FIBER REINFORCED BEAMS UNDER MOMENT

AND SHEAR
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By Sanat K. N i y o g i ' and G. I. \Dwarakanathan 2 "

ABSTRACT: /The science and technique of reinforcingJ?ortland cement concrete

by incorporating fibers is now well established through research and practice.
However, studies on steel fiber reinforced concrete elements have been devoted
primarily to observations under unit actions. The present report gives the re-
sults of thirty plain and fiber reinforced concrete beams, the majority of which
are tested under combined actions of moment and shear. The principal vari-
ables are the concrete mix proportion, fiber volume fraction and shear span. —1

INTRODUCTION

A considerable a m o u n t of research and analytical work have already

been performed on fiber reinforced concrete (1,5-8,10,15-22). However,
the studies relate predominantly to the investigation of the basic p r o p -
erties of fiber reinforced concrete in its plastic and h a r d e n e d states a n d
of elements (confined generally to control specimens) u n d e r single ac-
tions. The effect of combined actions, which is inherent in actual struc-
tural members, has received comparatively less attention. Studies on fi-
ber reinforced concrete specimens u n d e r combined actions already
performed under supervision of Niyogi (2,3,4,9,13,14), and others (11,12)
indicate promising areas of research in fiber reinforced concrete. A com-
m o n combined action is d u e to b e n d i n g in the presence of shear. Batson,
et al. (1), and Williamson a n d Knab (6) have s h o w n that steel fibers can
be an effective substitute for stirrups to resist the shear in conventionally
reinforced concrete beams in flexural loading. In the present investiga-
tion (4) the intrinsic strength a n d behavior of fiber reinforced concrete
under combined bending a n d shear without any conventional flexural
steel in the shear spans of beams, were considered. The principal vari-
ables are the concrete mix proportions, fiber volume fraction, a n d shear
span to depth ratio.
Test results of 30 concrete beams (10 plain and 20 fiber reinforced) are
reported. The majority of the beams w e r e tested for combined m o m e n t
and shear u n d e r two point loading with varying shear s p a n to d e p t h
(a/d) ratios, in which a = the shear span; a n d d = the overall d e p t h of
beam. The remaining beams were tested for the limiting cases of p u r e
moment and p u r e shear (as obtained indirectly through tests u n d e r p u r e
torsion). Two different concrete mixes of proportions 1:1.2:2 and 1:2.4:4
for both plain a n d fiber reinforced concrete were used. Fiber volume
fractions, Vf, for each mix varied from 0 - 3 , in which vf is expressed as
'Prof, of Civ. Engrg., Dept. of Civ. Engrg. Indian Inst, of Tech., Kharagpur,
West Bengal, India.
2
Staff Officer (Designs), Central Zone, India; formerly Grad. Student, Dept. of
Civ. Engrg., Indian Inst, of Tech., Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
Note.—Discussion open until August 1, 1985. To extend the closing date one
month, a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The
manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on
March 28, 1984. This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.
I l l , No. 3, March, 1985. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/85/0003-0516/$01.00. Paper No.
19570.
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J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 a percentage by volume of the composite. The aspect ratio (length/
diameter) of the fibers was kept constant at 50.

TEST SPECIMENS
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The test beams were 100 mm (4 in.) wide, 150 mm (6 in.) deep and
2,000 mm (78 in.) in overall length. They were tested over a simple span
of 1,800 mm (72 in.). The constant moment zones, in beams tested for
combined bending and shear, and the shear spans, in beams tested for
pure flexure, were suitably strengthened with conventional steel (Figs.
1-2) to ensure failure under the appropriate actions. No conventional
steel was used for beams tested under pure torsion.
Control specimens tested consisted of cubes [150 mm (6 in.)], cylin-
ders [150-mm (6-in.) in diameter X 300 mm (12 in.) long], and prisms
[10 mm (4 in.) X 10 mm (4 in.) x 500 mm (20 in.)] for the compressive
f'c, indirect tensile /,, and modulus of rupture fr strengths of concrete,
respectively.
Two different mixes of cement, sand and coarse aggregates were used:
1:1.2:2, with a water-cement ratio of 0.5, and 1:2.4:4, with a water-
cement ratio of 0.55 by weight, representing a rich and an ordinary mix,
respectively. Three different volume fractions of fibers, 0, 1 and 3%, were
used for each mix. Fibers of 1 mm (0.039 in.) mean diameter and 50 mm
(2 in.) in length, giving an aspect ratio of 50, were cut from conventional
steel black binding wire.
The materials were mixed in a rotating-tilting drum mixer. Fibers were
added to the mix in controlled measures while the drum was rotating.
Concrete was vibrated by an internal vibrator after being placed in molds.
The specimens were cured for a period of 28 days.

LIABLE) f-A | a (VARIABLE)

2 No 10 §

150
e_&_& fi/Ua ^
.A.
Y \T\ hocH
I001 / 1800 J 'IOO
-60@75c/c ^ 6 0 MESH SECTION AA

FIG. 1 .—Details of Reinforcement for Beams Under lending and Shear

2 No 6 0
T
I50

-2 No 10$
6 0 STIRRUPS @ 75 c/c SECTION A A

FIG. 2.—Details of Reinforcement for Beams Under Pure Bending

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J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 MATERIALS

Cement.—Ordinary Portland cement conforming to Indian Standard

specification.
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Fine Aggregate.—River sand sieved through a 4.8 mm (3/16 in.) mesh

and air-dried, with a fineness modulus of 1.95.
Coarse Aggregate.—Washed pit gravel sieved to 12 mm (1/2 in.) max-
imum size and air-dried with a fineness modulus of 6.2.
Fiber Steel.—1 mm (0.039 in.) cold drawn black binding wire of average
yield and ultimate strengths 326 MPa (47,270 psi), and 360 MPa (52,200
psi), respectively.
TEST SETUP

Fig. 3 shows the test setup for beams under pure bending and under

— SIMPLEX JACK

-I I-PI
PROVING RING WITH
VDIAL GAUGE ^TEST
FRAME

Sri
DEFLECTION GAUGE

FIG. 3.—Test Setup for Combined Bending and Shear

SIMPLEX JACK

•TORSION ARM

NOT TO SCALE
J-" ~

FIG. 4.—Test Setup for Pure Torsion

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J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 combined bending and shear. The test setup for beams under pure tor-
sion is indicated in Fig. 4. The two ends of the test beam are fitted with
detachable clamp boxes and torsion arms. The torque is applied on one
of the arms by a 10 ton (99.6 kN) Simplex Jack while the other arm is
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restrained against rotation. The angle of twist is measured by noting the

vertical deflections at the extended arms of the twist measuring device.
The control specimens were tested in a Mohr and Federhoff Universal
testing machine.

TEST RESULTS AND BEHAVIOR OF SPECIMENS

Test results of control and beam specimens are presented in Table 1.

The behavior of specimens under load was influenced by the amount
of fiber content and manner of loading. Fiber reinforced beams exhibited
enhanced cracking and failure strengths as compared to their equiva-
lents in plain concrete. For low fiber content (Vf = 1) and for actions
under pure bending or torsion, there was no perceptible increase in load
after the first visible cracking. There was, however, a small increase in

TABLE 1.—Test Results

BEAM SPECIMENS
Control Specimens Total Load
SI. I'c, in /i, in /r.ln Cracking, Failure,
num- mega- mega- mega- in kilo- in kilo- Cracking/
ber Mix "/ pascals pascals pascals Test for a/d newtons newtons failure
(D (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
1 1:1.2:2 0 44.2 2.91 5.13 Pure 4 5.65 5.65 1.00
2 1 46.8 3.70 5.72 bending 6.30 6.30 1.00
3 3 51.0 4.50 8.06 6.40 7.10 0.90
4 1:2.4:4 0 20.1 1.46 2.40 3.40 3.40 1.00
5 1 22.5 1.92 2.79 4.10 4.10 1.00
6 3 23.4 2.28 4.11 4.20 4.50 0.93
7 1:1.2:2 0 41.2 2.84 4.70 Combined 2 10.10 10.10 1.00
8 1 44.1 3.31 5.22 bending 12.50 12.90 0.97
9 3 47.1 4.30 7.11 and shear 14.70 16.50 0.90
10 1:2.4:4 0 19.7 1.39 2.30 7.30 7.30 1.00
11 1 21.7 1.89 2.70 9.00 9.45 0.95
12 3 23.7 2.30 3.90 11.10 12.50 0.89
13 1:1.2:2 0 39.7 2.72 4.31 4.5 4.80 4.80 1.00
14 1 41.9 3.70 4.77 5.20 5.45 0.96
15 3 45.7 4.20 6.93 5.70 6.35 0.89
16 1:2.4:4 0 19.3 1.25 2.05 2.95 2.95 1.00
17 1 21.7 1.73 2.39 3.25 3.45 0.97
18 3 22.8 2.36 3.69 3.65 4.15 0.88
19 1:1.2:2 0 39.4 2.55 4.60 6 3.45 3.45 1.00
20 1 42.4 3.50 5.13 4.00 4.10 0.97
21 3 46.4 4.07 7.20 5.25 5.75 0.91
22 1:2.4:4 0 18.9 1.37 1.92 2.20 2.20 1.00
23 1 20.5 1.90 2.29 2.40 2.65 0.97
24 3 21.6 2.40 3.47 2.90 3.20 0.90
25 1:1.2:2 0 41.6 Pure 1.40 1.40 1.00
26 1 45.1 torsion 1.70 1.70 1.00
27 3 48.3 2.05 2.50 0.82
28 1:2.4:4 0 21.4 1.15 1.15 1.00
29 1 23.9 1.45 1.45 1.00
30 3 25.0 1.60 1.85 0.88
Note: 1 kilonewton = 224.80 pounds force.

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J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 % =2
MIX 1 : 2 4 : 4
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O—O Vf = 3%
A—A Vf = I %
V—V Vf = 0 %
— CRACKING

1-5 MM

0-5 1-0
CENTRAL DEFLECTION IN MM

FIG, 5.—Load versus Deflection for Beams Under Combined Bending and Shear

<^> V, =3
A A Vf = I
7 V Vf = 0
—- CRACKING

ANGLE OF TWIST x 10 RAD/M

10 20 30 40
_l

FIG. 6.—Torsional Moment versus Angle of Twist Mix 1 .-1.2.-2

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J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 Z CO
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ANGLE OF TWIST x 10 °RAO/M

FIG. 7.—Torsional Moment versus Angle of Twist Mix 1:2.4:4

(a)

(6)

Q/d.-O

FIG. 8.—Typical Crack Patterns for Beams Under Combined Bending and Shear:
(a) a/d = 2; (6) a/d = 4.5; (c) a/d = 6

post-cracking strength of the beams under the combined actions of

bending and shear, with more for beams having higher fiber content (vf
= 3). The ratio of cracking and ultimate loads varied approximately be-
tween 0.95-1.00 for beams with vf = 1 and 0.80-0.90 with vf = 3 (Table
! ) •
Typical load-deflection and torque-twist relations are shown in Figs.
5-7. In general, it was observed that all the fiber reinforced concrete
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J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 beams exhibited ductile behavior for higher loads.
Fiber reinforced beams under combined bending and shear exhibited
two distinct failure modes, one of typical shear and the other of bend-
ing. For small a/d (a/d = 2), failure was characterized by the formation
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of diagonal cracking, while for large a/d (a/d = 4.5 and 6), failure was
characterized by the formation of vertical flexural cracks originating from
the tension face of the beam.
Beams under pure torsion failed under diagonal tension with the ap-
pearance of an inclined crack, originating at about mid-depth on a ver-
tical face of the beam and inclined approximately at 45° to the longitu-
dinal axis. Figs. 8(a-c) show typical crack patterns at failure of beams.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

Control Specimens.—Increase in concrete strength due to fiber ad-
dition depended on fiber content, mix proportion, and type of test. Fiber
reinforced concrete, as expected, showed small but measurable increase
in its cube compressive strength as compared to strength in plain con-
crete. As seen from Table 1, the average strength increase for ly = 1 and
vf= 3 are, respectively, 7.04% and 15.78% for the 1:1.2:2 mix. The cor-

TABLE 2.—Values of Ultimate Shear and Moment at Failure Sections

M„, in T„, in
SI. V„,in kilo- kilo-
Fiber/Plain Ratio
num- kilo- newton- newton-
ber Mix "/ a/d newtons meter meter v« M„ ^uo Remarks
(D (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 0) (10) (11)
1 1:1.2:2 0 4 1.67 1 Failure
2 1 1.89 1.13 under
3 3 2.13 1.28 pure
4 1:2.4:4 0 1.02 1 moment
5 1 1.23 1.21
6 3 1.35 1.32
7 1:1.2:2 0 2 5.05 1.54 1 1 Failure
8 1 6.45 1.81 1.28 1.18 under
9 3 8.25 2.36 1.63 1.53 combined
10 1:2.4:4 0 3.65 1.00 1 1 moment
11 1 4.73 1.14 1.30 1.14 and
12 3 6.25 1.41 1.71 1.41 shear
13 1:1.2:2 0 4.5 2.40 1.58 1 1
14 1 2.78 1.87 1.16 1.18
15 3 3.18 2.07 1.33 1.31
16 1:2.4:4 0 1.48 0.96 1 1
17 1 1.73 1.19 1.17 1.24
18 3 2.08 1.36 1.41 1.42
19 1:1.2:2 0 6 1.78 1.53 1 1
20 1 2.05 1.78 1.17 1.16
21 3 2.88 2.28 1.62 1.49
22 1:1.4:4 0 1.10 0.97 1 1
23 1 1.33 1.16 1.21 1.20
24 3 1.60 1.43 1.45 1.48
25 1:1.2:2 0 0.91 Failure
26 1 1.11 1.22 under
27 3 1.63 1.79 pure
28 1:2.4:4 0 0.75 torsion
29 1 0.94 1.25
30 3 1.20 1.60
Note: 1 kilonewton = 224.80 pounds force; 1 kilonewton-meter = 737.56 pound feet.

522

J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 lesponding values for the 1:2.4:4 mix are 11.06% and 17.09% for vf -
1 and Vf = 3, respectively.
The increase in split cylinder strength of fiber reinforced concrete over
plain concrete are on the average 29.09% (vf = 1) and 55.27% (vf = 3)
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for the 1:1.2:2 mix, and 35.77% (vf = 1) and 70.80% (vf = 3) for the
1:2.4:4 mix. The average increase in the modulus of rupture strengths,
vis-a-vis plain concrete, are 11.09% (vf = 1) and 56.29% (vf = 3) for the
1:1.2:2 mix and 17.00% (vf = 1) and 75.12% (vf = 3) for the 1:2.4:4 mix.
The results indicate that for the same Vj, concrete of leaner mix has a
relatively higher strength increase than that of richer mix due to fiber
incorporation.
Main Test Specimens.—Values of ultimate shear forces, bending mo-
ments, and torsional moments at observed failure sections of beams are
presented in Table 2. In general, it is seen that the load carrying capac-
ities of fiber reinforced concrete beams compared to their counterparts
in plain concrete are higher, with more for larger fiber content. Among
the various actions, beams failing under combined bending and shear
and under torsion with larger fiber volume concentration give more sig-
nificant strength increase than under pure flexure. For instance, for vf
= 3, the average strength increase in flexure over plain concrete beams
under combined bending and shear, considering both the mixes, is 44%
against 30% for pure flexure. The average strength increase under pure
torsion is even more, being about 70% for vf = 3 (Table 2). For the same
fiber content and action, the relative increase in strength for fiber rein-
forced concrete beams over plain concrete equivalents are generally higher
for the leaner mix than for the richer one.
Table 2 shows that the parameter a/d has a profound influence on the

FIG. 9.—Relation of V„ and a/d

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J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 shear capacity of the beams; the shear capacity decreases as a/d in-
creases. Figs. 9(a-b) show the relation between ultimate shear and shear
span in non-dimensional form for beams of richer and leaner mixes and
for the varying fiber parameter, vf. The ultimate shear without bending
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or pure shear Vuo is calculated as Vuo = Tubd in which T„ = the ultimate

nominal shear stress. T„ is conveniently obtained using a relation
J 1
uo
(1)
~d¥
Tm, the ultimate pure torque, is obtained from test results (Table 2).
Figs. 9(a~b) show a rapid change of shear strength in the range a/d =
0 and 2.5. Batson, et al., (1) have found in their tests on fiber reinforced
concrete beams reinforced with conventional flexural reinforcement that
there was a greater rate of increase of shear strength for a/d < 3 than
for a/d > 3.
Considering both the mixes, the average increases in shear strength

bd2f'_

FIG. 10.—Interaction of Ultimate Moment and Shear

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J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 of fiber reinforced concrete beams over their plain concrete counterparts
under combined bending and shear are 22% and 53%, for Vf = 1 and v,
= 3, respectively (Table 2). Tests by Williamson and Knab (6) on two
fiber reinforced concrete beams (vf = 1.5), without shear reinforcement
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but with conventional flexural steel, showed an increased shear strength

by 39%.
The strength of elements under combined actions is best displayed by
interaction diagrams. From the designer's point of view, such diagrams
are quite useful. Based on the test results and calculated values of Vm,
approximate interaction diagrams for ultimate moment and shear in non-
dimensional form for different fiber fractions and concrete mixes are pre-
sented in Fig. 10, which show a bilinear nature of the curves.
A simplified mathematical relation of V„, M„ can also be expressed as
Vu M„
— = 1 - K —- (2)

M„
and —- = 1 (3)
Mm
in which K = a constant depending on Vf. Based on the present test
results and for the range of variation of Vf, 0 s Vf s 3, a value of K =
0.66 may be adopted. M„„ = the ultimate pure moment.
Finally, on a note of caution, although the tests reported herein and
elsewhere indicate measurable contribution of steel fibers to beam strength,
their use alone as a reinforcing agent in actual structures may not be
enough to meet all contingencies. The writers suggest that some con-
ventional reinforcement in addition to fibers should be used in fiber rein-
forced structural members.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the scope of the present investigation the following conclu-

sions may be drawn:

1. Fiber reinforced concrete beams compared to ones in plain concrete

show higher load carrying capacities. The relative strength increase is
more for higher fiber content and for combined actions (Table 2).
2. For the same fiber content and manner of loading, beams of leaner
mix, as compared to ones of richer mix, generally provide higher relative
increase in Strength over their counterparts in plain concrete (Table 2).
3. The parameter a/d is the single most important factor influencing
the combined shear capacities and mode of failure of fiber reinforced
concrete beams [Figs. 9(a-b)].
4. For practical purposes, the shear-moment interaction of fiber rein-
forced concrete beams can be represented by a bilinear relation (Fig. 10
and Eqs. 2-4).

APPENDIX I.—REFERENCES

1. Batson, G., Jenkins, E., and Spatney, R., "Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforce-
525

J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 ment in Beams," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 69, No. 10,
Oct., 1972, pp. 640-644.
2. Bhattacharyya, S. K., "Rectangular Discontinuous Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete Beams under Pure Flexure, Pure Torsion and Combined Bending
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and Torsion," thesis presented to the Indian Institute of Technology, at

Kharagpur, India, in 1981, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
3. Chawla, A. P., "An Investigation into the Ultimate Strength of Fiber Rein-
forced Concrete Short Columns," thesis presented to the Indian Institute of
Technology, at Kharagpur, India, in 1979, in partial fulfillment of the re-
quirements for the degree of Master of Technology.
4. Dwarakanathan, G. I., "Strength of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams
under Combined Moment and Shear for Variable Mix and Fiber Concentra-
tion," thesis presented to the Indian Institute of Technology, at Kharagpur,
India, in 1982, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Technology.
5. Edington, J., Hannant, D. J., and Williams, R. J. T., "Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete," Current Paper CP 69/74, Building Research Establishment, July,
1974, pp. 1-17.
6. Fiber Reinforced Cement and Concrete, RILEM Symposium, 1975, The Construc-
tion Press Limited, England.
7. Hafeeskhan, T. A., Reddy, T., and Murty, P. S., "An Experimental Study
of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams under Pure Torsion," Indian Concrete
Journal, Vol. 50, No. 10, Oct., 1976, pp. 314-317.
8. Kar, J. N., and Pal, A. K., "Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete," Journal
of the Structural Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, No. ST5, Proc. Paper
8909, May, 1972, pp. 1053-1068.
9. Maity, A., "Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams under Combined Bending
and Shear," thesis presented to the Indian Institute of Technology, at Khar-
agpur, India, in 1981, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Technology.
10. Mansur, M. A., and Paramasivam, P., "Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams
in Pure Torsion," International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight
Concrete.
11. Narayan, R., and Toorani, G. Z., "Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Pure Torsion
and in Combined Bending and Torsion," Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, London, Part 2, Dec, 1979, pp. 987-1001.
12. Narayan, P., and Green, K. R., "Fiber Concrete Beams in Combined Bending
and Torsion," Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 55, No. 8, Aug., 1981, pp. 222-
228, 232.
13. Niyogi, S. K., and Bhattacharyya, S. K., "Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
and Research for Structural Actions," Journal Indian Planner and Builder, Vol.
1, No. 2, Apr., 1981, pp. 9-11.
14. Niyogi, S. K., and Chawla, A. P., "Fiber Reinforced Concrete Short Columns
under Uniaxially Eccentric Loads," Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engi-
neers, London, Part 2, Mar., 1982, pp. 199-206.
15. Rajagopalan, K., Parameswaran, V. S., and Ramaswamy, G. S., "Strength
of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams," Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 48, No. 1,
Jan., 1974, pp. 17-25.
16. Romualdi, J. P., and Batson, G. B., "Mechanics of Crack Arrest in Concrete
with Closely Spaced Reinforcement," Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Di-
vision, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. EM3, June, 1963, pp. 147-168.
17. Romualdi, J. P., and Mandel, J. A., "Tensile Strength of Concrete Affected
by Uniformly Distributed and Closely Spaced Short Lengths of Wire Rein-
forcement," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 61, No. 6, June,
1964, pp. 657-671.
18. Shah, S. P., and Rangan, B. V., "Fiber Reinforced Concrete Properties," Jour-
nal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 68, Feb., 1971, pp. 126-135.
19. "State of the Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete," Journal of the Amer-

ce

J. Struct. Eng., 1985, 111(3): 516-527

 lean Concrete Institute, Vol. 70, No. 11, Nov., 1973, pp. 729-744.
20. Swamy, R. N., "Fiber-Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics, Properties and Ap-
plications," Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 48, No. 1, Jan., 1974, p p . 7-16.
21. Swamy, R. N., and Mangat, P. S., "Flexural Strength of Steel Fiber Rein-
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Vidya Vikas Institute Of Tech, Mysore on 11/05/17. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

forced Concrete," Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, Part 2,

Dec, 1974, pp. 701-707.
22. Synder, M. J., and Lankard, D. R., "Factors Affecting the Flexural Strength
of Steel Fibrous Concrete," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 69,
Feb., 1972, pp. 96-100.
23. Williamson, G. R., and Knab, L. I., "Full Scale Fiber Concrete Beam Tests,"
Fiber Reinforced Cement and Concrete, RILEM Symposium, 1975, The Construc-
tion Press Limited, England, pp. 209-214.

APPENDIX II.—NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this paper:

a = shear span;
d = overall depth of beam;
f'c = 150 mm cube compressive strength of concrete;
ft = 150 mm diameter X 300 mm long cylinder split strength of con-
crete;
=
fr modulus of rupture of concrete on 10 mm x 10 mm x 500 mm
prism;
K = a constant;
Mu = ultimate moment;
Muo = ultimate pure moment;
T1 = ultimate pure torque;
uo
vu = ultimate shear;
v
uo = ultimate pure shear;
v
s = volume fraction of fiber in percentage; and
T„ = ultimate nominal shear stress.

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