
Hot work permits are used when heat or sparks are generated by work such as
welding, burning, cutting, drilling, non-explosion proof electrical equipment, etc.
3.5Cold Work Permit

Cold work permit are issued when there is no reasonable source of ignition, and
when all contact with harmful substances has been eliminated or appropriate
precautions taken.
Chapter 4 Conclusions

4.1Recommendations
1. Develop a long-term strategy.

Efforts to create a national system of industrial assistance to improve the manufacturing

performance of smaller companies should recognize the importance of creating a coherent
system and not just increasing the number of assistance facilities and service providers.
Appropriate elements of centralized coordination and control, in conjunction with decentralized
and distributed management and direction, are needed to create an efficient, comprehensive
system of assistance resources.
4.2 Expansion should be governed by ''quality, not quantity.''
A national system of assistance can only be successful if it is supported by and responsive to the
customer base, and manufacturers will only support it if they believe the advice they get is high
quality. With the long-term objective in mind of providing access to assistance for any
manufacturer who wants it, the emphasis must remain on ensuring that high-quality assistance is
provided.
4.3 A national system of industrial assistance must strive for balance among local
responsibility, regional coordination, and national direction, support, and cohesion.
The combination of rapid changes taking place in manufacturing and major differences across
industries and localities calls for a system with centralized coordination and decentralized,
distributed management and control. To remain responsive to customers in the manufacturing
base, local and regional programs must have the ability to implement change and deliver services
in the most effective, efficient way for the demands of their local customers. It is critical that any
national system of industrial assistance accommodate the complexity, diversity, and economic
idiosyncracies for each location served. It must permit the development of alternative models
that best address those unique qualities and differences

43
References

CFREC-Apopka research report

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"Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies - A review". Science of the Total
Environment. 693:
133545. Bibcode:2019ScTEn.693m3545P. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351. PMID 31374511.
2. ^ "The Scioto Saline-Ohio's Early Salt Industry" (PDF). dnr.state.oh.us. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 2012-10-07.
3. ^ "Global Overview of Saline Groundwater Occurrence and Genesis". igrac.net.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b "Secondary Refrigerant Systems". Cool-Info.com. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
5. ^ "Calcium Chloride versus Glycol". accent-refrigeration.com. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
6. ^ Kolbe, Edward; Kramer, Donald (2007). Planning forSeafood Freezing (PDF). Alaska Sea Grant
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