Acids,Bases,Sa

lts
By Sarah Suci 9R
1)

Strong Acid: Proton donor, when dissolved in water it will completely release H+ ions.
Example: Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid

Weak acid: proton donor, when dissolved in water in will partially release H+ ions.
Example: Ethanoic acid, carbonic acid

Strong base: Proton acceptor, when dissolved in water it will completely release OH - ions
Example: KOH, NaOH

Weak base: proton acceptor, when dissolved in water it will partially release OH - ions
Example: NH3

Amphoteric: substance that can act as both acid and base

Example: Al2O3, ZNO

Neutral: substance when PH=7

Example: water

Neutralization: an acid base reaction that produce salt and water

Titration: process of finding the concentration of an unknown substance by knowing the

concentration of a known substance. It is a method of making soluble salts using a soluble
acid and soluble base.

Precipitation: Method of making insoluble salts using soluble acid or salt and a soluble salt

Direct combination: Method of making a soluble salt using soluble acid and insoluble base in
excess.
2)

Acid + metals = salt + hydrogen

(Cu, Ag, Au, Pt = no reaction)

Acid + metal hydroxides (alkali) = salt + water

Acid + metal oxides = salt + water

Acid + metal carbonate = salt + water + carbon dioxide

Salts + metal hydroxide = salt + water + ammonia gas

(ammonium salt)

3)

Identify acidity: drop 1 or 2 drops of universal indicator or use a PH scale

Identify amphoteric substance: if amphoteric substances are added to acids and a base, it
will produce salt and water

Titration procedure:
1) Flush burette with solution X
2) Fill in the burette with solution X
3) Ensure there is no air gap
4) Place a conical flask with solution Y on a white tile
5) Add 1 or 2 drops of PP indicator
6) Begin titration up to end point (when the color of Solution Y changes)
7) Record the amount of solution X needed to change color
8) Repeat the experiment without adding PP indicator with the recorded amount of
solution X added to solution Y
9) Heat until saturated
10) Scrape off the salt crystals

Direct combination:
1) Combine the substances
2) Filter out extra powder
3) Heat salt until saturated
4) Cool and filter
5) Wash out with distilled water
Precipitation:
1) Add the two aqueous solutions
2) Filter to get the precipitate
3) Use distilled water to wash precipitate
4) Dry or scrape off the salt crystals

4)

Oxides
Metal oxide Non-metal oxide
Basic Amphoteric Acidic Neutral
Everything except: Al2O3, ZnO, PbO Everything except: H2O, CO, NO

5)

Formation of acid rain:

When an oxide of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon react with H2O (rainwater)

6)

Oxide of sulfur comes from: volcanoes and fossil fuels that contain sulfur
Oxide of nitrogen comes from: high temperatures of atmosphere, which makes nitrogen and
oxygen react.
Oxide of carbon comes from: combustion of fossil fuel

But, the oxide of carbon is a minor contribution of acidic rain because the H 2CO3 produced is
a weak acid. For the rest, it can produce a strong acid.

7)

How to minimize nitrogen and carbon oxide:

Use catalytic converter in vehicles to that nitrogen oxide becomes nitrogen gas and carbon
monoxide becomes carbon dioxide, which is harmless.

How to minimize sulfur oxide:

The sulfur in fossil fuels should be removed by adding oxygen so that the SO 2 produced and
given out to the atmosphere can be controlled.

8)

How to treat acidic soil:

To treat acidic soil, add calcium oxide or calcium carbonate because they are insoluble weak
bases. If it’s a strong base, explosion might occur.

Question:
Which one is better: CaO or CaCO3 to treat acidic soil?

Answer:
CaO (Calcium Oxide) because it will not produce gas.

9)

Color when in acid Color when in base

PP Colorless Pink
Litmus Red Blue
Universal Indicator Strong acid: Red and orange Strong base: Purple
Weak acid: Yellow Weak acid: Blue

10)

Descale kettles: to define the conductivity of strong acids and weak acids or strong bases
and weak bases. (Comparison)
11)