Construction and Building Materials 213 (2019) 561–566

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Mechanical and fracture mechanics properties

of ultra-high-performance concrete
Ahmed H. Abdel Raheem, M. Mahdy ⇑, Asmaa A. Mashaly
Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

h i g h l i g h t s

Using combined sand was beneficial to gain the highest compressive strength.

The optimum fiber content to get high compressive strength is 2%.

Using 20% quartz and aggregate size (0.15:1.18) increased compressive strength.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This research investigated the effect of materials constituents such as crushed quartz powder, silica fume,
Received 18 August 2018 steel fibers, and different aggregate size on compressive strength and fracture properties of ultra-high-
Received in revised form 23 March 2019 performance concrete. Failure load was calculated from experimental results at 17 mm notched depth
Accepted 25 March 2019
for all mixes to obtain critical stress intensity factor (KIC). KIC was obtained by using the finite element
Available online 16 April 2019
analysis of notched concrete beams. Results showed that using 20% crushed quartz powder, combined
sand and 2% steel fibers were found to be beneficial in increasing the compressive strength at all ages.
Keywords:
Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Ultra-high performance concrete
Fracture mechanics
Compressive strength
Limestone

1. Introduction ture properties of UHPC is very essential. When KIC is increased,

Concrete has widely used in different fields in our life. Conven-
tional concrete has some problems such as low compressive
strength about 65 MPa, low durability, low values of mechanical
properties. . .etc., from this point of view, Ultra-high performance
concrete (UHPC) appeared at the 21st century to enhance the
mechanical properties of conventional concrete. UHPC has a lot
of merits such as compressive strength more than 150 MPa, flexu-
ral strength exceeded 10 MPa after 28 days, high durability, high
ductility exceeded conventional concrete about 250 times over,
high toughness and high resistance against chloride diffusion and
chemical attacks. The objective of this research is to design and
produce UHPC with required specifications in addition to study
the influence of different materials constituents on the compres-
sive strength and fracture properties of UHPC. Cracking in UHPC
is more localized and approaches homogeneous material behavior
comparable with normal concrete supported on quantitative
microcracking studies, from this point of view, studying the frac-
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: engasmaamashaly@yahoo.com (A.A. Mashaly).
the ductility and the resistance to crack propagation are increased.
Stress analysis by using finite element method reported that
three-point bend specimen is exposed to large tensile stresses that
are the main responsible for the crack propagation in the tensile
zone remote from the loading. Mahdy et al. (2004) computed the
stress intensity factor by several methods by using the numerical
analysis and this is reported in [1]. These methods can be pre-
sented into two parts which are, ’energy’ approaches and the ’dis-
placement’ method. The later method is used to obtain accurate
estimates for K in this study. Strain energy release rate per unit
crack extension area (G) and the energy integral (J) are considered
two methods of the energy methods. In this research, failure load
was obtained from experimental results then KIC is obtained by
using the finite element method of notched beams. The effect of
slow crack growth is one of the difficulties that associated with
applying fracture mechanics theory to concrete materials which
may take place during testing. Barr and Sabir (1985) measured
the crack propagation of several specimens and noticed that, the
geometry of the used specimen in test affects the unstable crack
propagation in addition to appearance of very little crack growth
before failure [2]. Before the failure point, the load-deflection

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.298
0950-0618/Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
562 Ahmed H. Abdel Raheem et al. / Construction and Building Materials 213 (2019) 561–566

response is linear then; the linear elastic condition is prevailed. The Table 3
ANSYS package was performed by using the finite element analy- The physical properties of limestone.

sis. The ANSYS input data was written in terms of failure load for Property Specific Unit weight Absorption Crush value
each mix to obtain critical stress intensity factor KIC by displace- gravity (Kg/m3) (%) (%)
ment extrapolation [3]. Failure load was used by finite element Values 2.61 1660 1.58 6.8
to get K by using Eqs. (1) and (2) in concrete without fibers but
for comparison only, these Equations can be used in concrete with
fibers.
2.2. Mixture proportions
The value of J is identical to the strain energy release rate G for
linear elastic situations [4] as shown in Eq. (1).

Sixteen mixtures were designed and tested to study the effect of
EJ ¼ EG ¼ K 2 1 þ t2 ð1Þ different proportions of the UHPC materials on the compressive
strength and the critical stress intensity factor of UHPC. All the
The fracture toughness Kc is defined as the critical stress inten-
concrete mixtures were made using Portland cement with content
sity factor, which is equal to the product of K (per unit compressive
900 kg/m3. Mixture proportions of UHPC are shown in Table 4.
load) and the failure load as shown in Eq. (2). The equivalent crit-
Crushed quartz powder with a ratio 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% as a par-
ical values of J and G are related to Kc by
tial replacement of fine sand by weight was used. Silica fume was


EJ c ¼ EGc ¼ K 2IC 1 þ t2 ð2Þ used with ratio 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of cement content. Steel
fibers were used with ratio of 0%, 1.4% and 2% by the concrete
volume.
2. Experimental investigation
2.3. Mixing, casting procedure and curing
2.1. Materials
Mixer with capacity of 15 L was used to produce UHPC. The fol-

Portland Cements (PC): (CEM I 52.5N) Portland cement comply-
lowing process sequence showed the mixing procedure for the
ing with the Egyptian standard specification (ES 4756-1/2013)
UHPC. Firstly, cement, silica fume, crushed quartz powder, and fine
[5] was used and the chemical properties are shown in Table 1.
sand were mixed carefully at high speed for 3 min. Next, half of the
The specific gravity and cement fineness are 3.15 and 365 m2/kg
super plasticizer was dissolved in half amount of water and mixed
respectively.
for 3 min at low speed. Then, the remaining half of superplasticizer

Silica Fume (SF): SF with an average particle size of 8 mm and a
was dissolved in the remaining half of water and added to continue
specific surface area of 17,000 m2/Kg. SF complying with ASTM
mixing at a slow speed for approximately 3 min. Afterward, steel
C1240-97 (1997) [6] was used and the chemical properties are
fibers were added and mixed for 5 min at medium speed until
shown in Table 1.
the mixtures were uniformly distributed. Finally, when UHPC mix-

Crushed Quartz Powder (QP): QP with specific gravity 2.85 and
tures became homogenous, they were cast in molds and vibrated
Blaine fineness equal to 3100 cm2/gm was used and the chem-
for 30 s. The specimens were covered using plastic sheets in a room
ical properties are shown in Table 1.
at 23 °C for 24 h. After that, all specimens were demolded and

Superplasticizer (SP): SP of type (ViscoCrete-3425) with density
cured in water at the temperature (20 ± 2 °C) until the tested age
1.08 kg/liter was used with specifications complying with (BS
of 7, 28, and 56 days. The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA)
EN 934 part 2:2001) [7].
was used to analyze the data obtained from experimental results

Fine Aggregate: Four sizes of sand (0.15: 1.18) mm, (0.15: 2.36)
of all mixes to determine if the experimental exposure conditions
mm, (0.15: 4.75) mm and (0.15: 0.6) mm were used. Fine aggre-
had a significant effect on the measured values or not.
gates were clean and identical to the specifications of (ES
1109:2008) [8]. The Physical properties of used sand (0.15:
0.6 mm) are shown in Table 2. Table 3 shows the physical prop- 2.4. Testing process
erties of used limestone.

Steel Fibers: Corrugated round steel fibers with diameter 1 mm 2.4.1. Compressive strength testing
and length 25.25 mm were used. At 7, 28 and 56 days, cubes 50  50  50 mm were used to mea-

Water: Clean and drinkable water was used for mixing and cur- sure the compressive strength according to ASTM C109, (2004)
ing. The specification of water is according to the Egyptian Code [10]. Three cubes are tested at each age and averages of three sam-
of Practice (ECP 203/2007) [9]. ples for each age were reported as tested results.

Table 1
Chemical properties of UHPC components.

Component MgO (%) K2O (%) Na2O (%) Fe2O3 (%) SiO2 (%) CaO (%) AL2O3(%) Loss on ignition L.O.I (%) SO3 (%) CL2 (%)
Cement 1.65 0.180 0.500 3.56 21.58 61.09 4.94 2.60 3.22 —
Quartz powder 0.21 0.22 0.05 0.35 97.0 1.02 0.83 — 0.33 0.05
Silica fume 0.180 0.350 0.140 0.520 96.02 — 1.01 — 0.260 0.160

Table 2
Physical properties of used sand (0.15: 0.6 mm).

Property Specific Weight (t/m3) Bulk Density (Volumetric weight) (t/m3) Material Finer than No 200 Sieve (%) Fineness Modulus
Value 2.60 1.81 2.6 2.5
 Ahmed H. Abdel Raheem et al. / Construction and Building Materials 213 (2019) 561–566 563

Table 4
Proportion of mixture of UHPC by weight.

Material Mix No Description Mix proportions (with respect to cement)

C SF Stf (Kg/m3) S CQ/S SP W/C
CQ 1 0.0 1 0.25 157 1.58 0.0 0.04 0.2
2 10% 1 0.25 157 1.42 0.16 0.04 0.2
3 20% 1 0.25 157 1.26 0.32 0.04 0.2
4 30% 1 0.25 157 1.11 0.47 0.04 0.2
Aggregate Size 5 0.15–1.18 mm 1 0.25 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
6 0.15–2.36 mm 1 0.25 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
7 0.15–4.75 mm 1 0.25 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
SF 8 0.0% 1 0.0 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
9 10% 1 0.10 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
10 20% 1 0.20 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
11 30% 1 0.30 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
Stf 12 0.0% 1 0.25 0.0 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
13 1.4% 1 0.25 107 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
14 2% 1 0.25 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
Sand Type 15 Natural Sand 1 0.25 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2
16 Combined Sand (50% sand + 50%lime) 1 0.25 157 1.27 0.31 0.04 0.2

Where: C: Cement; CQ/S: Ratio between crushed quartz and sand; S: Sand; SF: Silica fume; Stf: Steel fibers; SP: Superplastlizers.

2.4.2. Fracture mechanics testing
As shown in Fig. 1, specimens were prepared by means
50  50  300 beam. A 17 mm deep notch was introduced in the
center of each beam for each mix in compliance with RILEM’s TC
162-TDF (2002) recommendations by means of three point bend
tests on notched beam [11]. The size of beams used in this study
was slightly lower than the length given in RILEM recommenda-
tions. Beams were notched at the mid-span with width 2 mm
and 17 mm height, which is one-third of the height of the beam.
3. Experimental results and discussion
Fig. 1 showed notched beam in fracture test. A comparison of
means for the effect of each variable at each age was performed
by using Duncan’s multiple range test at level 0.05.
3.1. Compressive strength
The results of the compressive strength test at 7, 28 and 56 days
are shown in Fig. 2. From ANOVA test, adding steel fibers, crushed
quartz powder, silica fume, combined sand and varying aggregate
size have a significant effect on compressive strength results.
3.1.1. Discussion of compressive strength results
3.1.1.1. Effect of steel fibers. Without adding steel fibers, compres-
sive strength results didn’t exceed 120 MPa at all ages. Adding 2%
steel fibers by volume of concrete resulted in increasing the com-
pressive strength over 150 MPa after 56 days. These results were
ensured by Sahmaran and Yaman (2007) which were reported in
[12], in which two types steel fiber were used, one with hooked
ends and one straight and showed that with increasing the volu-
metric ratio of fibers lead to increasing compressive strength. From
ANOVA test, the interaction between each of age and steel fibers is
significant, that means increasing the ratio of steel fibers with the
improvement of age have a great effect on increasing compressive
strength. As illustrated in Fig. 2(a), the increasing in compressive
strength is due to increasing steel fibers that lead to delaying the
propagation of cracks thus decrease the stress between each of
matrix and steel fibers [12].
3.1.1.2. Effect of silica fume. The compressive strength was less than
120 MPa at all ages without adding silica fume; meanwhile, with
increasing the ratio of silica fume up to 20% by cement content,
the compressive strength increased to reach 154 MPa at 56 days
Fig. 2(b) so to produce UHPC with dense packing in the particles
of cement, silica fume was preferred to be used by ratio 20% by
cement content. These findings were consistent with the results
of some studies, in which (15:20) % silica fume was preferred.
These incremental in compressive strength is because of the poz-
zolanic action of silica fume. The interaction between each of age
and silica fume is significant according to ANOVA test.
3.1.1.3. Effect of crushed quartz powder. Increasing crushed quartz
powder up to 20% as a partial replacement of fine sand by weight
resulted in increasing the compressive strength above 150 MPa at
56 days; meanwhile, with increasing the ratio of crushed quartz
powder from 20 to 30%, compressive strength is decreased as
shown in Fig. 2(c). The differences in compressive strength can
be illustrated by quartz powder is a good filler material then, add-
ing it lead to increasing compressive strength but when increasing
the ratio of quartz powder above 20%, the smooth surface of quartz
increased and the poor interlocking between the aggregates and
cement paste increased. ANOVA test showed that the interaction
between each of age and crushed quartz powder is insignificant.

3.1.1.4. Effect of aggregate size. As shown in Fig. 2(d), the large

Fig. 1. Notched beam in fracture test.
aggregate particles (0.15:4.75 mm) resulted in compressive
strength less than 140 MPa at all ages; meanwhile, aggregate par-
ticles (0.15: 1.18 mm) increased the compressive strength to
150.8 MPa at 56 days. These results are consistent with the results
of Ibrahim et al. (2017) which used three different aggregate sizes
and conducted that the smallest aggregate size resulted in higher
compressive strength because of decreasing the dynamic flow
564 Ahmed H. Abdel Raheem et al. / Construction and Building Materials 213 (2019) 561–566

7 Days 28 Days 56 Days 7 Days 28 Days 56 Days

180 180

Compressive Strength, MPa

Compressive Strength, MPa

160 160
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0% 1.40% 2% 0% 10% 20% 30%
Steel Fibers, % Silica Fume, %
(a) Effect of steel fibers (b) Effect of silica fume

7 Days 28 Days 56 Days 7 Days 28 Days 56 Days

180 160
Compressive Strength MPa

Compressive Strength, MPa

160 140
140 120
120
100
100
80
80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0% 10% 20% 30% (0.15 : 1.18) mm (0.15 : 2.36) mm (0.15 : 4.75) mm
Crushed Quartz Powder, % Aggregate Size
(c) Effect of crushed quartz (d) Effect of aggregate size

7 Days 28 Days 56 Days

180
160
Compressive Strength, MPa

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Natural sand Combined sand
Sand Type
(e) Effect of sand type
Fig. 2. Compressive strength results for UHPC: (a) Effect of steel fibers; (b) Effect of silica fume; (c) Effect of crushed quartz powder; (d) Effect of aggregate size; (e) Effect of
sand type.

when increasing the maximum size [13]. The interaction between

each of age and aggregate size on ANOVA test is insignificant.

3.1.1.5. Effect of sand type. As shown in Fig. 2(e), adding combined

sand, which consists of 50% natural sand and 50% limestone,
resulted in compressive strength that exceeded 165 MPa at
56 days. Limited researches have investigated the effect of lime-
stone addition in cement-based materials, its potential applica-
tions and benefits. Camiletti et al. (2013) was one of these
researches, in which different sizes and ratios of limestone were
used and concluded that with increasing limestone, compressive
strength increased because limestone is good filler material that Fig. 3. Sketch of dimension of used notched beam.
 Ahmed H. Abdel Raheem et al. / Construction and Building Materials 213 (2019) 561–566 565

accelerated the cement hydration process and produced a dense Table 5

microstructure [14]. Based on ANOVA test, the interaction between The results of critical stress intensity factor.

each of age and sand type is significant, that means varying sand Mix No KIC (MN.m1/2/m2)
type with the improvement of age resulted in a great effect on 1 1.03
increasing compressive strength. 2 1.05
3 1.37
4 1.24
3.2. Fracture mechanics test
5 2.12
6 1.80
Fig. 4 shows the two dimension model which is created by auto- 7 1.54
matic mesh generation. The finite element analyses were per- 8 1.07
9 1.11
formed by the ANSYS package [3]. The variation in KIC with
10 1.16
different ratios of used materials at 28 days is shown in Table 5. 11 1.15
Fig. 3 showed the details of the geometry of a three-point bend 12 0.35
tests on notched beams. PLANE82 is the recommended element 13 0.90
type for a two-dimensional fracture model, the eight-node quadri- 14 1.32
15 1.93
lateral solid [3]. As shown in Fig. 5, the first row of elements at the
16 1.28
crack tip must be singular. To forming the mesh, a plane strain 8-
node quadrilateral element was used. As shown in Fig. 4, by using
PLANE82, the two dimension model is created by automatic mesh
generation.

3.2.1. Discussion of critical stress intensity factor results

3.2.1.1. Effect of steel fibers. When steel fibers content was
increased from 0% to 2% by concrete volume, KIC increased to reach
1.32 MN.m1/2/m2 as shown in Table 5. These results are supported
by Ibrahim et al. (2017) who measured KIC for three different ratios
of steel fibers (0.65, 1.4, 2%) and investigated that 2% steel fibers
was the optimum ratio to obtain high KIC and explained the
increasing in KIC with increasing steel fibers content is due to the
UHPC samples with higher amount of steel fibers support a higher
level of load compared to the specimens with lower amount of
fibers and fibers oriented in the longitudinal direction provide
higher resistance to cracking loads [13].
3.2.1.2. Effect of silica fume. Increasing silica fume from 0% to 20%
tends to give rise to higher KIC values as shown in Table 5. The main
reason for this incremental in KIC is due to silica fume that is a good
filler material thus delaying the cracks. It is also shown that
increasing silica fume is insignificant for KIC, which means increas-
ing silica fume doesn’t have a great effect on fracture properties.
3.2.1.3. Effect of crushed quartz powder. KIC was increased gradually
until 20% crushed quartz powder as a partial replacement of fine
sand by weight then slightly decrease happened in KIC when
increasing the ratio of quartz up to 30% as shown in Table 5. The
explanation of increasing KIC is that crushed quartz powder has a
filler role in concrete thus delaying the propagation of cracks.
Fig. 5. The element row at the crack tip.
3.2.1.4. Effect of aggregate size. When increasing the maximum
aggregate size from 1.18 mm to 4.75 mm, the failure load and KIC
decreased as shown in Table 5. This finding is agreement with
the resulted reported in [13], in which three aggregate sizes were
tested to obtain KIC and showed that specimens with finer sand
registered higher resistance against cracking and these results
are consistent with the compressive strength results.
3.2.1.5. Effect of sand type. Adding combined sand showed KIC lower
than natural sand as shown in Table 5. This finding is consistent
with Reddy and Ramakrishna (2017) who measured fracture
energy between different aggregates and compared between them.
Limestone concrete has lower fracture energy than basalt, granite
and quartzite and these differences in fracture energy can be illus-
trated by stronger aggregate requires higher energy to crack in

Fig. 4. The Finite element meshes for the model.

566 Ahmed H. Abdel Raheem et al. / Construction and Building Materials 213 (2019) 561–566
high strength concrete and hence resulted in higher fracture
energy in addition to the difference in the crack paths during the
fracture process [15].
4. Conclusions
An experimental program of UHPC was conducted to present
the effect of using a different ratio of silica fume, crushed quartz
powder, steel fibers, maximum aggregate size and sand type on
the mechanical properties and the critical stress intensity factor
of UHPC. The tests of the three-point bending on notched beams
were analyzed by finite element method; the results were pro-
cessed by ANSYS in order to obtain the critical stress intensity fac-
tor. The following conclusions were concluded from the
experimental program:

Using natural and combined sand were useful to compare
between results of compressive strength but using limestone
with natural sand was beneficial to produce UHPC with higher
compressive strength than using natural sand only.

Adding steel fibers plays an effective role in improvement of the
compressive strength of UHPC but using 2% steel fibers was the
optimum ratio to obtain high compressive strength.

Increasing ratio of silica fume was useful to increase compres-
sive strength and using 20% silica fume by cement weight was
found to be the best ratio to improve the compressive strength
of UHPC.

Increasing crushed quartz powder up to 20% as a partial
replacement of sand by weight was useful in improving the
compressive strength. Increasing crushed quartz powder from
20 to 30% as a partial replacement of sand by weight lead to
decrease compressive strength.

It was found that, for steel fibers mixtures, there was a signifi-
cant increase in the fracture properties with increasing steel
fibers up to 2% by volume of concrete.

With increasing the size of aggregate size, compressive strength
and critical stress intensity factor decrease. The smallest used
aggregate size (0.15:1.18 mm) resulted in the highest compres-
sive strength, and critical stress intensity factor among used
sizes of aggregate in this study.

The analysis in this study provides different values of KIC as
affected by different ratios of the used materials and the effect
of varying these ratios on the compressive strength of UHPC.

Within the parameters of this study, using 20% crushed quartz
powder as a partial replacement of sand by weight, aggregate
size between (0.15:1.18 mm), steel fibers 2% by volume of con-
crete, 20% silica fume by cement weight are main components
to obtain UHPC with high compressive strength and high resis-
tance against crack propagation.
Hence, this work should contribute to the body of knowledge on
the influence of silica fume, crushed quartz powder, steel fibers,
maximum aggregate size and sand type on the mechanical proper-
ties and the critical stress intensity factor of UHPC in addition to
their combinations on the early-age properties of UHPC.
Conflict of interest
None.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and special thanks
to my advisors Prof. Dr. Ahmed Hassanen Abdel Raheem and
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Gamal Mahdy for their valuable advice,
continuous support, immense knowledge, motivation and
guidance at all stages of this study.
This research didn’t receive any specific grant from funding
agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
References
[1] M. Mahdy, A. Reheem, A.H. Elagamy, Fracture Energy and Fracture Toughness
of High Strength Concrete 20-22, The 4th International Engineering
Conference, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt, 2004.
[2] B.I.G. Barr, B.B. Sabir, Fracture toughness testing by means of the compact
compression specimen, Mag. Concr. Res. 37 (131) (1985) 88–94.
[3] ANSYS User’s Manual, version 16, 2016.
[4] D.R.J. Owen, A.J. Fawkes, Engineering Fracture Mechanics: Numerical Method
and Applications, Pineridge Press, Swansea, 1983.
[5] ES 4756-1, Cement-Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity
Criteria for Common Cements, Egyptian Organization for Standardization
and Quality, Egypt, 2013.
[6] ASTM C 1240-97, Standard Specification for Silica Fume for use as a Mineral
Admixture in Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout, (1997).
[7] BS EN 934-2:2001 + A1:2004 + A2-2005 E,, Admixtures for concrete, mortar
and grout - Part 2: Concrete admixtures - Definitions, requirements,
conformity, marking and labeling, Brussels: European Committee for
Standardization, 2001.
[8] Egyptian Standards – Building Materials Committee. Aggregates for concrete;
ES 1109. Cairo (Egypt): Egyptian Organization for Standards and Quality, EOS;
(2008).
[9] E.C.P. 203/2007, Egyptian Code of Practice: Design and Construction for
Reinforced Concrete Structures, Research Centre for Houses Building and
Physical Planning, Cairo, (2007).
[10] ASTM C109, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cube Concrete
Specimens, American Society for Testing and Materials Standard Practice C109,
(2004), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
[11] TC162-TDF, R.I.L.E.M., Test and Design Methods for Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete: Bending Test, Mater Structure, 33, pp.3-5, (2000).
[12] M. Sahmaran, I.O. Yaman, Hybrid fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete
with a high-volume coarse fly ash, Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (1) (2007) 150–156.
[13] M.A. Ibrahim, M. Farhat, M.A. Issa, J.A. Hasse, Effect of material constituents on
mechanical and fracture mechanics properties of ultra-high-performance
concrete, ACI Mater. J. 114 (3) (2017).
[14] J. Camiletti, A.M. Soliman, M.L. Nehdi, Effects of nano-and micro- limestone
addition on early-age properties of ultra-high-performance concrete, Mater.
Struct. 46 (6) (2013) 881–898.
[15] S.S.M. Reddy, B. Ramakrishna, Fracture and Strength Studies on Concrete with
Different Types of Coarse Aggregates, (2017).