In Uence of Clear Edge Distance and Spacing of Piles On Failure of Pile Cap

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Inﬂuence of Clear Edge Distance and Spacing of Piles on Failure of Pile Cap
Article in Iranian Journal of Science and Technology - Transactions of Civil Engineering · June 2019
DOI: 10.1007/s40996-019-00285-9
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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-019-00285-9
RESEARCH PAPER
Influence of Clear Edge Distance and Spacing of Piles on Failure of Pile

Cap
Sushilkumar B. Magade1 · Ramakant K. Ingle1
Received: 7 February 2019 / Accepted: 12 June 2019

© Shiraz University 2019
Abstract
The design and dimensioning of pile cap is a challenging task depending upon shape and thickness of cap, soil strata, pile
dimension and their locations in plan. A pile cap is a reinforced concrete structural rigid slab, which distributes column
forces to a group of individual piles as per rivet formula. The main assumption in rivet formula is that the pile cap should
be rigid enough to distribute load uniformly. Most of the pile cap are designed by short-cut or thumb rule procedures for
spacing of piles, thickness of pile cap and minimum edge distance of pile cap from pile center or edge. In the present paper,
finite element analysis of pile cap is performed to capture the behavior of pile cap under axial load and moment. The focus
of this study is to find adequacy of the clear edge distance for pile cap, as there are very few guidelines available. In case of
minimum clear edge distance, a large amount of tensile stresses are developed at edge of pile cap, which may not accept-
able. It is observed that providing 100 mm or 150 mm or 250 mm as clear edge distance suggested by most of the codes is
inappropriate. However, it should be at least half of the diameter of pile used to accommodate the stresses developed at the
edge as proposed in this paper depending upon the mathematical model of structure. Moreover, the proposed suggestions
are well agreement with the experimental results.
Keywords Pile cap · Clear edge distance · Finite element analysis · Allowable stresses
1 Introduction from piles can also be taken to be distributed at 45° from

the edge of the pile, up to the mid-depth of the pile cap (IS
Engineers use approximate empirical procedures to design 2911 2010).
the reinforced concrete pile cap because worldwide codes do The pile cap should be sufficiently reinforced and should
not state unified procedure to design the pile cap. Pile cap have appropriate depth to resist the large amount of shear
transfers the load from the structures to a pile group, then forces. The thickness of the pile cap must be sufficient to
the load further get transferred to firm soil either through spread imposed load among the piles and usually determined
friction or end bearing or combination of both (Rao 2010). by consideration of shear along a vertical section across the
A pile cap has the function of spreading the load on a group full width of the cap. The shear stress at the perimeter of the
of piles so that, the load is shared equally between the piles loaded area should not exceed the maximum design value
depending their stiffness (Reynolds et al. 2007). A group associated with compressive strength of concrete grade.
of ‘n’ piles connected by a rigid pile cap with the center The design standards contain two methods for design
of gravity of the load P and the piles are coincident; then, of pile cap. The first method is deep beam theory, which
each pile will be equally loaded and will be subjected to a is developed by Regan for one-way spanning beams. In
load P/n (Tomlinson and Woodward 2014). The reaction this method, the pile cap is designed for the usual condi-
tions of bending and shear treating as an inverted beam
* Sushilkumar B. Magade (Regan 1971). Bending action is more predominant than
sushil.magade284@gmail.com truss action, when span-to-depth ratio is more than two.
Ramakant K. Ingle However, this method is more suitable for large number of
rkingle@apm.vnit.ac.in piles and when punching shear is governing criteria. The
necessity of anchoring the main steel at their ends should
1
Department of Applied Mechanics, VNIT Nagpur, Nagpur, be fully appreciated, when conditions are favorable for
India
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
truss action (Varghese 2005). The second method is the 2 Existing Guidelines for Clear Edge
strut-and-tie method (STM), which is based on the con- Distance
cept of longitudinal and transverse bottom reinforcement
acting as ties with inclined compressive struts joining the Clear edge distance or clear overhang is distance between
pile heads and the center of application of the load (Ade- pile surface to edge of the pile cap. The stress concentration
bar and Zhou 1996). The strut-and-tie model more appro- is always more around the periphery of loaded area. On this
priately predicts the behavior of deep pile cap (Adebar basis, clear overhang should be sufficient wide for minimum
et al. 1990). The pile cap may be designed by assuming stress concentration to avoid vertical edge cracking of the
that the load from column is dispersed at 45° from the top pile cap. It is experimentally proved that vertical edge split-
of the cap to the mid-depth of the pile cap from the base ting occurs when tensile stresses are exceeded (Blévot and
of the column (IS 2911 2010). Frémy 1967).
Shear failure occurs when the concrete fails in com- The clear overhang (E′) of the pile cap beyond the out-
pression. Failure of the pile cap specimens have occurred ermost pile in the group shall be a minimum of 150 mm
by concrete splitting with the formation of several cracks (IS 2911 2010). Distance from the outer edge of the pile to
before the failure (Blévot and Frémy 1967). The distri- the edge of the pile cap should be sufficient to allow the tie
bution of compressive force from the top of the pile to forces in the cap to be properly anchored (Eurocode2 2004).
the body of the cap is shown in Fig. 1. It is necessary to As per present guideline, pile caps should extend at least
project the reinforcement of concrete piles into the cap for 150 mm beyond the outside face of exterior piles and prefer-
bonding. Clear edge distance (E′) or clear overhang is a ably 250 mm (Bowles 1996). When piles are located inside
significant parameter, which needs thorough investigation the critical sections (d or d/2) from the face of column, the
because guidelines from existing standards are not enough shear cannot be neglected (FEMA 751 2012). Shear fail-
to accommodate allowable stresses. As per the existing ure occurs when concrete fails in compression; so to avoid
guidelines, the minimum overhang is 100 mm or 150 mm such failure, compressive stresses as well as tensile stresses
or 200 mm for any pile diameter, which is inappropriate. should be minimum at the edge of pile cap.
Hence, attempt is made to find appropriate overhang so The pile cap shall be designed assuming critical sec-
that the pile cap satisfies allowable stress condition. It is tion located at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the
observed that less clear edge distance is causing tensile concentrated load. The distance between the center of any
stress along vertical edge of the pile cap, which is not pile and center of the column is more than two times the
being given attention while providing reinforcement. distance between the top of the pile cap and the top of the
pile (Adebar et al. 1990; ACI 318 2011; A23.3-04 2004).
For this condition, the shear strength is almost independ-
ent of the ratio of column size to slab depth. The reaction
Fig. 1 Distribution of compres- Column

sive stress for pile cap Load
Compressed Zone
Compressed Zone
450 450
≥ 50mm
Clear Edge
Distance (E’) Pile Pile Cap
Diameter of
pile cap
13
from any pile with its center located d/2 or more outside 2.1 Experimental Study on Influence of Clear Edge
produces shear on that section, and when located at d/2 or Distance on Failure of Cap
more inside, the section shall be considered as producing
no shear on that section (Adebar et al. 1990; A23.3-04 Experimental research was carried out on effect of clear
2004; NZS 3101 2006). edge distance on failure of pile cap. To increase deforma-
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI)-(2008) is tion and strength capacity even after yielding reinforcement,
only guideline, which proposed the clear edge distance the edge distance (E) was suggested to be about 1.5 times
based on loads as shown in Fig. 2. A minimum clear the diameter of the pile (Suzuki et al. 1998). When test was
edge distance, E′ = E − 3 in. (75 mm) ≥ 9 in. (225 mm), is conducted, 18 pile caps with four piles and tapered foot-
essential for end anchorage. Where the pile diameter (dp) ings (with top inclined slabs), most of the specimens, failed
exceeds 12 in. (300 mm), the edge distance (E) should be in shear after yielding longitudinal reinforcement (Suzuki
increased to maintain the minimum clear edge distance et al. 1999). Significant research has been conducted for
(CRSI Handbook 2008). edge distance effect on behavior of pile cap and strength. It
American Concrete Institute (ACI 543-R) suggested was observed that load of first crack and flexural capacity
side dimension for driven piles as 200 mm (8 in.) (ACI decreases when edge distance decreases for same reinforce-
543R-00 2000). As per international building code IBC ment (Suzuki et al. 2000). Later, it was suggested that main-
(2012) and ASCE-20 (1997), the cap shall extend at least taining edge distance equals to pile diameter (from the center
100 mm (4 in.) beyond the edges of the pile. AASHTO of pile diameter) avoids shear failure in pile cap (Suzuki and
(2014) specified that the pile cap edge should be > 230 mm Otsuki 2002).
(9 in.) from the side of the nearest pile. The distance from Overall, the clear edge distances suggested by different
the outer edge of the pile to the edge of the pile cap should guidelines are different. CRSI proposed that this distance
be such that the tie forces in the pile cap can be properly is based on load starting with 380 mm to 762 mm (Fig. 2).
anchored (EC2 2004). It was also seen, ACI building code Many guidelines recommended clear overhang as a fixed
is inadequate due to an exaggerated reliance on the effec- number, i.e., 100 mm or 150 mm or 200 mm or 250 mm
tive depth when six pile caps with four piles of varying irrespective to diameter of pile, loading on pile cap, thick-
geometry were constructed and tested (Adebar et al. 1990). ness of pile cap, spacing of piles, column size and length of
pile. These parameters must be considered for calculating
overhang because they affect significantly. Observing exist-
ing variations in overhang of pile cap, there is need of in
depth study to compute the overhang by incorporating the
A parameters affecting it significantly. In the present study, the
finite element analysis of pile cap with four piles is carried
out with variations of pile diameter, loading, column size,
pile cap thickness and spacing of pile for comparing maxi-
mum principal stresses (Smax), maximum shear stresses (S12)
Pile Pile
and maximum direct stresses (S33) along with S11 or S22, S13
or S23 and Smin.
a
Column b B 3 Concept of Modeling
A column supported on four piles is a widely used pile foun-

dation. In the present study, square size column and circular
Pile Pile piles were considered. Structural analysis program SAP2000
was used as FEM tool for analysis purpose. The pile cap was
E modeled with solid element, and piles are modeled using
3D beam element. In beam element, there are 6 degrees of
E freedom (DOF), while in solid element, there are 3 DOF.
15'’ Minimum for pile capacity ≤ 60 Tons Hence, to make compatible connection between 3D beam
E = 21'’ Minimum for 60 < pile capacity ≤ 120 Tons
27'’ Minimum for 120 < pile capacity ≤ 200 Tons
element and solid element, the piles are embedded into pile
30'’ Minimum for pile capacity > 200 Tons cap (Fig. 3a). The plane and axisymmetric FE models can-
not be connected (Fig. 3b).The hinge mechanism is avoided
Fig. 2 Edge distance criteria for pile cap by extending beam into plane mesh (Fig. 3c) (Cook 2007).
13
Solid Element
(Pile Cap)
Beam Element Beam Element
Hinge Connection
Plane Mesh
Beam Element Plane Mesh
(Pile)
b c
a (After R D Cook, 2007)
Fig. 3 Connection of beam element with solid element
3.1 Idealization of Model ( )
For hp ≤ 550 mm, h = 2hp + 100 mm and
( )
for hp > 550 mm, h = 8 hp −100 ∕3 mm
Modeling of piles with pile cap is made in structural analysis
program SAP2000. Square column of sizes 300 × 300 mm, where hp is pile diameter and h is thickness of pile cap.
400 × 400 mm, 500 × 500 mm, 600 × 600 mm, 700 × 700 mm The clear edge distances are varied as 150 mm, 200 mm,
and 800 × 800 mm was considered supported on pile cap. 250 mm, 300 mm, 350 mm, 400 mm, 450 mm, 500 mm,
Circular piles were modeled as frame element with diameter 550 mm and 600 mm. Loads from column is applied as patch
varies from 300 mm, 400 mm, 500 mm, 600 mm, 700 mm, load on to the pile cap. Clockwise moment is considered at
800 mm, 1000 mm and 1200 mm. The pile cap was modeled the junction of column and pile cap. Figure 4 shows clear
using solid element and its thickness is calculated by equation view of modeling of pile with pile cap, loading on pile cap
given in Reynolds handbook (2007),
Fig. 4 Mathematical model for

piles with pile cap
13
Table 1 Pile diameter used for various patch load 3.2.3 Vertical Skin Friction Resistance Stiffness ( Kvf)
Applied load and number of piles used for specific Patch load
diameter area (mm2) Pender (1978) and Poulos (1971) gave the vertical skin
friction resistance stiffness, Kvf.
Load on column (kN) 4 Number of piles used with
diameter (mm) ( )
0.5− 𝜆𝜂
Kvf = 1.8 × Es × 𝜂 × 𝜆 ×𝛼
500 300, 400, 500 300 × 300
750 500, 600 700 400 × 400 where η is the pile ratio, and λ is the pile–soil stiffness ratio
1000 600 700, 800, 1000 500 × 500 given by
1200 800, 1000, 1200 600 × 600
L E
1500 800, 1000, 1200 700 × 700 𝜂= and 𝜆 = P
2000 1000, 1200 800 × 800 D ES
α is an expression that is used to distribute the effects of the

soil vertical stiffness along the length of the piles. For dis-
and soil springs for pile. Table 1 present data for load on tributed vertical springs positioned along the full length, the
foundation, diameter of pile and size of patch load. total skin friction resistance given by the piles α is given by
ZΔz
3.2 Soil Stiffness Calculation 𝛼=
L2
To calculate horizontal and vertical soil stiffness for pile, mod- For the condition where a single vertical spring is posi-
ulus of subgrade reaction (Ks) is used. The modulus of sub- tioned at bottom of the piles, the value of α = 1.00. In this
grade reaction method is preferable owing to its greater ease condition, the total spring stiffness at bottom of pile is
in use and to the substantial savings in computer time when addition of skin friction resistance and vertical end bear-
used for finite element analysis. It is important to know that the ing, i.e., Ksvb = Ksv + Kvf . Figure 5 shows horizontal, ver-
modulus of subgrade reaction is not a constant value and that tical and skin friction stiffnesses applied to pile for soil
it varies under the same slab. The value of stress–strain modu- structure interaction.
lus (Es) for soil is considered as 15,000 kN/m2. Vesic (1961a,
b) proposed that the modulus of subgrade reaction could be
computed using the stress–strain modulus Es as, 3.3 Failure Criteria for Pile Cap
√
0.65 12 Es D4 Es Failure of pile cap may cause superstructure failure.
Ks = × ×
D EP IP 1 − 𝜇S2 Hence, this study is significant in analysis and design of
pile cap especially when pile cap is not resting on ground,
where Ks, modulus of subgrade (kN/m3); D, diameter of pile i.e., for Case 2 and Case 3. The maximum stresses gener-
(m); Es and Ep, modulus of soil and pile (kN/m2); μs, Pois- ated due to loading are mentioned in Table 2. There are
son’s ratio of soil. three major stresses, i.e., compressive, tensile and shear
presents in an element. To avoid failure, these stresses
3.2.1 Horizontal Soil Model Surrounding Pile (Ksh) should be less than permissible stresses of material used.
In the present study of pile cap concrete of grade M35 and
The pile is divided into small element of length (L) and soil steel of grade, Fe415 is used.
springs are applied to the node. The spring stiffness is com- As per IS456:2000 (clause B-2, Table 21 and Table 22),
puted according to the expression, the permissible tensile stress (σtd), permissible bending
compression (σ cbc) and permissible direct compression
Ksh = Ks × D × L
(σcc) in concrete are 4 MPa, 11.5 MPa and 9 MPa, respec-
3.2.2 Vertical End Bearing Stiffness (Ksv) tively. In addition, these stresses may be exceeded up
to 33.5% when combined effect of wind or earthquake,
The soil structure interaction in the vertical direction of the temperature and shrinkage is considered with dead, live
piles is modeled using vertical elements with axial stiffness. and impact load (clause B-2.3). From the above table,
The vertical end bearing stiffness, Ksv, (only for piles in com- it is observed that the tensile stress, bending compres-
pression) is given by sion and direct compression are 4.114 MPa, 13.287 MPa
and 10.626 MPa for 150 mm clear edge distance, which
𝜋 2
Ksv = D × Ks are more than the permissible stresses. These stresses
4
13
Fig. 5 Spring stiffnesses for pile
Pile Cap Pile Cap
Diameter of
pile (D) K sh1
K vf1
Horizontal
Soil Spring
K sh2
KSh
K vf2
K sh3
Vertical Soil
Spring K vf K vf3
K sh4
K vf4
K sh5
Vertical
K sv K vf5
Bottom Spring
K sv
Table 2 Maximum stresses in Clear edge S11 or S22 S33 S13 or S23 S12 Smax Smin
pile cap distance (E′)
150 − 4.461 − 10.626 − 4.941 − 0.780 − 2.975 − 13.287

+ 1.165 + 1.559 + 3.941 + 0.780 + 4.114 + 0.161
200 − 3.093 − 9.66 − 4.19 − 0.57 − 2.557 − 12.971
+ 1.100 1.552 + 3.96 + 0.57 + 3.919 + 0.134
250 − 2.92 − 9.361 − 3.915 − 0.543 − 2.556 − 12.404
+ 1.061 + 1.531 + 3.915 + 0.543 + 3.753 + 0.125
300 − 2.839 − 9.070 − 3.661 − 0.518 − 2.555 − 11.876
+ 1.023 + 1.531 + 3.425 + 0.518 3.576 + 0.177
350 − 2.724 − 8.798 − 3.430 − 0.495 − 2.555 − 11.382
+ 0.987 + 1.530 + 3.209 + 0.495 + 3.412 + 0.109
400 − 2.616 − 8.518 − 3.221 − 0.472 − 2.554 − 10.919
+ 0.915 + 1.530 + 3.013 + 0.472 + 3.268 + 0.102
450 − 2.559 − 8.257 − 3.029 − 0.451 − 2.553 − 10.485
+ 0.917 + 1.530 + 2.833 + 0.451 + 3.136 + 0.094
500 − 2.553 − 8.006 − 2.854 − 0.431 − 2.552 − 10.077
+ 0.884 + 1.530 + 2.669 + 0.431 + 3.012 + 0.088
Positive sign for tensile stresses and negative sign for compressive stresses
decreases as the clear edge distance increases. Mostly, varies from 0.3 MPa to 1 MPa depending upon the per-
the thickness of pile cap is large and hence it may fail centage reinforcement (Pt), while maximum shear stress
due to shear action. Therefore, shear stresses in pile cap is 3.7 MPa. For 150 mm clear edge distance, the shear
should be within the permissible limit. As per IS456:2000 strength of concrete is 0.78 MPa, while maximum shear
(Table 19 and Table 20) design, shear strength of concrete stress is 4.914 MPa. Hence, for 150 mm clear edge
13
distance, pile cap may fail due to shear. These stresses L

decreases as the clear edge distance increases as shown
in Table 2. By keeping minimum clear edge distance, the
stresses generated are more than permissible stresses and
to have these stresses within its limit, the clear edge dis-
Pile Pile
tance must be increased. Hence, it is suggested that the
clear edge distance should be minimum half of the pile
diameter used to avoid failure of pile cap in tension, com-
a
pression and shear. To verify this observation, the follow-
ing study was carried out for various cases. C
Column or
b L
Pier
The study is conducted for three cases those practically
exist, i.e., Case 1 when pile cap is supported by soil. This
type of foundation may be considered as pile raft foundation,
and it can be observed in buildings and bridges in city. Case
2 and Case 3 are observed in bridges when they are built B Pile Pile
across the river or sea. In case 2, pile ends are considered as

rigid, while half part of the pile is embedded into soil strata.
In case 3, the pile is considered as rigid at its bottom only A
and rest of the part is free or offering less horizontal resist-
ance, hence neglected. Figure 6 shows mathematical model Fig. 7 Points at the edge of pile cap
of above-mentioned cases.
The focus of this study is to study the effect of the clear
edge distances on pile cap. Hence, the stresses generated 4 Observations
along the edge of pile cap are compared. The stresses are
tabulated at three locations (A, B and C) along the depth of The pile cap with six and nine piles has been analyzed
pile cap and these points are shown in Fig. 7. with same material properties, loadings, column sizes and
PIER PIER PIER
PILE CAP PILE CAP

PILE CAP
Piles Piles
Piles
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Fig. 6 Mathematical model for different cases
13
a 2.5
c 2.5
150mm 200mm 150mm 200mm

2 250mm 300mm 2 250mm 300mm
Depth of pile cap (m)

350mm 400mm 350mm 400mm
1.5 450mm 500mm 1.5 450mm 500mm
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Smax (kN/m2) Smax (kN/m2)
b 150mm 200mm
2.5
d 150mm 200mm
2.5
250mm 300mm 250mm 300mm

350mm 400mm 2 350mm 400mm 2

450mm 500mm 450mm 500mm
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-145 -120 -95 -70 -45 -20 5 30 55 80 -270 -245 -220 -195 -170 -145 -120 -95 -70 -45 -20 5 30 55 80 105
S33 (kN/m2) S33 (kN/m2)
Fig. 8 Maximum principal stress and maximum direct stress for six and nine piles
variation in edge distance. It is observed that the pattern of increases, these stresses are shifted to tension zone from
stresses is similar as that of pile cap with four piles. The compression zone for case 2 and case 3. For minimum clear
maximum principal stress (Smax) and maximum direct stress edge distance, a large amount of compressive stresses are
(S33) for pile cap with six and nine piles are shown in Fig. 8. generated which may lead to failure of the cap in shear.
Hence, for further study, pile cap with four piles is con- Many guidelines, which suggests clear edge distance for
sidered because previous experimentation was done on cap pile cap as 150 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm, etc., seems inap-
with four piles. propriate by observing the stresses generated at the edge of
Eight-noded solid element is used to model the pile cap. cap especially for case 2 and case 3. For case 1, i.e., when
This element and the stresses on each face are shown in pile cap is supported by soil, keeping clear edge distance
Fig. 9. The nature of all the stresses is similar for differ- 150 mm or 200 mm or 250 mm does not make any differ-
ent diameter of pile. Therefore, the results of pile diameter ence in the stresses.
1000 mm with 1000 kN load at point ‘A’ for case 1, case 2 Similar pattern of stresses are observed for point B and
and case 3 are shown in Fig. 10a, b. The clear edge distance point C; hence, stresses at minimum clear edge distance,
is varying from 150 mm to half of the diameter of pile. The i.e., 150 mm and clear edge distance equals to half of the
stresses on negative side are compressive stresses, while ten- pile diameter are shown in Fig. 11a, b. At point C, the shear
sile stresses are on positive side. stresses (S12) are very less; hence, these stresses are not
It is observed that the maximum stresses (Smax) reduce shown in figure.
as the clear edge distance increases in case 2 and case 3.
However, in case 1, theses stresses are very less when com- 4.1 Effect of Diameter on Clear Edge Distance
pared with case 2 and case 3. The nature of stresses for case
2 and case 3 is similar. The maximum direct stresses (S33) Behavior of pile cap for various cases is studied to verify
and minimum stresses (Smin) are reducing with an increase the above observation by varying the diameter of pile. The
in clear edge distance. However, as clear edge distance stresses generated for vertical load plus moment and spacing
13
Fig. 9 Eight-noded solid ele-

ment and stresses on each face
of pile 3D in pile cap with different clear edge distance are Figure 15 shows maximum direct stresses (S33) with vari-
presented. Although tensile reinforcement (bursting steel) ation of pile diameter and clear edge distance. The pile cap
is provided at edge of pile cap, provision of tensile rein- with 150 mm clear edge and 300 mm pile diameter hav-
forcement increases the percentage reinforcement due to that ing compressive stresses and for other diameters, there are
pile cap may behave as flexible, and the flexible pile cap do tensile as well as compressive stresses. For minimum clear
not transfer equal load to piles, i.e., P/n. Therefore, tensile edge distance, high compressive stresses are generated and
stresses should be minimum in this region. On the other as clear edge distance increases, these stresses are shifted to
hand, a large amount of compressive stresses cause vertical tension zone, which is appropriate. So, providing 100 mm
splitting of pile cap. Observing direct maximum stresses, or 150 mm or 200 mm, etc., clear edge distance for each pile
it is found that as the diameter of pile increases compres- cap is inappropriate for case 2 and case 3, because the size of
sive stresses generated for same clear edge distance. Tensile diameter changes stresses generated at the edge of pile cap
stresses at the edge of pile cap decreases as diameter of pile significantly and considerably.
increases. Figure 12 shows maximum stresses generated for
different clear edge distance with variation of pile diameter. 4.2 Effect of Pile Spacing on Variation of Pile
As the pile diameter increases, maximum shear stresses in Diameter and Clear Edge Distance
tension zone decrease and maximum direct stresses shifted
to tension zone from compression zone, which is not permit- Pile spacing is measured as center-to-center distance
ted when pile cap is considered to be rigid. When compari- between piles at top of the pile. The spacing of piles should
son is made with various pile diameter and variation of clear be considered in relation with the nature of the ground,
edge distance for maximum stresses (Smax), it is seen that behavior of piles in group and the total cost of the founda-
the difference in the tensile stress is maximum for minimum tion. However, spacing should be wide enough to allow the
clear edge distance, while it is reducing with an increase in required number of piles to be installed to the correct pen-
clear edge distance as shown in Fig. 13. etration without damage to the adjacent piles. The minimum
Maximum shear stress (S12) on tension as well as com- distance between piles is restricted to minimize interference
pression side reduces as diameter of pile increases as shown between pressure bulbs of the two piles. However, there is
in Fig. 14. Depth of pile cap is also an important parameter no logical reason to limit the maximum distance between
to be considered because depth is calculated according to the piles. On the other hand, too large spacing may result in
diameter of pile. It is clearly observed that the compressive uneconomical pile cap.
stresses are more when depth of pile cap is less and reduces ASCE-20 (1997) suggested that pile spacing should not
with increasing depth, i.e., for any clear edge distance, ten- be considered < 2.5 times the largest diameter (D) or width
sile stresses for 300 mm pile diameter are more as compare of any portion of the pile and it should not be < 609 mm (24
to other pile diameter but its magnitude reduces as clear edge in.) (Rajapakse 2016; ASCE-20 1997). ACI 543-R (2000)
distance increases. recommended that minimum spacing should be three times
13
2.4
2.4 Edge distance 150mm 2.4 Edge distance 150mm Edge distance 150mm
2
2 Case 1 2 Case 1 Case 1

1.6 Case 2
1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2
Case 3 Case 3 1.2 Case 3
1.2 1.2
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.4
0.4 0.4
0
0 0 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45
-5 Smax (kN/m2) 25 -5 0 S12 (kN/m2) 5 10 S33 (kN/m2)
2.4 Edge distance 200mm 2.4 Edge distance 200mm Edge distance 200mm 2.4

2 2 2 Case 1
Case 1 Case 1
1.6
Case 2 1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2
1.2 Case 3 Case 3 1.2 Case 3
1.2
0.8 0.8
0.8
0.4 0.4
0.4
0 0
0 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30
-5 5 15 25 35
Smax (kN/m2) -5 0 S12 (kN/m2) 5 10 S33 (kN/m2)
2.4
Edge distance 250mm 2.4 Edge distance 250mm Edge distance 250mm 2.4

2
2 2 Case 1
Case 1 Case 1
1.6 1.6
Case 2 1.6 Case 2 Case 2
1.2 Case 3 1.2 Case 3 1.2 Case 3
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
-5 5 15 25 35 -5 0 S12 (kN/m2) 5 10 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30
Smax (kN/m2) S33 (kN/m2)
2.4 2.4 2.4 Edge distance 300mm

Edge distance 300mm Edge distance 300mm
2 2 2

1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2
1.2 Case 3 1.2 Case 3 1.2 Case 3
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0
0 0
-5 5 15 25 35
Smax (kN/m2) -5 0 S12 (kN/m2) 5 10 -30 -15S33 (kN/m2) 0 15 30
2.4 Edge distance 350mm 2.4 Edge distance 350mm 2.4 Edge distance 350mm
2 Case 1 2 Case 1 Depth of pile cap (m) 2 Case 1

1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2
1.2 Case 3 1.2 Case 3 1.2 Case 3
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
-5 5Smax (kN/m2)15 25 35 -5 0 S12 (kN/m2) 5 10 -30 -15 S33 (kN/m2)0 15 30
2.4 Edge distance 400mm 2.4 Edge distance 400mm 2.4 Edge distance 400mm
2 2 2
1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2
1.2 Case 3 1.2
Case 3 1.2
Case 3
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.4
0.4 0.4
0
-5 5 15 25 35 0 0
Smax (kN/m2) -2.5 0 S12 (kN/m2) 2.5 5 -30 -15S33 (kN/m2) 0 15 30
2
2 Case 1 2 Case 1 Case 1

1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2
1.2
Case 3 1.2
Case 3 1.2 Case 3
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.4
0.4 0.4
0
0 0 -30 -15 0 15 30
0 Smax (kN/m2) 10 20 -2.5 0 S12 (kN/m2) 2.5 5 S33 (kN/m2)
2 Case 1 2 2 Case 1
Case 1 Case 2
1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 1.6
Case 3 Case 3
1.2 1.2 Case 3 1.2
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
0 Smax (kN/m2) 10 20 -2.5 0 S12 (kN/m2) 2.5 5 -30 -15S (kN/m2) 0 15 30
33
a Stresses at the corner (Point A)
Fig. 10 a Stresses at the corner (Point A). b Stresses at the corner (Point A)
13
2 2 Case 1 2
Case 1

Case 1 Case 2
Case 2 1.6 1.6 Case 2 Case 3 1.6
Case 3 1.2 1.2 Case 3
1.2
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
0.4
0 0
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 0
S22 (kN/m2) S13 (kN/m2) -60 -40 Smin (kN/m2) -20 0
2.4 2.4 Edge distance 200mm Edge distance 200mm 2.4

Edge distance 200mm
Case 1

2 2 Case 1 2

Case 1 Case 2
Case 2 1.6 1.6 Case 2 Case 3 1.6
Case 3 1.2 1.2 Case 3 1.2
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 -50 -30 -10
S22 (kN/m2) S13 (kN/m2) Smin (kN/m2)

2 Case 1 2 Case 1 2
Case 1
Case 2 Case 2
1.6 1.6 Case 2 1.6
Case 3
Case 3 Case 3
1.2 1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 -40 Smin (kN/m2) -20 0
S22 (kN/m2) S13 (kN/m2)
2.4 Edge distance 300mm 2.4 Edge distance 300mm 2.4

Edge distance 300mm

2 2 2
1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 Case 2 1.6
1.2 Case 3 1.2 Case 3 Case 3 1.2
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
-2.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
S220(kN/m2) 2.5 5 S13 (kN/m2) -35 -20 Smin (kN/m2) -5

2 Case 1 2 Case 1 Case 1 2
1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 Case 2 1.6
1.2 Case 3 Case 3 Case 3
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
-5 -2.5S22 (kN/m2) 0 2.5 5 -5 -2.5S13 (kN/m2) 0 2.5 5 -30 -20 Smin (kN/m2)-10 0
2 2 2
1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 Case 2 1.6
1.2 Case 3 1.2
Case 3 Case 3 1.2
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.4
0.4 0.4
0
-2.5 0 2.5 5 0 0
S22(kN/m2) -5 -2.5S13 (kN/m2) 0 2.5 5 -30 -20Smin (kN/m2) -10 0
Edge distance 450mm 2.4 2.4 Edge distance 450mm Edge distance 450mm 2.4
2 Case 1 2 Case 1 2
Case 1
1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 Case 2 1.6

Case 3 1.2 Case 3 Case 3
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.8
0.4 0.4
0.4
0
0 0
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
-2.5 S22 (kN/m2) 0 2.5 S13 (kN/m2) -30 -20 Smin (kN/m2)
-10 0
Edge distance 500mm 2.4 2.4 Edge distance 500mm 2.4

Edge distance 500mm
2 2
2 Case 1 Case 1 Case 1

1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 Case 2 1.6
1.2
Case 3 1.2 Case 3 Case 3 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.8
0.4 0.4
0.4
0 0
0 -30 -20 -10 0
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
-2.5 S22 (kN/m2) 0 2.5 S13 (kN/m2) Smin (kN/m2)
b Stresses at the corner (Point A)
Fig. 10 (continued)
13
2 Case 1 2 2

Case 1
Case 2 Case 1 1.6
1.6 1.6 Case 2
Case 3 Case 2
1.2 1.2 Case 3
1.2 Case 3
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
0.4
0 0
0 20 40 60 80
0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40
Smax (kN/m2) -6 -2 S12 (kN/m2) 2 6 S33 (kN/m2)
2.4 Edge distance 500mm Edge distance 500mm 2.4 Edge distance 500mm 2.4
2 2 2

Case 1

1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 1 1.6
1.2 1.2 1.2
Case 3 Case 2
0.8 0.8 0.8 Case 3
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
0 20 Smax (kN/m2) 40 60 -5 -3S12 (kN/m2)0 3 5 -30 -15 S33 (kN/m2) 0 15
2 Case 1 2 Case 1 2

Case 1 Case 2
Case 2 1.6
1.6 1.6 Case 2 Case 3
Case 3
1.2 1.2 Case 3 1.2
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.4
0.4 0.4
0
0 0 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10
-60 -30 0 30 60 -10 0 10 20 30 Smin (kN/m2)
S22 (kN/m2) S13 (kN/m2)

2
Case 1 2 Case 1 Case 1 2

1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 2 Case 2 1.6
1.2 Case 3 1.2
Case 3 Case 3 1.2
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0
0 0
-60 -30 0 30 60
S22 (kN/m2) -5 S13 (kN/m2) 5 15 -40 Smin (kN/m2) -20 0
a Edge stresses at centerline of pile (point B)
2.4 Edge distance 150mm Edge distance 150mm 2.4

2 Case 1 2
Case 1
1.6 Case 2 Case 2 1.6
1.2 Case 3 Case 3 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30
2.4 Edge distance 500mm Edge distance 500mm 2.4

2
Case 1 Case 1 2
1.6 Case 2 Case 2 1.6

1.2 Case 3 Case 3 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 -30 -15 0 15 30
2 Case 1 2
Case 1 2
1.6 Case 2 1.6
Case 1
Case 2 Case 3 Case 2 1.6
1.2 Case 3 1.2 Case 3 1.2
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
S22 (kN/m2) S13 (kN/m2) Smin (kN/m2)
2 2 2
Case 1 Case 1
1.6 Case 2 1.6 Case 1 Case 2 1.6
1.2 Case 3 Case 2 Case 3 1.2
1.2
Case 3
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0
0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
S22 (kN/m2) -6.5 -4 S13 (kN/m2)-1.5 1 Smin (kN/m2)
b Edge stresses at centerline of column (point C)
Fig. 11 a Edge stresses at centerline of pile (point B). b Edge stresses at centerline of column (point C)
13
0.8 0.8 0.8

100mm
Depth of pile cap(m)
100mm
Depth of ple cap(m)

100mm
0.6 0.6 0.6
150mm 150mm 150mm
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 100 200 300
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Smax S12 S33
For 300mm pile diameter
1.5
150mm

150mm

1 150mm 300mm
1 300mm 1
300mm
0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0
0 25 50 75 -8 -3 2 7 12 17 -80 -30 20 70
Smax S12 S33

2
2
150mm
150mm 150mm

400mm 1.5
1.5
400mm 400mm
1
1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-5 5 15 25 35 45 55 -6 -1 4 9 -90 -40 10 60
Smax S12 S33
Fig. 12 Maximum stresses for different diameter with varying clear edge distance
Fig. 13 Effect of pile diameter on maximum stresses (Smax) for clear edge distance variation
the pile diameter (D) or width at the cutoff elevation. As per for length of pile (L) < 12 m in sand or 4D for L < 12 m in
BS 8004 (2004), the minimum pile spacing is the perimeter clay should be increased by one diameter for 12 to 24 m
of the pile for frictional piles, twice the least width for end piles and by two diameters for L > 24 m. For circular piles,
bearing piles and 1.5 times diameter of screw blades for minimum c/c distance should be twice the average diam-
screw piles. IS 2911 (2010) specified, minimum c/c spacing eter of the butt (Rajapakse 2016). BS8110 (1997) specified
between piles shall be 2D when piles are resting on rock, that pile spacing normal to the direction of loading has no
2.5D when piles are end bearing and 3D for piles deriv- influence, provided that the spacing is > 2.5 pile diameter
ing their strength predominantly from skin friction (IS 2911 and if the pile spacing is > 3 diameters, punching shear
2010). Guo (2012) proposed a minimum pile spacing of 3D should be checked. For sequentially installed concrete piles,
13
Fig. 14 Effect of pile diameter on maximum shear stresses (S12) for clear edge distance variation
a For edge distance 150mm

b For edge distance 400mm
3 3
300mm 400mm 300mm 400mm

2.5 Depth of pile cap (m) 2.5
500mm 600mm 500mm 600mm

2 2
700mm 800mm 700mm 800mm
1.5 1.5 1000mm 1200mm

1000mm 1200mm
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 -10 15 40 65
S33 S33
Fig. 15 Effect of pile diameter on maximum direct stresses (S33) for clear edge distance variation
the spacing should not be < 6 pile diameters or greater if when these maximum stresses are studied for varying pile
required by site conditions. However, normal spacing can be diameter and clear edge distance as shown in Fig. 17.
used when piles are installed in alternate sequence (ASCE- Direct stresses (S 33 ) are observed to be maximum
20 1997). because these stresses are generated in the direction of
To conclude, the spacing of pile mostly depends on loading. Figure 17 shows variation of direct stresses for
ground condition. However, many guidelines have suggested various clear edge distance and pile diameter. For 300 mm
the spacing of piles between 2D to 6D. In the present study, pile, these stresses are tensile in nature as required. How-
pile spacing 2D, 3D and 4D are considered because these ever, it gives large stresses with 2D spacing as compared
are the most common spacing used in practice. to 3D and 4D spacing. It is observed that providing 2D
Figure 16 shows variation of pile spacing with diam- spacing gives large amount of tensile stresses, while 4D
eter and clear edge distance for 300 mm pile. The behav- spacing gives large amount of compressive stresses and
ior of pile cap for only 300 mm diameter is presented. It 3D spacing gives compressive as well as tensile stresses
is found that the difference in maximum stresses (Smax) within limit. A number of cases were analyzed for these
and maximum direct stresses (S 33) is large when clear spacing with variation in pile diameter and clear over-
edge distance is minimum, and it is reducing as clear edge hang. It is found that pile spacing 3D can be used for any
distance increases. Maximum shear stresses do not have diameter of pile if the clear edge distance is maintained
any effect on changing spacing as well as clear edge dis- about half of the diameter of pile used.
tance. However, compressive stresses slightly reduce with
increasing clear edge distance. Same effect is observed
13
For edge distance 150mm (300mm pile Dia.) For edge distance 200mm (300mm pile Dia.) For edge distance 250mm (300mm pile Dia.)

0.7 0.7 0.7
0.6 2D spacing 0.6 2D spacing 0.6 2D spacing
0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Smax Smax Smax

0.7 0.7 0.7
0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 0 50 100
Smax Smax Smax
For edge distance 150mm For edge distance 200mm For edge distance 250mm

2D sapcing 2D spacing 2D spacing
0.5 0.5 0.5
3D spacing 3D spacing 3D spacing
0 0 0
-20 -10 0 S12 10 20 30 40 -20 -10 0 S12 10 20 30 40 -20 -10 0 S12 10 20 30 40
For edge distance 300mm For edge distance 350mm For edge distance 400mm

0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0
-20 -10 0 S12 10 20 30 40 -20 -10 0 S12 10 20 30 40 -20 -10 0 S12 10 20 30 40

0.7 0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6 0.6
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0 0 0
-5 45 95 145 195 245 295 345 -5 45 95 145 195 245 295 345 -5 45 95 145 195 245
S33 S33 S33
0.7 0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6 0.6
0.5 3D spacing 3D spacing 3D spacing
0.5 0.5
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0 0 0
-5 45
S33 95 145 195 -5 20 45 S33 70 95 120 -5 25 S33 55 85
Fig. 16 Maximum direct stresses (S33) for 300 mm pile diameter
5 Conclusions and Recommendations distance 100 mm or 150 mm or 200 mm or 250 mm irre-

spective to diameter of pile, loading on pile cap, thickness
Many guidelines are available which suggests clear edge of pile cap, spacing of piles, column size and length of
distance for pile cap, but these distances do not fulfill the pile, etc., is inappropriate. As matter of fact, concrete is
requirement of stresses generated due to loading at the strong in compression. However, shear failure occurs when
edge of cap. Appropriate clear edge distance is necessary concrete fails in compression. In the present paper, finite
to avoid vertical splitting of pile cap. Providing clear edge element analysis of pile cap using solid element is carried
13
For edge distance 150mm (300mm pile Dia.) For edge distance 150mm (400mm pile Dia.) For edge distance 150mm(500mm pile Dia.)
0.9
0.7 1.1

2D spacing 0.8 2D spacing 1 2D spacing
0.6

3D spacing 0.7 3D spacing 0.9

0.5 0.6
0.8 3D spacing
4D spacing 4D spacing 0.7
0.4 0.5 0.6 4D spacing
0.3 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.3 0.3
0.1 0.2 0.2
0.1
0 0.1 0
-5 45 95 145 195 245 295 345 0 -60 -35 -10 15 40 65 90 115 140
S33 -50 0 50 S33 100 150 200 250 S33
For edge distance 150mm(700mm pile Dia.)
For edge distance 150mm(600mm pile Dia.) 1.6
For edge distance 150mm (800mm pile Dia.)
2
1.4 2D spacing
1.4

1.2 2D spacing 2D spacing
1.2 3D spacing
1 3D spacing
1
3D spacing
4D spacing 0.8 1
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0
-100 -50 S33 0 50 100 -100 -50 S33 0 50
-100 -50 S33 0 50 100
Maximum direct stress (S 33) for 150mm clear edge distance

For edge distance 400mm (300mm pile Dia.) For edge distance 400mm (400mm pile Dia.) For edge distance 350mm(500mm pile Dia.)
0.9
0.7 1.1

2D spacing 0.8 2D spacing 1 2D spacing
0.6
0.7 0.9
3D spacing 3D spacing 0.8
0.5 0.6 0.7
3D spacing
0.4 4D spacing 0.5 4D spacing 0.6
0.5 4D spacing
0.3 0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.1
0.1 0.1 0
0 0 -10 15 40 65 90 115
-5 25 S33 55 85 0 S33 50 100 S33
For edge distance 350mm(600mm pile Dia.) For edge distance 400mm(700mm pile Dia.) For edge distance 400mm (800mm pile Dia.)
1.4 1.6 2
2D spacing
1.2 2D spacing 1.4 2D spacing

1 3D spacing
0.8 1 4D spacing 4D spacing
4D spacing 0.8 1
0.6
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0 0
-20 S33 30 80 -10 S33 30 70 -5 S33 25 55
Maximum direct stress (S 33) for 400mm clear edge distance
Fig. 17 Maximum direct stress (S33) for various clear edge distance
out for edge stresses with variation of pile diameter, pile V. When depth of pile cap is less, tensile stresses are
spacing, pile cap thickness and clear edge distance. The high and reduces as depth of pile cap increases.
significant findings are mentioned below: VI. The difference in maximum stresses (Smax) and maxi-
mum direct stresses (S33) is large when clear edge
5.1 General Conclusions distance is minimum, and it reduces as clear edge
distance increases.
I. The increase in clear edge distance of pile cap VII. Maximum shear stresses do not have significant effect
reduces the maximum stresses (S max), maximum on spacing of piles as well as clear edge distance.
shear stresses (S12) and maximum direct stresses However, compressive stresses slightly reduce with
(S33). increasing clear edge distance.
II. As the diameter of pile increases, maximum shear
stresses at compression zone decreases. 5.2 Specific Conclusions
III. The difference in the compressive stress is maximum
for minimum clear edge distance, while it is reducing 1. Pile spacing 3D can be used for any diameter of pile,
with an increase in clear edge distance. when clear edge distance is maintained to half the diam-
IV. The value of maximum shear stress (S12) reduces on eter of pile (d/2).
tension as well as compression side as diameter of 2. Large amount of bursting steel will be required for pile
pile increases. cap with minimum clear edge distance. However, the
percentage of this steel is not specified in any guidelines.
13
5.3 Recommendations BS8110 (1997) Code of practice for design and construction Part 1.
British Standards Institution, London
Cook RD (2007) Concepts and applications of finite element analysis.
With respect to above-mentioned observations and find- Wiley, New York
ings it is recommended that CSA A23.3-04 (2004) Technical Committee. Reinforced concrete
design. Design of concrete structures. Canadian Standards Asso-
ciation, Rexdale, ON
(a) Pile diameter, pile spacing and thickness of pile cap
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Design Handbook (2008) Based
must be considered while calculating clear edge dis- upon the 2008 ACI BUILDING CODE, 10th edn, Schaumburg,
tance because these factors significantly affect the Illinois
stress distribution in end zone. FEMA P751 (2012) NEHRP recommended seismic provisions: Design
examples. Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, DC
(b) As per suggestions of many guidelines, providing same
Guo WD (2012) Theory and practice of pile foundations. CRC Press,
clear edge distance for all size pile diameter is not cor- London
rect. IBC I (2012) International Code Council. International Building Code.
(c) Minimum clear edge distance for any pile cap should International Code Council: Washington, DC
IS: 2911–2010 (2010) Code of practice for design and construction of
be at least half of diameter of pile (d/2) for case 2 and
pile foundation. BIS, New Delhi
case 3 so that pile cap can accommodate the stresses IS456-2000 (2000), Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete-
developed due to loading. However, clear edge distance Code of Practice (fourth revision), Bureau of Indian Standards,
150 mm or 200 mm or 250 mm is enough when pile cap New Delhi
New Zealand Standard NZS 3101 (2006) Concrete structures standard.
is supported by soil, i.e., Case 1.
The design of concrete structures. Wellington
(d) For minimum clear edge distance, appropriate bursting Pender MJ (1978) Aseismic pile foundation design analysis. Bull N Z
steel must be provided and should be calculated for Natl Soc Earthq Eng 11(2):49–160
tensile stresses generated at the edge of pile cap. Poulos HG (1971) Behavior of laterally loaded piles: I—single piles.
Proc Am Soc Civ Eng 97(SM5):711–731 (Elastic Continuum
Concept)
Rajapakse RA (2016) Pile design and construction rules of thumb.
Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
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New York
Regan PE (1971) Shear in reinforced concrete—an analytical study.
AASHTO A (2014) T22-14 Standard Method of Test for Compressive
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Reynolds CE, Steedman JC, Threlfall AJ (2007) Reinforced concrete
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designer’s handbook, 11th edn. CRC Press, New York
national Organization for Standardization (2011) Building code
Suzuki K, Otsuki K (2002) Experimental study on corner shear failure
requirements for structural concrete and commentary. American
of pile caps. Jpn Trans Concrete Inst 23:303–310
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Suzuki K, Otsuki K, Tsubata T (1998) Influence of bar arrangement
Adebar P, Zhou Z (1996) Design of deep pile caps by strut-and-tie
on ultimate strength of four-pile caps. Jpn Trans Concrete Inst
models. ACI Struct J 93(4):437–448
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Adebar P, Kuchma D, Collins MP (1990) Strut-and-tie models for
Suzuki K, Otsuki K, Tsubata T (1999) Experimental study on four-pile
the design of pile caps: an experimental study. ACI Struct J
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Suzuki K, Otsuki K, Tsuhiya T (2000) Influence of edge distance
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13
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Influence of Clear Edge Distance and Spacing of Piles on Failure of Pile

Received: 7 February 2019 / Accepted: 12 June 2019

1 Introduction from piles can also be taken to be distributed at 45° from

Fig. 1 Distribution of compres- Column

Column b B 3 Concept of Modeling

A column supported on four piles is a widely used pile foun-

Beam Element Beam Element

a (After R D Cook, 2007)

Fig. 3 Connection of beam element with solid element

Fig. 4 Mathematical model for

α is an expression that is used to distribute the effects of the

Fig. 5 Spring stiffnesses for pile

Pile Cap Pile Cap

150 − 4.461 − 10.626 − 4.941 − 0.780 − 2.975 − 13.287

distance, pile cap may fail due to shear. These stresses L

across the river or sea. In case 2, pile ends are considered as

PIER PIER PIER

PILE CAP PILE CAP

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

Fig. 6 Mathematical model for different cases

150mm 200mm 150mm 200mm

Depth of pile cap (m)

350mm 400mm 350mm 400mm

1.5 450mm 500mm 1.5 450mm 500mm

Smax (kN/m2) Smax (kN/m2)

250mm 300mm 250mm 300mm

Depth of pile cap (m)

450mm 500mm 450mm 500mm

S33 (kN/m2) S33 (kN/m2)

Fig. 9 Eight-noded solid ele-

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

2.4 2.4 2.4 Edge distance 300mm

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

2 Case 1 2 Case 1 Depth of pile cap (m) 2 Case 1

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

2 Case 1 2 Case 1 Case 1

Depth of pile cap (m)

a Stresses at the corner (Point A)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

2.4 2.4 Edge distance 200mm Edge distance 200mm 2.4

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

2.4 Edge distance 300mm 2.4 Edge distance 300mm 2.4

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Depth of pile cap (m)

Fig. 1 Distribution of compres- Column

Column b B 3 Concept of Modeling

Fig. 3 Connection of beam element with solid element

Fig. 4 Mathematical model for

Fig. 5 Spring stiffnesses for pile

Fig. 6 Mathematical model for different cases

Fig. 9 Eight-noded solid ele-

Fig. 16 Maximum direct stresses (S33) for 300 mm pile diameter

5 Conclusions and Recommendations distance 100 mm or 150 mm or 200 mm or 250 mm irre-