Professional Documents
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King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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ISBN: 978-0-12-824084-7
vii
viii Contents
4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................272
5. Glossary list...............................................................................................................274
References.......................................................................................................................274
CHAPTER 14 Environmental sustainability in Asia: insights from a
multidimensional approach............................................................ 277
Thai-Ha Le, Ha-Chi Le and Canh Phuc Nguyen
1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................277
2. Literature review .......................................................................................................279
2.1 The concept of environmental sustainability .................................................... 279
2.2 Constructing a composite index for environmental sustainability ................... 280
3. Methodologies...........................................................................................................281
4. Empirical results .......................................................................................................283
5. Concluding remarks ..................................................................................................304
Appendix.........................................................................................................................304
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................309
References.......................................................................................................................309
CHAPTER 15 Pearls and perils of resources recovery and reuse
technologies ................................................................................... 313
Maksud Bekchanov
1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................313
2. The development stages of waste and wastewater management and reuse ............314
3. Waste and wastewater generation across the world .................................................316
4. Available resources recovery and reuse options.......................................................319
4.1 General description............................................................................................ 319
4.2 Treated wastewater as an economic asset: current status and
potential options ................................................................................................ 320
4.3 Nutrients from waste: current status and potential options.............................. 324
4.4 Energy from waste: current status and potential options ................................. 327
4.5 Construction materials and protein from waste................................................ 331
5. Poverty alleviation and disease prevention effects of RRR .....................................332
6. Health and environmental risks related with RRR technologies .............................332
7. Conclusions ...............................................................................................................334
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................334
References.......................................................................................................................335
CHAPTER 16 The macroeconomic impact of climate change ............................ 341
Guller Sahin
1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................341
2. Macroeconomic impact of climate change...............................................................343
xiv Contents
3. Climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations in the Nile Basin .............433
4. Analysis of the NDCeSDG synergies for the Nile Basin riparian countries .........435
5. Analysis of priority climate actions and relevant SDGs..........................................437
5.1 Climate actions and “affordable and clean energy” (SDG7) ........................... 437
5.2 Climate actions and “clean water and sanitation” (SDG6) .............................. 437
5.3 Climate actions and “zero-hunger” (SDG2) ..................................................... 442
5.4 Climate actions and improved “life on land” (SDG15) ................................... 442
5.5 Actions to support “partnership for goals” (SDG17) ....................................... 446
6. Mobilizing financial resources..................................................................................446
7. Key findings and recommendations..........................................................................449
Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................450
References.......................................................................................................................450
CHAPTER 22 Energy and environment: sustainable development goals
and global policy landscape.......................................................... 453
Liliana N. Proskuryakova
1. Introduction: the process of shaping energy and environment policy
landscape ...................................................................................................................453
2. The main international agreements with environmental and energy goals .............455
2.1 Green growth and sustainable development agreements.................................. 456
2.2 Environment and climate agreements ............................................................... 457
2.3 Energy agreements ............................................................................................ 458
3. Harmonizing environmental and energy policies from the security
perspective.................................................................................................................459
4. Universalism, regionalism, or nation-state protectionism: what is the future
of international relations around energy and environment?.....................................462
5. Conclusions ...............................................................................................................464
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................464
References.......................................................................................................................464
Further reading ...............................................................................................................467
CHAPTER 23 Energy and environment: sustainability and security................... 469
Tri Ratna Bajracharya, Shree Raj Shakya and Anzoo Sharma
1. Introduction to environmental sustainability............................................................469
2. The linkage between energy and environment.........................................................470
2.1 Environmental issues of fossil fuel ................................................................... 470
2.2 Environmental issues of renewables ................................................................. 472
3. Environmental security .............................................................................................473
4. Complementarities and conflicts issues of energy security and environmental
security ......................................................................................................................475
Contents xvii
7. Potential niches for RRR options to enhance food, energy, and water security .....519
7.1 Demand for fertilizer......................................................................................... 519
7.2 Energy demand and water availability.............................................................. 521
8. Enabling environment for RRR options ...................................................................522
8.1 Affordability of technological change and access to credit ............................. 522
8.2 Business opportunities and financing arrangements along the sanitation
chain................................................................................................................... 522
8.3 Regulation and policies ..................................................................................... 523
8.4 Institutions and stakeholders ............................................................................. 525
8.5 Governance quality and business climate......................................................... 525
9. Conclusions ...............................................................................................................525
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................527
References.......................................................................................................................527
CHAPTER 26 Climate change and sustainable energy systems ......................... 531
Tri Ratna Bajracharya, Shree Raj Shakya and Anzoo Sharma
1. Global climate change and its impacts.....................................................................531
2. Sustainable energy systems for mitigation of climate change.................................534
3. Sustainable energy systems for adaptation to climate change.................................537
4. Global and national initiatives ..................................................................................542
5. Conclusion.................................................................................................................543
References.......................................................................................................................544
Chrystyane Abreu
Production Engineering Coordination, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow
da Fonseca, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nurfadzilah Ahmad
School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia
Ijaz Ahmad
National Skills University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Rosley Anholon
Manufacturing and Materials Engineering Department, Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Muhammad Asif
Department of Architectural Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Jasim Azhar
Architecture Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi
Arabia
Tri Ratna Bajracharya
Center for Energy Studies (CES), Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk,
Lalitpur, Nepal
Maksud Bekchanov
Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change (FNU), Center for Earth System Research and
Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Center for Development
Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Andy Chan
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor,
Malaysia
Sajal Chowdhury
ZEMCH EXD Lab, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Ramon Soares Corrêa
Production Engineering Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Nofri Yenita Dahlan
Solar Research Institute (SRI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia;
School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia
xix
xx List of contributors
David Dapice
Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
Ajith de Alwis
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri
Lanka
Sandip S. Deshmukh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hyderabad Campus, Birla Institute of Technology &
Science, Pilani, Telangana, India
Daphne Gondhalekar
Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Munich,
Germany
Osvaldo Luiz Gonçalves Quelhas
LATEC Laboratory of Technology, Business Management and Environment, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nazatul Faizah Haron
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
Mabroor Hassan
Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Sector H-10,
Islamabad, Pakistan; Green Environ Sol (Private) Limited, Sector H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
Mazhar Hayat
National Adaptation Process, Ministry of Climate Change, Islamabad, Pakistan
Kasun Hewage
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), Kelowna, BC,
Canada
Nur Iqtiyani Ilham
School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Masai,
Johor, Malaysia
Hirushie Karunathilake
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Vikrant P. Katekar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, S. B. Jain Technology Management and Research,
Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Muhammad Khalifa
Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics (ITT),
Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany
Muhammad Irfan Khan
Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Sector H-10,
Islamabad, Pakistan
List of contributors xxi
Krishna J. Khatod
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hyderabad Campus, Birla Institute of Technology &
Science, Pilani, Telangana, India
Vikniswari Vija Kumaran
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar Campus, Perak, Malaysia
Li Lan
School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Mohd Talib Latif
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Ha-Chi Le
Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Phu V. Le
Natural Capital Management Program, Fulbright School of Public Policy and Management,
Fulbright University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Thai-Ha Le
Natural Capital Management Program, Fulbright School of Public Policy and Management,
Fulbright University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; University of Economics Ho Chi Minh
City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Li Li
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Baoshan, Shanghai,
China
Neng-huei Lin
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan,
Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring Technology, National Central University, Zhongli
District, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Gustavo Naciff de Andrade
Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Canh Phuc Nguyen
University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Masa Noguchi
ZEMCH EXD Lab, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Maggie Chel Gee Ooi
Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Balgis Osman-Elasha
African Development Bank Group, Immeuble Zahrabed Avenue du Dollar, Tunis, Tunisia
Tharindu Prabatha
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka; School of
Engineering, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), Kelowna, BC, Canada
xxii List of contributors
Liliana N. Proskuryakova
National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Richard R. Reibstein
Environmental Law and Policy, Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Abdul Rahim Ridzuan
Universiti Teknologi Mara, Cawangan Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
Paulo Roberto de Campos Merschmann
Production Engineering Department, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow
da Fonseca, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Rehan Sadiq
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), Kelowna, BC,
Canada
Guller Sahin
Kütahya Health Sciences University, Evliya Çelebi Campus, Kütahya, Turkey
Noraina Mazuin Sapuan
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
Nur Surayya Saudi
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Nobuhiro Sawamura
Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Tokyo, Japan
Mohd Shahidan Shaari
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
Shree Raj Shakya
Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam, Germany; Center for Energy
Studies (CES), Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal
Anzoo Sharma
Center for Rural Technology (CRT/N), Kathmandu, Nepal; Center for Energy Studies (CES),
Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal
Mayuri Wijayasundara
Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC,
Australia
Wei Yang
ZEMCH EXD Lab, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Siti Hajar Yusoff
Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic
University Malaysia, Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
Preface
The role of energy has never been more important. Despite the growing realization about the
importance of energy in the socio-economic well-being and advancement of societies, the global
energy landscape continues to face numerous challenges, above all, energy security issues. The nature
of energy security challenges for countries at different socio-economic and technological strata varies
significantly. Energy affordability, however, is becoming a global issue with fuel poverty on a rise even
in the developed countries. Long-standing geopolitical issues around the major oil and gas-producing
regions continue to send frequent shockwaves across the energy industry. The spectrum of energy
security challenges facing developing countries is quite broad. Notwithstanding the situation has
improved in recent years, access to refined energy fuels remains to be a serious issue as nearly one
billion people in developing countries lack access to electricity and over 2.6 billion rely on crude
biomass fuels to meet cooking requirements. Issues like poor grid quality, power outages and
breakdowns, and planned load-shedding are almost a regular phenomenon. The global environmental
scenario is also facing mounting challenges. As climate change is regarded as the biggest threat facing
the mankind, hopes to limit the global warming to 1.5 C are fading.
Energy security and environmental security, integral dimensions of sustainable development in the
21st century, are becoming increasingly interwoven areas given their commonalities in terms of
dimensions, challenges, implications, and potential solutions. The energy- and environmental security
challenges not only affect the socio-economic well-being of masses but also have implications for
societies at large including their economic and political systems. The profound challenge the world
faces is therefore to meet the rapidly growing energy requirements without inflicting damage to the
environment as is manifested by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The
COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the importance of energy and environmental security. The world
needs to adopt the build back better strategy to sustainably recover from the impacts of the pandemic.
The Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security presents a holistic account of the global
energy- and environmental security scenarios. It discusses the topics of Energy Security and
Environmental Security separately as well as integratedly from a wide range of perspectives,
i.e., fundamental concepts, faced challenges and their solutions, technological, economic, and policy
dynamics, and case studies. In terms of structure, apart from the introductory chapter, the handbook
is divided into three sections. The first sectiondEnergy Securitydconsists of eight chapters. The
second sectiondEnvironmental Securitydcontains nine chapters. The third sectiondEnergy and
Environmental security: An Integrated Approachdconsists of eight chapters.
xxiii
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Acknowledgments
The book is a teamwork and I am grateful to the chapter contributors in helping me accomplish it.
I would like to thank the reviewers for their time and efforts in reviewing chapter abstracts and
manuscripts. Given the COVID-related challenges, all these efforts deserve even more credit. I would
also acknowledge the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) for the provided
support.
xxv
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CHAPTER
Chapter outline
1. Climate change on the March .............................................................................................................1
2. Energy and environmental security ......................................................................................................2
2.1 Energy security .................................................................................................................2
2.2 Environmental security ......................................................................................................3
2.3 The energyeenvironment dilemma......................................................................................3
3. Shared future .....................................................................................................................................7
4. Global response .................................................................................................................................8
5. Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................10
References ............................................................................................................................................10
decades, it has been almost double that of the last century (NASA). As a result of warmer temperatures,
glaciers are shrinking across the world including in the Himalayas, Alps, Alaska, Rockies, and Africa.
An extremely alarming dimension of climate change is that it is growing in momentum. Most of the
temperature rise since the industrial revolution has occurred since 1960s. Extreme weather conditions
and climate abnormalities are becoming so frequent that the situation is already being widely dubbed
as climate crisis. With the recorded acceleration in accumulation of GHGs and consequent increase in
atmospheric temperature, the climate changeedriven weather-related disasters are becoming more
intense and recurrent. Seven most recent years have been observed to be the warmest since records
began, while the years 2016 and 2020 are reportedly tied for being the hottest year on record (NASA).
The year 2021 witnessed heatwaves, wildfires, storms, and floods across the world. North America, for
example, faced intense heat wave, besides recorded high temperatures and huge wildfires. California’s
Death Valley recorded temperature of 54.4 C (130 F), which is potentially the highest ever temper-
ature recorded on the planet, and British Columbia witnessed temperature of 49.6 C, obliterating
Canada’s previous national temperature record by 8 C (Samenow, 2021). While the heatwave killed
over 500 people in Canada alone, Europe and Asia were hit by unprecedented flooding. High tem-
peratures, heatwaves, and droughts contributed to record-breaking wildfires. The 2019e2020 wildfire
in Australia, burnt around 19 million hectares and resulting into an economic loss of over AU$100
billion became the costliest natural disaster in national history (Read and Dennis, 2020). The year 2021
also witnessed heat waves fueling massive wildfires in Australia, North America, and Europe. The year
also saw record-freezing conditions across North America and Europe. Massive snow storm and
hurricane deprived millions of electricity and other utilities for over a week in the states of Texas and
Louisiana. With these highlights from the year 2021, extreme weather events are now considered to be
a new normal as experts predict more intense natural calamities including wildfires, storms, floods, and
droughts.
« Lambert Faussemagne. »
« Lambert Faussemagne. »